CATALOGING CELESTIAL OBJECTS DURING

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY College of Engineering and Industrial Technology Department of Earth and Space Sciences

CATALOGING CELESTIAL OBJECTS DURING OCTOBER, NOVEMBER, JANUARY AT RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BONI CAMPUS

An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty of College of Engineering and Industrial Technology At the Rizal Technological University Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Astronomy Technology

By Ronalyn A. Tindog March 2018

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APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled CATALOGING CELESTIAL OBJECTS DURING OCTOBER, NOVEMBER, JANUARY AT RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BONI CAMPUS prepared and submitted by RONALYN A. TINDOG, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Astronomy Technology, has been examined.

____________________ __ Mr. Ryan Manuel D. Guido Thesis Professor

_____________________ Mr. Miguel M. Artificio Thesis Adviser

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Astronomy Technology with the grade of _____ by the Oral Examinations Committee.

__________________ Dr. Jose A. Aguilar Chairman _______________ _______ Dr. Ruby Ann B. Dela Cruz Member

__________________________ Ms. Pauline Pearl Divinagracia Member

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Astronomy Technology.

______________________ Engr. Armando Matias Dean, CEIT ___________________ Date signed

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT The researcher would like to express their sincere gratitude and appreciation to the following persons: To my loving parents and relatives for their unending support throughout my life and studies. I would like to thank them for their endless words of encouragement that give me the strength to go about my daily lives and fuel my drive to reach my dreams. To Sir. Miguel M. Artificio, my thesis adviser. I would like to thank him for the guidance and support he gave throughout this research. I would also like to thank him also for sharing his time even though he is sometimes busy with his work and also for sharing his knowledge, and keen eye for detail to make this research as perfect as it can be. To Ma’am Pauline Pearl Divinagracia, my research consultant, for being a very approachable person who gave me constant guidance and advice throughout my research. To Ma’am Rose Ann Bautista, for being a very approachable person and for being with me during my observation nights and also for giving me some advice for my research. To the Dean of CEIT and VPAA of Rizal Technological University for allowing me to conduct overnights to gather data’s for my research.

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To the panel members of my research defense, Dr. Jett Aguilar, Dr. Ruby Ann B. Dela Cruz, and Ma’am Pauline Pearl Divinagracia, your comments and suggestions in regards to my defense and research paper are deeply appreciated. To the department head, Mr. Ryan Manuel Guido, I would like to thank him for the advice, suggestions, for allowing me to conduct overnights at RTU and for the time he gave us whilst being busy with his other duties. To my ill – fated friend – Mariella Joyce Rosendal for being there with me during my observation nights even though it’s so late and for accompanying me by sharing stories and reminiscing some funny memories, thanks friend. To my dancing squad for their support throughout my studies and for giving some advices and also for understanding when I wasn’t able to attend practices or events. To my friends and colleagues in Rizal Technological University - May Dacula, Christian Demigillo, Kale Talla, Carlo Jose Evangelista for being there whenever I do my research and for teasing me for being alone during my observation nights and Krishna Santos, Franchette Amabelle Castillon, Christelle Meneses, Geraldine Neri, Earl Froilan, Kevin Caravana for giving me some advices for my research. Sincerely, Ronalyn A. Tindog

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ABSTRACT People nowadays especially the millennials are interested on capturing visible objects in the sky like moon, sun and stars using only their mobile phones or cameras. Rizal Technological University, Boni campus is a state university that offers Astronomy. The researcher wants to add more observation catalogue for Astronomy students that contains observable astronomical objects inside the premises of the campus during the month of November, December and January and also to help them familiarize and locate the visible objects that they want to see or observe. Even though the level of light pollution inside the premises of the campus is high, they can still learn what objects are visible by using the catalogue. The researcher used an observational research method. The researcher also used Astrophotography and observation in gathering data’s and used Stellarium, Sky map or any astronomy observation related applications as a guide in locating visible astronomical objects inside the premises of the campus during October, November and December. Catalog of the Constellations and other objects that has been said is created by doing Astrophotography and Astronomy Observation. Astronomy or non Astronomy students and instructors can use it when they want to observe at Rizal Technological University during the night sky.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page

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Approval Sheet

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Acknowledgment

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Abstract

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Table of Contents

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List of Tables

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List of Figures

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CHAPTER I. THE PROBLEM AND IT’S BACKGROUND Introduction

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Background of the Study

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Conceptual Framework

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Research Paradigm

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Statement of the Problem

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Hypothesis

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Scope and Delimitation

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Significance of the Study

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Definition of Terms

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CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE Astrophotography

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Catalogue

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Light Pollution

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Urban Astonomy

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Messier Catalogue

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Caldwell Catalogue

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Binary Star

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Variable Star

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Synthesis

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CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Method

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Research Site

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Research Instruments

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Data Gathering Procedures

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CHAPTER IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA The Constellations that are visible for

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the month of October, November and January The NGC’s that are visible for the

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month of October, November and January The Messier objects that are visible for the month of October, November and January

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The Caldwell objects that are visible

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for the month of October, November and January The Binary star’s that are visible

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for the month of October, November and January The Variable star’s that are visible

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for thw month of October, Novemeber and January CHAPTER V. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary of Findings

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Conclusion

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Recommendations

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REFERENCES

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APPENDICES

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CURRICULUM VITAE

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. The visible Constellations for the month of October

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Table 5. The visible Constellations for the month of November

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Table 6. The visible Constellations for the month of January

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Table 7. The visible NGC objects for the month of October

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inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 8. The visible NGC objects for the month of November

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inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 9. The visible NGC objects for the month of January

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inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 10. The visible Messier objects for the month of October

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inside the premises of Rizal Technological University. Table 11. The visible Messier objects for the month of November

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inside the premises of Rizal Technological University. Table 12. The visible Messier objects for the month of January

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inside the premises of Rizal Technological University. Table 13. The visible Caldwell objects for the month of October inside the premises of Rizal Technological University

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Table 14. The visible Caldwell objects for the month of November

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inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 15. The visible Caldwell objects for the month of January

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inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 16. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Auriga

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and some part of Lynx for the month of October inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 17. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Canis

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Major, some part Lepus and Puppis for the month of October inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 18. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Gemini

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for the month of October inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 19. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Orion

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for the month of October inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 20. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Orion

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for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 21. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Andromeda and Cassiopeia for the month of November

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inside the premises of Rizal Technological University. Table 22. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Pegasus

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for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 23. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of

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Triangulum, Aries, Cetus, some part of Pisces and Taurus for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 24. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Orion,

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Lepus and some part of Eridanus and Monoceros for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 25. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Gemini

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for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 26. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Canis

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Major, Columba, Pxyis and some part of Puppis for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 27. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Ursa Major, Lynx and Leo for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University

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Table 28. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Hydra and

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Sextans for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 29. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Leo for

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the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 30. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Hydra

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for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 31. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Ursa

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Major and Leo Minor for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 32. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Lynx and

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Leo for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 33. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Gemini,

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Auriga, Canis Minor and Monoceros for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 34. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Orion

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and Canis Major for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 35. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Crater,

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Corvus and Vigro for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 36. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Cancer

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for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 37. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Coma

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Berenices for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 38. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Scorpius

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for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 39. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Auriga

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and Lynx for the month of October inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 40. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Canis

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Major and some parts of Puppis for the month of October inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 41. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Gemini

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for the month of October inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 42. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Orion for the month of October inside the premises of

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Rizal Technological University Table 43. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Auriga,

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Perseus and in some parts of Taurus for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 44. The visible variable star in the Constellation of

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Andromeda and Cassiopeia for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 45. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Pegasus

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and some part of Pisces for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 46. The visible variable star in the Constellation of

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Triangulum, Aries and some parts of Pisces, Cetus and Taurus for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 47. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Orion,

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Lepus and some part of Eridanus and Monoceros for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 48. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Gemini

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for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 49. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Canis

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Major and some part of Puppis for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 50. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Ursa

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Major and Lynx for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 51. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Hydra

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and Sextans for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 52. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Leo

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Minor and Leo for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 53. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Hydra

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for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 54. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Ursa

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Major for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 55. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Leo,

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Leo Minor and some part of Lynx for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 56. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Auriga, Gemini and Monoceros for the month of January inside

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the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 57. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Orion and

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Canis Major for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 58. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Corvus

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and Virgo for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 59. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Cancer

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for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 60. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Coma

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Berenices and Canes Venatici for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University Table 61. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Scorpius for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Research Paradigm

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Figure 2. RTU Quadrangle

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Figure 3. Canon EOS 700D with 18 – 55mm lens

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Figure 4. Tripod

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Figure 5. Samsung J5 2016 with Stellarium Mobile

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Figure 6. Acer Laptop

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Figure 7. The labeled image of Constellation Canis Major,

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Lepus and Puppis Figure 8. The labeled image of Constellation Orion

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Figure 9. The labeled image of Constellation Gemini

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Figure 10. The labeled image of Constellation Auriga and the

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head of Lynx setting at the top of TED and Old building Figure 11. The labeled image of Auriga, Perseus, Head of

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Taurus rising from the top of the University MAB and Orion's head rising from the East Figure 12. The labeled image of Constellation Cassiopeia,

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Andromeda, Perseus and some part of Auriga setting at the top of TED and Old building of the University Figure 13. The labeled image of Constellation Pegasus, Pisces (Circlet) and a little part of Andromeda setting at the top of the TED building of the University

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Figure 14. The labeled image of Constellation Pisces (Small Fish),

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Cetus, Aries, Triangulum and some part of Taurus setting at the top of the TED and Old building of the University Figure 15. The labeled image of Constellation Orion, Lepus and

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some parts of Eridanus, Canis Major, Gemini, Monoceros, Taurus and Auriga rising from East Figure 16. The labeled image of Constellation Gemini, Auriga,

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Orion and Taurus setting at the top of TED and Old building of the University Figure 17. The labeled image of Constellation Perseus, Triangulum,

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Aries and some part of Cetus setting at the top of the TED building of the University Figure 18. The labeled image of Constellation Canis Major, Columba,

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Lepus, Pyxis and some parts of Puppis are rising from the top of the ITC building of the University Figure 19. The labeled image of Constellation Orion, Canis Major

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and Canis Minor setting to the West of the University Figure 20. The labeled image of Constellation Ursa Major, Lynx, Leo

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Minor and some parts of Leo rising from the top of the MAB building of the University Figure 21. The labeled image of Constellation Taurus, Orion, Auriga, Eridanus and some part of Perseus setting at the top of

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the TED building of the University Figure 22. The labeled image of Constellation Hydra, Sextans and

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Leo rising at the East of the University Figure 23. The labeled image of Constellation Leo and Leo Minor

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rising at the East of the University Figure 24. The labeled image of Constellation Hydra rising from the

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top of San Francisco gardens and Leo rising from the top of the MAB building of RTU Figure 25. The labeled image of Constellation Ursa Major and

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Leo rising from the top of the MAB building of RTU Figure 26. The labeled image of Constellation Leo, Leo Minor,

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Hydra and a little part of Ursa Major rising from the top of the MAB building of RTU Figure 27. The labeled image of Constellation Gemini, Auriga,

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Canis Minor, Orion and Monoceros setting at the top the Nursing building of RTU Figure 28. The labeled image of Orion (right) and Canis Minor (left)

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setting at the top the Nursing and TED building of RTU Figure 29. The labeled image of Constellation Hydra, Cancer

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and Sextans that is almost at the top of the observer (zenith) Figure 30. The labeled image of Constellation Virgo, Corvus and Crater rising from the top of San Francisco Garden

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Figure 31. The labeled image of Constellation Cancer and

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Canis Minor setting to the top of the TED building of RTU Figure 32. The labeled image of Constellation Canes Venatici

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and Coma Berenices rising at the top of San Francisco Garden Figure 33. The labeled image of Constellation Scorpius and Planet

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Jupiter and Mars rising together at the top of the San Francisco Garden and ITC building of RTU Figure 34. Image of NGC 2345 beside the tail of Canis Major

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Figure 35. Image of NGC 1980 and Constellation Orion

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Figure 36. The Image of Constellation Orion and NGC objects

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Figure 37. The Image of Constellation Puppis and NGC object

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Figure 38. The labeled image of NGC object that can be found

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in Hydra constellation Figure 39. The labeled image of NGC object that can be found

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in the region of Constellation Monoceros Figure 40. The labeled image of NGC object that can be found

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in Constellation Orion and Canis Major Figure 41. The labeled image of NGC object that can be found

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in Constellation Cancer Figure 42. The labeled image of Messier object that can be found

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in Constellation Orion Figure 43. The labeled image of Messier object that can be found

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in Constellation Taurus Figure 44. The labeled image of Messier object that can be found

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in Constellation Orion Figure 45. The labeled image of Messier object that can be found

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in Constellation Hydra Figure 46. The labeled image of Messier object that can be found

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in Constellation Canis Major and Orion Figure 47. The labeled image of Messier object that can be found

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in Constellation Cancer Figure 48. The labeled image of Caldwell object that can be found

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in Constellation Auriga Figure 49. The labeled image of Caldwell object that can be found

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in Constellation Canis Major Figure 50. The labeled image of Caldwell object that can be found

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in Constellation Taurus Figure 51. The labeled image of Caldwell object that can be found

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in Constellation Canis Major Figure 52. The labeled image of Caldwell object that can be found

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in Constellation Auriga Figure 53. The labeled image of Caldwell object that can be found

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in Constellation Canis Major Figure 54. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Auriga

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and some part of Lynx Figure 55. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Canis

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major, some part of Lepus and Puppis Figure 56. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Gemini

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Figure 57. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Orion

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Figure 58. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Auriga

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Perseus, some part of Taurus Figure 59. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation

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Andromeda and Cassiopeia Figure 60. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Pegasus

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Figure 61. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation

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Triangulum, Aries, Cetus, some part of Pisces and Taurus Figure 62. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Orion,

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Lepus and some part of Eridanus and Monoceros Figure 63. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Gemini

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Figure 64. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Canis

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Major, Pyxis, Columba and some part of Puppis Figure 65. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Ursa

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Major, Lynx and Leo Figure 66. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Hydra

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and Sextans Figure 67. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Leo

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Figure 68. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Hydra

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Figure 69. The labeled image of binary stars in constellation Ursa

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Major and Leo Minor Figure 70. The labeled image of binary stars in the body part of

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constellation Lynx Figure 71. The labeled image of binary stars in the constellation Leo

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Figure 72. The labeled image of binary stars in the constellation

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Gemini, Auriga, Canis Minor and Monoceros Figure 73. The labeled image of binary stars in the constellation

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Orion and Canis Major Figure 74. The labeled image of binary stars in the constellation

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Crater, Corvus and Virgo Figure 75. The labeled image of binary stars in the constellation

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Cancer Figure 76. The labeled image of binary stars in the constellation

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Coma Berenices Figure 77. The labeled image of binary stars in the constellation

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Scorpius Figure 78. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation

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Auriga and some parts of Lynx Figure 79. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation Canis Major and some parts of Puppis

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Figure 80. The labeled image of Variable stars in constellation

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Gemini Figure 81. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation

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Orion Figure 82. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation

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Auriga, Perseus and some parts of Taurus Figure 83. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation

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Andromeda and Cassiopeia Figure 84. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation

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Pegasus and some parts of Pisces Figure 85. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation

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Triangulum, Aries and some parts of Pisces, Cetus and Taurus Figure 86. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation

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Orion, Lepus and some parts of Eridanus and Monoceros Figure 87. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation

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Gemini Figure 88. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation

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Canis Major and some parts of Puppis Figure 89. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation

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Ursa Major and Lynx Figure 90. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation Hydra and Sextans

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Figure 91. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation

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Leo and Leo Minor Figure 92. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation

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Hydra Figure 93. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation

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Ursa Major Figure 94. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation

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Leo, Leo Minor and some parts of Lynx Figure 95. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation

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Auriga, Gemini and Monoceros Figure 96. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation

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Orion and Canis Major Figure 97. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation

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Corvus Figure 98. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation

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of Virgo Figure 99. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation

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of Cancer Figure 100. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation

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of Coma Berenices and Canes Venatici Figure 101. The labeled image of Variable stars in constellation Scorpius 200


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CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND This chapter contains the Introduction, background of the study, statement of the problem, conceptual framework, research paradigm, hypothesis, significance of the study, scope and delimitation, and definition of terms that will be used in this chapter. INTRODUCTION Astronomy is the oldest branch of science that studies celestial objects beyond our solar system like stars, planets and galaxies. Astronomy is not commonly known in some people in the Philippines, but they do know about Astrology and some of them mistakenly identify Astronomy as Astrology. People nowadays especially the millennials are interested on capturing visible objects in the sky like moon, sun and stars using only their mobile phones or cameras. Rizal Technological University, Boni campus is a state university that offers Astronomy. The campus is surrounded by tall buildings and city lights that can cause light pollution and interfere the observer while studying the night sky, when the level of light pollution is high it’s hard to locate or observe the objects that you want to see.

