Catalytic steam reforming of methane over Cu ...

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Table of Content Title

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General Information

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Invited Speakers

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Organization committee

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Scientific committee

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Preface

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Plenary sessions (Invited Speakers)

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Symposium I: Materials, Nanomaterials and New Materials

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Symposium II: Materials and Bio-Engineering, Colloids, Environment and Food technology

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Symposium III: Materials and Renewable Energies, Mechanical, Electrical, Optical Properties

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Symposium IV: Materials and Mathematical Modelling, Simulation, Computational Methods,

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Poster Communications Symposium I: Materials, Nanomaterials and New Materials

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Poster Communications Symposium II: Materials and Bio-Engineering, Colloids, Environment and Food technology

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Poster Communications Symposium III: Materials and Renewable Energies, Mechanical, Electrical, Optical Properties

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Poster Communications Symposium IV: Materials and Mathematical Modelling, Simulation, Computational Methods

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General Information

Eigth International Conference on Material Sciences (CSM8-IMS5) In UNESCO Palace, Beirut - Lebanon, May 28-30, 2012

Conference Chairman: Prof. Tayssir HAMIEH, http://www.ul.edu.lb/francais/rechpubl.htm Coordinator and chairwman of the organization committee: Prof. Joumana Toufaily, [email protected] Secretariat of the Conference: Dr. Mohamad Fakih, [email protected], Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA), Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon Chairman of the symposium I: Prof. Adil Tamim, [email protected] Chairman of the symposium II: Prof. Hussein Zbib, [email protected] Chairman of the symposium III: Prof. Boumédiène Benyoucef, [email protected] Chairman of the symposium IV: Prof. Frédéric Villieras, [email protected] Prizes of CSM8-IMS5 Conference: We will discern during this Conference five prizes: 1. Hafez Kobeissi prize of the best paper for Symposium I: Materials, Nanomaterials and New Materials 2. Hassan Kamel Al-Sabbah prize of the best paper for Symposium III: Materials and Renewable Energies, Mechanical, Electrical, Optical Properties 3. Rammal Rammal prize of the best paper for Symposium IV: Materials and Mathematical Modelling, Simulation, Computational Methods, 4. The Prize of the best poster for Symposium II: Materials and BioEngineering, Colloids, Environment and Food technology; 5. The prize of the industrial innovation

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Invited Speakers

Prof. Jean-Marie Basset, Director KAUST Catalysis Center, KCC Division of Chemical and Life Sciences & Engineering KAUST Catalytic Center, Thuwal-Saudi Arabia, E.mail: [email protected] Prof. Girolamo Giordano, Director Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials University of Calabria, E-mail: [email protected] Prof. Antoine Gédéon Laboratoire Systèmes Interfaciaux à l'Echelle Nanométrique, CNRS UMR 7142 /Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France, Email : [email protected] Dr. Eric Perpète, Directeur de recherches du FNRS The University of Namur (FUNDP), Belgium E.mail : [email protected] Prof. Xavier Allonas, Director Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering (LPIM, CNRS EA 4567) Mulhouse, France, E-mail : [email protected] Dr Davidson Anne Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, UMR CNRS 7197, Paris, France E-mail : [email protected] Dr Frederic Thibault-Starzyk, Directeur de Recherche CNRS. Laboratoire Catalyse & Spectrochimie ENSICAEN CNRS. E.mail : [email protected] Dr. Laurent BILLON, HDR EPCP- UMR 5254, Hélioparc- Pau-France E-mail : [email protected] Prof. Berthomieu, Dorothée, Research Director Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253, Equipe MACS Montpellier – France, E.mail: [email protected]

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Dr Nadine Essayem, Director, IRCELYON - UMR 5256 CNRS/UCBL Villeurbanne France, E.mail : [email protected] Prof. Adil Tamimi, Chairman of Symposium I Prof. Frédéric Villieras, Chairman of Symposium II Prof. Boumédiène Benyoucef, Chairman of Symposium III Prof. Hussein A. Zbib, Director, Chairman of Symposium IV Prof. Tayssir Hamieh, Chairman of CSM8 Conference

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Organization committee

Organization committee of CSM8-IMS5 Prof. Joumana TOUFAILY (Lebanese University, Lebanon), Chairwoman Prof. Mohamed-Baker FADLALLAH (Faculty of Sciences, LU, Lebanon) Dr. Mohamad HAMADEH (UCLA, USA) Prof. Roula FLOUTI (FS, LU, Lebanon) Prof. Ahmad ELMOLL (FS, LU, Lebanon) Prof. Ali KANJ (FS, LU, Lebanon) Prof. Ali HACHEM (FS, LU, Lebanon) Dr. Hassan LAKISS (Faculty of Engineering, LU, Lebanon) Prof. Bassam HAMDOUN (Islamic University of Lebanon) Prof. Abdallah ZAIOUR (FS, LU, Lebanon) Prof. Salah HAMIEH (FS, LU, Lebanon) Dr. Ali ISMAIL (Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, LU, Lebanon) Dr. Bassam ASSAF (Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, LU, Lebanon) Dr. Houssam OBEID (FS, LU, Lebanon) Dr. Kamal HARIRI (FS, LU, Lebanon) Dr. Mohamad REDA (FS, LU, Lebanon) Dr. Iyad KARAME (FS, LU, Lebanon) Dr. Houssein HAMAD (FS, LU, Lebanon) Dr. Leila GHANNAM (FS, LU, Lebanon) Dr. Houssein MORTADA (FS, LU, Lebanon) Prof. Mouatassim CHEHADEH (AUB, Lebanon) Prof. Michel NAKHL (FS, LU, Lebanon) Dr. Bachar KOBEISSI (FS, LU, Lebanon) Dr. Mostafa HAMIEH (FS, LU, Lebanon) Dr. Hassan HAZIMEH (FS, LU, Lebanon) Dr Ogarite YAZBEK (FS / LU, Lebanon) Dr. Ali KAROUT (FS, LU, Lebanon) Dr. Khalil CHERRI (FS, LU, Lebanon) Dr. Khalil ABOU-SALEH (FS, LU, Lebanon)

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Dr. Ali MCHEIK (FS / Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, LU, Lebanon) Mr. Akram KEHDI (Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, LU, Lebanon) Mr. Yassar ELHAGE (Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, LU, Lebanon) Eng. Nada NEHME (Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, LU, Lebanon) Mrs Hind HOUSSEINI (Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, LU, Lebanon) Dr. Akram HIJAZI (FS, LU, Lebanon) Dr. Mohamad FAKIH (Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, LU, Lebanon) Dr. Sadek AWAD (FS / Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, LU, Lebanon) Dr. Ahmad KASSAS (MCEMA, LU, Lebanon) Dr Haytham ALLOUL (Nancy University, France; LU, Lebanon) Dr Mohamad RAJAB (Mulhouse University, France; LU, Lebanon) Dr Mariam KARAKI (IRCE Lyon, France; LU, Lebanon) Dr Amira HADDARA (Nancy University, France; LU, Lebanon) Dr Mounir KASSIR (Nancy University, France; LU, Lebanon) Dr Houssein BAZZI (Pierre and Marie-Curie University, France) Dr Amale MCHEIK (Paris-Est University, France; LU, Lebanon) Dr Ali Allam (universite Paul Cézanne , Aix-Marseille, France) Prof. Maher KODEIH (Islamic University, Lebanon) Dr Fatima EL-ALI (Faculty of Sciences, LU, Lebanon) Dr Hassan RAMMAL (Faculty of Agricultural Engineering / FS, LU, Lebanon) Prof. Youcef ZAATAR (FS / LU, Lebanon) Prof. Fadia TAHER (Faculty of Engineering, LU, Lebanon) Prof. Jalal HALWANI (FH / LU, Lebanon) Prof. Fadi HAGE CHEHADE (IUT, LU, Lebanon) Dr Yaman HAMADEH (Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, LU, Lebanon) Dr Iman HAIDAR (FS / LU, Lebanon) Dr Ali CHOKR (FS / LU, Lebanon) Dr Fidaa EL ZEIN (Agricultural Faculty/ LU, Lebanon)

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Scientific committee

Scientific committee and review board Prof. Girolamo GIORDANO (University of Calabria, Italy), Chairman Prof. Jean-Marie BASSET (KAUST, Saudi Arabia) Prof. Tayssir HAMIEH (LU, Beirut, Lebanon) Prof. Omar YAGHI (UCLA, California, USA) Prof. Jean-Luc BISCHOFF (University of Mulhouse, UHA, France) Prof. Frédéric VILLIERAS (University of Nancy, France) Prof. Jean-francois GANGHOFFER (University of Nancy, France) Prof. Hussein ZBIB (School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, WSU, USA) Prof. David F. BAHR (School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, WSU, USA) Prof. Adil TAMIMI (College of Eng., Civil Engineering Dept., AUS, Sharjeh) Prof. Boumédiène BENYOUCEF (University of Tlemcen, Algeria) Prof. Rafik ITANI (Expert in structural materials, WSU, USA) Prof. Stéphane DANIELE (IRCE Lyon, France) Prof . Bao-Lian SU (Director, FUNDP, Namur, Belgium) Prof. Antoine GEDEON (DIRECTOR, UPMC, Université Paris 6, France) Prof . Marwan HOUALLA (Director, ENSI, University of Caen) Prof. Svetlana MINTOVA (ENSI, University of Caen) Prof. Patrick MAGNOUX (Director, LACCO, University of Poitiers) Dr. Nasser QADDOUMI (College of Eng., Electrical Engineering Dept., AUS, Sharjeh) Dr. Taleb IBRAHIM (College of Eng., Chemical Engineering Dept., AUS, Sharjeh) Dr. Hany EL-KADI (College of Eng., Associate Dean., AUS, Sharjeh) Dr. Jamal ABDALLA (College of Eng., Civil Engineering Dept., AUS, Shrajeh) Mrs Lenita PERCIVAL (ISM5 Conference Secretary, AUS, Shrajeh) Prof. David CORNU (ENSC, Montpellier, France) Prof. Abdelhamid SAYARI (University of Ottawa, Canada) Prof. Hamidou HAIDARA (University of Mulhouse, UHA, France)

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Dr. Karine MOUGIN (University of Mulhouse, UHA, France) Dr. Jean DAOU (University of Mulhouse, UHA, France) Prof. Joumana TOUFAILY (Lebanese University, Lebanon) Prof. Khaled BERRADA (SIAM, Faculty of Sciences, Semlalia, Marrakech, Morocco) Dr Henri BALARD (UHA, Mulhouse, France) Dr. Mohamed CHEHIMI (Université Paris 7, Paris, France) Prof. Vladimir ZAITSEV (Taras Shevchenko National University, Kiev, Ukraine) Prof. Bénédicte LE BEAU (UHA, Mulhouse, France) Prof. Mohammed Essaid ACHOUR (Ibn Tofail University, Morocco) Prof. Tahar BENDEIKHA (Dean, University of Batna. Algeria) Prof. Nadine ESSAYEM (IRCE Lyon, France) Prof. Med Lamine FARES (Badji Mokhtar University, Algeria) Dr. Abderrahmane MELLAK (Boumerdès University, Algeria) Prof. Hani KHOURY (University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan)

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Symposium I: Materials, Nanomaterials and New Materials 1. Industrial Innovations in Material Engineering and New Materials 2. Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology 3. Multi-Materials and Composite Materials 4. Inorganic Porous Organized Materials 5. Inverse Gas Chromatography for characterization of materials 6. Materials for Catalysis 7. Properties of Surfaces and Interfaces, and Adhesion of Materials 8. Textiles Materials 9. Polymer and Organic Materials 10. Asphaltic Materials. 11. High Performance Materials. (Chairman: Prof. Adil Tamimi, AUS, Sharjeh)

Symposium II: Materials and Bio-Engineering, Colloids, Environment and Food technology 12. Biomedical Engineering and Bio-Materials 13. Membranes 14. Colloidal dispersions and industrial applications 15. Materials and Environmental Chemistry and Pollution of Earth 16. Treatment of Waters 17. Geology and Material Sciences 18. Valorization of Industrial and Agricultural Wastes 19. Materials and Food Technology Agromaterials 20. Quality Controls of Materials 21. Recycling Materials 22. Smart Materials (Chairman: Director Frédéric Villieras, INPL-University of Nancy, France)

Symposium III: Materials and Renewable Energies, Mechanical, Electrical, Optical Properties 23. Materials, Solar Cells and Energy 24. Construction Materials and Civil Engineering

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25. Optic, Electric and Magnetic Properties of Materials 26. Mechanical Properties of Materials, Durability and fatigue 27. Metallic Materials 28. Ceramics and applications (Chairman: Prof. Boumédiène BENYOUCEF, University of Tlemcen, Algeria)

Symposium IV: Materials and Mathematical Modelling, Simulation, Computational Methods, 29. Mathematical Modelling in Materials 30. Numerical analysis and Simulation 31. Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation. 32. Theoretical aspects of materials. 33. Computational Methods. 34. Materials Education (Chairman: Prof. Hussein Zbib, School of Mechanical Engineering, WSU, USA)

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Preface International Conference on Material Sciences (CSM) Since 1996

The International Conference on Material Sciences (CSM) was created in 1996 by Professor Tayssir Hamieh, the Coordinator of the strong FrenchLebanese collaboration between the University of Haute-Alsace (UHA) and the Lebanese University (LU) (the agreement between the two French and Lebanese institutions was cosigned on 1994. At the beginning, CSM conference was called the French-Lebanese Conference on Materials Science because of strong relationships and collaborations between French and Lebanese universities and institutions that led to French participation of scientists and researchers larger than of that of the other foreign countries. The first CSM was held in Beirut from 9th to 12th of October 1996, by collaboration between LU, UHA, French Embassy and the National Council of the Scientific Research of Lebanon (NCSRL). More than 100 scientists from different European, Arab and American countries participated in this conference by presenting their more recent research works. The second Conference on Material Sciences (CSM2) was organized in Beirut from 25th to 27th of May 2000 and realized a real success by the growing participation of scientists and researchers (more than 180 participants) from various countries. A strong participation of Algerian, French and American scientists also participated in the organization of this periodic manifestation. This CSM2 was dedicated to the memory of Professor Hafez Kobeissi the General Secretary of the NCSRL who actively participated in the success and the co-organization of the first conference CSM1. This great Lebanese scientist devoted his life to establish research infrastructures in Lebanon based on an excellent cooperation between the Lebanese and foreign scientific institutions (research centers and universities). Since 2000, our CSM conference was organized every two years as shown below: CSM2 held on 25-26 May 2000 with more than 200 participants; CSM3 held on 16-18 May 2002 with more than 250 participants: 12

http://www.ul.edu.lb/activite/csm3/csm3.htm; CSM4 held on 26-28 May 2004 with more than 280 participants: http://www.ul.edu.lb/activite/csm4/csm4.htm; CSM5 held on 17-19 May 2006 with more than 340 participants: http://www.ul.edu.lb/activite/csm5/csm5.htm; CSM6 held on 16-18 July 2008 with more than 420 participants: http://www.ul.edu.lb/activite/csm6/csm6.htm; CSM7 held on 20-22 May 2010 with more than 500 participants: http://www.ul.edu.lb/files/main1.htm The success of this international conference broke all records with the significant and active participation that continues to grow since its creation in October 1996 because of the highest quality and seriousness of the different organizers of CSM. Since 2006, our CSM conference became an international conference, the biggest in the Middle East region, this conducted to call it the International Conference of Material Sciences. Many researchers and scientists of high international level regularly participate in CSM by presenting their results and research works. American, European, Asiatic and Arabic countries are always implicated in this big manifestation: USA, Canada, Mexico, Brasilia, France, UK, Denmark, Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Germany, Bulgaria, Russia, Ukraine, Turkey, Greek, Japan, China, India, Iran, Pakistan, Algeria, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Côte d’Ivoire, Sharjah, Kuwait, Yemen, United Arab Emirates, Sudan, Many Universities participated in the organization of the seventh Conference on Material Sciences (CSM7) in 2010, more particularly the Lebanese University, Washington State University, Haute-Alsace University, University of Nancy, University of Lyon, University of Caen, University of Algiers, University of Tlemcen, University of Annaba. The Eight International Conference on Materials Science CSM8 (the eighth edition) is held in Beirut and conjointly organized with the 5th International Conference of the Institute of Materials Systems (IMS/5) of American University of Sharjah and has the high patronage of His Excellency, the Prime Minster Mr. Najib Mikati. The choice of the different topics of CSM is governed by the capital importance of material sciences in our modern civilization, especially in the domain of the nanomaterials and nanotechnologies. For the CSM8- IMS5 conference, many Topics are developed and divided into four symposia

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covering various areas and disciplines from nanomaterials, to biomaterials and Engineering of environment, Renewable energies, Mechanical, Electrical and optical materials. With the fidelity of our colleagues from the various countries, we continue to develop our CSM conference for the eighth time and more collaboration between universities and research laboratories of the different countries were established and more developed. In this international manifestation five prizes will be discerned: 1. Hafez Kobeissi prize of the best paper for Symposium I: Materials, Nanomaterials and New Materials 2. Hassan Kamel Al-Sabbah prize of the best paper for Symposium III: Materials and Renewable Energies, Mechanical, Electrical, Optical Properties 3. Rammal Rammal prize of the best paper for Symposium IV: Materials and Mathematical Modelling, Simulation, Computational Methods, 4. The Prize of the best poster for Symposium II: Materials and BioEngineering, Colloids, Environment and Food technology; 5. The prize of the industrial innovation The Chairman of CSM8 and ISM5 Conference

Prof. Tayssir Hamieh  

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Plenary sessions (Invited Speakers)

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Micro and mesoporous materials as catalysts for biomass conversion.

Girolamo Giordano* Due to the fact that, with the exclusion of hydroelectricity, all the other renewable energy sources (solar, wind, geothermal, biomass) represent a very small amount of the total world energy production (as example world energy production by hydrothermal, nuclear or from fossil fuels is measured in Terawatt or in MTOE, while renewable energy is measured in Gigawatt), the research in order to find alternative routes for fuels shows a renewed interest. Over recent decades, considerable efforts have been made to develop clean and renewable fuels. Concerning the many possible sources, biofuels can be derived from vegetable oils (1st generation biofuels) or from not competitivefood sources, such as lignocellulosic biowastes (2nd generation biofuels). Despite this large interest, limited attention has been put on the sustainability of the biofuels production process. In this lecture a presentation of zeolitic catalysts for the conversion of biomass intermediate is given. Three aspects will be focused on the world energy consumption and production, the catalytic vegetable oil and lignocellulosic biowastes conversion to biofuels. The purpose of the presentation is to perform an environmental friendly conversion of low quality vegetable oils, by heterogeneous enzymatic or acidbase solid catalysts, and of furfurals (obtained by acid-catalyzed conversion of ligno-cellulosic biowastes), by moderately acidic zeolites or mesoporous materials. This catalytic alternative route for biorefineries can increase the sustainability of a new process with respect to the current and conventional biofuels production process. The transesterification of triglycerides contained in waste oilseed fruits with methanol, to produce fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel compounds), has been studied in heterogeneous/homogeneous systems using acid-base catalysts                                                              * Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy.