2 The researcher wants to add more observation catalogue for Astronomy students that contains observable astronomical objects inside the premises of the campus during the month of November, December and January and also to help them familiarize and locate the visible objects that they want to see or observe. Even though the level of light pollution inside the premises of the campus is high, they can still learn what objects are visible by using the catalogue. Light pollution is an interference for Astronomy students or observers that studying the sky. In the Philippines, light pollution level is high in some urban areas like Metro Manila, it is surrounded by tall buildings and city lights that gives luminousness when the observer is studying the night sky, having clear dark skies around Metro Manila is hard to achieve. Observing in a light polluted area is a worse scenario for the observers of the sky. Most of the rural areas in the Philippines are the best place to do a dark sky observations because it’s isolated from tall buildings and city lights that causes high level of light pollution. Observational astronomy is a method where people observe the sky and records data and do their own catalog of objects. Observing the sky can use different kinds of astronomical instruments like the telescopes. Observing the sky is fun and it will be more fun if you take pictures of it by using a camera or what we call Astrophotography.

3 Astrophotography is the process of producing photographs of objects in the universe and large areas of the sky. Mostly it is done at night but some may be done during the day i.e. of our Sun. It can be done with equipment as simple as a mobile (cell) phone to specialized equipment requiring significant financial investment. Astrophotography is easy in the beginning stages but becomes difficult at advanced levels. Astrophotography - What is Astrophotography. (n.d.). Although astrophotography is a very easy hobby in which to get started on a simple level, it can be difficult to master at its highest level. You must be prepared to spend the time learning the craft. Introduction to Astrophotography. (n.d.). Constellations are star patterns in the sky and we have 88 constellations. It is formed by the stars that are visible in our naked eye. Constellations are name after greek mythologies, animals or things. The New General Catalogue (NGC) is the most well-known catalogue of deep sky objects in amateur astronomy. It contains nearly 8,000 objects, known as the NGC objects (Trott, 2013). Messier, these are a collection of deep sky objects, such as galaxies, nebulae, and star clusters catalogued by 18th Century French astronomer Charles Messier (pronounced “mess-ee-ay”) and his assistant, Pierre Méchain (Mcleod, 2010). Caldwell Catalogue is a catalogue by Patrick Moore that has the list of 109 objects in the night sky which is the star clusters, nebulae and galaxies. Binary stars are actually a star system made up of usually two stars that orbit around one center of

4 mass (Cain, 2009). Variable Stars, are stars that change brightness (Saladyga, 2010). In this research, it also focus on Astrophotography which is for capturing the objects for the data gathering and Astronomy Observations. This research will help Astronomy students and also for the coming Astronomy students while they are studying in this kind of field especially when it comes to their Astronomy Observation subjects. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The researcher make’s a list or a catalog and conducted observations and Astrophotography of the said objects that are visible at Rizal Technological University, Boni campus during the night sky. This study will help the researcher and fellow Astronomy students especially in their observation subjects. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The concept of this research is based from the studies such as Cataloging Astronomical Objects in Rizal Technological University. The main concern of this research is to do a catalogue of constellations and other objects that is mention and visible for the month of October, November and January at Rizal Technological University, Boni campus.

5 The research is done using Astrophotography, wherein a digital single lens reflex camera which is Canon EOS 700D was used during the observations. The research needs to be observed carefully for the purpose of gathering reliable and accurate results for all the Professors or Instructors and Astronomy or non Astronomy students that will use this as their guide. Illustrated below is the flow chart on how the researcher has gathered the data, the process and the output of the research INPUT

PROCESS

OUTPUT

Gather the data of number of visible Constellations,NG C’, Messier objects, Caldwell objects, Binary stars and Variable stars by observation and Astrophotography.

Data’s or images that are gathered will be reviewed carefully and the visible objects will be identified. All the images will be labeled and tabulated.

Catalog of the Constellations and other objects that has been said is created.

Figure 1. Research Paradigm Research Paradigm The figure shows how the research was conducted. Making the catalog more reliable and accurate, observations and Astrophotography is very much needed and the images that is gathered was labeled and tabulated, so that the

6 catalog will be useful for Astronomy or non Astronomy students and professors when they conduct an observation at Rizal Technological University, Boni campus. The researcher also explained how the said objects are captured using digital single lens reflex camera. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The aim of this research is to determine the Celestial objects that can be seen or visible for the month of October, November and January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University, Boni campus. This research will give answers to the following questions: 1. What are the Constellations that are visible in the month of October, November and January by using a DSLR and by starting at 10 pm until twilight inside the premises of Rizal Technological University, Boni Campus? 2. What are NGC’s that are visible in the month October, November and January by using a DSLR and by starting at 10 pm until twilight inside the premises of Rizal Technological University, Boni Campus? 3. What are the Messier objects that are visible in the month of October, November and January by using a DSLR and by starting at 10 pm until twilight inside the premises of Rizal Technological University, Boni Campus?

7 4. What are the Caldwell objects that are visible in the month of October, November and January by using a DSLR and by starting at 10 pm until twilight inside the premises of Rizal Technological University, Boni Campus? 5. What are the Binary stars that are visible in the month of October, November and January by using a DSLR and by starting at 10 pm until twilight inside the premises of Rizal Technological University, Boni Campus? 6. What are the Variable stars that are visible in the month of October, November and January by using a DSLR and by starting at 10 pm until twilight inside the premises of Rizal Technological University, Boni Campus? HYPOTHESIS In the month of October, November and January, Constellations, Variable and Binary stars are more visible in the night sky and also in the images captured using DSLR camera which is Canon EOS 700D compared to the NGC’s, Messier and Caldwell objects SCOPE AND DELIMITATION The research focused on cataloguing the said objects that are only visible at the premises of Rizal Technological University, Boni campus in the month of

8 October, November and January from 10 pm until twilight during the night sky. The researcher conducted the observations when the sky is clear and the moon is at its new moon phase. The data’s are gathered by using only a Canon EOS 700D camera which is a digital single lens reflex camera or also known as DSLR. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY For Instructors/Professors the research can be used as a teaching tool and guidelines. It is useful for them when they want to conduct observations or just want to observe the night sky and this catalog will help them to know what are the visible constellations and objects at the premises of the campus in the month of October, November and January. To Astronomy Students of Rizal Technological University, Boni campus, they’re the ones who have a large advantage in this research. The catalog can serve them as guidelines during their Observational subjects and when they observe the night sky and this catalog will help them to know what are the visible constellations and objects in the month October, November and January inside the premises of the campus and this study can also be helpful when they apply Astrophotography in their observation subjects. The Astronomy Institutions the catalog will serve them as guidelines as they observe the night sky. This catalog can help them to know more or will give

9 them ideas about the constellations and objects that can be seen or visible in the night sky in the month of October, November and January. For Public this catalog will give them ideas about the constellations and objects that can be seen or visible in the night sky in the month of October, November and January and they can also use the catalog as their guidelines to locate the visible objects if they want to conduct observations or just simply observe the night sky. DEFINITION OF TERMS For the same frame of reference, the following terms are defined: Astronomy the study that deals with space, stars and other objects in the universe. Astrophotography is a type of photography that is used to capture images of astronomical objects. Binary Stars is a system where a two stars circles the same center of mass. Catalogue is a systematic list of something. Caldwell Objects is a astronomical catalog that contains the 109 star clusters, nebulae and galaxies.

10 Clouds is a white or gray visible mass particles in the sky. It contains tiny droplets of water or ice crystals. Constellations is a group of stars that make patterns in the night sky.

DSLR stands for Digital Single Lens Reflex camera. A digital camera use for photography. Galaxy is a system that consist millions or billions of stars and other astronomical objects. Globular Clusters is a group of stars that are close together in a spherical shape. Light Pollution is an obstruction cause by the City lights or street lights and an interference for Astronomers while studying the sky. Magnitude is a number that shows the brightness of a star. Messier Objects is an astronomical objects that consist of Galaxies, Nebula, Open and Globular Clusters. Nadir is the point in the sky where the celestial sphere is vertically downward from the observer.

11 Nebula or Nebulae are enormous clouds of dust and gas and it is the birthplace of the stars. NGC known as New General Catalog. The catalog contains the list of stars, nebulae, supernova remnants, galaxies, and other astronomical objects in space. Open Cluster is a group of young stars that formed together. Star is a massive ball of hot gas that is made up of helium and hydrogen. Star Cluster is a group of stars that are gravitationally bound for some length of time. Telescope is an optical instrument that people used to look through in order to see distant things. Tripod is a three legged stand that supports or stand for the camera, telescopes or any other objects. Variable Star are stars that irregularly or regularly change its brightness. Winter is the coldest season of the year and the best season to stargaze. Zenith is the point in the sky where the celestial sphere is vertically above from the observer.

12 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE This chapter contains the related literatures and studies relevant to the research. It will discuss some topics that is involved in the research. Astrophotography Astrophotography is the imaging of celestial objects such as the Sun, Moon, planets, comets, stars, clusters, nebulae and galaxies. Astrophotography captures the beauty and majesty of the night sky and wonders of the universe (Lodriguss, 2012). Digital photography has so revolutionized the way people take pictures, that my experiences as a teenager in the early 1960s conquering film-based astrophotography’s formidable hurdles are now largely irrelevant (Cicco, 2010). One of the easiest ways to get started in astrophotography is with a DSLR. These increasingly popular and affordable cameras offer several advantages, not the least of which is that they can also be used for conventional photography (Moody, 2009). It’s surprising what DSLR cameras are capable of these days. It’s not uncommon to see deep photographs of nebulae and galaxies taken with a stock DSLR, or the Milky Way captured over a picturesque landscape (Lodriguss, 2015).

13 There are many methods you can use to take astrophotos of the cosmos. The easiest is to take wide-field exposures from a fixed tripod, which usually results in the stars trailing unless you keep your shutter open for 30 seconds or less with a 50mm lens or wider. Another technique is called piggyback photography, where you need to have a camera equipped with a Bulb setting and cable release to lock the shutter open. With our planet rotating 15º every hour, your camera has to be mounted on an equatorial telescope in order to track the planets and stars. The learning curve can be frustrating, and it requires many late nights to perfect the polar alignment (keeping the scope centered on the north celestial pole, which is near the north star, Polaris), but once you make it through what I call astro-boot camp, the images you’ll capture will be very rewarding (Rowell, 2009). One of the most popular techniques is prime-focus photography, which involves using a T-ring (an adapter that connects your camera to a telescope) so that you can take deep-sky photos of galaxies, nebulas and planets using your telescope as a telephoto lens. (Rowell, 2009) Some types of astrophotography are easy and everyone should try those. Other types can be challenging and may require some additional equipment, but when you see the results of meeting the challenge, you will be hooked (Weasner, 2011). But, there’s always been different types of astrophotography, some that are relatively easy to do and accessible for

14 beginners with nothing more than a DSLR and a tripod. Others are more advanced and require a lot more gear (PhotographyTalk, 2016).

Night sky photography is the most simple and straightforward type of astrophotography. Essentially, as long as you have a camera that has a bulb setting, a good tripod and mount, and a good view of the sky, you can take on night sky photography. But night sky photography isn’t just limited to photos of the stars. In fact, in night sky photography, you can capture constellations, star trails, the northern lights, and the Milky Way itself. Just how much detail you get in your photos depends in large part on your camera. Perhaps a bit more complex than simple night sky astrophotography, the piggyback method involves mounting your camera to a telescope. Doing so allows you to track the movements of the night sky with the telescope, thus avoiding having any sense of movement in the image, like star trails, that occur during long exposures when the camera is mounted on a tripod. The procedure for astrophotography using the piggyback method is more or less the same as with the simple night sky technique. Afocal astrophotography might sound really complicated, but it’s actually straightforward. Quite simply, afocal astrophotography allows you to photograph the sky through an eyepiece mounted on a telescope. Typically, this method is best used to photograph large bodies, like the sun and moon, as well as planets that tend to be brighter in the sky. Similar to afocal astrophotography, the eyepiece projection method uses an

15 eyepiece on the telescope to zoom in on the desired subject (PhotographyTalk, 2016).

Catalogue The observing catalogue should useful under the stars; it should contain usable maps that give enough detail to be useful in locating objects. The majority of the objects in the guide should be observable even in severely light-polluted campuses. It should contain enough useful information to satisfy the intellectual needs of the astronomer; such information should create a hunger for more information which the astronomer will search for himself or herself later (Torres, 2012). The observing catalogue should contain objects a fairly new astronomer with a working knowledge of the most important constellations which he or she can identify easily (Torres, 2012). Light Pollution Every astronomer knows the artificial skyglow that hangs over populated areas, washing out almost everyone's view of the universe to a greater or lesser degree. In the last two generations, light pollution has spread from a problem in cities to a major astronomical disruption almost everywhere (Upgren, 2006).

16 Light pollution is a term we use to describe the adverse effects of artificial light. Some adverse effects can be biological: excessive ambient nightime light can be disruptive to some plants and animals (so-called ecological light pollution). For professional and amateur observers alike light pollution degrades our ability to observe and enjoy the natural night sky (Caltech, 2017). There are two ways that light pollution interferes with our ability to study the sky. The first is simply that unshielded lights send their light in all directions, including straight up. This sets the sky aglow, in much the same way that the sun sets the sky aglow during the day. Now, the sky does not glow as brightly at night as it does during the day, but the increase in sky glow caused by cities is enough to make it difficult to see dim objects in the sky (Kornreich, 1999). Light pollution is a problem that affects not just scientists, astronomers and amateur astronomers, but also animal and human health. That said, there are many who believe we should do our part to reduce our contribution towards light pollution—and we should not be able to call the sky glow “beautiful” when it can do so much damage (Canul, 2016). In spite of the light pollution I still believe that astronomy is a worthwhile hobby. No matter where you live, be it the city, suburbs or a rural area, there will always be something to see in the sky. Just look up (Haklar, 2014).

17 Urban Astronomy Astronomy in the Philippines is among the most interesting fields of study according to Filipino students. The science, however, suffers from neglect because most Philippine institutions of higher learning have campuses in urban areas. Common understanding dictates that satisfactory astronomical observations and studies can only be done at dark sites away from urban lights (Torres, 2004). Localized, or line-of-sight, light pollution can happen anywhere, in the largest cities and in the smallest rural towns. Most often, it is caused by one or more poorly designed or placed lights, either from a neighbor's house or possibly a badly located streetlight. By itself, line-of-sight light pollution may not wash out the sky like sky glow does, but it can blind an observer to faint starlight by sneaking into the corner of the eye (Harrington, 2006). These days, skywatchers do not have to live close to a city or town center to suffer from the effects of light pollution. According to the National Park Service, city lights as far as 200 miles away diminish views of night skies. So even in a remote field, the sky above may be part of the "sky glow" of the surrounding city or town. Weather might be an issue too, as it is for all skywatchers. Nevertheless, there are many celestial delights to be seen (Scagell, 2014).

18 Messier Catalogue There are 110 Messier objects, each designated by the letter M followed by a number. Ironically, though this catalogue has been Messier’s greatest claim to fame for more than 200 years, these deep sky objects were not what he set out to observe. In fact, Messier considered them a nuisance because he often initially mistook them for his real object of interest: comets. The catalogue was simply a way to document the objects so that he, and other comet hunters, wouldn’t waste time on them in the future (McLeod, 2010). These objects are an interesting challenge for amateur astronomers to find, so there are several astronomical associations that offer rewards to anyone who observes them (Plotner, 2009). Today, Messier’s catalogue is often used by amateur astronomers to complete an activity called a Messier marathon, during which a club or solo astronomer tries to view as many Messier objects as possible in a single night (McLeod, 2010). Caldwell Catalogue The Caldwell Catalogue was created in 1995 by the famous British astronomer Patrick Moore as a companion to the Messier Catalogue. I personally

19 love the Caldwell Catalogue as it contains, in my opinion, the most beautiful sights you can see through a backyard telescope (Poole, 2017). Conceived of as a list of beautiful and interesting objects to observe (unlike Messier’s list of things to avoid in your hunt for comets – that always makes me smile!), the Caldwell catalogue contains a diverse range of astronomical objects, including some that Messier should, perhaps, have included (such as the Double Cluster in Perseus, and the Helix nebula). Many ‘C’ objects are actually located in the southern skies, so of the 109 listed, only approximately 70 are visible from southern England (Quinn, 2016). Binary Star Binary systems are sets of two or more stars in orbit about each other. By measuring the size of the orbit, the stars' orbital speeds, and their orbital periods, we can determine exactly what the masses of the stars are. We can take that knowledge and then apply it to similar stars not in multiple systems (Kornreich, 1999). Binary stars are classified into four types according to the way in which they are observed: visually, by observation; spectroscopically, by periodic changes in spectral lines; photometrically, by changes in brightness caused by an eclipse; or astrometically, by an unseen companion. Any binary star can belong to several

20 of these classes; for example, several spectroscopic binaries are also eclipsing binaries (Artificio, 2015). Variable Star Variable stars are stars that change brightness. The brightness changes of these stars can range from a thousandth of a magnitude to as much as twenty magnitudes over periods of a fraction of a second to years, depending on the type of variable star. Over 150,000 variable stars are known and catalogued, and many thousands more are suspected to be variable (Saladyga, 2010). Synthesis The Researchers on related review literature shows that DSLR camera’s in this generation is getting more capable not just for daily photos but also for celestial objects which we call Astrophotography, they also state some techniques that can be use in Astrophotography. They also show that creating a catalogue will be helpful for Non and Astronomy students that want to observe the night sky. They also state that light pollution is an interference for an observer for obscuring the objects that they are observing and affects not just the astronomers but also all the living things on Earth. Based on the related review literature, Observing astronomical objects in urban areas is worse because of the light pollution obscuring the night sky. Researchers also state that Messier Catalogue is often used by astronomers when

21 doing an activity called Messier Marathon while the Caldwell catalogue contains different astronomical objects. Binary star, the researchers state the classifications of binary stars based on how they are observed and its meaning. They also state that they are many Variable stars that has been catalogued and explained what a Variable star is.

22 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter contains the location site for the research, instruments and the methods that the researcher will use in data gathering. RESEARCH METHOD The researcher used an observational research method. It is a social research technique that involves the direct observation of phenomena in their natural setting (http://atlasti.com/observational-research/). The researcher also used Astrophotography and conducted observation in gathering data’s and used Stellarium, Sky map or any astronomy observation related applications as a guide in locating visible astronomical objects inside the premises of the campus during October, November and January. RESEARCH SITE Rizal Technological University, Boni campus is a state university that offers Astronomy. It was built in July 11, 1969 and it's located in Mandaluyong City, Philippines with a coordinates of 14.5746° N and 121.0423° E. Rizal Technological University Quadrangle is the main location inside the premises where the researcher conducted an observation. It is an open space but surrounded with buildings.

23

Figure 2. RTU Quadrangle (Image Source: Rizal Technological University website, 2016) RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS The following figures will show you what are the different instruments that the researcher used.

Figure 3. Canon EOS 700D with 18 – 55mm lens (Image Source: Digital Photography Review, 2013) The researcher used a DSLR camera which is a Canon EOS 700D with a 18 – 55 mm lens.

24

Figure 4. Tripod (Image Source: Ebay website, 2017 ) The researcher used a tripod to support the DSLR camera and to capture a clear picture of the visible astronomical object.

Figure 5. Samsung J5 2016 with Stellarium Mobile

25 The researcher used a mobile phone with an access with Stellarium mobile, Sky map or any applications that can be use to locate visible astronomical objects in the sky during the observation process.

Figure 6. Acer Laptop The researcher used a laptop to propagate the gathered data’s or images from the DSLR camera and also the researcher used it to label the objects that are taken using GIMP 2. DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES The researcher conducted a research in the Rizal Technological University, Boni campus. To gather the data, the researcher used photography. Gathering the data of this research will requires a camera, tripod, a laptop that has tools for photo editing and a mobile phone or a tablet that has access to Sky maps or Stellarium applications. The images that are gathered is taken by a Canon EOS

26 700D camera with a 18 – 55mm lens, it’s a digital single lens reflex camera or also known as DSLR. All of the data’s that are gathered is transferred to the laptop and the researcher only used GIMP 2 to label the objects in the images that are taken and also the objects that were mentioned are also tabulated.

27 CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA This chapter discusses the presentation, analysis and interpretation of the data gathered related to the main goals of the research and its stated problems. Problem 1. The Constellations that are visible in the month of October, November and January by using a DSLR and by starting at 10 pm until twilight inside the premises of Rizal Technological University, Boni Campus. Observing Constellations has been done by humans ever since humans have set foot on Earth. It is very easy, it can be done by just using you eyes and sometimes a good pair of binoculars (in urban areas). (Artificio, 2015) Table 1. The visible Constellations for the month of October.

Objects

Magnitude

Adhara

1.50

Aludra

2.45

Arneb

2.55

28

Asmidiske

3.30

Furud

3.00

Mirzam

1.95

Muliphein

4.10

Nihal

2.80

Sirius

-

- 1.45

Tureis

2.85

Wezen

1.80

5 CMa

4.50

7 CMa

3.95

13 CMa

3.50

14 CMa

4.05

EZ CMa

6.65

20 CMa

4.35

29

22 CMa

3.45

24 CMa

3.00

28 CMa

4.00

13 Lep

3.55

14 Lep

3.55

15 Lep

3.75

16 Lep

3.70

18 Lep

4.65

15 Pup

2.80

The table above shows the stars in the Constellation Canis Major, Lepus and Puppis for the month of October. The table also shows the magnitude of each stars.

30

Figure 7. The labeled image of Constellation Canis Major, Lepus and Puppis

The image above shows the visible constellations that can be seen inside the premises of Rizal Technological University for the month of October which is Canis Major, Lepus and Puppis. It was taken around 4:31 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 12800 and 1 second exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. Constellation Canis Major is easy to see or spot in the night sky because it has the brightest star which is Sirius with a magnitude of – 1.45. Constellation Canis Major, Lepus and Puppis are rising from the South and setting to the West of Rizal Technological University

31 Table 2. The visible Constellations for the month of October.

Objects

Magnitude

Alnilam

1.65

Alnitak

1.85

Bellatrix

1.60

Betelgeuse

0.45

Meissa

3.50

Mintaka

2.40

Rigel

0.15

Saiph

2.05

Tabit

3.15

The table above shows the stars in the Constellation of Orion for the month of October. The table also shows the magnitude of each stars.

32

Figure 8. The labeled image of Constellation Orion The image above shows the visible constellation that can be seen inside the premises of Rizal Technological University for the month of October, which is Orion. It was taken around 4:35 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 6400 and 1 second exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. Orion is one of the very famous Constellation where we can see or view it around the world. Just spot Orion’s belt or Betelgeuse (top left) and Rigel (bottom right) in the night sky and you will easily find Orion. Orion is setting at the top of the Nursing building of Rizal Technological University.


Objects

Magnitude

Alhena

1.90

Alzirr

3.35

Castor

1.90

Mebsuta

3.05

Mekbuda

4.00

Pollux

1.15

Tejat Posterior

2.85

Tejat Prior

3.30

Wasat

3.50

1 Gem A

4.75

18 Gem

4.10

34 Gem

3.60

34

38 Gem A

4.70

46 Gem

4.40

54 Gem

3.55

60 Gem

3.75

62 Gem

4.15

69 Gem

4.05

77 Gem

3.55

75 Gem

4.20

The table above shows the stars in the Constellation of Gemini for the month of October. The table also shows the magnitude of each stars.

35

Figure 9. The labeled image of Constellation Gemini The image above shows the visible constellation that can be seen inside the premises of Rizal Technological University for the month of October, which is Gemini. It was taken around 4:45 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 6400 and 1 second exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. Gemini also has the brightest stars which is Pollux and Castor, which represents the head of the twins. Gemini is also known as the twins.


Objects

Magnitude

Capella

0.05

Haedus

3.65

Hassaleh

2.65

Almaaz

3.00

Alnath

1.65

Menkalinan

1.90

37 Aur

2.65

UZ Lyn

4.40

15 Lyn

4.35

21 Lyn

4.60

The table above shows the stars in the Constellation of Auriga and the head of Lynx for the month of October. The table also shows the magnitude of each stars.

37

Figure 10. The labeled image of Constellation Auriga and the head of Lynx setting at the top of TED and Old building The image above shows the visible constellation that can be seen inside the premises of Rizal Technological University for the month of October, which is Auriga and the head of Lynx. It was taken around 4:47 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 6400 and 1 second exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. Auriga has the sixth brightest star in the night sky, which is Capella with a magnitude of 0.05. I also captured the head of the Constellation Lynx which they said you need a sharp vision or a good eyesight to locate this Constellation. You

38 can find Lynx between the Constellation Ursa Major and Gemini. Capella and Lynx are setting to the top of the TED building of Rizal Technological University. Table 5. The visible Constellations for the month of November.

Object

Magnitude AURIGA

Alnath Almaaz Capella Hassaleh Haedus Hoedus II Menkalinan 37 Aur

1.65 3.00 0.05 2.65 3.65 3.15 1.90 2.65 ANDROMEDA

Almaak Mirach Alpheratz 31 And 35 And 37 And

2.15 2.05 2.05 3.25 4.50 3.85 ARIES

Hamal

2.00

Mesarthim Sheratan 41 Ari

4.50 2,60 3.60 CANIS MAJOR

Adhara

1.50

39 Aludra Furud Mirzam Muliphein Sirius Wezen 5 CMa 7 CMa 13 CMa 14 CMa EZ CMa 20 CMa 22 CMa 24 CMa 28 CMa

2.45 3.00 1.95 4.10 - 1.45 1.80 4.50 3.95 3.50 4.05 6.65 4.35 3.45 3.00 4.00 CANIS MINOR

Procyon Gomeisa

0.40 2.85 CASSIOPEIA

Achird Caph Navi Ruchbah Shedir 17 Cas 45 Cas

3.45 2.25 2.15 2.65 2.20 3.65 3.25 CETUS

Kaffaljidhma Menkar 65 Cet 73 Cet 82 Cet 87 Cet 91 Cet

3.55 2.50 4.35 4.30 4.05 4.25 4.70

40

COLUMBA Epsilon Columbae Eta Culumbae Gamma Columbae Ghusn Al Zaitun k Col Phact Wazn

3.85 3.95 4.35 3.85 4.35 2.65 3.10 ERIDANUS

Cursa Sceptrum 48 Eri 57 Eri 61 Eri 69 Eri

2.75 3.90 3.90 4.00 4.35 4.25 GEMINI

Alhena Alzirr Castor Mebsuta Mekbuda Pollux Tejat Posterior Tejat Prior Wasat 1 Gem A 18 Gem 34 Gem 38 Gem A 46 Gem 54 Gem 60 Gem 62 Gem 69 Gem 77 Gem 75 Gem

1.90 3.35 1.90 3.05 4.00 1.15 2.85 3.30 3.50 4.75 4.10 3.60 4.70 4.40 3.55 3.75 4.15 4.05 3.55 4.20

41

Hydra Alphard Hydrobius Minchir NU Hydrae 4 Hya 7 Hya 11 Hya A 13 Hya 22 Hya 31 Hya 31 Hya 39 Hya 41 Hya 42 Hya

1.95 3.10 4.45 3.10 4.10 4.30 3.40 4.35 3.85 4.55 4.50 4.10 3.60 3.80 LEO

Adhafera Al’dzhabkhakh Algenubi Algieba Chertan Denebola Rasalas Regulus Zosma

3.40 3.45 2.95 2.20 3.30 2.10 3.85 1.35 2.55 LEO MINOR

Praecipua 10 LMi 21 LMi 31 LMi A

3.75 4.50 4.45 4.60 LEPUS

Arneb Nihal 2 Lep

2.55 2.80 3.15

42 3 Lep 4 Lep A 5 Lep 6 Lep 7 Lep 13 Lep 14 Lep 15 Lep 16 Lep 18 Lep

4.45 4.40 3.25 4.25 5.25 3.55 3.55 3.75 3.70 4.65 LYNX

Alsciaukat HIP 44700 2 Lyn 10 UMa A 15 Lyn 21 Lyn 38 Lyn A 40 Lyn

4.25 4.55 4.40 4.15 4.35 4.60 3.90 3.10 MONOCEROS

5 Mon 8 Mon A A 11 Mon A 22 Mon HIP 29151 A

3.95 4.40 4.60 4.15 5.65 ORION

Alnilam Alnitak Betelgeuse Bellatrix Meissa Mintaka Rigel Saiph Tabit 2 Ori

1.65 1.85 0.45 1.60 3.50 2.40 0.15 2.05 3.15 4.35

43 3 Ori 7 Ori 8 Ori 10 Ori 54 Ori 61 Ori A 64 Ori 67 Ori 70 Ori

3.65 4.60 3.70 4.45 4.35 4.30 5.10 4.40 4.45 PEGASUS

Algenib Alpheratz Markab Matar Sadalbari Scheat 29 Peg 42 Peg 46 Peg 47 Peg

2.80 2.05 2.45 2.90 3.50 2.40 4.25 3.40 4.20 3.95 PERSEUS

Atik Algol Gorgonea Tertia Menkib Miram Mirphak 16 Per 23 Per 39 Per A 44 Per 45 Per

3.85 2.05 3.30 3.95 3.75 1.75 4.20 2.90 3.00 2.80 2.90 PISCES

6 Psc 8 Psc 10 Psc

3.70 4.95 4.25

44 17 Psc 18 Psc 28 Psc Alrischa Kullat Nunu Torcularis Septentrionalis 62 Psc 69 Psc 71 Psc 85 Psc 90 Psc 98 Psc 106 Psc 111 Psc

4.10 4.45 4.00 4.10 3.80 4.25 5.90 5.50 4.25 4.65 4.70 4.80 4.45 4.60 PUPPIS

Asmidiske Naos Nu Puppis Regor Sigma Puppis Tureis 15 Pup

3.30 2.20 3.15 1.75 3.25 2.85 2.80 PYXIS

Alpha Pyxidis Beta Pyxidis Gamma Pyxidis

3.65 3.95 4.00 SEXTANS

15 Sex 30 Sex

4.45 5.05 TAURUS

Ain Aldebaran Alnath ATLAS

3.50 0.85 1.65 3.60

45 Cleeia Hyadum I Hyadum II 1 Tau 35 Tau 78 Tau 94 Tau A 123 Tau

4.30 3.65 3.75 3.60 3.40 3.40 4.30 2.95 TRIANGULUM

Mothalla 4 Tri 7 Tri

3.40 3.00 5.25 URSA MAJOR

Alkaphrah Dubhe Merak Muscida Tania Australis Tania Borealis Talitha 12 UMa A 23 UMa 25 UMa 29 UMa 30 UMa 52 UMa

3.65 2.00 2.30 3.35 3.05 3.45 3.10 4.15 3.65 3.15 3.75 5.25 3.00

The table above shows the stars in the visible constellations for the month of November at Rizal Technological University. The table also shows the magnitude of each star.