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or immobilized lipase biocatalyst. The acid catalysts tested were: strong acid catalysts (USY, BEA, FAU-X) and weak acid catalysts (MCM-41 and ITQ-6 with Si/Al = ∞), all prepared by hydrothermal synthesis procedures. In order to obtain acid-base catalysts, potassium was loaded on different materials by ionic exchange (obtaining K-MCM-41, K-ITQ-6). The heterogeneous biocatalyst has been obtained by immobilization of lipase enzyme using different routes: adsorption, covalent attachment and entrapment in organic-inorganic matrix. The etherification of HMF (5-Hydroxymethylfurfural) by ethanol to produce 5-(ethoxymethyl)-furan-2-carbaldehyde (EMF), one of the biodiesel components, has been studied using different acid solid catalysts: Silicalite-1 (with different post-synthesis treatments), ZSM-5, BEA, Al-MCM-41, SBA-15, Zr-SBA-15. All these catalysts were prepared in order to modulate the acidity of their catalytic surface.

Evaluation of Sustainability of Multistory Reinforced Concrete Structure 18

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A. K. Al-Tamimia*, A. Ibrahimb and N. Al-Sughaiyera

Abstract Three different types of concrete mixes of design strengths 100 MPa, 50 MPa, and 50 MPa lightweight were designed, produced, and analyzed in the effort to quantify their effects on sustainability and economics. An overall comparison taking into consideration the structural, environmental, and economical effectiveness was conducted to find the most beneficial and reliable material to be used in sustainable structures. Different concrete types were used in the design of typical multi story buildings of the same loadings and dimensions. The only input variables in this research are the different mixes of concrete. By fixing the applied loadings and the buildings’ dimensions, the three different materials were studied in terms of their effects on the structural design of members, carbon footprint and sustainability, and economics. High strength concrete using silica fume was concluded to be the most effective material to be used in construction with the best effects on sustainability and economics. Keywords: Concrete; Silica fume, High strength; Light weight; Sustainability; Multistory building.

Optimization of a photopolymerizable material for holographic recording using photocyclic initiating system.                                                              a Construction Materials Laboratory, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (UAE) b Elkem Company-Middle East, Dubai, United Arab Emirates © 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V.

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X. Allonas*, A. Ibrahim, C. Ley, O.I.Tarzi, A. Chan Yong, C. Carré, R. Chevallier

Light induced polymerization reaction is employed in quite different technical applications that have become beneficial to humans. These applications include microelectronics, information technologies, optical fibers, dental materials, printing inks, paints, varnishes, ... In other words, various kinds of polymers can be synthesized by light-induced chemical processes, a technique commonly denoted by the term photopolymerization. A key component of this process is the photoinitiating system, which is responsible of the absorption of light and its conversion into chemical energy. Among these applications, photopolymer materials have revealed to be the best choice for holographic recording, promoting holography as a compelling choice for nextgeneration data storage needs. In holography and display devices, photopolymers were developed primarily for display of single images due to the refractive index variations or relief profiles generated by an optical interference pattern. Compared to inorganic photorefractive materials, photopolymers have much higher sensitivity due to chemical amplification effects, large dynamical range, high versatility of the formulations. In this paper, a set of photoinitiating systems (PIS) for free radical photopolymerization was studied using time-resolved spectroscopic experiments, real-time FTIR for holographic recording. It is shown that the efficiency of the photoinitiating system can be drastically increased when a redox additive is added to the conventional dye/coinitiator system by virtue of a photocyclic behaviour. Homogeneous photopolymerization process was found to reach a fast vitrification, limiting the conversion at about 55%. By contrast, holographic recording underlines the differences in photoinitiating system reactivity, allowing diffraction efficiencies close to unity for the most reactive PIS.

Nanoreplication in hard silica templates applied to                                                              * Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering University of Haute Alsace 3 rue Alfred Werner - 68093 MULHOUSE

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Semiconducting oxide nanoparticules A. Davidson1, N. Benaja1, 2, S. Casale1, J.L. Bonnardet1, J. Toufaily2,3, T. Hamieh2**

Abstract Nanoscaled semi-conducting oxide particles, their sizes and shapes, their structure and microstructure as well as their structuration are currently considered of high scientific and technological interest for applications in several fields, heterogeneous catalysis but also adsorption, or electronics and medical domains. These particles can be prepared by precipitation or “soft templating”. These particles are in general poorly crystalline and have a low thermal stability after organic templates elimination. Hard templating techniques based on inorganic porous solids can also be used as initiated by Ryoo et al. and summarized in ref.1. Our research activity concerns oxide nanoparticles, their preparation by hard templating and the control of their electronic properties (band-gap). We use mesoporous SBA-15 silica grains that have narrow pore size distribution, high porous volume and contain ordered mesopores connected by micropores as hard templates. Recent publications have been devoted to new, rapid and easy synthesis conditions to prepare these silicas. Most probably because of a sodium contamination due to the use of sodium silicate as precursor, micropores were systematically eliminated upon calcination and only mesopores were detected. Another protocol, based on TEOS as a silica source, by which silica grains of bimodal porosity can be prepared, will be described. In these grains, aqueous solutions containing metallic precursors can be incorporated using impregnation or the “two solvent” method. In that case, dehydrated silica grains are suspended in a dry organic solvent before the addition of a small volume of water that contains an inorganic precursor, in general a salt. The second technique helps obtaining                                                              1- Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, UMR-CNRS 7197, 3 rue Galilée, 92400 Ivry sur Seine, 2- Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA), Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon 3- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Washington State University, Pullman, United States of America Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected], phone: +33 1 44 27 42 96 [email protected], or [email protected], phone: +961 3 968 850, Fax : +961 5 461 496

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either bundles of attached oxide particles forming ovoid ensembles dispersed inside silica grains which size can be adjusted by changing solvents. Very thin external particles of oxides can also be formed outside silica grains because of a thermally induced diffusion of metallic precursors. Recent results obtained with Co3O4 and maghemite/hematite iron oxides particles obtained by these techniques will be discussed, as well as preliminary photocatalytic results. Keywords: Semiconducting, Transition metal oxides, Porous Silica, Two solvents (1) AH Hu, D. Zhao, Y. Wan, “Nanocasting : a versatile strategy for creating nanaostructures and porous materials”, RSC number 11, Royal Society of Chemistry, London 2011. (2) J. Jammaer, T.S. van Erp, A. Aerts, C.E.A. Kirschhoff, J.A. Martens, J.A.C.S. 2011, 133, 13737-13745.

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Porous media characterization by PFG, MRI and Hyperpolarized 129Xe NMR

Antoine Gedeon*

Porous solids have found great utility as catalysts and sorption media because of their large internal surface area, i.e. the presence of voids of controllable dimensions at the atomic, molecular, and nanometer scales. Inorganic-organic or hybrid nanoporous crystalline materials have recently attracted much attention and increasing interest due to their promising use in gas processing and hydrogen storage. This lecture covers our recent developments in the characterization of nanoporous inorganic and some hybrid solids by using modern NMR techniques as Pulsed Field Gradients NMR, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Hyperpolarized Xenon NMR Non-invasive pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR self-diffusion studies are a powerful tool to elucidate host-guest interactions in nanoporous materials by measuring the diffusion of organic molecules in the pore network of porous materials. Pulsed field gradient (PFG) and magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR techniques can been successfully combined for the study of mixture diffusion in porous materials. The continuously circulating flow of hyperpolarized (HP) 129Xe NMR technique has been used to study the porous structure of different porous materials. The use of hyperpolarized xenon allows us to measure spectra at very low xenon concentration where xenon reflects mainly the interaction between the adsorbed xenon atoms and the surface. Resonance imaging (MRI) was used to study the impregnation step during the preparation of Ni/gamma-Al2O3 hydrogenation catalysts with Ni2+ metal ion present in different coordinations. MRI was applied in a quantitative manner to calculate the [Ni(H2O)(6)](2+) concentration distribution after impregnation.

                                                             * Université Pierre et Marie Curie; LCMCP- Paris 4 place Jussieu, 75 252 Paris Cedex

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The metathesis of alkanes and related reactions via surface organometallic chemistry

Jean-Marie Basset*

“Surface Organometallic Chemistry” (SOMC) leads to a predictive and conceptual approach of heterogeneous catalysis. The accuracy of the grafting directly onto the surfaces of oxides and not at a remote distance from the surface, has been made possible thanks to the number of physical and chemical tools to prepare surface “single sites”. Because these species are directly bonded to the surface they are relevant to the understanding of heterogeneous catalysis. The synthesis and characterization of these species, allowed us to discover and or predict new catalytic reactions derived from alkane or olefin metathesis: _ Metathesis of alkanes (with Tantalum and Tungsten hydrides) – Methane-olysis of alkanes (with Tantalum hydrides) – Coupling of methane to ethane and hydrogen (with Tungsten hydrides) – Hydrometathesis of olefins (with Tantalum hydrides) – Direct transformation of ethylene to propylene (with Tungsten hydrides) It has also been possible to obtain extremely high activity in the field of: -

Olefin metathesis

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Olefin polymerization

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Alkyne metathesis

It has also been possible to cleave di-nitrogen on an isolated tantalum atom at the surface of silica.                                                              * KAUST Catalytic Center Thuwal-Saudi Arabia [email protected]

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References 1.

2.

3.

4. 5.

6.

Modern Surface Organometallic Chemistry Jean -Marie Basset, Rinaldo Psaro, dominique Roberto et Renato Ugo (Editor), (Wiley) (2009) Development of the first well-defined tungsten oxo alkyl derivatives supported on silica by SOMC: towards a model of WO3/SiO2 olefin metathesis catalyst Mazoyer, E; Merle, N; de Mallmann, A, et al. Chem. Comm., 46,(2010) 8944-8946 "Hydro-metathesis" of olefins: A Catalytic Reaction Using a Bifunctional Single-Site Tantalum Hydride Catalyst Supported on Fibrous Silica (KCC-1) Nanospheres Polshettiwar, V; Thivolle-Cazat, J; Taoufik, M; Basset J.M. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Eng., 50(2011) 2747-2751 Revisiting the Metathesis of C-13-Monolabeled Ethane Maury, O; Lefort, L; Vidal, V, et al. Organometallics 29(2010) 6612-6614 A well-defined silica-supported aluminium alkyl through an unprecedented, consecutive two-step protonolysis-alkyl transfer mechanism Pelletier, J; Espinas, J; Vu, N, et al. Chem. Comm., 47(2011) 2979-2981 Non-oxidative coupling reaction of methane to ethane and hydrogen catalyzed by the silica-supported tantalum hydride: ([triple bond]SiO)2Ta-H. Soulivong, D.; Norsic, S.; Taoufik, M.; Coperet, C.; Thivolle-Cazat, J.; Chakka, S.; Basset, J.-M. J Am Chem Soc, (2008), 130, (15), 5044-5.

7. Direct transformation of ethylene into propylene catalyzed by a tungsten hydride supported on alumina: trifunctional single-site catalysis. Taoufik, M.; Le Roux, E.; Thivolle-Cazat, J.; Basset, J.-M. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Eng., (2007), 46, (38), 7202-7205. 8. Dinitrogen Dissociation on an Isolated Surface Tantalum Atom. Avenier, P.; Taoufik, M.; Lesage, A.; Solans-Monfort, X.; Baudouin, A.; De Mallmann, A.; Veyre, L.; Basset, J. M.; Eisenstein, O.; Emsley, L.; Quadrelli, E. A. Science (2007), 317, (5841), 1056-1060. 9. Primary Products and Mechanistic Considerations in Alkane Metathesis. 25

Basset, J. M.; Copéret, C.; Lefort, L.; Maunders, B. M.; Maury, O.; Le Roux, E.; Saggio, G.; Soignier, S.; Soulivong, D.; Sunley, G. J.; Taoufik, M.; Thivolle-Cazat, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc., (2005), 127, (24), 8604-8605.

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"Global Strategy on Renewable Energy by the use of new clean materials."

Boumédiène Benyoucef*

Abstract: In Algeria, we have a definite interest on the need to operate in a multidisciplinary field to the alternative of alternative energy oil by new energies which essentially part photo-solar. The problem and the associated policy lie in the fact to make it competitive form of energy by optimizing materials and photo-conversion systems to operate with energy efficiency standards. Significant results at the national and international levels have been enhanced by a rich human potential formed in our research institutions in the field of prediction of new materials, thematic development and characterization of materials anddevelopment solar photo-energy. The Centre for Development of Renewable Energies "CDER" in collaboration with the Research Units and the Unit of Research Materials and Renewable Energy (URMER) contribute effectively to the implementation of a range of solutions to the development of Renewable Energy , within the framework of a harmonious and constructive compared to conventional energy, satisfy both the requirements of a clean environment, a controlled energy efficiency on the one hand and the global challenge of sustainable development other. Programs displayed by the URMER are part of a multi disciplinary and multi-sectoral vision in the areas of training and research. Thus we were able to implement the creation of the Doctorate School "Renewable Energy", including a national network to several institutions,                                                              * University of Tlemcen, Algeria

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The URMER and CDER launched the challenge to integrate with national and international socio-economic world. Quite substantial prospects are displayed in building rewarding actions of our research and training. They are part of a national and global promotion and control of Renewable Energy for sustainable development and respect for a clean environment.

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"Functional Bioinspired Materials: Self Assembly of Polymers for Photonic Applications"

Laurent Billon*

The control of macromolecular architectures in terms of dimensions and functionalization allows nowadays to create nano or micron-sized new builfding blocks with a high ability to self-organize to surfaces. Taking advantages of what nature is able to generate as physical phenomenon as optical interferences, i.e. colors or iridescence, but also exalted hydrophobicity, various bio-inspired materials obtained by macromolecular self-assembly will be presented ... from the development of core @ shell which can spontaneously self-organize by a rapid dip-coating process to a "bottom-up" ultra-fast evaporation of solvent to form sensitive and reversible functional honeycomb films.

" A versatile route to functional biomimetic coatings : ionomers for honeycomb like structures“ L. Ghannam, M. Manguian, J. Francois, L. Billon Soft Matter, 3, 1492, 2007.                                                              *

Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour

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“Tailoring Highly Ordered HoneyComb Films based on Ionomer Macromolecules by Bottom-up Approach” L. Billon, M. Manguian, V. Pellerin, M. Joubert, O. Eterradossi, H. Garay, Macromolecules, 42, 345, 2009. “Hybrid Core@Soft Shell Particles as Adhesive Elementary Building Blocks for Colloidal Crystals” C. Deleuze, M.H. Delville, V. Pellerin, C. Derail, L. Billon Macromolecules, 42, 5303, 2009. “Hierarchical Structures based on Self-Assembled Diblock Copolymers within Honeycomb Micro-Structured Porous Films”P. Escalé, M. Save, A. Lapp, L. Rubatat, L. Billon Soft Matter, 6, 3202–3210, 2010. "Bioinspired Material based on Femtosecond Laser Machining of Cast Sheet Micro-Molding as a Pattern Transfer Process" B. Sarrat, C. Pecheyran, S. Bourrigaud, L. Billon Langmuir 27, 3174-3179, 2011. “Photonic Properties of Hybrid Colloidal Crystals elaborated by a Rapid Dip-coating Process” C. Deleuze, B. Sarrat, F. Ehrenfeld, S. Perquis, C. Derail, L. Billon Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 13 (22), 10681 – 10689, 2011. “pH sensitive hierarchically self-organised bioinspired films” P. Escalé, L. Rubatat, C. Derail, M. Save, L. Billon Macro. Rapid. Comm., 32, 1072–1076, 2011. “Recent Advances in Honeycomb-Structured Porous Polymer Films prepared via Breath Figures”P. Escalé, L. Rubatat, L. Billon, M. Save European Polymer Journal, asap, 2012.

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Fast Infrared for Catalytic Materials

Frédéric Thibault-Starzyk1*.

Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy (FTIR) is extensively used for the characterization of catalytic materials and for understanding catalytic reactions. Commercial instruments now offer very interesting time resolution that can provide important tools for catalytic materials. A general overview will be given here. Fast FTIR can reach time resolution ranging from the micro to the nanosecond. An general presentation of the techniques for time resolved FTIR will be given, with a description of rapid-scan versus step-scan interferometry.[1] At the usual 1 s time resolution, real time FTIR can already be very useful for designing new preparation methods for catalytic materials.[23] The calcination of zeolitic materials is sometimes very difficult, and FTIR coupled with cold plasma treatment provided a very efficient and environmentally friendly method for the preparation of nanoparticles of beta zeolite. Several examples will be presented, showing how fast FTIR can be used to design new characterization methods for the active sites in the solid.[ A 2D IR method will be presented for the determination of the size and location of metal particles in porous catalysts. This was used for studying the ageing of catalytic converters for car exhausts. Time resolved FTIR can also be used in the reactor under working conditions (operando spectroscopy), and this technique helps for the determination of the reaction mechanism and on deactivation processes.[4-7] It was used at the nanosecond timescale for the detection of very short lived transient species on real catalysts. [1] F. Thibault-Starzyk, F. Maugé in Characterization of Solid Materials and Heterogeneous Catalysts: From Structure to Surface Reactivity;                                                              1- Laboratoire Catalyse et Spectrochimie, ENSICAEN-Université de Caen-CNRS, 6 Boulevard Maréchal Juin, 14050 Caen cedex, France * E-mail address: [email protected] phone : +33 231 45 28 10

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Che, M.; Védrine, J., Eds.; Wiley-VCH Verlag Gmbh & Co KGaA, 2012; pp. 3–48. [2] M. El Roz, L. Lakiss, V. Valtchev, S. Mintova and F. Thibault-Starzyk, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 2012, 158, 148–154. [3] M. Rivallan, I. Yordanov, S. Thomas, C. Lancelot, S. Mintova, and F. Thibault-Starzyk, ChemCatChem 2 ( 2010) 1599–1605. [4] M. Rivallan, E. Séguin, S. Thomas, M. Lepage, N. Takagi, H. Hirata, F. Thibault-Starzyk, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2010, 49, 785-789. [5] M. Rivallan, S. Aiello, and F. Thibault-Starzyk, Rev. Sci. Instrum 81 (2010) 103111. [6] F. Thibault-Starzyk, E. Seguin, S. Thomas, M. Daturi, H. Arnolds, D.A. King, Science, 2009, 324, 1048-1051. Keywords: IR spectroscopy, catalytic materials, operando, time resolution

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Physico-chemical modelling of the surface energy, the interaction phenomena and interfacial properties of solid substrates by inverse gas chromatography Tayssir Hamieh*

Abstract The dispersive component of the surface energy, specific interactions, transition temperatures and acidic and basic properties of many solid substrates (oxides, metals, polymers, pharmaceutical, industrial and food products were studied by inverse gas chromatography (IGC) at infinite dilution. Some physico-chemical phenomena were modelled and optimized. In the case of solid substrates as oxides or metallic surfaces with the presence of polymers at different recovery fractions of their surfaces, the acid base properties in Lewis terms were determined and some new models were proposed and verified for a large variety of materials. The transition temperatures of some polymers in their bulk phases and also at various covered surface fractions were rigorously determined with an excellent precision compared to the other known techniques. Many other superficial properties of materials were also deduced and modelled. All known theories on inverse gas chromatography at infinite dilution were subjectively criticised and new protocol to study the surface properties of materials was also proposed. Keywords : inverse gas chromatography, surface energy, transition phenomena, adsorption, acidic and basic constants

                                                             * Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Medicine Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA- HAMSI), EDST, Lebanese University, Hariri Campus, Hadath, Beirut (Lebanon) Phones: +961.1.495.786, or: +961.3.968.850, Fax : +961.1.510.870; E-mail: [email protected]

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Lignocellulosic biomass conversion into value added products: Potential of heterogeneous acid and base catalysis

Dr. Nadine Essayem*

Abstract One of the solutions to face the declining petroleum resources and to reduce the CO2 emission is the development of efficient and sustainable methods to convert the lignocellulosic biomass into liquid fuels and chemical intermediates. Nowadays, if several biochemical processes were applied at the industrial scale, recently, considerable efforts were engaged to develop alternative thermochemical methods. These R&D efforts were justified by the possibility to find efficient methods for the biomass conversion, based on heterogeneous catalysis, which are robust, rapid, selective and sustainable in order to meet the criteria to be economically and environmentally viable. An overview of the most recent findings in this field shows that the use of solid acids and bases open novel possibilities to synthesize building blocks molecules such as lactic acid [1] directly from the lignocellulosic resources. Recent examples investigated in our team show that the design of the heterogeneous catalysts must be done in association with the development of the adequate reaction media. These choices will depend on the physicalchemical properties of the bioresource: its volatility, its limited solubility in usual solvents or on the instability of the reactants and products: hydrothermal conditions or supercritical conditions to selectively depolymerize the celluloses [1,2] reactive extraction to promote the catalytic synthesis of ethyl lactate [3], application of peculiar media to dehydrate selectively sugars in furanic derivatives, use of continuous fixed bed reactors at high temperature and short contact time to convert sensitive glucose derivatives.                                                              * Directeur de Recherche CNRS Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l’Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON)-CNRSUniversity Lyon1. France

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[1] « Cellulose hydrotherrmal conversion promoted by heterogeneous Bronsted and Lewis acids : remarkable efficiency of solid Lewis acids to produce lactic acid » F.Chambon, F.Rataboul, A.Cabiac, C.Pinel, E.Guillon, N.Essayem Appl. Catal. B :Environmental 105 (2011) 171181. [2] "Cellulose reactivity in super-critical methanol in the presence of solid acid catalysts: direct synthesis of methyl-levulinate" Franck Rataboul, Nadine Essayem Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 50(2) (2011) 799-805. [3] « Process for obtaining biosolvent compositions of a biomass-derived acid ester using esterification » Essayem N., Vu T.T. H., NGuyen T. T. H., Nguyen T. T. T., Sapaly G. WO2011/107712

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Surface heterogeneity, shape and reactivity of swelling clay minerals: insights from low-pressure argon adsorption

F. Villiéras, M. Pelletier, A. Razafitianamaharavo, & M. Sayed-Hassan*

Among heterogeneous solids, clay minerals are particularly interesting because of their lamellar shape and chemical variability. In that context, nonswelling clays such as talc, kaolinite and illite have been extensively used for analyzing and modeling surface heterogeneity as derived from gas adsorption experiments [1-4]. Among clays, smectites are particular as they can adsorb water in their structure due to the hydration of interlayer cations. These phenomena are associated with concomitant changes in both particle shape and size. As a consequence, the shape of dried smectite particles depends on hydration/dehydration history. This is especially crucial as far as the organization of clay layers parallel to basal planes is concerned. Due to these special features, determining the specific surface area and particle shape of swelling clay minerals from gas adsorption techniques can often be meaningless. Nevertheless, recent analysis of smectites from low pressure argon adsorption has shown that it is possible to obtain valuable information on edge surfaces if one assumes that the accessibility of the gas probe to edge faces does not depend on hydration/dehydration history [5,6]. Such an assumption is partially validated by comparing argon adsorption results with atomic force microscopy. Furthermore, derivative isotherm summation modeling of argon adsorption isotherms yields heterogeneity parameters for the edge faces, which can be correlated with clay reactivity at the solid-liquid interface [7].

                                                             * Laboratoire Environnement et Minéralurgie, Université de Lorraine & CNRS BP 40, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France

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References: [1] F. Villiéras, L.J. Michot, F. Bardot, M. Chamerois, C. Eypert-Blaison, G. Gérard, J.M. Cases, C. R. Geosciences 334 (2002) 597 [2] L. J. Michot, F. Villiéras, M. François, J. Yvon, R. Le Dred, J. M. Cases, Langmuir, 10 (1994) 3765 [3] F. Bardot, F. Villiéras, L.J. Michot, M. François, G. Gérard, J.M. Cases, J. Dispersion Science and Technology 19 (1998) 739 [4] M. Sayed-Hassan, F. Villiéras, A. Razafitianamaharavo, L.J. Michot, Langmuir 21 (2005) 12283 [5] L.J. Michot and F. Villiéras, Clay Min. 37 (2002) 39 [6] C. Tournassat, A. Neaman, F. Villiéras, D. Bosbach, L. Charlet, Amer. Min., 88 (2003) 1989 [7] M. Perronnet, F. Villiéras, M. Jullien, A. Razafitianamaharavo, J. Raynal, D. Bonnin, Geochimimica Cosmochimica Acta 71 (2007) 1463

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Multiscale Design and Characterization of NanomaterialBased Complex Architectures for Structural and Functional Heterogeneity

Hussein M. Zbib*

Nature has evolved high-efficiency structural materials with multifunctionalities over many thousands of years which are among the most energy efficient, lightest, toughest and hardest known to man. However, commonly used materials have limited functionalities and inferior properties (dictated by their microstructure and thermo-mechanical properties; interfaces, grain boundaries, defects). Nanoscale structured composites, on the other hand, (e.g. nanolaminates, composite nanowires, nanofoams), exhibit remarkable mechanical & electrical properties with excellent thermal stability and resistance to harsh environments. Materials science and engineering has made significant advances in understanding and identifying of the fundamental mechanisms that control the behavior of nanoscale structured materials: control of material heterogeneity, interfacial topology and chemistry, as well as designing layers with different functions. By harvesting and building on these recent advances in nanomaterial science and engineering, and by learning from nature, we have the opportunity to design new materials for energy efficiency and high energy environments.  

                                                             * School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Washington State University

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Spectroscopy and reactivity of molecules on solid catalysts from DFT calculations

Dorothee Berthomieu*

Quantum chemical methods are necessary tools to model solid catalysts. Zeolites in the presence of transition metal ions are structurally and industrially fascinating materials in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. Theoretical methodologies based on density functional theory (DFT) have proven to be very useful to generate structural information, to rationalize electronic properties and response properties, and to provide adsorption energies and reaction pathways. Amazing progress in the performance of quantum chemistry and computational methods, together with the growth of the computer power, allowed us to apply these approaches to very large systems. During the last 10 years, several hundred of studies have been devoted to the study of TMI-zeolites and an increasing number of quantum chemistry based computational studies have been applied to reach a better understanding of these catalysts. Results of heterogeneous TMI-zeolite catalysts properties will be illustrated in selected aspects of quantum chemistry applications.[1-12] [1] D. Berthomieu, G. Delahay, Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering 48 (2006) 269-313. [2] D. Berthomieu, N. Jardillier, G. Delahay, B. Coq, A. Goursot, Catalysis Today 110 (2005) 294-302. [3] D. Berthomieu, S. Krishnamurty, T. Heine, A. Goursot, Molecular Sieves: from Basic Research to Industrial Applications, Pts a and B, 2005, pp. 655-662. [4] T. Doussineau, D. Berthomieu, N. Floquet, M. Smaihi, Journal of Physical Chemistry C 111 (2007) 7578-7585.                                                              *

Institut Charles Gerhardt, MACS, UMR 5253, CNRS-ENSCM-UM1-UM2 5618, 8, rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5,France [email protected]

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[5] J.M. Ducere, A. Goursot, D. Berthomieu, Journal of Physical Chemistry A 109 (2005) 400-408. [6] H. Guesmi, D. Berthomieu, B. Bromley, B. Coq, L. Kiwi-Minsker, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 12 (2010) 2873-2878. [7] H. Guesmi, D. Berthomieu, L. Kiwi-Minsker, Zeolites and Related Materials: Trends, Targets and Challenges, Proceedings of the 4th International Feza Conference, 2008, pp. 1123-1126. [8] H. Guesmi, D. Berthomieu, L. Kiwi-Minsker, Journal of Physical Chemistry C 112 (2008) 20319-20328. [9] H. Guesmi, D. Berthomieu, L. Communications 11 (2010) 1026-1031.

Kiwi-Minsker,

Catalysis

[10] H. Guesmi, D. Costa, D. Berthomieu, P. Massiani, Journal of Physical Chemistry C 115 (2011) 5607-5618. [11] N. Jardillier, D. Berthomieu, A. Goursot, J.U. Reveles, A.M. Koster, Journal of Physical Chemistry B 110 (2006) 18440-18446. [12] Z. Nour, H. Petitjean, D. Berthomieu, Journal of Physical Chemistry C 114 (2010) 17802-17811.

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Characterization and optimization of a novel protein refolding methodology*

G. Roussel1, M. Sansom2, C. Michaux1** and E.A. Perpète1**.

Abstract The refolding of proteins from the denatured state is of considerable theoretical and pratical interest [1-2]. Recently, a simple and effective method to recover refolded and active proteins has been developed, based on the association of an anionic detergent (the sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS, known as denaturing agent) with an amphipathic diol solvent [3–5]. More precisely, it has been shown that peculiar solvents can modulate the denaturing properties of SDS and even induce the refolding from a SDS-denaturated state. This cosolvent effect has been observed on both soluble (human anhydrase carbonic and lysozyme) and bacterial membrane proteins (PagP and Omp2a). Our overall objective is to help understanding, with both experimental (intrinsic fluorescence, infrared spectroscopy and circular dichroïsm) and theoretical (molecular dynamics [6]) approaches, the physicochemical and molecular basis of such as refolding process. Furthermore, we shall investigate the complex interplay between protein-SDS, protein-solvent and solvent-SDS interactions. In that context, we are performing a fundamental investigation, starting from the study of the detergent/cosolvent binary and then considering the                                                              1- Theoretical and Structural PhysicoChemistry (UCPTS), Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix (FUNDP), Namur, BELGIUM 2- Structural Bioinformatics and Computational Biochemistry Unit (SBCB), University of Oxford. UNITED-KINGDOM. * This research was partially supported by a HPC-Europa grant. Catherine Michaux and Eric A. Perpète thank the Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research for their research associate and senior research associate positions, respectively. ** Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected], [email protected]. Phone : +32 81 724 557, Fax : +32 81 724 546

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protein/detergent/cosolvent complex, using peptides as models. In a first step, we explore the micellization characteristics of SDS or its analogous (cationic, non-ionic) in presence (or absence) of solvents (chain length, one or several alcohols groups, position isomers, … ). Such a study gives access to the nature and strength of the interactions between the molecules, the system stability as a function of time, and the micelles formation kinetics. Original detergent/solvent pairs will be proposed in order to improve the actual efficiency of our protocol, as well as to sharpen our understanding of its mechanism, paving the way to the full protein (especially of tricky systems as membrane proteins) characterization (functional, structural, … ). Keywords: refolding, membrane protein, detergent/cosolvent mixtures. [1] K. A. Dill, S. B. Ozkan, T. R. Weikl, J. D. Chodera, and V. A. Voelz, “The protein folding problem: when will it be solved?,” Current opinion in structural biology, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 342-6, Jun. 2007. [2] J. U. Bowie, “Solving the membrane protein folding problem.,” Nature, vol. 438, no. 7068, pp. 581-9, Dec. 2005. [3] C. Michaux, N. C. Pomroy, and G. G. Privé, “Refolding SDSdenatured proteins by the addition of amphipathic cosolvents.,” Journal of molecular biology, vol. 375, no. 5, pp. 1477-88, Feb. 2008. [4] C. Michaux, J. Pouyez, J. Wouters, and G. G. Privé, “Protecting role of cosolvents in protein denaturation by SDS: a structural study.,” BMC structural biology, vol. 8, p. 29, Jan. 2008. [5] J. A. Cuesta-Seijo et al., “PagP Crystallized from SDS / Cosolvent Reveals the Route for Phospholipid Access to the Hydrocarbon Ruler,” Structure (London, England_: 1993), vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 1210-9, Sep. 2010. [6] J. Zhang et al., “Protein folding simulations: from coarse-grained model to all-atom model.,” IUBMB life, vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 627-43, Jun. 2009.

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“A new vision of the role of basic sciences in development”

Instant Controlled Pressure Drop technology: From new fundamental approach of instantaneous transitory thermodynamics to large industrial applications on high quality drying, extraction, and decontamination. Tamara Allaf 1, Sabah Mounir 2, Prof. Karim Allaf 2, keynote speaker proposal

  Abstract:

Thermodynamic analysis of various transformations should usually consider system particles with permanent, isotropic and random movement. The specific internal fluctuation kinetic energy reveals the system temperature. In some very limited operations, such as the instant pressure drop, the process is achieved during some milliseconds; thus, transformation is transitory, and particle has an anisotropic and un-random/one-axis movement. Only some part of its kinetic energy should concern the internal fluctuation part; temperature is then much lower. As the system temperature is much lower than equilibrium level, the autovaporization ratio is much superior. Then, the quantity of generated vapor and consequently the difference of temperature dramatically increase. In some specific cases, the instant cooling would preserve the molecular high temperature structure. The evolution of the system from the lowest temperature towards the equilibrium level is accomplished respecting usual non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Fundamental and experimental studies as well as numerous industrial specific unit operations were carried out using Instant Controlled Pressure Drop (DIC treatment); they could contribute to defining different phenomena able to intervene. Other empirical lows were also identified; they allow controlling operating parameters depending on various process performance and final product quality parameters used as responses (dependent variables).                                                              1- ABCAR-DIC Process 2- University of La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France.

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As various thermodynamic parameters have different priorities while reaching the equilibrium state, a thermodynamic law of instant phenomena was proposed: When a complex transformation is achieved instantaneously, it generates a total entropy null. Thus, a one-variable transformation cannot be achieved in an instantaneous way. These different fundamental studies were approved through experimental approaches. The instantaneity laws, strictly linked to bifurcation could contribute to realize various industrial unit operations coupling controlled high quality final products to the best performance of the operation (energy consumption, environment impact, great kinetics…). DIC treatment is based on the thermo-mechanical effects issued from an abrupt pressure drop (∆P/∆t>0.5 MPa/s) towards a vacuum (about 5 kPa) taking place after a short-time/high-temperature and pressure stage. This abrupt pressure drop causes instant and reinforced cooling of the products, immediately stopping thermal degradation, swelling the texture and even breaking cell walls, allowing valuable compounds to be more available and accessible. Such an operation completely modifies the technological abilities of various plants regarding heat and mass transfers. Coupled to hot air drying, DIC treatment could completely remedy the shrinkage effect, increase the kinetics of the second stage of drying and improve the total quality of final products. Hot air drying coupled to DIC treatment has defined a new operation of swell-drying, used for producing high-quality dried fruits and vegetables. Powders issued from these technologies are distinguished by expanded granule texture, which enables them to get very high functional behavior. The Dehydration by Successive Pressure Drops DDS can be a relevant answer to the paradoxical stage of various drying and Freeze-Drying operations. Once the product reaches the glass-transition Tg, the dehydration can be achieved through DDS, which allows the vapor to remove using the gradient of total pressure as driving force (Darcy type mass transfer). Total drying time is then much lower as well as the energy consumption. DIC treatment is an exceptionally relevant process for the microbiological decontamination of powders and solid materials. Its effects are both thermal (similar to UHT treatment) and mechanical (expansion and explosion of spores and vegetative microorganisms). Temperature, treatment time and number of cycles can define this decontamination level. In the extraction processes, DIC can be used as a system of autovaporization and expansion. The first allows the essential oils to be extracted in some minutes (1 to 4 minutes) instead of some hours with classical and “innovative” (Microwave, SCF CO2…) methods. The final essential-oil 44

emulsion we obtained by DIC can be a good basis for encapsulation process. The DIC expansion enables the vegetal materials to be much more adapted to solvent extraction; even supercritical CO2 becomes dramatically intensified. Using DIC as a pretreatment-expanding process, one can greatly intensify the extraction methods through the definition of new phenomena such as the expulsion by forcing out, the expansion preparing the product to be more adequate to pressing and by increasing the diffusivity of solvents within the solid matrix. Other industrial scale DIC-treatments were defined in the case of rice (paddy), stevia, cork…

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46

Symposium I Materials, Nanomaterials and New Materials

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Table of Content of Symposium I Title of Communication

Authors

Page

The influence of organoclay composition on the Structural, Mechanical and Morphological properties of Polypropylene/Natural Rubber/ Organoclay ternary nanocomposite

Chaouki Bendjaouahdou Salima Bensaad

Belt traction factor and its effect on conveyor performances

Belhamara Ali

Investigation of termination reactions type in UV-Powder coatings for heat sensitive substrates

A. Ibrahim, V. Maurin, C. Ley, X. Allonas, C. Croutxe-Barghorn, F. Jasisnky

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Metamaterials Engineering for New Industrial Applications

H. Ayad, M. Fadlallah, A. Khalil, M. Saleh, F. Ndagijimana, J. Jomaah

57

The investigation of some physical and mechanical properties of MgO with Used Bulb Glass

Tarik Talib Issa , Saba Mahde Abdul Khalil , Noor Amaar Abdul Kareem

59

Design and Constricting a Computerized Unit for a Non-Destructive Test of Metal Using Radio Active Isotopes

Prof. Dr. Samir Khdir Yassin

60

A novel ruthenium based catalyst for methane steam reforming. Comparison with the widely used industrial catalyst

D. Homsi, S. Aouad, C. Gennequin, A. Aboukaïs, E. Abi Aad

62

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized with Co-Precipitation Method

M. Bouloudenine,. N. Fakroune, G. Schmerber, A. Dinia

63

Magnetic and structural behavior of the nanostructured alloys and oxides

B.Bouzabata , Z.Bensebaa, A.Kihal, A.Djekoun, J.M.Grénèche

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Mössbauer studies of the nanostructured Fe(Si,Cr) alloys

Authors: B.Bouzabata, Z.Bensebaa

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Complex Boron Redistribution in P+ DopedPolysilicon / Nitrogen-Dopoed-Silicon BiLayers During Activation Annealing

Farida Mansour, Salah Abadli, Elena Bedel Pereira

68

On the stability of the Higher Manganese Silicides

Ali Allam, Carlos Angelo Nunes, Jakub Zalesak, Marie-Christine Record

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48

53

54

Title of Communication

Authors

Page

Electron-spin motion at the interface between an organic film and a ferromagnetic surface

F. Djeghloul, P. Dey, A. Hallal, W. Weber

71

Environment-friendly routes to material synthesis using supramolecular assemblies of polyion complex micelles