46

Figure 11. The labeled image of Auriga, Perseus, Head of Taurus rising from the top of the University MAB and Orion's head rising from the East The image above shows the visible constellation that can be seen inside the premises of Rizal Technological University for the month of November, which Auriga, Perseus, the head of Taurus and Orion’s head. It was taken around 10:33 pm with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. Auriga has the sixth brightest star in the night sky, which is Capella with a magnitude of 0.05. I also captured the Constellation Perseus and some part of Taurus and Orion, while observing the lights in my

47 location are still open and there’s still a lot of people around playing sports and some are enjoying the free internet of the University and also I was accompanied by my friends at that time. Constellation Auriga, together with Perseus and Taurus rises from the at the top of the MAB building of Rizal Technological University, while Orion is rising from the Samsung billboard area. Around 10:41 pm the sky is starting to get hazy.

Figure 12. The labeled image of Constellation Cassiopeia, Andromeda, Perseus and some part of Auriga setting at the top of TED and Old building of the University

48 The image above shows the visible constellation that can be seen inside the premises of Rizal Technological University for the month of November, which is Cassiopeia, Andromeda, Perseus and a some part of Auriga. It was taken around 10:35 pm with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. I captured the Constellation Cassiopeia which is also a very famous constellation because of the “W” shape. I also captured Andromeda which is also easy to see or view in the night sky, I also got some parts of Constellation Auriga, while observing the lights in my location are now off but there’s still a lot of people specifically the Varsities. I, the researcher is with my professor and friends, and my friend and I are talking about what is the difference between microscopes and telescopes. Constellation Cassiopeia, Perseus together with Andromeda are starting to set at the top of the Old building of the University, while Auriga is rising now from the northeast. The sky in my location is starting to get a little hazy and the air is starting to get cold.

49

Figure 13. The labeled image of Constellation Pegasus, Pisces (Circlet) and a little part of Andromeda setting at the top of the TED building of the University The image above shows the visible constellation that can be seen inside the premises of Rizal Technological University for the month of November, which is Pegasus, Pisces (Circlet) and a little part of Andromeda. It was taken around 10:37 pm with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. I captured Constellation Pegasus which is the seventh largest constellation in the night sky. I also captured Pisces but Circlet

50 only. Circlet is an asterism that represents the large fish. You can spot Pisces when you see a large “V” shape in the sky and there’s a little part of Andromeda while observing and taking a couple of shots the air is starting to get cold. Constellation Pegasus and Pisces are starting to set at the top of the TED building of the University.

Figure 14. The labeled image of Constellation Pisces (Small Fish), Cetus, Aries, Triangulum and some part of Taurus setting at the top of the TED and Old building of the University The image above shows the visible constellation that can be seen inside the premises of Rizal Technological University for the month of November, which is

51 Pisces (Small Fish), Cetus, Aries, Triangulum and some parts of Taurus. It was taken around 10:54 pm with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. Triangulum is just a small triangle in the night sky which is also easily to be identified or to find, while observing the stars. around 10:48 pm, I saw a meteor and I suddenly realized how blessed I am to have such wonderful gift from the above, which is the ability to see. To see the wonders of the nature that the Creator created for us. Constellation Pisces, Cetus, Aries, Triangulum and Taurus are starting to set at the top of the TED and Old building of the University.

52

Figure 15. The labeled image of Constellation Orion, Lepus and some parts of Eridanus, Canis Major, Gemini, Monoceros, Taurus and Auriga rising from East The image above shows the visible constellation that can be seen inside the premises of Rizal Technological University for the month of November, which is Orion, Lepus and some parts of Eridanus, Canis Major, Gemini, Monoceros, Taurus and Auriga. It was taken around 11:12 pm with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. Orion is one of the very famous Constellation where we can see or view it around the world. Just spot Orion’s belt or Betelgeuse and Rigel in the night sky and you

53 will easily find Orion. Lepus is a small constellation near Orion, the head of this Constellation is just below Rigel (Orion’s left foot). While I was searching the sky I saw the Constellation Lepus, the hare. I suddenly get sentimental and felt this feeling straight to my heart. It is because I remembered my late pet bunny named Oreo. I dearly loved that old pet of mine and I reminisced our memories together as I observe this constellation.

.

Constellation Orion, Lepus and some parts of Eridanus, Gemini, Monoceros, Taurus and Auriga are rising from Southeast (SE) while Canis Major is rising from the top of the San Francisco Garden, also while observing around 11:26 pm the night sky is getting hazy and around 11:39 pm the sky is fully covered by clouds until 1:03 am.

54

Figure 16. The labeled image of Constellation Gemini, Auriga, Orion and Taurus setting at the top of TED and Old building of the University The image above shows the visible constellation that can be seen inside the premises of Rizal Technological University for the month of November, which is Orion, Gemini, Auriga and Taurus . It was taken around 2:01 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 200 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. Orion is one of the very famous constellation where we can see or view it around the world. Just spot Orion’s belt, the three stars in the middle of Orion or Betelgeuse and Rigel in the night sky and you will easily find Orion.

55 Also don’t miss to view the twins which is Gemini, the 30th largest Constellation in the night sky. I always remember my friend Ian Viñar everytime that I’m seeing Gemini in the night sky because that’s his favorite Constellation.

Figure 17. The labeled image of Constellation Perseus, Triangulum, Aries and some part of Cetus setting at the top of the TED building of the University The image above shows the visible constellation that can be seen inside the premises of Rizal Technological University for the month of November, which is Perseus, Triangulum, Aries and some part of Cetus. It was taken around 2:10 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 200 and 15 second

56 exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. Perseus is the 24th largest Constellation in the night sky. The constellation Perseus, Triangulum, Aries, and some parts of Cetus are setting at the top of the TED building of the the University.

Figure 18. The labeled image of Constellation Canis Major, Columba, Lepus, Pyxis and some parts of Puppis are rising from the top of the ITC building of the University The image above shows the visible constellation that can be seen inside the premises of Rizal Technological University for the month of November, which is

57 Constellation Canis Major, Columba, Lepus, Pyxis and some parts of Puppis. It was taken around 2:16 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 200 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and the sky is clear. Canis Major contains the brightest star in the night sky which is Sirius. If you don’t know, Canis Major represents one of Orion’s hunting dogs. The Constellation Canis Major, Columba, Lepus, Pyxis and some parts of Puppis are rising from the top of the ITC building of the University

Figure 19. The labeled image of Constellation Orion, Canis Major and Canis Minor setting to the West of the University

58 The image above shows the visible constellation that can be seen inside the premises of Rizal Technological University for the month of November, which is Constellation Canis Major, Columba, Lepus, Pyxis and some parts of Puppis. It was taken around 3:02 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 200 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and the sky is clear. Canis Major contains the brightest star in the night sky which is Sirius and also Canis Minor contains one of the brightest star which is Procyon. Canis Minor also represents one of the hunting dogs of Orion. The Constellation Orion, Canis Major and Canis Minor setting to the South of the University.

59

Figure 20. The labeled image of Constellation Ursa Major, Lynx, Leo Minor and some parts of Leo rising from the top of the MAB building of the University The image above shows the visible constellations that can be seen inside the premises of Rizal Technological University for the month of November, which is Ursa Major, Lynx, Leo Minor and some parts of Leo. It was taken around 3:14 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and the sky is clear. Ursa Major or also known as “The Big Dipper” which is very familiar to many

60 people. Ursa Major is the 3rd largest constellation in the night sky. I also captured Leo Minor or the small lion and Lynx which they said that you need a good eyesight to be able to find it, The cold breeze of air around 3:25 am makes me want to fall asleep but while observing the stars around 3:28 am, I saw a meteor again that last 2 seconds long near the constellation of Gemini.

Figure 21. The labeled image of Constellation Taurus, Orion, Auriga, Eridanus and some part of Perseus setting at the top of the TED building of the Univesity The image above shows the visible constellations that can be seen inside the premises of Rizal Technological University for the month of November, which is

61 Taurus, Orion, Auriga, Eridanus and some part of Perseus It was taken around 3:33 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 200 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and the sky is clear. Taurus is one of the largest constellation in the night sky and at the same time it is the oldest constellation that we know and also Taurus mean bull. I also captured Orion, Eridanus, Auriga and some parts of Perseus. The constellations are setting at the top of the TED building of the University.

Figure 22. The labeled image of Constellation Hydra, Sextans and Leo rising at the East of the University.

62 The image above shows the visible constellations that can be seen inside the premises of Rizal Technological University for the month of November, which is Hydra, Sextans and Leo. It was taken around 3:37 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and the sky is clear. Leo or also known as the lion. Leo’s brightest star is Regulus which is the front leg of leo. Regulus has a magnitude of 1.35. I also captured Sextans which is really hard to find because its stars are not that bright.

Figure 23. The labeled image of Constellation Leo and Leo Minor rising at the East of the University.

63 The image above shows the visible constellations that can be seen inside the premises of Rizal Technological University for the month of November, which is Leo and Leo Minor. It was taken around 4:09 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and the sky is clear. Leo or also known as the lion. Leo’s brightest star is Regulus which is the front leg of leo. Regulus has a magnitude of 1.35. I also captured Leo Minor or the small lion. Table 6. The visible Constellstions for the month of January.

Object

Magnitude AURIGA

Alnath Almaaz Capella Hassaleh Haedus Hoedus II Menkalinan 37 Aur

1.65 3.00 0.05 2.65 3.65 3.15 1.90 2.65 CANCER

Acubens Asellus Australis Asellus Borealis Tarf 18 Cnc

4.25 3.90 4.65 3.50 5.10

64 48 Cnc A A

4.00 CANES VENATICI

Chara Cor Caroli

4.20 2.85 CANIS MAJOR

Adhara Aludra Furud Mirzam Muliphein Sirius Wezen 5 CMa 7 CMa 13 CMa 14 CMa EZ CMa 20 CMa 22 CMa 24 CMa 28 CMa

1.50 2.45 3.00 1.95 4.10 - 1.45 1.80 4.50 3.95 3.50 4.05 6.65 4.35 3.45 3.00 4.00 CANIS MINOR

Procyon Gomeisa

0.40 2.85 COMA BERENICES

Diadem 15 Com 43 Com

4.30 4.35 4.20 CORVUS

Alchiba Algorab Gienah

4.00 2.90 2.55

65 Kraz Minkar

2.65 3.00 GEMINI

Alhena Alzirr Castor Mebsuta Mekbuda Pollux Tejat Posterior Tejat Prior Wasat 1 Gem A 18 Gem 34 Gem 38 Gem A 46 Gem 54 Gem 60 Gem 62 Gem 69 Gem 77 Gem 75 Gem

1.90 3.35 1.90 3.05 4.00 1.15 2.85 3.30 3.50 4.75 4.10 3.60 4.70 4.40 3.55 3.75 4.15 4.05 3.55 4.20 Hydra

Alphard Hydrobius Minchir NU Hydrae 4 Hya 7 Hya 11 Hya A 13 Hya 22 Hya 31 Hya 31 Hya 39 Hya 41 Hya

1.95 3.10 4.45 3.10 4.10 4.30 3.40 4.35 3.85 4.55 4.50 4.10 3.60

66 42 Hya

3.80 LEO

Adhafera Al’dzhabkhakh Algenubi Algieba Chertan Denebola Rasalas Regulus Zosma

3.40 3.45 2.95 2.20 3.30 2.10 3.85 1.35 2.55 LEO MINOR

Praecipua 10 LMi 21 LMi 31 LMi A

3.75 4.50 4.45 4.60 LYNX

Alsciaukat HIP 44700 2 Lyn 10 UMa A 15 Lyn 21 Lyn 38 Lyn A 40 Lyn

4.25 4.55 4.40 4.15 4.35 4.60 3.90 3.10 MONOCEROS

8 Mon A A 11 Mon A 22 Mon HIP 29151 A

4.40 4.60 4.15 5.65 ORION

Alnilam

1.65

67 Alnitak Betelgeuse Bellatrix Meissa Mintaka Rigel Saiph Tabit 2 Ori 3 Ori 7 Ori 8 Ori 10 Ori 54 Ori 61 Ori A 64 Ori 67 Ori 70 Ori

1.85 0.45 1.60 3.50 2.40 0.15 2.05 3.15 4.35 3.65 4.60 3.70 4.45 4.35 4.30 5.10 4.40 4.45 SCORPIUS

Acrab Alniyat Antares Dschubba 6 Sco

2.60 2.80 1.05 2.35 2.85 SEXTANS

15 Sex 30 Sex

4.45 5.05 URSA MAJOR

Alkaphrah Dubhe Merak Muscida Tania Australis Tania Borealis Talitha 12 UMa A

3.65 2.00 2.30 3.35 3.05 3.45 3.10 4.15

68 23 UMa 25 UMa 29 UMa 30 UMa 52 UMa

3.65 3.15 3.75 5.25 3.00 VIRGO

Auva Heze Porrima Spica Vindemiatrix 13 Vir 3 Vir

3.35 3.35 3.40 0.95 2.85 5.90 4.00

The table above shows the stars in the visible constellations for the month of January at Rizal Technological University. The table also shows the magnitude of each star.

69

Figure 24. The labeled image of Constellation Hydra rising from the top of San Francisco gardens and Leo rising from the top of the MAB building of RTU. The image above shows the visible constellations that can be seen inside the premises of Rizal Technological University for the month of January, which is Hydra and Leo. It was taken around 9:55 pm with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. Some lights in my location are still open. Hydra is the largest constellation in the night sky

70 and then Virgo and then Ursa Major. Leo or also known as the lion. Leo’s brightest star is Regulus which is the front leg of leo. Regulus has a magnitude of 1.35.

Figure 25. The labeled image of Constellation Ursa Major and Leo rising from the top of the MAB building of RTU. The image above shows the visible constellations that can be seen inside the premises of Rizal Technological University for the month of January, which is Ursa Major and Leo Minor. It was taken around 1:01 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. Ursa Major or also known by many people as the big dipper is the third largest

71 constellation in the night sky. I also captured Leo Minor or also known as the small lion. While observing the skies, around 11 pm the sky is fully covered with clouds, but around 12:55 am, the sky is beginning to clear.

Figure 26. The labeled image of Constellation Leo, Leo Minor, Hydra and a little part of Ursa Major rising from the top of the MAB building of RTU. The image above shows the visible constellations that can be seen inside the premises of Rizal Technological University for the month of January, which is Leo, Leo Minor, Hydra and little part of Ursa Major. It was taken around 1:03 am

72 with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. Leo or also known as the lion contains one of the brightest star in the nihgt sky which is Regulus. Regulus magnitude is 1.35. I was also able to captured Leo Minor or also known as the small lion. I also captured Hydra and little part of Ursa Major rising from the top of the MAB building of Rizal Technological University.

Figure 27. The labeled image of Constellation Gemini, Auriga, Canis Minor, Orion and Monoceros setting at the top the Nursing building of RTU.

73 The image above shows the visible constellations that can be seen inside the premises of Rizal Technological University for the month of January, which is Gemini, Auriga, Canis Minor, Orion and Monoceros. It was taken around 1:05 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. Gemini also has the brightest stars, which is Pollux and Castor, which represents the head of the twins. Gemini is also known as the twins and is the 30th largest constellation in the night sky. Canis Minor is represents one of Orion’s hunting dogs. Auriga is the home of the sixth brightest star in the night sky, which is Capella. Capella’s magnitude is 0.05. I also captured the half part of Monoceros and Orion.

74

Figure 28. The labeled image of Orion (right) and Canis Minor (left) setting at the top the Nursing and TED building of RTU. The image above shows the visible constellations that can be seen inside the premises of Rizal Technological University for the month of January, which is Orion and Canis Major. It was taken around 1:10 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. Orion is the most familiar or known and recognizable constellation in the night sky. The three stars at the center of Orion is called Orion’s Belt. I also captured Canis Major,

75 which contains the brightest star in the night sky, which is Sirius. You can easily find Canis Major by locating Sirius that has a magnitude of – 1.45.