D. Houssein, N. Marcotte, C. Gerardin

73

Control of spontaneaous spatial organization of gold nanoparticles using Cylindrical Domains of Block Copolymers

M. Rajab, K. Mougin, M.Derivaz, T. Hamieh, K. Hariri, J. Toufaily, H. Haidara

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Sensitive thermal measurements of suspended Si-N membranes using the 3wVölklein method

H. Ftouni, C. Blanc, A. Sikora, J. Richard, M. Defoort, K. Lulla, E. Collin, M. Fadlallah, O. Bourgeois.

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Fabrication of Metallic Nanoparticules by Vapor Induced Phase Separation (VIPS) for sensing applications

Maher Khanafer, Safi Jradi, Suzanna Akil-Jradi, Pierre-Michel Adam, Jérôme Plain, Tayssir Hamieh, Renaud Bachelot

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Discovery of high oxygen storage capacity of Ce/SBA-15 nanomaterials prepared under controlled conditions

N. El Hassan, M. El Bachawati, S. Casale, A. El-Samrani, H. El Zakhem

81

Optical properties of core/shell Ag-Au nanoparticle

S. Abboudy, I. Haddad, S. Marhaba

83

Study of high quality no-isostructural thin films of magnetic oxide semiconductor Fe1.5Ti0.5O3-δ on SrTiO3(100)

A. Hamie , Y. Dumont, E. Popova, B. Warot-Fonrose, J. Toufaily, M. Akil, N. Kellerand T. Hamieh

84

Dielectric properties of carbon black–epoxy resin composites and their simulation by means of mixture laws

S . Elbouazzaoui, M. E. Achour , C. Brosseau

86

Self-Assembly and Molecular Nanotechnology In Tomorrow’s World

Ali Trabolsi

87

Insertion of semiconducting nanostructures in an insulating LaAlO3 matrix for non volatile flash memories

J.L. Bischoff, H. Mortada, C. Ben Azzouz, D. Dentel, M. Derivaz, F.M. Morales, M. Herrera, J.M. Mánuel, R. García, M. Diani, M. Zanouni, C. Chefi, A. Akremi

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49

Title of Communication

Authors

Page

Biosensing using ultrasensitive plasmonic sensors

S. Akil-Jradi, S. Jradi, J. Plain, P. Royer, R. Bachelot

91

3D polymer and metal nanostructures by direct laser writing

S. Jradi, S. Akil-Jradi, J. Plain, R. Bachelot

93

Effect of chopped carbon and cellulose fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete and corrosion levels of reinforcing steel in Persian Gulf seawater

Pedram Gharaei, Mohammad Reza Shams

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"Synthesis of mesoporous solids from surfactants and non-surfactants: Application of the catalytic dehydration reaction of propanol-1"

Amina Brikci, Hadj Hamaizi

96

Synthesis of Zeolite Hybrid Films for Space Decontamination

N. Lauridant, T.J. Daou, G. Arnold, H. Nouali, J. Patarin, D. Faye

98

Synthesis of gallophosphates via in situ hexamethylphosphoramide decomposition

Khouloud Tawbi Angélique Simon-Masseron, Joёl Patarin

100

Highlighting of ethanol transformation over zeolite into hydrocarbons by radical species

S. Hamieh, L. Pinard, C. Canaff, P. Magnoux

102

Control of TiO2-based catalysts. Cyclohexane oxidation in liquid phase by Cr/TiO2.

A. Bellifa, L. Pirault, C.Kappenstein A. Choukchou-Braham

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Preparation and characterization of alumina supported metallic catalysts

Mourad Halouane, Saliha Menad, Kahina Kouachi, Ouiza Cherifi

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Combined Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Density Functional Theory Studies of Layered Boro-Silicate Materials

Zalfa Nour, Mounesha Garaga Nagendrachar, Ming-Feng Hsieh, Ramzy Shayib, Robert Messenger, Michael Deschamps, Dominique Massiot, Bradley F. Chmelka, Sylvian Cadars

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Catalytic steam reforming of methane over Cu supported on Co6-xMgxAl2 oxides

D. Homsi , S. Aouad, C. Gennequin , A. Aboukaïs, E. Abi Aad

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Preparation, characterizations and reactivity of Co/SBA-15 catalysts in carbon black oxidation

N. El Hassan, H. El Zakhem, M. El Bachawati, B. El Khoury, S. Aouad, S. Casale, H. El Nakat

111

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Hydrogen Production by Catalytic Steam Reforming of Ethanol Over Cu or Ru Supported on Co6Al2 Oxide

S. Aouad, R. Al Khawaja, D. Homsi, B. El Khoury, J. El Nakat, A. Aboukaïs, E. Abi Aad

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Superhydrophobic surface for antibioadhesion

Jeanne Tarrade, Elena Celia, Thierry Darmanin, Sonia Amigoni, Elisabeth Taffin De Givenchy, Frédéric Guittard

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Optical tweezer for the study of surface properties

Carole Ecoffet, Sylvia Jeney, Hamidou Haidara

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Synthesis and characterization of a new family of oligothiophene to develop an electrochemical sensor

Ali Saad, Elodie Pardieu Laurence Dallery, Patrick Boutin, Francis Garnier, Christophe Vedrine, Fanny Hauquier, Peter Dalko,, Christine Pernelle

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Manufacturing of Diffraction Grating Using Hologram Technique

Wajeha Abdl Daim

119

Evaluation Of Frp Bars Performance Under High Temperature

Ghanim A. Kashwani, Adil K. Al-Tamimi

120

Utilization of Korimat Gravel in El SaffSakkara Area, lower Egypt for Concrete works and Rigid Pavements

H.S. Hassan, Z .S Houssein

121

Assessing rheological and physical characteristics of modified asphalt cement

Saad Issa Sarsam

122

Thixotropic properties of asphalt mastic incorporating secondary filler

M. Mostafa Hassan

123

Optimisation of loses in asynchronious motors

Rechach Abdelkrim, Chaabane Mebrouk, Taleb Mounia, Soufi Youcef

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Synthesis And Characterization Of Liquid Natural Rubber As Impact Modifier For Epoxy Resin

A.B.Ben Saleh, Z.A.Mohd Ishak, A. S.Hashim, W.A.Kamil, U.S.Ishiaku

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Polystyrene-coated micro-sized particles by ‘‘in situ’’ surface initiated polymerization in accord with Langmuir model adsorption,

Leïla Ghannam, Laurent Billon

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Etude des variations spatiales et temporelles des niveaux de contamination en PCBs et HAPS à l’aide d’échantillonneurs passifs.

H. Mokbel, M. Millet, A. Elmoll

127

Title of Communication

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The influence of organoclay composition on the Structural, Mechanical and Morphological properties of Polypropylene/Natural Rubber/ Organoclay ternary nanocomposite Chaouki Bendjaouahdou1,* Salima Bensaad2*

Abstract The objective of this work is to study effects of an organoclay in a nanocomposite blend prepared by melt extrusion and based on polypropylene (PP) and natural rubber (NR).The results obtained show a slight improvement of the blend mechanical properties when the content of the clay is equal to 3 wt.%. The results obtained by XRD analysis show that at 3 wt.% organoclay loading there is a shift towards low angles of the organoclay (001) plane diffraction peak, and also there is a disappearance of the β –phase crystallite peak. This shift means an intercalation of the polypropylene/natural rubber chains between clay platelets. The TOM (transmission optic microscopy) study reveals that at 3 wt.% organoclay concentration there is a uniform and fine distribution of the elastomeric domains inside PP matrix. This fine distribution contributes greatly to improvement of the mechanical properties of the blend. Keywords: Polypropylene, Natural rubber, organoclay, XRD, TOM.

                                                             1- Department of chemical engineering, Med Khider-Biskra University, Algeria. 2- Department of Chemistry, Mentouri-Constantine University, Algeria. * Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected], or [email protected] phone : 2130 772223354

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Belt traction factor and its effect on conveyor performances Belhamara Ali

Abstract The belt is the main component of conveyors; its dynamic characteristics determine the working performance. Actually, reported researches on the dynamic characteristics of conveyor belts are focused on testing dynamic elastic modulus and viscous damping. Little research on other dynamic parameters has been carried out. The present paper deals with the performances of belt conveyor traction factor and its effect on system operation. The relation between tensions at the input and the output of drive pulley are expressed in mathematical equations taking in account belt technical characteristics, conveyor exploitation and setup conditions. The developed model can be used as a tool to control production and elasticity limits of the belt to avoid slipping between belt and drive pulley. The simulation of motor effort transmission process to the belt and its adhesion with the drive pulley provides a perfect control of conveyor capacity and traction factor. This will enables to evaluate and estimate adhesion reserves and to predict slipping risks. This approach can ensure control and monitoring of belt conveyor and avoiding at the same time excessive belt wear. Key words: belt conveyor, monitoring, control, traction head, belt transmission  

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Investigation of termination reactions type in UV-Powder coatings for heat sensitive substrates A. Ibrahim*, V. Maurin, C. Ley, X. Allonas, C. Croutxe-Barghorn, F. Jasisnky*

Photopolymers have become key materials in the development of advanced technologies. Beyond the requirement of improvement for some well practiced industrial processes, the need of innovation in new technologies makes this field very exciting and dynamic. Coatings development represents an important research activity that has recently taken advantage of dual-cure, powder and water-based systems. Recently, a renewed interest is observed for the development of UV powder coatings [1-2], as they appear to be well suited for protecting heat sensitive substrates such as wood or plastic while responding to environmental legislations about Volatile Organic Compounds reduction. UV powders coatings are 100% solid formulations based mainly on unsaturated (meth)acrylate polyesters or urethanes, containing a photoinitiator and possibly additives such as pigments or fillers. The first stage corresponds to the deposition of the powder particles on the surface that take place by electrostatic spray (Corona or triboelectric). The second stage corresponds to the curing process. This one is divided in two distinct steps: melting and photopolymerization. The first step, by convection or IR radiation, enables to obtain a homogeneous melted film by processing at temperature above the glass transition of the resin. No polymerization reaction which occurs during this step that leads to a sufficient molecular mobility essential to perform the second step. This one concerns the photopolymerization reaction by irradiation with UV light. Smooth crosslinked finishes, whose thickness is generally comprised between 50 to 100 µm, are generally obtained after few minutes [1-3]. In this work the termination mechanisms occurring in a UV-powder coating system during photopolymerization process will be presented referring to a                                                              * Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering (LPIM), Mulhouse, France [email protected]

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conventional acrylate monomer system. The effect of the irradiation intensity on the polymerisation kinetics and the termination reactions type was examined. In order to understand the type of termination mechanisms occurring during crosslinking reactions, the light intensity exponent β was determined. First, the effect of photoinitiator concentration, viscosity and conversion of the monomer on the termination reaction occurring in photopolymerization are assessed leading to the study of curing kinetics of an UV-powder urethane diacrylate based system. Polymerization experiments are realized with an environmental cell, allowing air, nitrogen and oxygen flow onto the sample at a constant temperature. It will be shown that termination could occur mainly by Primary Radical Termination. This mechanism could be related to low reactive double bonds concentration and high photoinitiator concentration in the UV-powder resin. Moreover, this will point out the role of oxygen on polymerization mechanisms.

(1) P. Castell, M. Wouters, H. Fischer, G.J. De With, J. Coat. Technol. Res. 2007, 4, 411. (2) M.N. Mintsa, L. Lecamp, C. Bunel, European Polymer Journal 2009, 45, 2043. (a) S. Udding-Louwrier, E. Sjoerd de Jong, R.A. Baijards, RadTech Chicago (19-22 April), 1998, 106. (b) D. Maetens, RadTech Chicago (19-22 April), 1998, 170.

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Metamaterials Engineering for New Industrial Applications * H. Ayad1, M. Fadlallah2, A. Khalil2, M. Saleh3, F. Ndagijimana1 and J. Jomaah1,2 **

Abstract The permittivity, permeability and conductivity of a material characterize its ability to interact with an electromagnetic field. In nature, the magnitudes of these three quantities are restricted mostly to positive values. In contrast, metamaterials are artificially produced composite media exhibiting electromagnetic responses that natural materials do not provide. They enable the three constitutive parameters to be cast down to negative values. Nowadays, electromagnetic metamaterials is a rapidly growing research domain involving electromagnetism microwave and millimeter wave technology, optics, material technology and nanotechnology. There are prospects for many challenging practical applications. A historical survey of the evolution of metamaterials from the earliest assumptions until the current state of the art introduces discussion upon the metamaterials, description of their characteristics and behavior. There is a brief report on the author’s innovative findings. This involves both theoretical and experimental results that have been achieved in recent years. In particular, it concerns the utilization of split ring resonators in negative permeability metamaterials, the concept and the production of an isotropic negative permeability medium, an isotropic negative permittivity medium, CPW supporting propagation of a left-handed wave, and wire media exhibiting                                                              1- IMEP-LHAC, Grenoble INP, Grenoble – France 2- Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences – Lebanese University, Beirut – Lebanon 3- ARECS GmbH, Munich, Germany * This research was partially supported by Lebanese University ** Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected], or [email protected], phone : +961 3 524 070

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negative permittivity. Finally, prospects for further developments in this interesting field are presented. Keywords: Metamaterials, negative permittivity, negative permeability, isotropic medium    

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The investigation of some physical and mechanical properties of MgO with Used Bulb Glass Tarik Talib Issa , ** Saba Mahde Abdul Khalil , ** Noor Amaar Abdul Kareem*

Abstract Ceramic compacts of MGO + wt% of UBG were sintered at different sintering temperature (700,900,1100,1300) C, under static air for 3 hours. X-ray diffraction, sintering behavior, optical microscope, fracture strength and hardness were conducted. Maximum sintered density ,fracture strength ,hardness and best homogenize micro structure were indicated for the compilation MGO-20wt% UBG, sintered at 1300 C . Keyword : Ceramic , Sintering , Brake down voltage .

                                                             * University of Baghdad , College of science Physics department , Material Science group ** Ministry of industry , State commission of research and development

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Design and Constricting a Computerized Unit for a NonDestructive Test of Metal Using Radio Active Isotopes Prof. Dr. Samir Khdir Yassin1

   

  Abstract In this practical research a computerize unit has been design and constructed for a non-destructive test for a metal using radio active isotopes for detecting metal defects. The principle of this unit is to make use of the ability of radio-active radiation to penetrate through the metal. The unit consists of the radioactive source, which is one of the radioactive isotopes (Cs-137). It is located on a lead shield coordinated with a collimating system and detector. The sample wanted to be tested takes the shape of a metal rod and is placed on a moveable stage motivated by a stepper motor, which enable it to move in a limited time, and the rod is located between the source and detector. The intensity of penetrating radiation in the defected rod is recorded by a longitude scan of the rod. The results are recorded by the computer, which is connected to the detector through an electronic interface. By using specialized software a curve, which represents the relationship between the length of the rod and the radiation intensity is given. This curve indicates the cracks, cavities and defect found in the rod and its locations. The curve shows high peaks in the defected areas and low peaks in the locations of non-homogeneous area. The preliminary experiment for the operation of this system has reveled its easy usage with good speed and efficiency for testing in comparison with traditional methods such as radio photography and x-ray regarding such method has never been used before.                                                              1- Computer Science Department- College of Education for Women, Baghdad University e.mail [email protected]

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Suggestions were given to develop this system and up grate its software for three dimensions testing, with high accuracy to indicate the size and location of the defects.

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A novel ruthenium based catalyst for methane steam reforming. Comparison with the widely used industrial catalyst* **

D. Homsi1, 2, 3, S. Aouad1 , C. Gennequin2, 3, A. Aboukaïs2,3, E. Abi Aad2,3

Abstract Co6Al2 and Mg6Al2 oxides were prepared using the hydrotalcite route. They were thermally stabilized at 500°C and then impregnated with 1 wt.% ruthenium using ruthenium nitrosyl nitrate solution Ru(NO)(NO3)3 followed by calcination at 500°C under an air flow. Impregnated solids were tested in the methane steam reforming reaction (MSR). 1%Ru/Co6Al2 solid was more reactive than 1%Ru/Mg6Al2 with a methane conversion of 94% and 86% at 600°C respectively. An EPR study showed the formation of cobalt carbide and coke for 1%Ru/Co6Al2 and 1%Ru/Mg6Al2 catalysts respectively even though DSC/TG, XRD and TPO techniques did not reveal coke formation, indicating the presence of this byproduct in trace amounts. The results were compared to those obtained using, 5%Ru/Al2O3, the widely used MSR industrial catalyst. At 600°C, the methane conversion reached 94% over 1%Ru/Co6Al2 which is considerably better than the 85% methane conversion obtained with the industrial catalyst, 5%Ru/Al2O3. Coke and RuO2 agglomerates formation over 5%Ru/Al2O3 account for the performance difference between the two catalysts. At higher temperatures (800°C) thermal effects dominate over the catalytic regime leading to similar results over the two catalysts. Keywords: DSC/TG, EPR, Industrial catalyst MSR, ruthenium, TPO                                                              1- Department of Chemistry, University of Balamand, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli, Lebanon 2- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France 3- Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Unité du Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), 145b Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140, Dunkerque, France * This research was supported by the “09 Sci F 7/L 22 - CEDRE” 2009 program and the BIRG 8/2009 ** Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected], phone: +961 6 930250 # 66 3840

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Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized with CoPrecipitation Method M. Bouloudenine12,. N. Fakroune2, G. Schmerber3 and A. Dinia3

We have synthesized oxide nanoparticules of zinc by a chemical method based on the co-precipitation from the decomposition of a mixed oxalic precursor. The results of DRX show that crystallites constituting our powder have an average size equal to 59.10 nm and that the crystal lattice has undergone a constraint of dilation following the heat treatment carried out on our sample. The results of the photoluminescence and Raman confirm what was reported by the results of DRX. Following measurements of PL, it was proved that the presence of an excess of oxygen vacancies is at the origin of the residual stresses in the matrix, and this was confirmed by the results of Raman through the interpretation of the vibration behavior of the phononic modes characterizing our sample. Thus, we succeeded in synthesizing nanoparticules of ZnO having crystallographic and optical properties what makes them promising in vast nanotechnologic applications such as: optical commutation (wave guide), the manufacture of photodiodes LEDS of bleu/green or white color, cosmetic (UV transparent filters), anti-UV protective agent. Key Words: Zinc oxide nanoparticles, co-precipitation method, photoluminescence.                                                              1- Centre Universitaire de Souk Ahras, Département des Sciences Technologiques, Souk Ahras 41000-ALGERIE 2- Laboratoire LEREC, Département de Physique, Université de Badji Mokhtar, BP 12, 23000, Annaba 3- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, IPCMS, Groupe des Matériaux Inorganiques, CNRS-UMR 7504, ULP-ECPM, 23 Rue du Loess – B.P. 43, F-67037 Strasbourg, France E-mail: [email protected]

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Magnetic and structural behavior of the nanostructured alloys and oxides Authors: B.Bouzabata1 , Z.Bensebaa2, A.Kihal1, A.Djekoun1, J.M.Grénèche3

ABSTRACT: Nanocrystalline magnetic materials have been the subject of a great number of fundamental and applied investigations due to their potential applications from their remarkable properties such as high saturation magnetization and low coercive force . However, they are greatly affected by various defects and crystalline or atomic disorders that are often introduced by the elaboration techniques. Mössbauer spectra associated with X-rays diffraction can get a clear insight of these local disorders. Our laboratory has a large research program that involves mainly elaboration and studies of nanostructured metallic alloys and oxydes . Here, we will discuss magnetic and structural characterizations obtained for two types of nanomaterials such as Fe(Si,Cr) alloys and nanocomposites Fe/X (X=SiO2, Al2O3) elaborated by mechanical alloying. Milling powders were carried either from milled pure elements (Fe,Si,Cr) with various concentrations (Fe80Si10Cr10 , Fe70Si20Cr10 and Fe75Si10Cr15 ) or from the induced reduction of the hematite action in presence of metallic Si or Al. The main results for the milled powders of the pure elements Fe, Si and Cr are the formation of different disordered solid solutions with a nanometric grain size at 5 hours of milling. Increasing the milling time up to 15 hours gives a more homogenous distribution. However, increasing the relative Cr                                                              1- Laboratory of Magnetism and Spectroscopy of Solids (LM2S)-University Badji Mokhtar of Annaba-B.P 12 –Annaba-Algeria 2- Laboratoire de Recherche en Physico-chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces, Facultés des Sciences, Université de Skikda, B.P.26 Elhadack, Skikda 3- Laboratory of the condensed matter –University of Maine-Lemans (France)

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concentration and milling times up to 30 hours induces a larger distribution or a demixion in various atomic environments of iron atom and the formation of a paramagnetic γ phase. In the contrary, adding the relative Si content, inhibits the formation of the γ phase. All the structural and atomic disorders can then be identified by the variations of the distribution patterns of hyperfine fields. The milled mixture of α-Fe2O3/Si produces the nanocomposite Fe/SiO2 above 5 hours of milling times. The reduction of the hematite phase is gradual with the formation at 15 hours of milling of α-Fe nano particles dispersed in an amorphous SiO2 phase. Both phases have a nanometric crystallite size. The saturation magnetization of the α-Fe2O3/Si mixture powder increases with milling time and attains 70.6 Am2/kg at 15h. The value of coercive field decreases first then increases. These variations are related to the decrease of crystallite size, high levels of defects and the formation of a very fine amorphous Si02 matrix.As for the milled mixture of Fe2O3 +Al, the expected reaction starts rapidly (30 min) with the formation of α-Fe and Al2O3. It is also detected the formation of FeAl phase. For higher times (up to 15 h) there is an increase of nanoparticles FeAl relatively to the α-Fe. This can be explained by the variations of the saturation magnetization with milling time. The values of coercive field (Hc) decreases first then increase reaching a stationary value above 10 h of milling time (about 0.03 T at 15 h). Nanometric grain size and induced defects introduced by the milling process can explain the above structural and magnetic variations.

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Mössbauer studies of the nanostructured Fe-(Si,Cr) alloys Authors: B.Bouzabata, Z.Bensebaa1

ABSTRACT: Nanocrystalline magnetic materials have been the subject of a great number of fundamental and applied investigations due to their potential applications from their remarkable properties such as high saturation magnetization and low coercive force. However, they are greatly affected by various defects and crystalline or atomic disorders. Mössbauer spectra associated with X-rays diffraction can get a clear insight of these local disorders. Nanostructured Fe(Si,Cr) alloys were elaborated by mechanical alloying starting from the pure elements for 3 compositions Fe80Si10Cr10 , Fe70Si20Cr10 and Fe75Si10Cr15 . The milling process was carried in a planetary ball mill under argon , with a ball to powder weight ratio set to 17/1, a velocity of 400 rpm and during various times up to 15 hours.. The Fe57 Mössbauer spectra of the milled powders, taken at room temperature, show a broad ferromagnetic component and for low silicon content (10%) a central singlet peak. Adequate computer fittings can be achieved by a distribution of hyperfine fields P(H) from which the evaluation of the various Si and Cr environments of the Fe atoms and the mean hyperfine parameters (hyperfine field, isomer shift and relative concentrations) can be deduced. It is then seen that the nanostructured alloys, obtained for 5 hours of milling with a mean grain size of 25 nm, are highly disordered . Increasing the milling time up to 15 hours gives a more homogeneous distribution . For the Fe80Si10Cr10 alloy, the P(H) distribution can be separated in two regions (or                                                              1- Laboratory of Magnetism and Spectroscopy of Solids (LM2S)-University of Annaba B.P 12 –Annaba-Algeria

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Gaussians) : one is low fields and probabilities (< 20 T, (probable)= 17 T) and the other with high fields and probabilities (range 20-33 T, < H>(probable)= 27 T) . Each region can be attributed to the different atomic substitutions of the Fe atoms and/or to the contribution of the grain boundary structure due to the nanoscale heterogeneous mechanical alloyed materials. Increasing the Cr content such as in the nanostructured Fe75Si10Cr15 alloy induces a larger distribution of hyperfine fields with 4 peaks . This can indicate a demixion of various Fe environments. This effect is usually observed in the FeCr alloys. In the contrary, adding the Si such as in the nanostructured Fe70Si20Cr10 alloy separates the low and high regions of the distribution of hyperfine fields. All the structural and atomic disorders can then be identified by the variations of the distribution patterns of hyperfine fields..

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Complex Boron Redistribution in P Doped-Polysilicon / Nitrogen-Dopoed-Silicon Bi-Layers During Activation Annealing +

Farida MANSOUR1, Salah ABADLI1,2,*, Elena BEDEL PEREIRA3       

Abstract: The strongly doped polysilicon is a key element of today’s advanced verylarge-scale-integration (VLSI) technology. To continue scaling down P+ polysilicon gates of metal-oxide-semiconductor integrated circuits, it is necessary to create very shallow junctions with strong-concentrations of electrically active boron (B). Two related processes limit the realization of this goal: (i) the transient enhanced redistribution of the B during the thermal dopant-activation annealing, which causes B penetration through thin oxides from the P+ polysilicon gate into the underlying layers, and (ii) the formation of electrically inactive B clusters and B precipitates, which decreases the dopant activation rate. The use of low thermal annealing temperatures and thin nitrogen-doped-silicon (NiDoS) layers have been practiced to avoid the doping depletion of P+ polysilicon gate at the oxide interface, which is one of the major performance limitations in the standard advanced integrated circuits. The aim of this work is to develop a fundamental understanding about the complex B redistribution process into in-situ strongly doped P+ polysilicon/NiDoS bi-layers. Our goal is mainly to understand the instantaneous kinetics of B clustering, trapping, segregation and transport via the bi-layers interface. We have investigated the complex phenomenon of B transport mechanisms via the silicon bi-layers interface. It concerns the instantaneous kinetics of B transfer, clustering, trapping and segregation during thermal post-implantation                                                              1- LEMEAMED, Department of Electronics, University Mentouri, Constantine, 25000, Algeria 2- Department of Electrical Engineering, University 20 Août 1955 of Skikda, 21000, Algeria 3- CNRS-LAAS, University of Toulouse, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31077 Toulouse, France * Corresponding author: [email protected]

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annealing. Silicon bi-layers of in-situ strongly doped B (P+) polysilicon and NiDoS, obtained by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) at 480°C, have been used. To avoid long redistributions, thermal annealing was carried out at relatively low-temperatures (600°C and 700 °C) for various durations ranging between 30 minutes and 2 hours. To investigate the experimental secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) doping profiles, a redistribution model well adapted to the particular structure of bi-layers and to the effects of strong-concentrations has been established. The good adjustment of the simulated profiles with the experimental SIMS profiles allowed a fundamental understanding about the instantaneous physical phenomena giving and disturbing the complex redistribution profiles. Keywords: Boron, Nitrogen, Complex Redistribution, Silicon, Bi-layers, Thermal Annealing.  

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On the stability of the Higher Manganese Silicides Ali Allam1, Carlos Angelo Nunes2, Jakub Zalesak1, Marie-Christine Record1

Abstract We investigated in this work the stability of the Higher Manganese Silicides (HMS). Several alloys in the composition range 62-66 at. % Si, were prepared from their constitutive elements by arc-melting. The prepared alloys were then analysed by in-situ X-ray diffraction measurements and Electron Probe Micro-Analyser (EPMA). The whole results allow us to suggest that whatever the composition is, only Mn27Si47 is stable for the temperatures 500°C and 800°C. At higher temperatures, the studied samples undergo two phase transformations which consecutively lead to the formation of Mn15Si26 and Mn11Si19. Mn4Si7 was never evidenced in the present work. It is shown for the first time in this work that Mn27Si47 is the only HMS stable phase at room temperature. Keywords: HMS ; Phase equilibria ; Phase transformations ; Stability range ; Manganese ; Silicides

                                                             1- IM2NP, UMR 6242 CNRS - Université Aix-Marseille, av Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, Case 142, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France 2- Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais (DEMAR), Escola de Engenharia deLorena (EEL), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Caixa Postal 116, 12600-970, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil

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Electron-spin motion at the interface between an organic film and a ferromagnetic surface F. Djeghloul, P. Dey, A. Hallal, W. Weber1

Abstract For a better understanding of the spin-dependent electron transport across an organic/ferromagnetic interface, we study the spin motion of the electrons when they are reflected from an organic film deposited on a ferromagnetic surface. Our experiment is distinguished from other experiments using spin-polarized electrons by the fact that the spin polarization of the incident electrons is perpendicularly oriented with respect to the magnetization of the ferromagnetic material. It is only with this noncollinear initial configuration that the motion of the spin polarization, comprising of an azimuthal precession and a polar rotation about the magnetization direction, can be observed. In this attempt, Co and Fe films, covered by small amounts of Phtalocyanine (Pc) molecules (H2Pc, CoPc, FePc, MnPc) were investigated. Both the precession and the rotation angle have been measured as a function of thickness of the organic film for different primary electron energies (from 7 to 50 eV). Interestingly, the observed behaviour is quite similar for all the investigated organic molecules. In all cases a drastic effect in the submonolayer coverage range on both quantities is seen, resulting in electron reflection coefficients which are completely independent of spin already for coverages of about 0.5 monolayer. So, one might think that this collapse of the magnetic signal is due to a molecule-induced disappearance of magnetism in the ferromagnetic film or at least at its surface. However, measurements of the secondary electron spin polarization, performed on the same systems, clearly show that the magnetization is not significantly altered                                                              1- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, UdS-CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 43, F-67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France

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by the deposition of the organic molecules. This behaviour is completely unexpected and further research is required to unveil the physics behind these observations. Keywords: Electron-spin motion, organic films, spin polarization, interface.

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Environment-friendly routes to material synthesis using supramolecular assemblies of polyion complex micelles D. Houssein*, N. Marcotte, C. Gerardin

Supramolecular assemblies using classical amphiphilic entities (surfactants or block copolymers) have been widely used in the last decade for the elaboration of nanostructured materials. The synthesis of the hybrid materials is achieved using soft chemistry methods. However, the template removal, necessary to generate the mesoporosity of materials, requires the use of high temperature treatments or organic solvents that are not friendly methods for the environment. To avoid the use of these methods, we proposed to use templates of polyion complex micelles (PIC) that are obtained by complexation of two hydrosoluble polymers: a double hydrophilic block copolymer (DHBC), which consists of a neutral block and a charged one, and an oppositely charged homopolyelectrolyte. In the pH range where both polyelectrolytes are charged, micelles are formed. Outside of this pH range, micelles dissociate in the aqueous medium. Such induced and reversible PIC micelles are interesting candidates for the recycling of structuring agents of mesoporous materials or for controlled drug delivery systems. In our work, the micellisation process between a DHBC (POE-b-PAA) that contains a neutral polyethylene oxide block (POE) and an ionisable polyacrylic acid block (PAA), and a polypeptide, the poly-L-Lysine (PLL) was studied by                                                              *

Dania Houssein E-mail address: [email protected], tel: +961 76 678 479, +33 7 86 74 76 93. (a) Van Der Burgh S., de Keizer A., Cohen Stuart M., Langmuir, 2004, 20, 1073-1084; (b) Kabanov A.V.; Bronich T.K.; Yu K.; Einsenberg A., Macromolecules, 1996, 29, 6797-6802; (c) Baccile N..; Reboul J.; Blanc B.; Coq B.; Lacroix-Desmazes, P.; In M.; Gérardin C.; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 8499-8437; (d) Harada A.; Kataoka K., Prog. Polym. Sci., 2006, 31, 949-982; (e) A. Boudier et al., Journal of Controlled Release, 2011, 154, 156-163 Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS/ENSCM/UM2/UM1, 8 rue de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier cedex 5, France.

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dynamic light scattering in the 4-13 pH range. We demonstrate by this method that micelles are formed in the 5-11 pH range. Circular dichroism revealed that the PLL adopt a α-helix conformation within the micelles. Then, the synthesis of nanostructured materials was achieved using the POE-PAA/PLL micelles as structuring agents for silica materials. Materials with different nanostructures and textures were obtained (lamellar or vermicular, nanoparticles or bulk materials) depending on the synthesis conditions (mass percentage of copolymer, amount of silica precursor, molar ratio of AA/LL…). The template was also removed by washing the hybrid material under soft conditions in water. Keywords: polyion complex micelles, soft chemistry, nanostructured materials.

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Control of spontaneaous spatial organization of gold nanoparticles using Cylindrical Domains of Block Copolymers M. Rajab* 1, 2, K. Mougin, M.Derivaz1, T. Hamieh2, K. Hariri2, J. Toufaily2, H. Haidara1

Abstract Fabrication of controlled nanoscale structures is a fundamental step towards the creation of molecularly engineered interfaces in nanotechnology. Selforganizing materials provide simple and low-cost processes to make large-area periodic nanostructures. In adidition, by combining “bottom-up” self-assembly with “top-down” patterned templates, templated-self-assembly (TSA) can provide rich opportunities for fundamental studies of self-assembly behavior in confined environments, as well as a source of innovation in nanofabrication methods. In this context, the self-assembly processes of block copolymers offer interesting strategies to create patterns on nanometer length scales. These specific polymers represent ideal candidates as for soft templates for a wide range of surfaces where large area patterns of nanoscale features are desired. In addition, the size- and shape-dependent physical properties of gold nanoparticles also provide tunable materials with broad potential applications. The success of gold as the active metal in electronics and catalysis has been mainly due to the development of appropriate methods for depositing gold in the form of nanoparticles (NPs) on different supports by precipitation, physical or chemical vapor deposition, organic encapsulation, etc. However, for achieving any complex functional nanodevices, TSA method represents an opportunity to assemble precisely nano-objects.                                                              * Email address: [email protected], phone: +96171436342, +0033602085122.

1- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), CNRS, UPR 9096, 15 Rue Jean Starcky, B.P. 2488 - 68057, Mulhouse Cedex, France 2- Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA), Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon

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The present report first deals with investigations on the understanding on mechanisms of self-assembly of PS-b-P4VP thin film presenting either vertically or perpendicularly oriented cylindrical P4VP nanodomains. Then, the self-assembly critical parameters such as film thickness, solvent annealing, annealing time, surface pre-treatment, have studied. And in a second step, we have focused on the in-situ and ex-situ synthesis and assembly of gold nanoparticles on previously prepatterned silicon surfaces either by colloidal solution and vapor phase deposition. Particularly, results showed that the removal of the polymer mask by plasma etching has allowed to obtain either a quasi- hexagonal ordered arrays of gold nanoparticles with controlled feature sizes or the production in situ of parallel gold nanowires depending on the colloidal NPs growth. Previous work in polymer science have reported similar process using ex-situ NPs growth, but up to now, this was never observed using an in-situ NPs growth. Keywords: block copolymer, self-assembly, in situ synthesis, etching plasma, hexagonal ordering, gold nanoparticles, gold nanowires.

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Sensitive thermal measurements of suspended Si-N membranes using the 3w-Völklein method* H. Ftouni1, C. Blanc1, A. Sikora1, J. Richard1, M. Defoort1, K. Lulla1, E. Collin1, M. Fadlallah2, O. Bourgeois1**.   Abstract The thermal properties of suspended thin films prepared by the micromachining process have been studied using the 3w dynamic method coupled to a Völklein geometry. A transducer (heater/thermometer) centred at the membrane was driven by an ac current causing periodic diffusive thermal oscillation into the membrane and allowing the measurement of the temperature oscillation at third harmonic using a Wheatstone bridge set up. This method is applied to measure the in-plane thermal conductivity of very thin silicon nitride film (50-100 nm), in a temperature rang 4-300K. Here by coupling the 3w method to a Völklein geometry (suspended membrane) we obtained a highly sensitive technique to measure the thermal conductivity with a resolution of 2x10-3 and a sensitivity of a tens of nanoWatt/K, thanks to a very sensitive niobium nitride thermometry. The sensor is constituted by a thin rectangular membrane suspended with a highly sensitive thermometer lithographed in its centre. SiN membrane thermal conductivity have been measured from 4K to 300K. The absolute value of thermal conductivities is in perfect agreement with previous measurements. This set-up is being used to measure the phonon transport in glasses at low dimensions (2D).                                                              1- Institut NÉEL CNRS-UJF, 25 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France 2- Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences V, Lebanon * Funding for this project was partially provided by a grant from La Région Rhône-Alpes (CMIRA) and the Lebanese University ** Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected], or [email protected]

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Keywords: Three omega method, Thermal conductivity, Silcon nitride, Phonon transfer, tow-dimensional system.

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Fabrication of Metallic Nanoparticules by Vapor Induced Phase Separation (VIPS) for sensing applications Maher Khanafer a,b, Safi Jradi a,*, Suzanna Akil-Jradi a, Pierre-Michel Adam a, Jérôme Plain a, Tayssir Hamieh b and Renaud Bachelot a

Abstract In the last decades, the auto-assembly of polymer materials has received intensive attention in nanoscience and nanotechnology 1,2. Vapor-induced phase separation (VIPS) is a method that non-solvent (usually water) is introduced to a polymer solution to generate phase separation and porous structure 3. We use here this method for the fabrication of multifunctional nanomaterials particularly relevant in detection and sensing. As an example, a simple deposition of a homopolymer dispersion doped with metallic precursor onto a conductive substrate allows a spontaneous formation of metallic nanoparticles loaded polymer holes 4 (see Figure 1). a

b

c Silver

50 Z[nm]

40 30

PMMA

20 10 0

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

X[µm]

Figure 1 : (a) SEM image of Ag nanorings synthesized on silicon. (b) AFM image of the same substrate. (c) topographic profile from the AFM image.