Figure 29. The labeled image of Constellation Hydra, Cancer and Sextans that is almost at the top of the observer (zenith) The image above shows the visible constellations that can be seen inside the premises of Rizal Technological University for the month of January, which is Hydra, Cancer and Sextans. It was taken around 1:28 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and the whole sky is starting to be covered with clouds. Hydra is the largest constellation in the night sky and then Virgo and then Ursa

76 Major. Also I was able to capture Cancer or also known as the crab. Cancer is one of my favorite constellation in the night sky to observe especially with the use of a telescope because it contains the Beehive cluster. While observing the stars, I remember the times where I and my classmates struggles in finding deep sky objects during our observation class.

Figure 30. The labeled image of Constellation Virgo, Corvus and Crater rising from the top of San Francisco Garden The image above shows the visible constellations that can be seen inside the premises of Rizal Technological University for the month of January, which is Virgo, Corvus and Crater. It was taken around 1:44 am with a Canon 700D with 18

77 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and the whole sky is starting to be covered with clouds. I was able to capture Virgo, a constellation that represents a woman. Virgo is the 2 nd largest constellation in the night sky. I also captured Corvus or also known as the crow and Crater or also known as the cup. According to the greek mythology, Corvus is the sacred bird of Apollo and Crater is the cup that Corvus brought to Apollo.

Figure 31. The labeled image of Constellation Cancer and Canis Minor setting to the top of the TED building of RTU

78 The image above shows the visible constellations that can be seen inside the premises of Rizal Technological University for the month of January, which is Hydra, Cancer and Sextans. It was taken around 2:13 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and the whole sky is starting to be covered with clouds. I was able to capture Cancer or also known as the crab. Cancer is one of my favorite constellation in the night sky to observe especially with the use of a telescope because it contains the Beehive cluster. I also captured Canis Minor which is one of the hunting dogs of Orion. Later that night while I’m busy with the camera, when all of a sudden, a black shadow walk on the third floor of the Old building of Rizal Technological University and It gave me a sudden fright.

79

Figure 32. The labeled image of Constellation Canes Venatici and Coma Berenices rising at the top of San Francisco Garden The image above shows the visible constellations that can be seen inside the premises of Rizal Technological University for the month of January, which is Canes Venatici and Coma Berenices. It was taken around 2:30 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and the whole sky is starting to be covered with clouds. I was able to capture Canes Venatici and Coma Berenices even the sky is starting to get hazy. Canes Venatici is known as the hunting dogs of Boötes the herdsman while Coma Berenices is sometimes considered as Leo’s tail.

80

Figure 33. The labeled image of Constellation Scorpius and Planet Jupiter and Mars rising together at the top of the San Francisco Garden and ITC building of RTU The image above shows the visible constellations that can be seen inside the premises of Rizal Technological University for the month of January, which is Canes Venatici and Coma Berenices. It was taken around 4:32 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and the whole sky is slightly covered with clouds. I was able to capture half of Scorpius, Planet Mars and Jupiter even the stars are getting more obscured by thin clouds.

81 Problem 2. The NGC’s that are visible in the month October, November and January by using a DSLR and by starting at 10 pm until twilight inside the premises of Rizal Technological University The visible NGC objects for the month of October are shown in the table and images. Table 7. The visible NGC objects for the month of October inside the premises of Rizal Technological University

NGC

Magnitude

Constellation

Type

NGC 2354

6.50

Canis Major

Open Cluster

NGC 1980

2.5

Orion

Nebula

The table shows the NGC objects that can be found in each constellation and it also shows the magnitude and type of the object.

82

Figure 34. Image of NGC 2345 beside the tail of Canis Major The image above shows the visible NGC that can be found near the tail of Canis Major. It was taken around 4:31 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 12800 and 1 second exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. NGC 2354 has a magnitude of 6.50 which makes it hard to see and to find. The object is visible photographically but locating it with a telescope, your life will be easy because using a telescope is the best way to find and view NGC’s

83

Figure 35. Image of NGC 1980 and Constellation Orion The image above shows the visible NGC object that can be found in the body of Orion. It was taken around 4:35 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 6400 and 1 second exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. NGC 1980 has a magnitude 2.5. This NGC is just located below the Orion Nebula. The object is visible photographically but locating it with a telescope, your life will be easy because using a telescope is the best way to find and view NGC’s.

84 Table 8. The visible NGC objects for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University

NGC

Magnitude

Constellation

Type

NGC 1976

4.00

Orion

Nebula

NGC 1980

2.5

Orion

Nebula

NGC 2451

2.80

Puppis

Open Cluster


85

Figure 36. The Image of Constellation Orion and NGC objects The image above shows the visible NGC that can be found in the body of Orion. It was taken around 11:13 pm with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. NGC 1980 has a magnitude 2.5. This NGC is just located below the Orion Nebula which is the NGC 1976. The object is visible photographically but locating it with a telescope, your life will be easy because using a telescope is the best way to find and view NGC’s. Don’t miss this kind of object when observing the night sky.

86

Figure 37. The Image of Constellation Puppis and NGC object.

87 The image above shows the visible NGC that can be found inside the constellation Puppis. It was taken around 2:16 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 200 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. NGC 2451 has a magnitude of 2.80. The object is visible photographically but locating it with a telescope, your life will be easy because using a telescope is the best way to find and view NGC’s. Don’t miss this kind of object when observing the night sky. Table 9. The visible NGC objects for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

NGC

Magnitude

Constellation

Type

NGC 2548

5.80

Hydra

Open cluster

NGC 2264

3.90

Monoceros

Nebula

NGC 2287

4.50

Canis Major

Open cluster

NGC 1976

4.00

Orion

Nebula

NGC 1980

2.50

Orion

Nebulas

NGC 1981

4.60

Orion

Open cluster

88

NGC 2632

3.10

Cancer

Open cluster


89

Figure 38. The labeled image of NGC object that can be found in Hydra constellation. The image above shows the visible NGC that can be found inside the constellation Hydra. It was taken around 9:55 pm with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. NGC 2548 has a magnitude of 5.80. The object is visible photographically but locating it with a telescope, your life will be easy because using a telescope is the best way to find and view NGC’s. Don’t miss this kind of object when observing the night sky.

90

Figure 39. The labeled image of NGC object that can be found in the region of Constellation Monoceros. The image above shows the visible NGC that can be found inside the constellation Hydra. It was taken around 1:05 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. NGC 2264 has a magnitude of 3.90. It’s easy to find because the location has many bright stars. The object is visible photographically but locating it with a telescope, your life will be easy because using a telescope is the best way to find and view NGC’s. Don’t miss this kind of object when observing the night sky.

91

Figure 40. The labeled image of NGC object that can be found in Constellation Orion and Canis Major. The image above shows the visible NGC that can be found inside the constellation Orion and Canis Major. It was taken around 1:10 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. The NGC 1981, 1980 and 1976 are objects that you need to see when doing an observation. The NGC 1976 or also known as the Orion Nebula is a must see object in the night sky. The object is visible photographically but locating it with

92 a telescope, your life will be easy because using a telescope is the best way to find and view NGC’s. Don’t miss this kind of object when observing the night sky.

Figure 41. The labeled image of NGC object that can be found in Constellation Cancer. The image above shows the visible NGC that can be found inside the constellation Cancer. It was taken around 2:13 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and the whole sky is starting to be covered with clouds. The NGC 2632 is an open cluster. NGC 2632 or Beehive Cluster is a very interesting

93 object to find and see in the night sky. The object is visible photographically but locating it with a telescope, your life will be easy because using a telescope is the best way to find and view NGC’s. Don’t miss this kind of object when observing the night sky. Problem 3. The Messier objects that are visible in the month of October, November and January by using a DSLR and by starting at 10 pm until twilight inside the premises of Rizal Technological University, Boni Campus The visible Messier objects for the month of October are shown in the table and images. Table 10. The visible Messier objects for the month of October inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Messier

Magnitude

Constellation

Type

4.00

Orion

Nebula

object M42

The table shows the Messier objects that can be found in each constellation and it also shows the magnitude and type of the object.

94

Figure 42. The labeled image of Messier object that can be found in Constellation Orion. The image above shows the visible Messier object that can be found inside the constellation Orion. It was taken around 4:35 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 6400 and 1 second exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. M42 or also known as Orion Nebula is a very interesting object in the night sky to find and to see. The object is visible photographically but locating it with a telescope, your life will be easy because using a telescope is the best way to find

95 and view deep sky objects. Don’t miss this kind of object when observing the night sky. Table 11. The visible Messier objects for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Messier

Magnitude

Constellation

Type

M45

1.6

Taurus

Open cluster

M42

4.00

Orion

Nebula

object


Figure 43. The labeled image of Messier object that can be found in Constellation Taurus.

96 The image above shows the visible Messier object that can be found inside the constellation Taurus. It was taken around 10:54 pm with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. M45 or also known as Pleiades. Pleiades is known to many as a rosary because it looks like it and it is easy to find in the night sky, just look for a group of bright stars in constellation Taurus. The object is visible photographically and via naked eye, locating it with a telescope your life will be easy, because using a telescope is the best way to find and view deep sky objects. Don’t miss this kind of object when observing the night sky because it’s really a beautiful object to see.

97

Figure 44. The labeled image of Messier object that can be found in Constellation Orion. The image above shows the visible Messier object that can be found inside the constellation Orion. It was taken around 11:12 pm with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. M42 or also known as Orion nebula is a very interesting object to see inside the constellation of Orion. The object is visible photographically but locating it with a telescope your life will be easy, because using a telescope is the best way

98 to find and view deep sky objects. Don’t miss this kind of object when observing the night sky because it’s also a beautiful object to see. Table 12. The visible Messier objects for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Messier

Magnitude

Constellation

Type

M48

5.80

Hydra

Open cluster

M41

4.50

Canis Major

Open cluster

M42

4.00

Orion

Nebula

M44

3.10

Cancer

Open cluster

object


99

Figure 45. The labeled image of Messier object that can be found in Constellation Hydra.

100 The image above shows the visible Messier object that can be found inside the constellation Hydra. It was taken around 9:55 pm with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. M48 is an open cluster object. M48 is an interesting object in the night sky. The object is visible photographically but locating it with a telescope your life will be easy, because using a telescope is the best way to find and view deep sky objects. Don’t miss this kind of object when observing the night sky because it’s also a beautiful object to see.

101

Figure 46. The labeled image of Messier object that can be found in Constellation Canis Major and Orion. The image above shows the visible Messier object that can be found inside the constellation Canis Major and Orion. It was taken around 1:10 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. Canis Major is the home of the brightest star in the night sky which is Sirius that makes Canis Major easy to locate in the night sky.

102 M41 is an open cluster, it is also an interesting object in the night sky to find and to see. M42 or also known as Orion nebula, this object is really beautiful to see in the night sky. The object is visible photographically but locating it with a telescope your life will be easy, because using a telescope is the best way to find and view deep sky objects. I suggest that don’t miss to see this kind of objects when doing an observation.

103

Figure 47. The labeled image of Messier object that can be found in Constellation Cancer. The image above shows the visible Messier object that can be found inside the constellation Canis Major and Orion. It was taken around 2:13 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and the whole sky is starting to be covered with clouds. M44 or also known as Beehive cluster always amazed me every single time that I’m doing an observation. This object is really interesting and beautiful to see in the night sky. The object is visible photographically but locating it with a telescope your life will be easy, because using a telescope is the best way to find and view deep sky objects. I suggest that don’t miss to see this kind of objects when doing an observation. Don’t miss this object when you see or find constellation Cancer.

104 Problem 4. The Caldwell objects that are visible in the month of October, November and January by using a DSLR and by starting at 10 pm until twilight inside the premises of Rizal Technological University, Boni Campus. When Observing Caldwell object the first thing we need to do is to locate the object using sky map. Observing star cluster might be difficult because some are big and bright and also small and dim, you may be able to see the nebulosity of the stars. (Artificio, 2015) The Caldwell objects that are visible inside the premises of Rizal Technological Univeristy, Boni campus for the month of October, November and January will be shown in tabulated form and labeled image. Table 13. The visible Caldwell objects for the month of October inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Caldwell

Magnitude

Constellation

Type

C31

6.0

Auriga

Nebula

C64

4.10

Canis Major

Open cluster

Object

and Nebula

105 The table shows the Caldwell objects that can be found in each constellation and it also shows the magnitude and type of the object.

Figure 48. The labeled image of Caldwell object that can be found in Constellation Auriga. The image above shows the visible Caldwell object that can be found inside the constellation Auriga. It was taken around 4:47 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 6400 and 1 second exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. C31 or also known as the Flaming star nebula. The object is visible photographically but locating it with a telescope your life will be easy, because

106 using a telescope is the best way to find and view deep sky objects. This object is really interesting to see, if you love nebula objects then don’t miss to see the beauty of C31 in the night sky.

Figure 49. The labeled image of Caldwell object that can be found in Constellation Canis Major.

107 The image above shows the visible Caldwell object that can be found in the region of constellation of Canis Major It was taken around 4:31 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 12800 and 1 second exposure time time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. C64 is an open cluster and nebula. The object is visible photographically but locating it with a telescope your life will be easy, because using a telescope is the best way to find and view deep sky objects. This object is very interesting to see and find in the night sky. Canis major is easy to see because it’s the home of the brightest star, Sirius. Don’t miss to see C64 in the night sky. Table 14. The visible Caldwell objects for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Caldwell

Magnitude

Constellation

Type

C41

0.5

Taurus

Open cluster

C64

4.1

Canis Major

Open cluster

Object

and Nebula The table shows the Caldwell objects that can be found in each constellation and it also shows the magnitude and type of the object.

108

Figure 50. The labeled image of Caldwell object that can be found in Constellation Taurus. The image above shows the visible Caldwell object that can be found in the constellation Taurus. It was taken around 1:58 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. The object is visible photographically but locating it with a telescope your life will be easy, because using a telescope is the best way to find and view deep sky objects.

109 C41 is actually the head part of constellation Taurus which makes it easy locate or find. This object is also visible via naked eye.

Figure 51. The labeled image of Caldwell object that can be found in Constellation Canis Major. The image above shows the visible Caldwell object that can be found in the constellation Canis Major. It was taken around 2:16 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 200 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and the sky is clear. C64 is an open cluster

110 associated with a nebula. In the image above, you can’t see it very well but it’s there just look closely. The object is visible photographically but locating it with a telescope your life will be easy, because using a telescope is the best way to find and view deep sky objects. Table 15. The visible Caldwell objects for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Caldwell

Magnitude

Constellation

Type

C31

6.00

Auriga

Nebula

C64

4.1

Canis Major

Open cluster

Object

and Nebula

The table shows the Caldwell objects that can be found in each constellation and it also shows the magnitude and type of the object

AURIGA

111

Figure 52. The labeled image of Caldwell object that can be found in Constellation Auriga. The image above shows the visible Caldwell object that can be found in the constellation Auriga. It was taken around 1:05 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. C31 or also known as Flaming star nebula. The C31 is an emission or reflection nebula. This is also a very interesting object in the night sky to see. The object is visible photographically but locating it with a telescope your life will be easy, because using a telescope is the best way to find and view deep sky objects.

112

Figure 53. The labeled image of Caldwell object that can be found in Constellation Canis Major.