                                                             a Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d’Instrumentation Optique, Institut Charles Delaunay, STMR-UMR6279 CNRS, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 12 Rue Marie Curie BP 2060, F-10010 Troyes cedex b Laboratoire de Matériaux, Catalyse, Environnement et Méthodes Analytiques (MCEMACHAMSI), Faculté des Sciences, Section 1, Université Libanaise, Hadeth, Mont-Liban, Beyrouth, LIBAN * [email protected]

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To be able to control the physical and optical properties of these nanoparticles, which is crucial for a given application, a physico-chemical study of the VIPS process was made. In particular, we study the influence of solvent to non-solvent ratio, the precursor concentration, the substrate nature, etc. The thermodynamics of the polymer mixture was investigated in various conditions through the plot of ternary diagrams. We particularly demonstrate the possibility to fabricate a large number of functional nanomaterials such as metallic, magnetic, semiconductor,… via a simple change of the precursor that fills the porous polymer film. Using our approach, silver ring assemblies were fabricated and successfully used as ultrasensitive SERS substrates for the detection of small amounts of organic molecules (10-12 M of BPE). References 1. M.S. Park, W.C. Joo, J.K. Kim, Langmuir 22, 4594 (2006). 2. J.L. Blin, M.J. Stebe, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 87, 67 (2005). 3. S. Ding, P. Wang, X. Wan, D.W. Zhang, J. Wang, W.W. Lee, Mater. Sci. Eng. B 83, 130 (1999). 4. S. Jradi, S. Akil-Jradi, J. Plain, P. Royer, french patent (n° 1150773), (2011).

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Discovery of high oxygen storage capacity of Ce/SBA-15 nanomaterials prepared under controlled conditions* N. El Hassan1**, M. El Bachawati1, S. Casale2, A. El-Samrani3, H. El Zakhem1  

    Due to their exceptional oxygen storage capacity (OSC), ceria-based materials are of great importance in catalysis, fuel cells... Ceria nanoparticles show enhanced properties compared to bulk ceria. In this work, Ce/SBA-15 nanomaterials with a Ce percentage varying between 3 and 12% were prepared by “two-solvent” method. Two different SBA-15 were used; with (SBA-B) and without (SBA-A) hydrothermal treatment; in order to study the effect of textural properties of the support on the OSC. Materials were characterized by N2 sorption, XRD (SAXS and WAXS) and TEM. The OSC was measured by using temperature programmed oxidation and reduction (TPO/TPR). The 2D hexagonal order was maintained even with a Ce loading of 12%. The surface area decreases with increasing cerium content but still higher than 370 m2.g-1. From TEM micrographs, an excellent dispersion of Cerium oxide nanoparticles was observed and a location inside the mesopores of SBA-15. The diameters of these nanoparticles were estimated from XRD and TEM (500 particles measured/sample). By XRD, only small particles, with an average diameter less than 5 nm, were detected on the samples. This information was confirmed by statistics done on TEM micrographs. The support has a strong influence on the OSC of the nanoparticles; for the same cerium content, the use of SBA-B                                                              1- University of Balamand, Department of Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 33 Amioun, El Koura, Lebanon 2- Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4, Place de Jussieu Case courrier 68, 75252 Paris Cedex 05 – France 3- Doctoral School for Science and Technology, Lebanese University, Campus Hadath, PO Box 5, Lebanon * This research was supported by the BIRG 18/2010. XRD experiments were performed in Lebanese University, Platform of Doctoral School, Hadath, Lebanon. ** Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected], phone: +961 6 930 250

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instead of SBA-A increases the OSC from 5460 to 11820 µmol.g-1 CeO2.For an equivalent percentage of ceria, these nanomaterials have an OSC of 11820 µmol.g-1 CeO2, which is 3.5 times higher than the best value reported in literature (Silva et al. 2011). In addition to this high capacity, another important property never reported before, is the oxygen storage starting at low temperature (35°C) instead of a minimum of 150°C reported in literature. Ce/SBA-15 studied in this work show unusual promising properties and should be considered in the design of new oxygen storage nanomaterials. Keywords: Cerium oxide, SBA-15, nanoparticles, oxygen storage capacity.    

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Optical properties of core/shell Ag-Au nanoparticle S. Abboudy1,2, I. Haddad1, S. Marhaba1

**

Abstract Computer simulation of optical properties of core-shell noble nanoparticles was made in the visible wavelengths (300 – 900 nm). Extinction cross section by spherical core-shell silver-gold nanoparticles of the diameters in the range of 10-50 nm was calculated. Analysis of influence of dielectric function of metal, diameters of core and thicknesses of shell on optical properties of nanoparticles was studied. Keywords: Nanoparticle, Optical Properties, Dielectric Function, Core-Shell, Noble Metal  

                                                             1- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, P.O.Box 11-50-20 Riad El Solh 11072809 - Beirut, Lebanon 2- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt ** Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected], phone : +961 70 25 42 78

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Study of high quality no-isostructural thin films of magnetic oxide semiconductor Fe1.5Ti0.5O3-δ on SrTiO3(100) A. Hamie1, 3, Y. Dumont1, E. Popova1, B. Warot-Fonrose2, J. Toufaily3, M. Akil3, N. Keller1and T. Hamieh3      

Abstract The solid solution hematite-ilmenite Fe2-xTixO3 (FTO) appears to be a promising material to realize a room temperature ferromagnetic semiconductor for intrinsic spin injection. The intrinsic conductivity of FTO is associated with Fe3+/Fe2+ mixed valences [1-3] and its Curie temperature TC should be above 450 K. Furthermore, FTO is a wide band-gap (3.2 eV) semiconductor, transparent in the visible range; and ab-initio calculations predict a high spin polarization for x=0.5 composition [4]. In the present work, we show the epitaxial relation of the rhombohedral (R3) Fe1.5Ti0.5O3-δ films deposited by pulsed laser deposition on the Si-technology compatible cubic SrTiO3(100) substrates. The films are characterized by means of RHEED, HR-XRD, AFM, HR-TEM and EELS. The columnar growth along c-direction with two crystallographic hexagonal variants stabilizes the ordered structure (R-3) of (Ti,Fe) and Fe-pure consecutive planes along c axis, leading to a maximum of macroscopic magnetization ever found in such system and to TC>480K [5]. [1] Y. Ishikawa et al., Jpn. J. Phys. Soc. 12, 1083 (1957), Y. Ishikawa, ibid. item 13, 37 (1958) [2] H. Hojo, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 082509 (2006)                                                              1- Groupe d’Etudes de la Matière Condensée (GEMaC), CNRS - Université de Versailles, Versailles, France 2- Centre d'Elaboration de Matériaux et d'Etudes Structurales (CEMES), CNRS, Toulouse, France 3- Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA), Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon

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[3] H. Ndilimabaka, et al., J. Appl. Phys. 103, 07D137 (2008), E. Popova, et al., J. Appl. Phys. 103, 093909 (2008) [4] A. Bandyopadhyay, et al., Phys. Rev. B 69, 174429 (2000) [5] A. Hamie, et al. J. Appl. Phys. 108, 093710 (2010), Hamie et al. App. Phys. Lett 98, 232501 (2011)

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Dielectric properties of carbon black–epoxy resin composites and their simulation by means of mixture laws S . Elbouazzaoui1, M. E. Achour1, *, C. Brosseau2

Abstract This work presents a study of the dielectric properties of carbon black (Raven 7000) dispersions in an insulating epoxy matrix (Diglycidylic Ether of Bisphenol F) at frequency rage (180Hz - 15 MHz). The experimental values of the complex permittivity were compared to the different mixtures laws (Maxwell- Garnett, Bruggeman, Lichteneker and Rother’ and MC lachlan laws). We show that these laws correctly account for the experimental results at low conducting particle concentrations. At concentrations higher than a few percent, the laws fail to interpret experimental results. The two exponent phenomenological percolation equation (TEPPE) is also used to characterize the complex dielectric of the carbon/polymer composites. The obtained results show that our data are in conflict with the expectation that the fit parameters of the much discussed TEPPE represent the critical exponents of the standard percolation theory. This result therefore gives new insight to the problem of why the TEPPE has a limited applicability in representing the effective permittivity versus carbon black volume fraction functional relationship.

 

                                                             1- Laboratoire des Systèmes de Télécommunications et Ingénierie de la Décision, Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Tofail, B. P. 133, 14 000 Kénitra, Morocco E-mail: [email protected] 2- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Lab-STICC, CS 93837, 6 avenue Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France

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Self-Assembly and Molecular Nanotechnology In Tomorrow’s World Ali Trabolsi1

Molecular self-assembly is a strategy for nanofabrication that involves designing molecules and supramolecular entities so that shape-complementarity causes them to aggregate into desired structures. Self-assembly has a number of advantages as a strategy: First, it carries out many of the most difficult steps in nanofabrication using the very highly developed techniques of synthetic chemistry. Second, it draws from the enormous wealth of examples in biology for inspiration: self-assembly is one of the most important strategies used in biology for the development of complex, functional structures. Third, it can incorporate biological structures directly as components in the final systems. Fourth, because it requires that the target structures be the thermodynamically most stable ones open to the system, it tends to produce structures that are relatively defect-free and self-healing. ET 2

My talk will be divided in two main parts. In a first stage, I will be taking about the understanding of the ionic and molecular mechanisms, which are involved in the selfassembly of photochemical supermolecules.

ET 1

96%

% 91 N

N H N

N

N N H N NH

N

N N Zn N N

N F B F N

d2

hν d1

1 ,6 =1

Å

In the second part, switchable, mechanically interlocked molecules will be our center of interest on account of their ability to alter the relative positions of their ring and                                                              1- Center for Science and Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD)

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3Å =1

N

hν’

dumbbell components in response to external stimuli, such as changes in pH, the absorption of light, and the consecutive addition or removal of electrons. This switching at a molecular level has been harnessed in a range of devices, including nanoelectromechanical ones, surface-property controllers, mesoporous nanoparticle-mounted nanovalves, and molecular electronic devices. Selected Publications 1. Radically Enhanced Molecular Recognition Ali Trabolsi, Niveen Khashab, Albert C. Fahrenbach, Douglas C. Friedman, Michael T. Colvin, Karla K. Cotí, Diego Benítez, Ekaterina Tkatchouk, John-Carl Olsen, Matthew E. Belowich, Raanan Carmielli, Hussam A. Khatib, William A. Goddard III, Michael R. Wasielewski, and J. Fraser Stoddart, Nature Chemistry 2, 42–49 (2010). 2. Dynamic hook-and-eye nanoparticle sponges Rafal Klajn, Mark A. Olson, Paul J. Wesson, Lei Fang, Ali Coskun, Ali Trabolsi, Siowling Soh, J. Fraser Stoddart and Bartosz A. Grzybowski, Nature Chemistry 1, 733–738 (2009). 3. pH Clock-Operated Mechanized Nanoparticles Sarah Angelos, Niveen Khashab, Ying-Wei Yang, Ali Trabolsi, Hussam Khatib, J. Fraser Stoddart, and Jeffrey Zink J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 12912–12914.

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Insertion of semiconducting nanostructures in an insulating LaAlO3 matrix for non volatile flash memories J.L. Bischoff**1, H. Mortada1, C. Ben Azzouz4, D. Dentel1, M. Derivaz1, F.M. Morales2, M. Herrera2, J.M. Mánuel2, R. García2, M. Diani3, M. Zanouni3, C. Chefi3 and A. Akremi4 Semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) insertion in an insulating matrix has generated more and more interest with the prospects of many technological applications such as non-volatile flash memories used for instance in computers, mobile phones or USB keys. These applications require the elaboration of complex "oxide/SC/oxide/Si(001)" heterostructures. We have studied the initial growth mechanisms of Si and Ge by molecular beam epitaxy on a LaAlO3(001)-c(2x2) reconstructed substrate. Chemical and structural properties were investigated in-situ, by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron diffraction and electron diffraction (LEED and RHEED), and exsitu by atomic force microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Above 500°C a Volmer Weber growth mode is observed, characterized by the immediate formation of crystalline nano-islands. These islands are relaxed and present an abrupt interface with the substrate. A unique epitaxial relationship is pointed out for Si islands where the Si(001) planes are parallel to the LaAlO3(001) ones, but rotated by 45° in the [001] direction [1, 2]. Some of the Ge islands present a preferential relationship epitaxy, similar to that of Si, but with an additional rotation of ~6° with respect to the growth axis, allowing to compensate the strain due to a higher lattice parameter mismatch (5%) [3, 4]. The difference between Si and Ge epitaxy is discussed in terms of misfit and anchorage of the NCs to the substrate.                                                              1- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, LRC 7228 CNRS-UHA, Mulhouse, France 2- Department of Materials Science, Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Cadiz University, Cadiz - Spain 3- Equipe de Recherche en Mécanique, Matériaux et Métallurgie, FST, Tanger - Morocco 4- Equipe Surface et Interface (ESI) - Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Bizerte – Tunisia ** Corresponding author : [email protected], phone : +33 3 89 336 354, Fax : +33 3 89 336 083

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References [1] H. Mortada et al., Surface Science, 603, L66 (2009) [2] H. Mortada et al., Journal of Crystal Growth, 323, 247 (2011) [3] D. Dentel et al., Acta Materialia 60, 1929 (2012) [4] J.L. Bischoff et al., Physica Status Solidi C, in press (2012) Keywords : crystalline oxyde, epitaxy, XPS, electron diffraction, strain, semiconductor

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Biosensing using ultrasensitive plasmonic sensors S. Akil-Jradi*, S. Jradi, J. Plain, P. Royer and R. Bachelot

Metallic nanomaterials exhibiting distinct surface-plasmon-resonance effects have gained increasing attention over the past few years due to their broad applications in photonics, biological imaging, drug delivery, sensors and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) 1-3 . One of the main drivers for the development of plasmonic materials is the desire to improve the sensitivity of SERS for exploring structure and reaction pathways at surfaces as well as for sensing 4,5. Over the past several years, biosensors based on the extraordinary optical properties of noble metal nanoparticles (MNPs) have been used to monitor interactions in a great number of biomolecular systems such as antigen–antibody, DNA–protein, aptamerprotein, etc 6,7. The sensing feature of MNPs results from their collective charge density oscillations and is known as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) 8. Herein we report a facile way to detect the allergy to milk protein using the LSPR and SERS features of a highly sensitive biosensor. We highlight the possibility to measure few molecules of protein, which is an unpreceded result using a plasmonic sensor. 1. J. H. Lee, D. O. Kim, G. S. Song, Y. Lee, S. B. Jung and J. D. Nam, Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 2007, 28, 634. 2. M. J. Li, H. Zhang, J. H. Zhang, C. L. Wang, K. Han and B. J. Yang, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2006, 300, 564. 3. S. Kubo, Z. Z. Gu, D. A. Tryk, Y. Ohko, O. Sato and A. Fujishima, Langmuir, 2002, 18, 5043.                                                              * [email protected] Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d’Instrumentation Optique, Institut Charles Delaunay, STMR-UMR6279 CNRS, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 12 Rue Marie Curie BP 2060, F-10010 Troyes cedex

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4. E. Cubukcu, S. Zhang, Y.-S. Park, G. Bartal and X. Zhang, Applied Physics Letters, 2009, 95, 043113. 5. A. Shamsaiea, J. Heima, A. A. Yanik and Irudayaraj, Journal of Chemical Physics Letters, 2008, 461, 131. 6. J. A. Dieringer, R. B. Lettan, K. A. Scheidt and R. P. Van Duyne, Journal of American Chemical Society, 2007, 129, 16249. 7. S. Akil-Jradi, S. Jradi, J. Plain, J.-L. Bijeon, C. Sanchez, R. Bachelot and P. Royer, Chemical communications, 2011, 47, 2444. 8. S. J. Lee, B. D. Piorek, C. D. Meinhart and M. Moskovits, Nano Letters, 2010, 10, 1329.

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3D polymer and metal nanostructures by direct laser writing S. Jradi*, S. Akil-Jradi, J. Plain, R. Bachelot

The issue of fabrication resolution is of fundamental concern for a micronanoprocessing tool. So far, the fabrication of three-dimensional structures with feature sizes far beyond the diffraction limit of the applied laser wavelength is one of the fundamental goals in photolithography field. In that context, we investigate physical approaches (near field illumination, Two Photon Absorption,…) coupled to chemical non-linearity effects in order to confine the matter/light interaction volume. In this paper, we show that nanostructures (polymers, metals or hybrid materials) could be fabricated by laser assisted photochemical routes with sub-100 nm resolution by controlled nanoscale photopolymerization or photoreduction of metal salts (see figure 1).

                                                             * [email protected] Institut Charles Delaunay - Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d’Instrumentation Optique, STMR – UMR 6279 CNRS - Université de Technologie de Troyes, Troyes, 10000, France

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Figure 1: SEM images summarizing our activities of direct laser micronanofabrication. A) Polymer nanotip ended optical fiber made by photopolymerization: the curvature radius is about 50 nm [1]; B and D) Direct laser writing of metal nanoparticles (NP) at the extremity of an optical fiber [2]; D) 3D polymer woodpile and E) Zoom on D showing 80 polymer line-width.

[1] X.H. Zeng, J. Plain, S. Jradi, P. Renaud Goud, R. Deturche, P. Royer, R. Bachelot, Chinese Optics Letters, 2009, vol. 7(10), p. 100901-03 [2] S. Jradi et al., Nanotechnology, 2010, vol.21, p. 095605-1-7.

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Effect of chopped carbon and cellulose fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete and corrosion levels of reinforcing steel in Persian Gulf seawater Pedram Gharaei1*, Mohammad Reza Shams2

The corrosion behavior of steel rebar embedded in concrete is evaluated with the different percentage of chopped carbon and cellulose fiber, for a long term in Persian Gulf environment. Presence of chlorides in Persian Gulf is a serious problem. The present work investigates the corrosion rate of reinforced concrete system using cellulose and chopped carbon fiber materials as inhibitors. The addition of small quantities of these materials into the concrete mixture will change the concrete permeability and the corrosion resistance rate. This paper examines the use of such fibers as a partial substitute of normal Portland cement in reinforced mortar specimens. Compositions with different substitution level of chopped carbon and cellulose fiber concrete mixture were investigated. The specimens were exposed to penetration of chlorides. Compressive strength, corrosion potential, polarization resistance, electrical resistivity, and chloride content of the mortars were determined in order to characterize the physical, mechanical, electrical, and electrochemical behavior of the mortar as well as the embedded steel. Tests demonstrate that a decrease of the corrosion level occurs when the content ratio of carbon material addition is increased up to %1 but it has negative corrosion resistance on cellulose fiber (Matrix Fiber UF-500). Keywords: Concrete, Steel corrosion, Chopped carbon fiber, Matrix Fiber UF-500, Cellulose fiber                                                              1- Ph.D. Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, International Campus Kish Island, Iran. (Email: [email protected] ) 2- Professor, Dept. of Material Engineering and Science, Sharif University of Technology, International Campus Kish Island, Iran. (Email: [email protected]) * Corresponding author

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"Synthesis of mesoporous solids from surfactants and non-surfactants: Application of the catalytic dehydration reaction of propanol-1" Amina Brikci et Hadj Hamaizi1

The dehydration reaction of 1-propanol in the presence of catalyst supports such as Al-MCM-41 and MSU-X impregnated with copper and sulfonic groups leads to the formation of ethers. Mesoporous materials are synthesized from ionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants and non surfactants. Their surfaces were impregnated with copper and sulphonic groups. In this work we present the synthesis and the porous texture of the samples and the reaction mechanism of dehydration of 1-propanol. Results and discussion: We report in this paper the synthesis protocol greatly simplified, allowing to obtain exclusively mesoporous phases. Depending on the nature of the surfactant, the porous texture is either cubic or hexagonal well. By performing a surface impregnation with cations of copper or grafting of sulfonic groups, we use these materials to study the dehydration reaction of 1-propanol. The study shows the formation of tri-ethers with reaction mechanism is explained. The copper samples to provide a sorting ethers preferred selectivity while acidity induced by-SO3H leads to a preponderance of the molecule of propene.

                                                               1- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux, Université d’Oran BP: 1524 Oran Es-Sénia. ALGERIE. Correspondance auteur, adresse : [email protected]

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(a)  

(b)

(c)

Figures: : (a) N2 adsorption isotherms; (b) XRD ; (c) GC chromatography.

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Synthesis of Zeolite Hybrid Films for Space Decontamination* N. Lauridant,1 T.J. Daou,1** G. Arnold,2 H. Nouali,1 J. Patarin,1 D. Faye3

ABSTRACT Due to the manifold applications of crystalline zeolites, such as in molecular sieving, ion exchange, selective adsorption, catalysis and microelectronic devices, increasing attention worldwide has been paid to the preparation of zeolites in forms suitable for practical utilization and to the development of methods for producing bilayer zeolites films with controllable thickness. This zeolite hybrid coating has great utility and its function and application can be easily tuned by changing the zeolite species used to generate it. Aluminum alloys are relevant for aerospace applications due to their many attractive properties such as: light weight, high mechanical strength and high heat conductivity. Unfortunately, all attempts to combine low-silica-zeolite (LSZ) and aluminum substrates have met with great difficulty. Problems arise when attempting to synthesize LSZ coatings on aluminum substrates. LSZ synthesis solutions are known to have a very high pH, often greater than 14. This pH is very corrosive and dissolves the aluminum substrate during synthesis. This work is dedicated to the development of methods to produce a                                                              1- Equipe Matériaux à Porosité Contrôlée (MPC), Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), LRC CNRS-7228, Université de Haute-Alsace, ENSCMu 3, rue Alfred Werner 68093 MULHOUSE Cedex, France 2- Equipe Mécanique, Matériaux et Procédés de Fabrication (MMPF), Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique Textile (LPMT), CNRS-EAC 7189, IUT de Mulhouse, 61 rue Albert Camus, 68093, Mulhouse Cedex, France. 3- Service Laboratoires et Expertise, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES),18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France * This research was supported by the CNES (Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales) and the CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) ** Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected], phone : +33 3 89336739, Fax : +33 3 89336885

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homogeneous and highly crystallized low and high-silica-zeolites hybrid film on aluminum alloys substrates with desirable thickness for space decontamination applications. Keywords: Zeolite, bilayered films, hybrid, aluminium substrate, secondary growth method, space decontamination    

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Synthesis of gallophosphates via in situ hexamethylphosphoramide decomposition Khouloud Tawbi, Angélique Simon-Masseron, Joёl Patarin1

Abstract A new synthesis route to obtain phosphorus material is reported. By this way, a reactant plays the role of both precursor of the structure-directing agent (SDA) and of the phosphorus source. The number of reagents is so reduced. We report here the results obtained with the hexamethylphosphoramide in gallophosphate system. 1

H liquid NMR spectroscopy experiments were carried out at room temperature in order to determine how the decomposition of the hexamethylphosphoramide (HMP) was influenced by the presence of acid (HF) and/or ethylene glycol (EG). The mixtures under study with the following starting molar composition 2 HMP: 2 to 12 H2O: 0 or 8 EG: 0 or 1 HF were previously heated at 150°C and 180°C for 5 days. It has been proved that the heating temperature, the presence of acid and ethylene glycol affect the in situ release of the SDA. Mechanisms are proposed to explain the decomposition of HMP in the different reaction media; in particular, the catalytic role of ethylene glycol was evidenced. The phosphoramide was decomposed into phosphoric acid, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine and/or tetramethylammonium and ammonium cations (the relative proportions depending on the starting molar composition of the mixture). We succeeded in synthesizing crystallized gallophosphates such as                                                              1- Equipe Matériaux à Porosité Contrôlée (MPC), Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M) LRC 7228 CNRS - Université de Haute Alsace, 3bis rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse, France Corresponding author. E-mail address: Khouloud. [email protected], phone: +33 3 89 336727

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GaPO-21 (SDA: dimethylamine), ULM-4 (SDA: methylamine), 2D- and 3DGaPON (SDA: NH4+). The fluorogallophosphate ULM-3 has been obtained for the first time with 2 SDAs (dimethylamine and NH4+). The associated chemical formula is Ga3P3O12F2(H2N+(CH3)2)(NH4+)yH2O (F/N molar ratio confirmed by chemical analysis). Keywords: gallophosphate; hexamethylphosphoramide; in situ generation; synthesis        

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Highlighting of ethanol transformation over zeolite into hydrocarbons by radical species S. Hamieh, L. Pinard, C. Canaff, P. Magnoux1

Abstract HZSM-5 zeolite was found to be a very stable catalyst for ethanol transformation into hydrocarbons at 350°C and at high pressure (30 bar). After 24 hours of reaction, ethanol conversion into hydrocarbons was total in spite of the decrease of both the Brönsted acidity (70%) and microporosity (92%). These losses are due to the HydroCarbon Pool HCP formation inside the micropore. Experiments have shown that the hydrocarbons formation does not occur at the external surface but probably at the pore mouth of the channel. The CW-EPR measurements have confirmed, on the coked zeolite, the presence of radical species where their concentrations were proportional to the carbon content. This was confirmed by an experiment carried out by an “operando EPR” cell at 350°C on fresh catalyst. The paramagnetic signal increased with the TOS, in other words, the amount of radical increases with the carbon content. The nature of the HCP was determined by Pulsed-EPR (Fig. 1) and by an extraction HF/CH2Cl2 followed by an analysis in GC-MS. The HCP compounds are composed of at least two unsaturated and one saturated rings. This molecular structure allows to stabilize the radical, which could be either monoradical or more likely a cationic bi-radical (Fig. 2). The real structure will be discriminated with the quantic calculation from pulsed-EPR results.

                                                             1- IC2MP, UMR7285, Université de Poitiers, 4, Rue Michel Brunet, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France

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.

.

+

. Figure 1. Pulsed-EPR signal of the HZM-5 after 10 h reaction

Figure 2. proposition of radical coke molecule structures

In order to check that the radical species are active in the ethanol transformation, hydroquinone, a radical inhibitor, was added in the reaction feed (1 wt%). On both fresh and coked catalysts, hydroquinone inhibited the ethanol conversion into hydrocarbons. Moreover, the “operando EPR” experiments carried out on a coked catalyst, have shown that the radicals were consumed during the ethylene transformation. The introduction of ethylene in the CWEPR cell decreases the paramagnetic signal which reappears when the reactant is stopped. Thus, the radicals are consumed during the transformation of ethylene. In conclusion, a radical mechanism could explain why zeolites which have lost almost all their acidity and porosity still catalyze the alcohols transformation. Key words: Ethanol transformation, HZSM-5 zeolites, radicals, EPR, hydrocarbons, Hydrocarbon Pool mechanism HCP.

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Control of TiO2-based catalysts. Cyclohexane oxidation in liquid phase by Cr/TiO2. A. BELLIFA1,3*, L. Pirault2, C. Kappenstein2 and A. Choukchou-Braham1

Abstract Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a widely investigated material for its chemical and mechanical resistance, photocatalytic and catalytic activities, paint pigment and cosmetic component. Three polymorphs of titania occur in nature: rutile (tetragonal), anatase (tetragonal) and brookite (orthorhombic). Submitting TiO2 to high thermal treatments provokes the transformation of anatase or brookite into the more stable rutile phase. The nature of the phase can affect strongly titania properties, such as catalytic or photocatalytic activity when anatase transforms to rutile. Moreover, the presence of dopants modifies strongly the anatase–rutile transition, changes the photoreactivity of nanosized TiO2 particles, and enhances catalytic properties of supported metals or oxides. In the present work, we examine the influence of chromium incorporation into the titania lattice as well as the effect on the anatase–rutile transition temperature. Incorporation of chromium to titania was performed by alkoxide-derived sol-gel synthesis and hydrothermal processing as the sol–gel process offers unique advantages for preparing homogeneous multicomponent oxides. The materials was used in the oxidation of cyclohexane in the liquid phase. The catalytic activity increases with the chromium content. The presence of                                                              1- Laboratory of Catalysis and Synthesis in Organic Chemistry (LSCSO), University of Tlemcen 13000, (Algeria) 2- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Chemistry (LACCO), UMR CNRS 6503, University of Poitiers, 86022 Poitiers (France) 3- University of Mascara 29000 (Algeria) * [email protected]

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chromium leads to a selectivity for cyclohexanol relative to cyclohexanone. The catalytic activity varies with solvent polarity and thus the conversion varies in the following order: acetonitrile> acetic acid> cyclohexane. Keywords: TiO2, mixed oxide, oxidation, cyclohexane, catalysts, sol-gel

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Preparation and characterization of alumina supported metallic catalysts Mourad Halouane1, Saliha Menad1,3, Kahina Kouachi2,3 , Ouiza Cherifi3

Abstract Recently, the preparation, characterization, and applications of the nanosized materials have received increasing attention from many researchers [1]. A number of techniques have been used for the production of the nanoparticles, such as coprecipitation, sol-gel, hydrothermal and microemulsion. In this paper, 25wt% M/Al2O3 (M = Ni, Co and Cu) catalysts were prepared by sol-gel (SG) and water-in-oil microemulsion (ME) methods. ME and SG catalysts was prepared using M(NO3)2.xH2O and aluminum nitrates as source of Al2O3. The catalysts were dried at 110°C and then calcined at 900°C. The resulting materials were investigated by different characterization methods (chemical analysis, BET, H2-TPR, EDX coupled TEM and XRD). In agreement with literature results the BET surface areas followed the order ME > SG [2]. The MET analysis showed nano-metallic particles with homogenous distribution, particularly for Ni, for samples prepared with ME method (Fig. 1 (a) and (b)). On the other hand, H2-TPR indicated the presence of strong metalsupport interaction for ME catalysts.

                                                             1- Laboratoire de Recherche de Chimie Appliquée et Génie Chimique, Université M. Mammerie de Tizi-Ouzou, 15000, Tizi-Ouzou, Algérie. 2- Faculté des Sciences et Vie, Département des Troncs Communs, Université A. Mira de Béjaia, 06000, Béjaia, Algérie. 3- Laboratoire de Chimie du Gaz Naturel, Faculté de Chimie, USTHB PB 32, 16111, El Alia Bab-Ezzouar, Alger, Algérie.

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References [1] K. Kouachi, G. Lafaye, C. Especel, O. Cherifi et P. Marécot, J. Mol. Catal A. 308 (2009) 142-149 [2] Shan Xu, Rui Zhao, Xiaolai Wang, Fuel Processing Technology 86 (2004) 123-133

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Combined Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Density Functional Theory Studies of Layered Boro-Silicate Materials* Zalfa Nour,1** Mounesha Garaga Nagendrachar,1 Ming-Feng Hsieh,2 Ramzy Shayib,2 Robert Messenger,2 Michael Deschamps,1 Dominique Massiot,1 Bradley F. Chmelka,2 Sylvian Cadars.1 Abstract Controlling the distributions and locations of the heteroatoms responsible for the catalytic activity to silicate materials is a major challenge. Their incorporation into silicate frameworks deteriorates the molecular ordering by generating compositional and geometric local disorder, which limits the effectiveness of diffraction-based characterization techniques. B atoms were successfully incorporated in the frameworks of two related noncrystalline surfactant-templated layered silicate materials with short-range molecular order. Their effects on the local layered structure were probed by a combination of advanced multi-dimensional solid-state NMR experiments and first principles calculations. They reveal profoundly different incorporation behaviors in the two materials by establishing for the first time a preferential incorporation of Boron in one specific crystallographic tetrahedral site for one material but not the other. The nature of the incorporation sites and the resulting structural modifications are described on the basis of 11B{29Si} NMR correlation experiments probing B-Si proximities and B-O-Si connectivities and calculations of 11B chemical shifts at the density functional level of theory. This opens new routes for the control of heteroatom locations in three-dimensional zeolite catalysts                                                              1- CEMHTI, Université d’Orléans, CNRS UPR3079, 1D, avenue de la recherche scientifique, 45071 Orléans Cédex 2, France. 2- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, U.S.A * This work was supported by an international collaborative grant between the US NSF (CHE0924654) and the French ANR (ANR-09-BLAN-0383 - CSD 3) ** Corresponding author: E-mail address: [email protected], Tel: +33 2 38 25 55 32, Fax: +33 2 38 63 81 03.

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obtained by co-condensation of these and other heteroatom-containing layered silicate materials. Keywords: Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, layered boro-silicate materials, Density Functional Theory, selective incorporation.

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Catalytic steam reforming of methane over Cu supported on Co6-xMgxAl2 oxides* **

D. Homsi1, 2, 3, S. Aouad1 , C. Gennequin2, 3, A. Aboukaïs2,3, E. Abi Aad2,3

Abstract The steam reforming of methane over CoxMg6-xAl2 mixed oxides prepared via the hydrotalcite route was studied. The promoting effect of copper was also investigated. The CoxMg6-xAl2 oxides (x = 0; 2; 4 and 6) were thermally stabilized at 500°C and then impregnated with 5 wt.% copper using copper (II) nitrate Cu(NO3)2.3H2O precursor and then calcined again at 500°C under an air flow. The 5%Cu/Co6Al2 solid was the most reactive with a methane conversion of 96% at 650°C. Magnesium rich solids shoed lower reactivity at even higher temperatures. The effect of Cu content was studied using Co6Al2 as a support. It was shown that the catalyst impregnated with 5 wt.% copper was more reactive than those containing 15 wt.% or 25 wt.% copper. H2/CO ratio and CO2 selectivity were also better for the catalyst containing 5 wt.% copper. This decrease in the catalytic activity with the increase of copper content was attributed to the formation of higher amounts of agglomerated and less reactive CuO species which were detected by XRD and TPR analyses. Keywords: Copper, hydrotalcites, methane steam reforming, TPR, XRD                                                              1- Department of Chemistry, University of Balamand, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli, Lebanon 2- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France 3- Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Unité du Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), 145b Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140, Dunkerque, France * This research was supported by the “09 Sci F 7/L 22 - CEDRE” 2009 program ** Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected], phone: +961 6 930250 # 66 3840

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Preparation, characterizations and reactivity of Co/SBA15 catalysts in carbon black oxidation* N. El Hassan1**, H. El Zakhem1, M. El Bachawati1, B. El Khoury2, S. Aouad2, S. Casale3, H. El Nakat2

Regulations for “Particulate Matter” (PM, formed by carbon black, CB, and adsorbed organic compounds) emissions are becoming more drastic. These particulates are principally emitted from diesel engine exhausts and some industrial chimneys where heavy oils are used as fuels. The aim of this work is to develop a catalyst capable of oxidizing the above particulates at relatively low temperature. For this reason, cobalt/SBA-15 (Co: 0.75-24 wt.%) catalysts were synthesized under controlled conditions in order to obtain readily reducible catalysts. Catalysts were characterized by N2 sorption, SAXS, XRD, TPO/TPR and TEM and the reactivity in CB oxidation was measured. Specific surface areas decreased following the addition of cobalt but remained greater than 300m2.g-1, whatever the cobalt content. The 2-D hexagonal order was maintained even after the addition of 24 wt.% of cobalt. Diameters of crystalline domains were estimated as 9.6, 13.2, 14.0 and 14.1 nm for Co/SBA-15 catalysts containing 3, 6, 12 and 24 wt.% cobalt respectively. TPR profiles of catalysts containing ≥ 6 wt.% showed four H2 consumption peaks corresponding to: the two steps reduction of Co3O4, the reduction of CoO in strong interaction with the support and finally the reduction of cobalt silicates. This last peak has a minor contribution showing a better reducibility of the cobalt species formed. TEM micrographs show a very good dispersion of cobalt oxide nanoparticles                                                              1- University of Balamand, Department of Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli, Lebanon 2- University of Balamand, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli, Lebanon 3- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, 4 Place de Jussieu Case courrier 68, 75252 Paris Cedex 05 – France * This research was supported by the BIRG 18/2010. Thanks also to Dr. Antoine El Semrani (Lebanese University, Platform of Doctoral School, Lebanon) for XRD experiments. ** Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected], phone: +961 6 930 250

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located inside the mesopores of SBA-15 which is in correlation with the size of crystalline domains obtained by XRD. The uncatalyzed CB oxidation starts at 480°C and reaches its maximum at 630°C. For 12 and 24 wt.% cobalt containing catalysts, two CB oxidation peaks at 433°C and between 520°C and 530°C were observed. In addition, the CB oxidation starts at 300°C for these two catalysts. This result is promising if compared to precious metal catalysts for which the CB oxidation occurs around 320°C. Keywords: carbon black, catalytic oxidation, cobalt oxide, nanoparticles, SBA-15  

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Hydrogen Production by Catalytic Steam Reforming of Ethanol Over Cu or Ru Supported on Co6Al2 Oxide* **

S. Aouad1 , R. Al Khawaja1, D. Homsi1, 2, 3, B. El Khoury1, J. El Nakat1, A. Aboukaïs2,3, E. Abi Aad2,3

Abstract Co6Al2 was prepared following the hydrotalcite route. The obtained solid was calcined under air at 500°C. The impregnation of copper (5 wt.%) or ruthenium (1 wt.%) was done using the metals nitrate precursors. The impregnated solids were calcined again at 500°C to remove the remaining nitrates and stabilize the catalyst. The obtained catalysts were characterized using BET, XRD and TPR/TPO techniques. Steam reforming of ethanol was performed at 350, 400, 450 and 5000C. Total ethanol conversion was achieved at 4500C; temperature at which hydrogen productivity reached its maximum. The selectivities of the product gases (H2, CO2, CH4 and CO) increased with temperature. The Cu or Ru promoted Co6Al2 solids showed higher hydrogen productivity compared to the support alone. DSC results showed that coke formation was negligible over the prepared catalysts. Keywords: Copper, Ethanol, hydrotalcites, ruthenium, steam reforming                                                              1- Department of Chemistry, University of Balamand, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli, Lebanon 2- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France 3- Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Unité du Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), 145b Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140, Dunkerque, France * This research was supported by the “09 Sci F 7/L 22 - CEDRE” 2009 program and the BIRG 8/2009 ** Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected], phone: +961 6 930250 # 66 3840

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Superhydrophobic surface for anti-bioadhesion Jeanne Tarrade, Elena Celia, Thierry Darmanin, Sonia Amigoni, Elisabeth Taffin de Givenchy, Frédéric Guittard 1

The bacterial adhesion and the formation of biofilm are natural and spontaneous processes. This phenomenon happens whatever the nature of bacterium, surrounding fluid and receiving substrate (plastics, metals, glasses,...). The mechanism of biofilm formation proceeds in four steps: transport, adhesion, strengthening and colonization Bacterial adhesion depends on physical chemistry interactions between the bacteria and the receiving substrate. It has been shown that surface characteristics of material, such as superhydrophobic or hydrophilic character, allow to obtain « anti-adhesive » surfaces [1]. In case of superhydrophobic surfaces, the wetting is reduced which may favor the "sliding" of the aqueous medium on the surface. Hence, its ability to interact with bacteria may also be reduced. This phenomenon is associated with the chemical functionality of the coating and its roughness. These « anti-adhesive » surfaces can be made by surface structuring and coating with a intrinsically hydrophobic polymer. Among the methods allowing to structure and functionalize surfaces in order to make them superhydrophobic, electropolymerization is a simple, inexpensive and perfectly manageable. Thus, we have the opportunity to produce fluorinated surfaces with water contact angle of 160° [2].                                                              1- Université de Nice - Sophia Antipolis, LPMC - Equipe Surface et Interface, Faculté des Sciences, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2 * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected], phone : +33 4 92076159, Fax : +33 4 92076156

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A major difficulty is encountered in the manufacture of these surfaces: the weak adhesion between the polymer and the substrate. That’s why we have undertaken to increase this adhesion with innovative strategies. We present in this work the properties of wettability of designed surfaces and their surface characterization. References 1) Gilbert Legeay, Arnaud Coudreuse, Fabienne Poncin-Epaillard, JeanMarie Herry et Marie-Noëlle Bellon-Fontaine, J. Adhes. Sci. Technol., 24, 2301-2322 (2010). 2) Thierry Darmani Frédéric Guittard, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131, 7928-7933 (2009).    