113 The image above shows the visible Caldwell object that can be found in the constellation Canis Major. It was taken around 1:10 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. C64 is an open cluster associated with a nebula. The object is visible photographically but locating it with a telescope your life will be easy, because using a telescope is the best way to find and view deep sky objects. This object is also a great object to see in the night sky. Just locate Canis major in the night sky and explore the tail part of the constellation until you find this open cluster. Problem 5. The Binary stars that are visible in the month of October, November and January by using a DSLR and by starting at 10 pm until twilight inside the premises of Rizal Technological University, Boni Campus. There are a lot of ways to observe binary stars depending on their properties. Binary stars are classified into four types according to the way in which they are observed: visually, by observation; spectroscopically, by periodic changes in spectral lines; photometrically, by changes in brightness caused by an eclipse; or astrometically, by an unseen companion. Any binary star can belong to several

114 of these classes; for example, several spectroscopic binaries are also eclipsing binaries. (Artificio, 2015) Binary star and double star are different to each other. A binary star is a pair of stars which physically orbit each other while the Double star is referring to a pair of stars that can be seen in the sky. Based on the result of observation, the Binary stars that can be seen around the University campus will be shown in tabulated form and labeled image of the constellation to identify the visible Binary stars. Table 16. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Auriga and some part of Lynx for the month of October inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Binary Star

Magnitude

Alnath 37 Aur 32 Aur 29 Aur Menkalinan (Eclipsing) Haedus (Eclipsing) Almaaz (Eclipsing) Capella 33 Aur 14 Aur 15 Lyn

1.65 2.65 3.95 4.50 1.90 3.65 3.00 0.05 3.70 5.00 4.35

115 The table above shows the binary stars that can be found in constellation Auriga and some part of Lynx and it also shows the magnitude of each star.

Figure 54. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Auriga and some part of Lynx The image above shows the visible binary stars that can be found in the constellation Auriga and some part of Lynx. It was taken around 4:47 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 6400 and 1 second exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 10 binary stars present in constellation Auriga and 1 binary star in some part of Lynx.

116 Table 17. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Canis Major, some part Lepus and Puppis for the month of October inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Binary Star

Magnitude

Sirius 20 CMa (Eclipsing) Mirzam 4 CMa HIP 33867 22CMa Adhara Furud Aludra Markeb A Tureis 12 Lep Arneb Nihal

- 1.45 4.35 1.95 4.30 8.30 3.45 1.50 3.00 2.45 4.40 2.85 5.85 2.55 2.80

The table above shows the binary stars that can be found in Canis Major,some part of Lepus and Puppis and it also shows the magnitude of each star.

117

Figure 55. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Canis major, some part of Lepus and Puppis. The image above shows the visible binary stars that are visible in the constellation Canis Major some part of Lepus and Puppis. It was taken around 4:31 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 12800 and 1 second exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 9 binary stars present in constellation Canis major, 3 binary star in some part of Lynx and 2 binary star in Puppis.

118 Table 18. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Gemini for the month of October inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Binary Star

Magnitude

38 Gem A 54 Gem Alhena Mekbuda Wasat 77 Gem Pollux 75 Gem 65 Gem Castor 62 Gem 46 Gem 34 Gem Mebsuta Tejat Posterior Tejat Prior 1 Gem A

4.70 3.55 1.90 4.00 3.50 3.55 1.15 4.20 5.35 1.90 4.15 4.40 3.60 3.05 3.85 3.30 4.75

The table above shows the binary stars that are visible in Gemini and it also shows the magnitude of each star.

119

Figure 56. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Gemini The image above shows the visible binary stars that are visible in the constellation Gemini. It was taken around 4:45 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 6400 and 1 second exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 17 binary stars present in constellation Gemini.

120 Table 19. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Orion for the month of October inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Binary Star

Magnitude

Betelgeuse Meissa Bellatrix Tabit Alnitak Mintaka (Eclipsing) Alnilam 21 Ori (Eclipsing) Hatsya

0.45 3.50 1.60 3.15 1.85 2.40

A

1.65 5.34 2.75

The table above shows the binary stars that are visible in Orion and it also shows the magnitude of each star.

Figure 57. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Orion

121 The image above shows the visible binary stars that are visible in the constellation Orion. It was taken around 4:35 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 6400 and 1 second exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 9 binary stars present in constellation Orion. Table 20. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Orion for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Binary Star

Magnitude

Alnath 37 Aur 32 Aur 29 Aur Menkalinan (Eclipsing) Haedus (Eclipsing) Almaaz (Eclipsing) Capella 16 Aur 14 Aur Atik Algol (Eclipsing) V0575 Per (Eclipsing) 18 Per (Eclipsing) Miram 23 Per (Eclipsing) 39 Per A 58 Per

1.65 2.65 3.95 4.50 1.90 3.65 3.00 0.05 4.50 5.00 3.85 2.05 5.30 3.90 3.75 2.90 3.00 4.25

122 Atlas Cleeia Ain 78 Tau 94 Tau A 123 Tau V1233 Tau A

3.60 4.30 3.50 3.40 4.30 2.95 8.05

The table above shows the binary stars that are visible in Auriga, Perseus, some part of Taurus and Orion and it also shows the magnitude of each star.

Figure 58. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Auriga, Perseus, some part of Taurus.

123 The image above shows the visible binary stars that are visible in the constellation Auriga, Perseus, some part of Taurus and Orion. It was taken around 10:33 pm with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 10 binary stars present in constellation Auriga, 8 binary stars in Perseus, 7 binary stars in some parts of Taurus. Table 21. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Andromeda and Cassiopeia for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Binary Star

Magnitude

Almaak 42 And A 14 Cas A Archird Ruchbah (Eclipsing)

2.15 4.25 5.40 3.45 2.65

The table above shows the binary stars that are visible in constellation Andromeda and Cassiopeia and it also shows the magnitude of each star.

124

Figure 59. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Andromeda and Cassiopeia The image above shows the visible binary stars that are visible in the constellation Andromeda and Cassiopeia. It was taken around 10:35 pm with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is

125 slightly covered with clouds. There are 2 binary stars present in Andromeda, 3 binary stars in Cassiopeia. Table 22. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Pegasus for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Binary Star

Magnitude

KS Peg (Eclipsing) 50 Peg 49 Peg Matar

5.45 4.90 5.15 2.90

The table above shows the binary stars that are visible in constellation Pegasus and it also shows the magnitude of each star.

Figure 60. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Pegasus

126 The image above shows the visible binary stars that are visible in the constellation Pegasus. It was taken around 10:37 pm with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 4 binary stars present in constellation Pegasus. Table 23. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Triangulum, Aries, Cetus, some part of Pisces and Taurus for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Binary Star

Magnitude

6 tri 48 Ari A Kaffaljidhma Kullat Nunu Torcularis Septentrionalis Alrischa 111 Psc 35 Tau (Eclipsing) 2 Tau (Eclipsing) HIP 17954 A 37 Tau Alkalbain V Alkalbain III Alkalbain IV Cleeia Ain

6.90 5.15 3.55 7.50 4.25 4.10 4.60 3.40 7.55 5.70 4.35 0.88 0.83 1.97 8.35 3.50

127 The table above shows the binary stars that are visible in constellation Triangulum, Aries, Cetus, some part of Pisces and Taurus and it also shows the magnitude of each star.

Figure 61. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Triangulum, Aries, Cetus, some part of Pisces and Taurus.

128 The image above shows the visible binary stars that are visible in the constellation Pegasus. It was taken around 10:54 pm with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 16 binary stars present in constellation Triangulum, Aries, Cetus, some part of Pisces and Taurus. Table 24. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Orion, Lepus and some part of Eridanus and Monoceros for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Binary Star

Magnitude

61 Ori A 32 Ori A Heka Manica Alnitak Alnilam Mintaka (Eclipsing) Betelgeuse Meissa Bellatrix Mizan Batil Hatsya 48 Ori A 41 Ori 28 Ori (Eclipsing) 20 Ori 25 Ori 38 Ori

4.30 4.45 4.35 5.15 1.85 1.65 2.40

A

0.45 3.50 1.60 4.55 2.75 4.00 6.55 3.35 3.55 4.85 5.30

129 32 Ori 30 Ori (Eclipsing) Tabit 3 Lep 4 Lep A Arneb Nihal 13 Lep 57 Eri (Eclipsing) 48 Eri Cursa Sceptrum 66 Eri HIP 29151 A 8 Mon A A 5 Mon 11 Mon A

4.45 8.60 3.15 4.45 4.40 2.55 2.80 3.55 4.00 3.90 2.75 3.90 5.10 5.65 4.40 3.95 4.60

The table above shows the binary stars that are visible in constellation Orion, Lepus and some part of Eridanus and Monoceros and it also shows the magnitude of each star.

130

Figure 62. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Orion, Lepus and some part of Eridanus and Monoceros. The image above shows the visible binary stars that are visible in the constellation Orion and Lepus. It was taken around 11:12 pm with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 35 binary stars present in constellation Orion and Lepus.

131 Table 25. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Gemini for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Binary Star

Magnitude

Alzirr 54 Gem Alhena Mekbuda Wasat 77 Gem Pollux 75 Gem Castor 62 Gem 46 Gem 34 Gem Mebsuta Tejat Posterior Tejat Prior 1 Gem A 65 Gem 42 Gem (Eclipsing)

3.35 3.55 1.90 4.00 3.50 3.55 1.15 4.20 1.90 4.15 4.40 3.60 3.05 3.85 3.30 4.75 5.00 5.20

The table above shows the binary stars that are visible in constellation Gemini and it also shows the magnitude of each star.

132

Figure 63. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Gemini. The image above shows the visible binary stars that are visible in the constellation Gemini. It was taken around 2:01 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 200 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 18 binary stars present in constellation Gemini.

133 Table 26. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Canis Major, Columba, Pxyis and some part of Puppis for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Binary Star Sirius 20 CMa (eclipsing) 30 CMa (eclipsing) EW CMa Aludra 8 CMa Mirzam 4 CMa Adhara Furud 22 CMa Delta Pyxidis Omicron Puppis Markeb A Tureis HD 63032 NU Puppis Sigma Puppis Ghusn Al Zaitun Phact

Magnitude -

1.45 4.35 4.85 4.90 2.45 8.55 1.95 4.30 1.50 3.00 3.45 4.85 4.40 4.40 2.85 3.61 3.15 3.25 3.85 2.65

The table above shows the binary stars that are visible in constellation Canis Major, Pyxis and it also shows the magnitude of each star.

134

Figure 64. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Canis Major, Pyxis, Columba and some part of Puppis. The image above shows the visible binary stars that are visible in the constellation Canis major, Columba, Pyxis and some part of Puppis. It was taken around 2:16 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 200 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and the sky is clear. There are 20 binary stars present in constellation Canis Major, Columba, Pyxis and some part of Puppis

135 Table 27. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Ursa Major, Lynx and Leo for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Binary Star

Magnitude

23 UMa Dubhe 26 UMa 12 UMa A Tania Australis 12 Lyn C 10 UMa A 38 Lyn A 31 LMi A 20 LMi

3.65 2.00 4.45 4.15 3.05 7.15 4.15 6.00 4.60 5.35

The table above shows the binary stars that are visible in constellation Ursa Major, Lynx and Leo and it also shows the magnitude of each star.

136

Figure 65. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Ursa Major, Lynx and Leo. The image above shows the visible binary stars that are visible in the constellation Ursa Major, Lynx and Leo. It was taken around 3:14 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 second exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and the sky is clear. There are 10 binary stars present in constellation Ursa Major, Lynx and Leo.

137 Table 28. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Hydra and Sextans for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Binary Star

Magnitude

11 Hya A 13 Hya 35 Hya 8 Sex A

3.40 4.35 3.90 5.60

The table above shows the binary stars that are visible in constellation Hydra and Sextans and it also shows the magnitude of each star.

Figure 66. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Hydra and Sextans

138 The image above shows the visible binary stars that are visible in the constellation Hydra and Sextans. It was taken around 3:37 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and the sky is clear. There are 4 binary stars present in constellation Hydra and Sextans. Table 29. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Leo for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Binary Star

Magnitude

Algieba Regulus 95 Leo 78 Leo A

2.20 1.35 5.50 3.95

The table above shows the binary stars that are visible in constellation Leo and it also shows the magnitude of each star.

139

Figure 67. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Leo.

140 The image above shows the visible binary stars that are visible in the constellation Leo. It was taken around 4:09 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and the sky is clear. There are 4 binary stars present in constellation Leo. Table 30. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Hydra for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Binary Star

Magnitude

11 Hya A 13 Hya HIP 47237 A 35 Hya 19 Hya A HIP 46404 A

3.40 4.35 6.85 3.90 5.60 5.70

The table above shows the binary stars that are visible in constellation Hydra and it also shows the magnitude of each star.

141

Figure 68. The labeled image of Binary stars in constellation Hydra.

142 The image above shows the visible binary stars that are visible in the constellation Hydra. It was taken around 9:55 pm with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts the sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 6 binary stars present in constellation Leo. Table 31. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Ursa Major and Leo Minor for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Binary Star

Magnitude

12 UMa 25 UMa 23 UMa Dubhe Mizar Tania Australis 31 LMi

4.15 3.15 3.65 2.00 2.20 3.05 6.00

The table above shows the binary stars that are visible in constellation Ursa Major and Leo Minor and it also shows the magnitude of each star.

143

Figure 69. The labeled image of binary stars in constellation Ursa Major and Leo Minor The image above shows the visible binary stars that are visible in the constellation Ursa Major and Leo Minor. It was taken around 1:01 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts the sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 7 binary stars present in constellation Ursa major and Leo Minor.

144 Table 32. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Lynx and Leo for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Binary Star

Magnitude

Algieba Regulus 95 Leo 78 Leo A 90 Leo A 10 UMa A 38 Lyn

2.20 1.35 5.50 3.95 6.25 4.15 6.00

The table above shows the binary stars that are visible in constellation Lynx and Leo and it also shows the magnitude of each star.

Figure 70. The labeled image of binary stars in the body part of constellation Lynx.

145

Figure 71. The labeled image of binary stars in the constellation Leo.

The figure 67 shows the binary stars that are visible in the constellation Lynx. It was taken around 1:03 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time, while figure 68 also shows the binary stars that are visible in the constellation of Leo. It was taken also around 1:01 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts the sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 2 binary stars present in constellation Lynx and 5 binary stars are present in the constellation Leo.

146 Table 33. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Gemini, Auriga, Canis Minor and Monoceros for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Binary Star

Magnitude

Alzirr 54 Gem Alhena Mekbuda Wasat 77 Gem Pollux 75 Gem Castor 62 Gem 46 Gem 34 Gem Mebsuta Tejat Posterior Tejat Prior 1 Gem A 65 Gem Capella Almaaz (Eclipsing) Haedus (Eclipsing) 16 Aur 14 Aur Alnath 37 Aur Menkalinan (Eclipsing) 32 Aur 29 Aur HIP 24902 A 11 Mon A

3.35 3.55 1.90 4.00 3.50 3.55 1.15 4.20 1.90 4.15 4.40 3.60 3.05 3.85 3.30 4.75 5.00 0.05 3.00 3.65 4.50 5.00 1.65 2.65 1.90 3.95 4.50 5.55 4.60

147 8 Mon A A HIP 29151 A 4 CMi

4.40 5.65 4.30

The table above shows the binary stars that are visible in constellation Gemini, Auriga, Canis Minor and Monoceros, it also shows the magnitude of each star.

Figure 72. The labeled image of binary stars in the constellation Gemini, Auriga, Canis Minor and Monoceros. The image above shows the visible binary stars that are visible in the constellation Gemini, Auriga, Canis Minor, and Monoceros. It was taken around 1:05 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15

148 seconds exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts the sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 32 binary stars present in the constellation Gemini, Auriga, Canis Minor and Monoceros. Table 34. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Orion and Canis Major for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Binary Star

Magnitude

Betelgeuse Meissa Bellatrix Alnilam Alnitak Mintaka (Eclipsing) 41 Ori Hatsya Mizan Batil 48 Ori 61 Ori A Heka 32 Ori 38 Ori 33 Ori 30 Ori (Eclipsing) 17 Ori A 25 Ori 18 CMa A 20 CMa(Eclipsing) Sirius 8 CMa A

0.45 3.50 1.60 1.65 1.85 2.40 5.05 2.75 4.55 4.00 4.30 4.35 4.45 5.30 5.75 4.55 4.45 4.85 5.10 4.35 -

1.45 4.40

149 6 CMa A Mirzam 4 CMa Adhara 22 CMa Aludra EW CMa 30 CMa 29 CMa (Eclipsing) 145 CMa

5.70 1.95 4.30 1.50 3.45 2.45 6.65 4.85 4.85 4.80

The table above shows the binary stars that are visible in constellation Orion and Canis Major, it also shows the magnitude of each star.

Figure 73. The labeled image of binary stars in the constellation Orion and Canis Major.

150 The image above shows the visible binary stars that are visible in the constellation Orion and Canis Major. It was taken around 1:10 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts the sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 32 binary stars present in the constellation Orion and Canis Major. Table 35. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Crater, Corvus and Vigro for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Binary Star

Magnitude

13 Crt 11 Crt 27 Crt A 15 Crt Algorab HIP 60157 A 5 Crv Spica 51 Vir A Porrima Heze 46 Vir A Auva Zavijava 16 Vir Zaniah Vindemiatrix

5.05 4.45 4.95 4.05 2.90 6.25 5.20 0.95 4.45 3.40 3.35 6.05 3.35 3.55 4.95 3.85 2.85

151 The table above shows the binary stars that are visible in constellation Crater, Corvus and Virgo, it also shows the magnitude of each star.

Figure 74. The labeled image of binary stars in the constellation Crater, Corvus and Virgo The image above shows the visible binary stars that are visible in the constellation Crater, Corvus, Virgo. It was taken around 1:44 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and the whole sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 17 binary stars present in the constellation Crater, Corvus and Virgo.

152 Table 36. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Cancer for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Binary Star

Magnitude

48 Cnc A A Acubens 76 Cnc Asellus Australis Asellus Borealis Tarf 23 Cnc A Tegmine

4.00 4.25 5.20 3.90 4.65 3.50 6.15 5.25

The table above shows the binary stars that are visible in constellation Cancer and it also shows the magnitude of each star.

Figure 75. The labeled image of binary stars in the constellation Cancer

153 The image above shows the visible binary stars that are visible in the constellation Cancer. It was taken around 2:13 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and the whole sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 8 binary stars present in the constellation of Cancer. Table 37. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Coma Berenices for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Binary Star

Magnitude

12 Com HIP 60525 A 23 Com A 30 Com Diadem 43 Com 37 Com

4.75 6.55 4.95 5.75 4.30 4.20 5.05

The table above shows the binary stars that are visible in constellation the Coma Berenices and it also shows the magnitude of each star.

154

Figure 76. The labeled image of binary stars in the constellation Coma Berenices.

The image above shows the visible binary stars that are visible in the constellation Coma Berenices. It was taken around 2:30 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and the whole sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 7 binary stars present in the constellation of Coma Berenices

155 Table 38. The visible Binary star in the Constellation of Scorpius for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Binary Star

Magnitude

Jabbah Acrab Dschubba 2 Sco A 6 Sco Antares

4.10 2.60 2.35 4.65 2.85 1.05

The table above shows the binary stars that are visible in constellation the Scorpius and it also shows the magnitude of each star.

156

Figure 77. The labeled image of binary stars in the constellation Scorpius.

The image above shows the visible binary stars that are visible in the constellation Coma Berenices. It was taken around 4:33 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 200 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and the whole sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 6 binary stars present in the constellation of Scorpius.

157 Problem 6. The Variable stars that are visible in the month of October, November and January by using a DSLR and by starting at 10 pm until twilight inside the premises of Rizal Technological University, Boni Campus. Based on the result of observation, the variable stars that can be seen around the University campus will be shown in tabulated form and labeled image of the constellation to identify the visible variable stars. Table 39. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Auriga and Lynx for the month of October inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Variable Star

Magnitude

14 Aur IQ Aur (Rotating) 37 Aur (Rotating) 36 Aur (Pulsating) 2 Lyn

5.00 5.35 2.65 5.70 4.40

The table above shows the variable stars that are visible in constellation the Scorpius and it also shows the magnitude of each star.

158

Figure 78. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation Auriga and some parts of Lynx. The image above shows the variable stars that are visible in the constellation Auriga and Lynx. It was taken around 4:47 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 6400 and 1 seconds exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 5 variable stars present in the constellation of Auriga and some parts of Lynx.

159 Table 40. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Canis Major and some parts of Puppis for the month of October inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Variable Star

Magnitude

20 (Pulsating) 28 (Eruptive) Aludra (Pulsating) 22 (Pulsating) 13 (Eruptive) Mirzam (Pulsating) 15 (Pulsating) Tureis

CMa

4.35

CMa

4.00 2.45

CMa

3.45

CMa

3.50 1.95

Pup

2.80 6.85

The table above shows the variable stars that are visible in constellation the Canis Major and some parts of Puppis, it also shows the magnitude of each star.

160

Figure 79. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation Canis Major and some parts of Puppis. The image above shows the variable stars that are visible in the constellation Canis Major and some parts of Puppis. It was taken around 4:47 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 12800 and 1 seconds exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds.. There are 8 variable stars present in the constellation of Canis Major and some parts of Puppis.

161 Table 41. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Gemini for the month of October inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Variable Star

Magnitude

Mekbuda (Pulsating) Tejat Posterior (Pulsating) Tejat Prior 75 Gem (Eruptive)

4.00 2.85 3.30 4.20

The table above shows the variable stars that are visible in constellation the Gemini, it also shows the magnitude of each star.

Figure 80. The labeled image of Variable stars in constellation Gemini.

162 The image above shows the variable stars that are visible in the constellation Gemini. It was taken around 4:45 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 6400 and 1 seconds exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 4 variable stars present in the constellation of Gemini. Table 42. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Orion for the month of October inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Variable Star

Magnitude

Betelgeuse (Pulsating) Alnilam (Pulsating) Rigel (Pulsating)

0.45 1.65 0.15

The table above shows the variable stars that are visible in constellation the Orion, it also shows the magnitude of each star.

163

Figure 81. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation Orion.

The image above shows the variable stars that are visible in the constellation Gemini. It was taken around 4:35 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 6400 and 1 seconds exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 3 variable stars present in the constellation of Gemini and all of it are pulsating variables.

164 Table 43. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Auriga, Perseus and in some parts of Taurus for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Variable Star

Magnitude

14 Aur PU Aur 35 Aur (Pulsating) 37 Aur (Rotating) Cleeia Aldebaran V1233 Tau A (Rotating) 58 Tau (Pulsating) 71 Tau (Pulsating) 33 Tau (Rotating) Gorgonea Tertia (Pulsating) 37 Per (Eruptive) b Per (Rotating) 45 Per (Pulsating) Menkib Atik (Rotating) 39 Per A

5.00 5.55 4.30 2.65 4.30 0.85 8.05 5.25 4.45 6.00 3.30

4.30 4.60 2.90 3.95 3.85 3.00

165 The table above shows the variable stars that are visible in constellation the Auriga, Perseus and some parts of Taurus, it also shows the magnitude of each star.

Figure 82. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation Auriga, Perseus and some parts of Taurus. The image above shows the variable stars that are visible in the constellation Gemini. It was taken around 10:33 pm with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds.

166 There are 17 variable stars present in constellation Auriga, Perseus and some parts of Taurus. Table 44. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Andromeda and Cassiopeia for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Variable Star

Magnitude

34 And 28 And 16 And (Eruptive) 20 Cas (Rotating) Shedir Caph (Pulsating) Achrid 15 Cas (Pulsating) Ruchbah

4.05 5.20 3.80 4.95 2.20 2.25 7.35 4.15 2.65

The table above shows the variable stars that are visible in constellation the Andromeda and Cassiopeia, it also shows the magnitude of each star.

167

Figure 83. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation Andromeda and Cassiopeia. The image above shows the variable stars that are visible in the constellation Gemini. It was taken around 10:35 pm with a Canon 700D with 18 –

168 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 9 variable stars present in constellation of Andromeda and Cassiopeia. . Table 45. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Pegasus and some part of Pisces for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Variable Star

Magnitude

Algenib (Pulsating) Alpheratz 71 Peg 82 Peg (Pulsating) Scheat 8 Psc (Rotating)

2.80 2.05 5.30 5.30 2.40 4.95

The table above shows the variable stars that are visible in constellation Pegasus and some parts of Pisces, it also shows the magnitude of each star.

169

Figure 84. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation Pegasus and some parts of Pisces. The image above shows the variable stars that are visible in the constellation Gemini. It was taken around 10:37 pm with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 6 variable stars present in the constellation of Pegasus and some parts of Pisces.

170 Table 46. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Triangulum, Aries and some parts of Pisces, Cetus and Taurus for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Variable Star

Magnitude

Menkar Mira (Pulsating) 82 Cet (Pulsating) Alrischa (Rotating) Mesarthim (Rotating) 16 Tri (Rotating) 6 Tri Mothalla (Rotating) Cleeia V1142 Tau Alkalbain V (Pulsating)

2.50 6.45 4.05 4.10 4.50 5.85 5.15 4.50 4.30 7.00 4.25

The table above shows the variable stars that are visible in constellation Triangulum, Aries and some parts of Pisces, Cetus and Taurus, it also shows the magnitude of each star.

171

Figure 85. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation Triangulum, Aries and some parts of Pisces, Cetus and Taurus. The image above shows the variable stars that are visible in the constellation Gemini. It was taken around 10:54 pm with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 11 variable stars present in the constellation of Triangulum, Aries and some parts of Pisces, Cetus and Taurus.

172 Table 47. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Orion, Lepus and some part of Eridanus and Monoceros for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Variable Star

Magnitude

47 Ori (Eruptive) Betelgeuse (Pulsating) 25 Ori (Eruptive) Alnilam (Pulsating) Rigel (Pulsating) 66 Eri 48 Eri (Pulsating) 69 Eri (Pulsating) 5 Lep (Rotating) 17 Lep (Cataclysmic Variable Star) 11 Mon A 21 Mon (Pulsating) 19 Mon (Pulsating)

5.05 0.45 4.85 1.65 0.15 5.10 3.90 4.25 3.25 4.90

4.60 5.40 4.95

The table above shows the variable stars that are visible in constellation Orion, Lepus and some parts of Eridanus and Monoceros., it also shows the magnitude of each star.

173

Figure 86. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation Orion, Lepus and some parts of Eridanus and Monoceros. The image above shows the variable stars that are visible in the constellation Orion, Lepus and some parts of Eridanus and Monoceros. It was taken around 11:12 pm with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase,

174 and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 13 variable stars present in the constellation of Orion, Lepus and some parts of Eridanus and Monoceros. Table 48. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Gemini for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Variable Star

Magnitude

Mekbuda (Pulsating) Tejat Prior 75 Gem (Eruptive) Tejat Prosterior (Pulsating)

4.00 3.30 4.20 2.85

The table above shows the variable stars that are visible in constellation Gemini, it also shows the magnitude of each star.

175

Figure 87. The labeled image of Variable stars in constellation Gemini. The image above shows the variable stars that are visible in the constellation Gemini. It was taken around 2:01 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 4 variable stars present in the constellation of Gemini.

176 Table 49. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Canis Major and some part of Puppis for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Variable Star

Magnitude

Mirzam (Pulsating) EW CMa Aludra (Pulsating) 22 CMa (Pulsating) 13 CMa (Eruptive) 15 Pup (Pulsating) Omicron Puppis QZ Pup (Rotating) Naos Sigma Puppis Tureis

1.95 4.90 2.45 3.45 3.50 2.80 4.40 4.45 2.20 3.25 2.85

The table above shows the variable stars that are visible in constellation Canis Major and some parts of Puppis and it also shows the magnitude of each star.

177

Figure 88. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation Canis Major and some parts of Puppis. The image above shows the variable stars that are visible in the constellation Canis Major and some parts of Puppis. It was taken around 2:16 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 200 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and the sky is clear. There are 11 variable stars present in the constellation of Canis Major and some parts of Puppis.

178 Table 50. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Ursa Major and Lynx for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Variable Star

Magnitude

31 UMa 24 UMa 18 UMa (Pulsating) 29 UMa (Pulsating) 36 Lyn (Rotating) Alsciaukat UY Lyn 1 Lyn

5.25 4.50 4.80 3.75 5.30 4.25 5.45 5.00

The table above shows the variable stars that are visible in constellation of Ursa Major and Lynx, it also shows the magnitude of each star.

179

Figure 89. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation of Ursa Major and Lynx. The image above shows the variable stars that are visible in the constellation Ursa Major and Lynx. It was taken around 3:14 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and the sky is clear. There are 8 variable stars present in the constellation of Ursa Major and Lynx.

180 Table 51. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Hydra and Sextans for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Variable Star

Magnitude

11 Hya A 13 Hya (Pulsating) 1 Hya U Hya (Pulsating 30 Sex

3.40 4.35 5.60 4.85 5.05

The table above shows the variable stars that are visible in constellation of Hydra and Sextans, it also shows the magnitude of each star.

181

Figure 90. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation Hydra and Sextans.

The image above shows the variable stars that are visible in the constellation Gemini. It was taken around 3:37 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at

182 waxing crescent phase, and the sky is clear. There are 5 variable stars present in the constellation of Hydra and Sextans. Table 52. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Leo Minor and Leo for the month of November inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Variable Star

Magnitude

10 LMi 11 LMii Alula Australis (Eruptive) 72 Leo (Pulsating) 29 Leo 46 Leo 47 Leo (Pulsating) Denebola (Pulsating)

4.50 5.40 3.75 4.55 4.65 5.40 3.80 2.10

The table above shows the variable stars that are visible in constellation of Leo, Leo Minor, it also shows the magnitude of each star.

183

Figure 91. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation Leo and Leo Minor. The image above shows the variable stars that are visible in the constellation Gemini. It was taken around 4:09 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and the sky is clear. There are 8 variable stars present in the constellation of Leo and Leo Minor.

184 Table 53. The visible variable star in the Constellation of for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Variable Star

Magnitude

11 Hya A 7 Hya (Pulsating) 14 Hya (Rotating)

6.65 4.30 5.30

The table above shows the variable stars that are visible in constellation of Hydra, it also shows the magnitude of each star.

Figure 92. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation Hydra.

185 The image above shows the variable stars that are visible in the constellation Gemini. It was taken around 9:55 pm with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 3 variable stars present in the constellation of Hydra. Table 54. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Ursa Major for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Variable Star

Magnitude

31 UMa CS UMa 18 UMa (Pulsating) CG UMa (Pulsating) 29 UMa (Pulsating) Alula Australis (Eruptive) Alioth (Rotating)

5.25 5.05 4.80 5.75 3.75 3.75 1.75

The table above shows the variable stars that are visible in constellation of Ursa Major, it also shows the magnitude of each star.

186

Figure 93. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation Ursa Major. The image above shows the variable stars that are visible in the constellation Gemini. It was taken around 1:01 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at first quarter phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 7 variable stars present in the constellation of Ursa Major.

187 Table 55. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Leo, Leo Minor and some part of Lynx for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Variable Star

Magnitude

Alsciaukat 36 Lyn 10 LMi 11 LMi 47 Leo (Pulsating) 46 Leo 72 Leo (Pulsating) Denebola (Pulsating)

4.25 5.30 4.50 5.40 3.80 5.40 4.55 2.10

The table above shows the variable stars that are visible in constellation of Leo, Leo Minor and some parts of Lynx, it also shows the magnitude of each star.

188

Figure 94. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation Leo, Leo Minor and some parts of Lynx. The image above shows the variable stars that are visible in the constellation Gemini. It was taken around 1:03 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 8 variable stars present in the constellation of Leo, Leo Minor and some part of Lynx.

189 Table 56. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Auriga, Gemini and Monoceros for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Variable Star

Magnitude

14 Aur 37 Aur (Rotating) PU Aur 35 Aur (Pulsating) 75 Gem (Eruptive) 51 Gem (Pulsating) NP Gem Mekbuda (Pulsating) Tejat Prior Tejat Posterior (Pulsating) 11 Mon A 21 Mon (Pulsating) Gomeisa (Eruptive)

5.00 2.65 5.55 4.30 4.20 5.70 5.95 4.00 6.00 2.85 4.60 5.40 2.85

The table above shows the variable stars that are visible in constellation of Auriga, Gemini and Monoceros, it also shows the magnitude of each star.

190

Figure 95. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation Auriga, Gemini and Monoceros. The image above shows the variable stars that are visible in the constellation Gemini. It was taken around 1:05 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 13 variable stars present in the constellation of Auriga, Gemini and Monoceros.

191 Table 57. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Orion and Canis Major for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Variable Star

Magnitude

Betelgeuse (Pulsating) 47 Ori (Eruptive) Alnilam (Pulsating) Rigel (Pulsating) 25 Ori (Eruptive) Mirzam (Pulsating) 20 CMa (Pulsating) Aludra (Pulsating) EW CMa 22 CMa (Pulsating)

0.45 4.50 1.65 0.15 4.85 1.95 4.35 2.45 4.90 3.45

The table above shows the variable stars that are visible in constellation of Auriga, Gemini and Monoceros, it also shows the magnitude of each star.

192

Figure 96. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation Orion and Canis Major. The image above shows the variable stars that are visible in the constellation Gemini. It was taken around 1:10 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and some parts of the sky is slightly covered with clouds. There are 10 variable stars present in the constellation of Orion and Canis Major.

193 Table 58. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Corvus and Virgo for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Variable Star

Magnitude

31 (Rotating) 78 (Rotating) Spica

Crt

5.25

Vir

4.90 0.95

The table above shows the variable stars that are visible in constellation of Corvus and Virgo, it also shows the magnitude of each star.

Figure 97. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation Corvus.

194

Figure 98. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation of Virgo. The figure 94 shows the variable stars that are visible in the constellation of Corvus. It was taken around 1:44 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and the whole sky is starting to be covered with clouds. The figure 95 shows the variable stars that are visible in the constellation of Virgo and also it

195 was taken around 1:44 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and the whole sky is starting to be covered with clouds. There are 1 variable stars present in the constellation of Corvus and 2 in Canis Major. Table 59. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Cancer for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Variable Star

Magnitude

76 Cnc 53 (Pulsating)

5.20 6.25

Cnc

The table above shows the variable stars that are visible in constellation of Cancer, it also shows the magnitude of each star.

196

Figure 99. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation of Cancer. The image above shows the variable stars that are visible in the constellation Cancer. It was taken around 2:13 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and the whole sky is starting to be covered with clouds. There are 2 variable stars present in the constellation of Cancer.

197 Table 60. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Coma Berenices and Canes Venatici for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Variable Star

Magnitude

13 Com 17 Com 31 Com (Rotating) 37 Com 20 Cvn (Pulsating)

5.15 2.25 4.90 5.05 4.70

The table above shows the variable stars that are visible in constellation of Coma Berenices and Canes Venatici, it also shows the magnitude of each star.

198

Figure 100. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation of Coma Berenices and Canes Venatici. The image above shows the variable stars that are visible in the constellation Cancer. It was taken around 2:30 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 400 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and the whole sky is starting to be covered with clouds. There are 5 variable stars present in the constellation of Coma Berenices and Canes Venatici.

199 Table 61. The visible variable star in the Constellation of Scorpius for the month of January inside the premises of Rizal Technological University.

Variable Star

Magnitude

3 Sco (Rotating) Dschubba (Eruptive) Antares (Pulsating)

5.85 2.35 1.05

The table above shows the variable stars that are visible in constellation of Scorpius, it also shows the magnitude of each star.

200

Figure 101. The labeled image of Variable stars in the constellation of Scorpius. The image above shows the variable stars that are visible in the constellation Cancer. It was taken around 4:33 am with a Canon 700D with 18 – 55mm lens with an ISO of 200 and 15 seconds exposure time while the moon is at waxing crescent phase, and the whole sky is starting to be covered with clouds. There are 3 variable stars present in the constellation of Scorpius.

201 CHAPTER V SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter presents the summary of findings from the data gathered by the researchers throughout the study, the conclusion of the researchers based on the analysis and interpretation of data gathered, and lastly the recommendations of the researchers for the improvement of the research. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 1.

Constellations that are visible in the month of October, November and January by using a DSLR and by starting at 10 pm until twilight inside the premises of Rizal Technological University, Boni Campus. Based on the data gathered by the researcher during the observation, 

For the month of October, only 7 constellations are visible in the night sky

of Rizal Technological University, Boni campus. 

For the month of November, only 26 constellations are visible in the night

sky of Rizal Technological University, Boni campus. 

For the month of January, only 18 constellations are visible in the night

sky of Rizal Technological University, Boni campus.

2.

NGC objects that are visible in the month of October, November and January by using a DSLR and by starting at 10 pm until twilight inside the premises of Rizal Technological University, Boni Campus.

202 Based on the data gathered by the researcher during the observation, 

For the month of October, only 2 NGC objects are visible in the night sky

of Rizal Tecnological University, Boni campus and these are NGC 2354 and NGC 1980. 

For the month of November, only 3 NGC objects are visible in the night

sky of Rizal Technological University, Boni campus and these are NGC 1976, NGC 1980 and NGC 2451. 

For the month of January, only 7 NGC objects are visible in the night sky

of Rizal Technological University, Boni campus and these are NGC 2548, NGC 2264, NGC 2287, NGC 1975, NGC 1980, NGC 1981 and NGC 2632.

3.

Messier objects that are visible in the month of October, November and January by using a DSLR and by starting at 10 pm until twilight inside the premises of Rizal Technological University, Boni Campus.

Based on the data gathered by the researcher during the observation, 

For the month of October, only 1 Messier object is visible in the night sky

of Rizal Technological University, Boni campus and that object is M42 or Orion Nebula.

203 

For the month of November, only 2 Messier objects are visible in the

night sky of Rizal Technological University, Boni campus and these objects are M42 or Orion Nebula and M45 or Pleiades. 

For the month of January, only 4 Messier objects are visible in the night

sky of Rizal Technological University, Boni campus and these objects are M41, M48, M42 or Orion Nebula, M44 or Beehive cluster.

4.

Caldwell objects that are visible in the month of October, November and January by using a DSLR and by starting at 10 pm until twilight inside the premises of Rizal Technological University, Boni Campus.


For the month of October, only 2 Caldwell objects are visible in the night

sky of Rizal Technological University, Boni campus and these objects are Caldwell 31 and Caldwell 64. 

For the month of November, only 2 Caldwell objects are visible in the

night sky of Rizal Technological University, Boni campus and these objects are Caldwell 41 and Caldwell 64.

204 

For the month of January, only 2 Caldwell objects are visible in the night

sky of Rizal Technological University, Boni campus and these objects are Caldwell 31 and Caldwell 64.

5.

Binary stars that are visible in the month of October, November and January by using a DSLR and by starting at 10 pm until twilight inside the premises of Rizal Technological University, Boni Campus.


For the month of October, only 51 Binary stars are visible in the night sky

of Rizal Technological University, Boni campus but because of the light pollution these Binary stars are hardly seen and most of the objects are Binary stars. 

For the month of November, only 192 Binary stars are visible in the night

sky of Rizal Technological University, Boni campus but because of the light pollution these Binary stars are hardly seen and most of the objects are Binary stars.. 

For the month of January, only 122 Binary stars are visible in the night

sky of Rizal Technological University, Boni campus but because of the light pollution these Binary stars are hardly seen and most of the objects are Binary stars.

205 6.

Variable stars that are visible in the month of October, November and January by using a DSLR and by starting at 10 pm until twilight inside the premises of Rizal Technological University, Boni Campus.


For the month of October, only 20 Variable stars are visible in the night

sky of Rizal Technological University, Boni campus but because of the light pollution these Variable stars are hardly seen. 

For the month of November, only 92 Variable stars are visible in the night

sky of Rizal Technological University, Boni campus but because of the light pollution these Variable stars are hardly seen. 

For the month of January, only 54 Variable stars are visible in the night

sky of Rizal Technological University, Boni campus but because of the light pollution these Variable stars are hardly seen.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the observation of the researcher the result and finding of the study led to the formulation of the following conclusions. The study revealed that most of astronomical objects can be observed at Rizal Technological University, Boni campus during the month of October, November and January using Canon

206 EOS 700D are constellations, variable stars and binary stars. The researcher also found out that it is possible to photograph few Caldwell, Messier and NGC objects even if you are observing in an urban area that is surrounded by many city lights and also based on the observation of the researcher, the darkest object that can be seen inside the campus using Canon EOS 700D has a magnitude of 8.60.

RECOMMENDATIONS

These are the recommendations of the researcher to further improve the study:

1.

Shoot in a RAW format

2.

Use programming software to identify astronomical objects to get more accurate and reliable results.

3.

Use a good DSLR camera that is great for Astrophotography and to have better more results.

207 REFERENCES A. Journals Cicco, D. d. (2010) Astrophotography Primer. Moody, J (2009). Getting Started In Astrophotography With DSLR Cameras. Torres, J. R. F. (2012) Campus Astronomy Observing Catalogue. Torres, J. R. F. (2004) Urban Astronomy in the Philippines. B. Books Artificio, M. M. (2015) Observational Astronomy 2. 428K A.Bonifacio St, Mandaluyong: Triton Publishing and Printing. C. Thesis and Dissertations Kevin Caravana (2016), Cataloging Astronomical Objects during January in Rizal Technological University. D. Internet Sources Astrophotography

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https://www.learn.usa.canon.com/resources/articles/2012/astrophotography_ techniques.htmlp Canul, M (2014) Bringing Light Pollution Out of the Dark. Retrieved from http://maui.hawaii.edu/hooulu/2016/01/15/bringing-light-pollution-out-of-thedark/ Haklar, J (2014) Light Pollution and Amateur Astronomy. Retrieved from https://blog.epa.gov/blog/2014/10/light-pollution-and-amateur-astronomy/ Harrington, P. (2006) Setup is key when urban stargazing. Retrieved from http://www.astronomy.com/observing/get-to-know-the-nightsky/2006/12/setup-is-key-when-urban-stargazing Introduction

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209 astronomy/stargazing/professional-observers/712-how-does-light-pollutionaffect-astronomers-intermediate Kornreich, D. (1999) How do you measure the mass of a star?. Retrieved from http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/physics/82-the-universe/stars-and-starclusters/measuring-the-stars/394-how-do-you-measure-the-mass-of-a-starbeginner Light Pollution (2017) Light Pollution and Palomar Observatory. Retrieved from http://www.astro.caltech.edu/palomar/community/lightpollution.html McLeod,

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210 Picture

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18

–

55

lens:

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212

Appendices

213 Appendix A Letter for School Overnight Sample January 23, 2018 Dr. Salvacion Pachejo Vice President for Academic Affairs Dear Dr. Pachejo: Greetings of Goodwill and Peace! The undersigned would like to request to your good office to allow us to conduct an overnight on January 24-25, 2018, 9:00 pm to 6:00 am at Rizal Technological University, Quadrangle. The research is necessary to conduct an overnight astronomical observation for the fulfillment of my undergraduate research entitled, “CATALOGING CELESTIAL OBJECTS DURING OCTOBER, NOVEMBER AND JANUARY AT RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY BONI CAMPUS”. The researcher’s objective is to gather data for the month of November as a requirement for the program. Hoping for your positive response on this scientific endeavor. Thank you. Respectfully yours, Ronalyn A. Tindog Researcher Noted by: Mr. Miguel Artificio Adviser Mr. Ryan Manuel Guido Head, Department of Earth and Space Sciences Recommending Approval: Engr. Armando Matias Dean, College of Engineering and Industrial Technology List of Faculty 1. Sir. Miguel Artificio 2. Ms. Rose Ann B. Bautista

214 Appendix B Image of Rizal Technological University, Boni Campus Quadrangle

215 Appendix C Image of camera used

216 Appendix D Camera Specifications of Canon EOS 700D with 18 – 55mm lens 

Digital, single-lens reflex, AF/AE camera with built-in flash



18MP APS-C 'Hybrid CMOS' sensor



Phase detection AF from imaging sensor for Live View and Video



Continuous autofocus in movie mode with subject tracking



14-bit DIGIC 5 processor



ISO 100-12800 standard, 25600 expanded



5 fps continuous shooting



9 point AF system, all sensors cross type, central sensor F2.8 (from 60D)



63 zone iFCL metering



1080p30 video recording with built-in stereo mics



1.04m dot 3:2 touch-sensitive vari-angle ClearView II LCD (capacitive type, multi-touch support)



Shutter speeds 1/4000sec. to 30secs. (Total shutter speed range. Available range varies by shooting mode.), Bulb, X-sync at 1/200sec.

217 Appendix E Image of GIMP 2

218 Appendix F Image of Stellarium

219 Appendix G Output

220

Curriculum Vitae

221

Ronalyn Agpaoa Tindog 3406 Tower 1 Pioneer Highlands, Mandaluyong City 09951464025 [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Tertiary

2014 – Present

Rizal Technological University Bachelor of Science in Astronomy Technology – Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong

Secondary

2010 – 2014

Ilaya Barangka Integrated School, Lions Road, Barangay Barangka Ilaya, Mandaluyong City

Primary

2004– 2005

Good Shepherd

222 Cathedral School, Omega Avenue Corner Rado St. Fairview Park, Quezon City 2005 - 2010

Ilaya Barangka Integrated School, Lions Road, Barangay Barangka Ilaya, Mandaluyong City

AWARDS, HONORS, AND ACHIEVEMENTS 2011 – 2012

Ilaya Barangka Integrated School Photojournalism 10th place, Division Level

2005 – 2006

Ilaya Barangka Integrated School Top 4

2002 - 2003

Good Shepherd Cathedral School Top 3

223 SEMINARS AND TRAININGS ATTENDED 2018

3rd Astronomy Research Colloquium Rizal Technological University, Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong City

2018

National Astronomy Week 2018: Astronomy Modernization: A Great Leap for Collaborative Astronomy Community in the Philippines Rizal Technological University, Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong

2018

National Astronomy Week 2018: Astro Chats Rizal Technological University, Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong City

2017

2nd Astronomy Research Colloquium Rizal Technological University, Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong City

2017

Society of Manufacturing Engineers Blueprint Seminar University of the Philippines, Diliman,

224 Quezon City 2017

National Astronomy Week 2017: Emerging Space Technologies: A Jumpstart to Propel a Space Era Rizal Technological University, Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong City

2017

National Astronomy Week 2017: Astro Chats Rizal Technological University, Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong City

2017

TALA at Angono National High School C. Aguinaldo, Brgy Kalayaan, 1930 Angono, Rizal

2016

World Space Week 2016: Remote Sensing Enabling Our Future Rizal Technological University, Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong City

2016

National Astronomy Week 2016: The Art of Learning Astronomy Rizal Technological University, Boni

225 Avenue, Mandaluyong City 2015

National Astronomy Week 2015: Astronomy Awareness from Oneself to Community Rizal Technological University, Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong City

2014

Starburst 2014 Rizal Technological University, Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong City

2014

Leadership Training for Supreme Student Government

AFFLIATIONS 2017 – Present

Manila Street Astronomers Member

2016 – Present

RTU Armilliary Publication Member

2014 – 2015

RTU – Solar Observation Program (SOP) Member

2014 – Present

Rizal Technological University Astronomy Society (RTU –

226

ASTROSOC) Member 2013 – 2014

Ilaya Barangka Integrated School – Supreme Student Government (SSG) Treasurer

2013 - 2014

Ilaya Barangka Integrated School Volleyball and Badminton Team Varsity Player

2012 – 2013

Ilaya Barangka Integrated School – Supreme Student Government (SSG) Auditor

2012 – 2013

Ilaya Barangka Integrated School Journalism Photojournalist

PERSONAL DATA Age: 20

Civil Status: Single

Date of Birth: April 1, 1998

Nationality: Filipino

Gender: Female

Religion: Catholic

227

228

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