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Optical tweezer for the study of surface properties Carole Ecoffet, Sylvia Jeney, Hamidou Haidara1

Interfacial phenomena have a great influence on understanding stability of colloid materials, behaviour of microfluidics, properties of emulsions. However, between the molecular point of view and the long range drag and friction forces approach, a wide field of research is still to explore. Developing a new methodology for microrheology measurements at interfaces is an interesting challenge for researchers working on wetting processes and on surfaces interactions. The existing tools are either done to study macroscopic consequences of the interaction between fluids and interfaces or more specifically devoted to local molecular analyses. Optical tweezers (OT) can be a good tool to investigate properties of fluids nearby surfaces and interfaces. But the methodology for fluid properties measurement in confined media by OT is far to be completely controlled. One of the main bottlenecks for microrheology experiments in confined media is that viscosity measurements may be perturbed by surface interaction. Indeed, the diffusivity of small sphere at the proximity of surfaces is known to be different from diffusivity in the bulk. This phenomenon can be quantify according to Faxen laws. Then, the particle can be seen as a probe of the surface. In this presentation we will present how brownian motion analysis can be used to study surface potential, and fluid properties nearby the surface.                                                                1- Institut de Science des Matériaux .CNRS LRC7228, 15, rue Jean Starcky,68058 Mulhouse Cedex, France M E Müller Institute for Structural Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Synthesis and characterization of a new family of oligothiophene to develop an electrochemical sensor Ali Saada, Elodie Pardieua, Laurence Dallerya, Patrick Boutina, Francis Garniera, Christophe Vedrinea, Fanny Hauquiera, Peter Dalkob, 1 and Christine Pernellea.

Abstract The need of analysis, control and molecular recognition at the level of small molecules or macromolecules in trace state represents a challenge in various fields such as environment and health. On the other hand, conducting polymers are the subject of intense research for several years, with a wide range of applications in materials chemistry, organic conductors and optical organics [1]. They are also used for the manufacture of organic transistors [2], photovoltaic cells [3], light emitting diodes [4] or alternatively in the manufacture of sensors [5]. The development of an electrochemical sensor based on conducting polymers with shape memory (MSCP) at low cost, allow for real-time response and also a qualitative and quantitative detection with the possibility of miniaturization of the system. In this context we have synthesized a series of oligothiophene molecules to be used in preparing the MSCP [6].

S

S S

O

O

O

1 ,5 x 1 0

-5

1 ,0 x 1 0

-5

5 ,0 x 1 0

-6

I/A

R

0 ,0

-5 ,0 x 1 0

-6

-1 ,0 x 1 0

-5

-1 ,5 x 1 0

-5

O -0 ,8

-0 ,6

-0 ,4

-0 ,2

0 ,0

0 ,2

0 ,4

E /V v s A g /A g N O

                                                            

0 ,6

0 ,8

1 ,0

3

a Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Equipe d’analyse chimique et bioanalyse, physique (MAQIM/SITI) Paris-France. b Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et toxicologiques-CNRS UMR 8601 Université Parie Descartes Paris-France. Corresponding author. E-mail address : [email protected] , Téléphone : 0033698942075

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Absorbance (a.u) 

Emission intensity (u.a) 

R = OH, CH2OH, COOC2H5, COOH

References The Electrochemical and spectroscopic characterization have shown low oxidation potentials and quantum yields around 2%. [1] G. Tourillon and F. Garnier, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 1982, 135, 173-178 [2] F. Garnier, R. Hajlaoui, A. Yassar and P. Srivastava, Science 1994, 265, 1684-1686. [3] S. M. Lindner, S. Hüttner, A. Chiche, M. Thelakkat and G. Krausch, Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2006, 45, 3364-3368 [4] P. Blanchard, A. Cappon, E. Levillain, Y. Nicolas, P. Frère and J. Roncali, Organic Letters 2002, 4, 607-609. [5] L. Groenendaal, F. Jonas, D. Freitag, H. Pielartzik and J. R. Reynolds, Advanced Materials 2000, 12, 481-494. [6] E. Pardieu, A. Saad, L. Dallery, P. Boutin, F. Garnier, C. Vedrine, F, Hauquier, P. Dalko, C. Pernelle, Chem. Eur. J. 2012, (Soumis).

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Manufacturing of Diffraction Grating Using Hologram Technique Wajeha Abdl Daim1

Abstract In this paper the manufacturing of diffraction grating is done using (dichromate gelatin) which is sensitive to wavelength 532.5nm, by using two ways, the first one is the (in-line) way and the other is the (off-axis) way. The effect of both concentration of (dichromate) and the interference angle between the body wave and reference beam on the orders of diffraction and the number of fringes was studied. Where the second method with increase the interference angle is better than from the first one because clarity and increase the number of fringes.      

  ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﺤﺰز اﻟﺤﻴﻮد ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻮﻟﻮﻏﺮام‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﺒﺤــﺚ ﺗﻢ اﻧﺠﺎز ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﻨﻴـﻊ ﻣﺤﺰز اﻟﺤﻴﻮد ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻬُﻼم )اﻟﺠﻼﺗﻴﻦ( ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻠﻮن واﻟﺘ ﻲ‬ (in-line) ‫ ﺑﻮاﺳ ﻄﺔ اﺗﺒ ﺎع ﻃ ﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ اﻻوﻟ ﻰ ه ﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ‬532.5 Nm ‫ﻳﻜ ـﻮن ﺣ ﺴﺎس ﻟﻠﻄ ﻮل اﻟﻤ ﻮﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ دراﺳﺔ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ آﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮآﻴ ﺰ اﻟﻬ ﻼم اﻟﺜﻨ ﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻠ ﻮن و زاوﻳ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﺪاﺧﻞ ﻣ ﺎﺑﻴﻦ‬.(off-axis) ‫واﻻﺧﺮى ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ ﺣﻴ ﺚ وﺟ ﺪ ان اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ‬. ‫اﻟﺤﺰﻣ ﺔ اﻟ ﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠ ﺴﻢ و ﺣﺰﻣ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺼﺪر ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﺮاﺗ ﺐ اﻟﺤﻴ ﻮد وﻋ ﺪد اﻻه ﺪاب‬ .‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ وﺑﺰﻳﺎدة زاوﻳﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻮد هﻲ اﻓﻀﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻوﻟﻰ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ وﺿﻮح وزﻳﺎدة ﻣﺮاﺗﺐ اﻟﺤﻴﻮد‬

                                                             1- Department Of Physics laser, College of science for women, University of Babylon

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Evaluation Of Frp Bars Performance Under High Temperature Ghanim A. Kashwani (1, a) and Adil K. Al-Tamimi (1, b)

ABSTRACT Fiber Reinforced polymer materials are the commonly used materials in the construction industry. Strength, durability and stability are the main criteria for material selection and design. However, in case of exposure to high temperature events (high temperature) the change in the material properties affects the overall structure performance. Extensive materials evaluation and numerical modeling are needed to determine any repair/demolish recommendations. For FRP bars, FRP bars are one of the top choices for high corrosion resistance in sever environmental conditions. However, FRP materials lose their strength and stiffness at early stage during high temperature. There are many different researches were conducted to determine the important aspects of FRP bars performance under high temperature such as mechanical properties and bond strength. In this paper, two different groups of Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) specimens will be tested to determine the effect of the high temperature at them. Tensile test will be applied on all specimens with three different rate speeds where the critical temperature that is used for in this experiment is 350 . From the results and the graphs, the effects of the temperature will be explained and analyzed. Keywords: Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP), Structural Performance, impact of elevated temperature                                                              1- American University of Sharjah a- [email protected], b- [email protected]

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Utilization of Korimat Gravel in El SaffSakkara Area, lower Egypt for Concrete works and Rigid Pavements H.S. Hassan and Z .S Houssein1

ABSTRACT Korimat Gravel is a deterital limestone material, belongs to Pleistocene age along the eastern side of the River Nile at Lower Egypt. This study deals with evaluation of Korimat Gravel for road constructions and high-way concrete. It highlights the mineralogical composition, as well as chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of the Korimat Gravel in El SaffSakkara area. The mineralogical composition of this coarse gravel as determined by x-ray examination and thermal analysis (DTA & TGA) is mainly of calcite mineral. Korimat gravel is dense, resistant to abrasion and less absorbent. The results of this study revealed that those deposits can be used in highway pavement construction materials and are suitable for concrete works.

                                                             1- Housing and Building Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

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Assessing rheological and physical characteristics of modified asphalt cement Saad Issa Sarsam1

ABSTRACT The primary objectives of this work was to prepare, test, and evaluate modified Asphalt cement specimens with different ingredients and study the effect of such ingredients on rheological and physical properties, and evaluate the suitability of the existing testing procedures, and possibility of introducing other testing equipment and methods . A total of eleven different modified asphalt cement specimens have been prepared in the laboratory by mixing asphalt cement with lime, rubber, sulfur, and a combination of them and adding used lubrication oil or recycling agent at elevated temperature .The specimens were subjected to penetration, ductility, softening point, flow, elastic strain recovery, and cold bond tests .The effect of each ingredient of the modified asphalt cement on physical, rheological, and elastic properties have been studied and discussed. It was concluded that it is important that the modified Asphalt should be subjected to a combination of testing procedures as those conducted in this work to evaluate its suitability for paving, joint sealing, or roofing .Modified Asphalt cement prepared from (Asphalt cement, 10 %rubber and 20%lime), or from (Asphalt cement, 5%sulfur, 10 %rubber and 20%lime) and from (Asphalt cement, 20%lime and 2%recycling agent) satisfies the suggested specification requirements . Key words: Modified Asphalt cement, rubber, lime, sulfur, strain recovery, rheology                                                              1- Professor of Transportation Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering - University of Baghdad - Baghdad-Iraq; Email :[email protected]; mobile:00964-7901878167

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Thixotropic properties of asphalt mastic incorporating secondary filler M. Mostafa Hassan1

∗

Abstract Thixotropy of asphalt mastic or bitumen affects the overall performance of the resulted bituminous mixtures. Special effects on fatigue performance and healing performance were reported. A clear understanding for Thixotropic characteristics of conventional binder has been revealed recently. However, the effect of using secondary material filler on such properties has not been investigated before. This paper serves to highlight that effect. For the study reported in this paper, the Thixotropic properties of four asphalt mastics are examined by using various methods. The tested mastics include asphalt mastic containing conventional limestone and three mastics incorporating 30, 60 and 80% incinerator bottom ash filler. Dynamic shear rheometer is used for the experimental work and results are modelled according to the exponential Thixotropy model. The results show that this model can be established by using different methods of analysis and it reflects the Thixotropy of asphalt mastics to some extent. Keywords: Thixotropy, asphalt, mastic, secondary filler, DSR, Rheology,  

                                                             1- Senior Lecturer, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected], [email protected], phone : +27780058808, Fax : +27515073254

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Optimisation of loses in asynchronious motors Rechach Abdelkrim, Chaabane Mebrouk, Taleb Mounia, Soufi Youcef 1

ABSTRACT: The electric losses overheat the machine, decrease its output and its lifespan and generate risks, what requires an adequate cooling and a suitable choice of building materials. The reduction of the losses supports not only cooling, but increases also the use of active materials, prolongs the lifespan of the machine, makes it lighter and less expensive and decreases the dependent risks has its use. If we consider the losses into asynchronous machines of averages and great powers, they do not exceed the 07%, nevertheless, the enormous quantities of energy have to transform, imply expenditures nonproductive. Our work presents a technique for reduction of the losses into asynchronous motors by controlling the tension for any couple and at any speed. The quantities to be controlled are already accessible in the in semi drivers converter. The signals of control can be launched by orders which solve the problem of minimization of the losses by using preset parameters of drive or by optimizing the orders which influence these parameters.  

                                                             1- Université Cheikh Larbi Tébessi ,Institut des sciences et technologiesTébessa 12000 Algérie. e-mail : [email protected]

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Synthesis And Characterization Of Liquid Natural Rubber As Impact Modifier For Epoxy Resin A.B.Ben Saleh1, Z.A.Mohd Ishak2, A. S.Hashim2, W.A.Kamil3, U.S.Ishiaku4

Abstract Liquid natural rubber (LNR) with a molecular weight ⎯Mn =16×103 was prepared by the depolymerization of deproteinized natural rubber latex (DPNR). The liquid natural rubber (LNR) was characterized by FTIR and H’NMR spectroscopic analysis. LNR was premixed with the epoxy resin (EP) and cured with a diamine curing agent for 1 h at 100 °C and post cured at 110 °C, for 2 h in air oven. The modified EP containing different contents of LNR (5, 10, 15 and 20 phr) were evaluated. Thermal, mechanical and morphology properties were determined. The fracture toughness (KIC) of both unmodified and modified EPs were determined on static loaded single edge notched (SEN-B) specimens at room temperature. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the modified EPs were decreased with increasing LNR content. The strengths and modulus of EPs were slightly reduced with the incorporation of LNR. The effect was also reflected in the significant increase in the tensile strain of modified EP. Fracture toughness of the EP was observed to increase with the presence of LNR. The toughening effect became more apparent as the testing speeds were increased from 1 to 500 mm/min. Fracture surface analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the presence of a two-phase morphology.                                                             

Faculty of education, Misurata University1, School of Material and Mineral Resources2 School of Chemical Science3 Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku4 Kyoto 606-8585, Japan * To whom correspondence should be address. Abdulali Bashir Ahmed Ben Saleh Department of chemistry, Faculty of education, Misurata University P. O. Box 1091, Musurata, Libya E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

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Polystyrene-coated micro-sized particles by ‘‘in situ’’ surface initiated polymerization in accord with Langmuir model adsorption*,** Leïla Ghannam1 and Laurent Billon 2

Abstract This study describes the mechanism of adsorption of polystyrene chains PS ‘‘in situ’’ growth from microsized commercial silicate particles, i.e. Feldspar. The main aim is to derive adsorption isotherms from thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) data obtained during the direct polymerization of PS initiated by a pre-adsorbed radical initiator onto the inorganic surface. The adsorption isotherm plot indicates that the PS adsorption is in accord with the Langmuir Model. The amount of PS monolayer coverage increases with polymerization time, and it is highly dependent on the monomer diffusion to the surface during the hybrid inorganic/organic synthesis. Such behavior depends on the concentration gradient between monomer concentration in solution and that adsorbed by polymerization onto the microsized particles surface of Feldspar. Keywords: Adsorption, Langmuir Isotherm, In situ polymerization, Nitroxide-mediated polymerization

                                                             1- Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA), Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon 2- IPREM, Equipe Physique et Chimie de Polymères, Pau, France * This research was partially supported by "AUF" bureau moyen orient, Beirut, Lebanon. ** Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected].

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Etude des variations spatiales et temporelles des niveaux de contamination en PCBs et HAPS à l’aide d’échantillonneurs passifs. H. Mokbel1,2, M. Millet1, A. Elmoll2

RÉSUMÉ La pollution de l’air par les polluants organiques persistants est un phénomène connu depuis longtemps dans certaines régions du globe. D’autre région comme le moyen orient sont encore peu documentés sur ces substances et en particulier les HAPs et les PCBs. Il est donc nécessaire de pouvoir acquérir des données fiables sur ces polluants dans cette zone géographique et qui sont présents a des faibles concentrations (ng/m3ou pg/m3 d’air). L’objectif de cette étude est de caractériser la contamination de l’atmosphère par des polluants organiques comme les pesticides, les polychlorobiphényles, les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques et leurs métabolites photochimiques (nitro-HAPs). Au cours de cette étude, nous développerons une méthode originale pour collecter et identifier dans l’atmosphère des polluants organiques persistants que sont les Polychlorobiphényles (PCBs) et les Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques (HAPs). L’échantillonnage atmosphérique sera réalisé à l’aide de capteurs passifs XAD-2, dispositifs permettant de collecter de l’air sans avoir recours à un système de pompage et ni de maintenance technique complexe. De plus ces capteurs de part leur taille peuvent être facilement déployés sur de nombreux endroits facilement. Ile permettent donc d’obtenir de manière simple une cartographie de la contamination de l’air d’une zone géographique pouvant être étendue.                                                              1- Laboratoire des Matériaux Surfaces et Procédés pour la Catalyse, LMSPC, équipe Physicochimie de l’atmosphère, UMR 7515, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, France. 2- Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA), Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon

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Les échantillons d’air seront collectés sur un pas de temps de deux semaines d’exposition, extraits par ASE (Accelerated Solvent Extraction) et analysés par LC-Fluorescence pour les HAPs et SPME-GC/ECD pour les PCBs selon une méthode développée au laboratoire. Mots clés : Atmosphère, polluants organiques (PCBs et HAPs), Capteurs Passifs XAD2, LC-Fluo, GC-ECD.    

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Symposium II Materials and Bio-Engineering, Colloids, Environment and Food technology

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Table of Content of Symposium II Title of Communication

Authors

Page

Synthesis of a new class of oxofurany lidene thiosemicarbazide

F. Mechrouh, N.Belkheiri M. Fodili

133

Optimization Of The Frequency Parameters Of Chirp- Microbubble Interactions In Contrast Ultrasound Imaging

A. Zaylaa, J.-M. Girault S. Menigot, M. Nassereddine J. Charara

135

Influence of adsorbent particles on a dynamic protein membrane in cross flow filtration

Laid Bouzenada

137

Effect of biologically active cucurbitacins on the lipid membranes

Lamice Habib, Nathalie Khreich, Alia Jreij, Catherine Charcosset, Hélène Greige

138

Interactions and micellar properties in mixed systems of n-octyl-β-D-thioglucoside and different n-alkyltrimethylammonium bromides

M. Naous, J. Aguiar, C. Carnero Ruiz

140

Influence of temperature on the pitting corrosion behavior of AISI 316L in chloride-CO2 (sat.) solutions

Hosni M Zubeir

142

Equilibrium modeling of single and binary adsorption of crystal violet and methyl orange onto an agricultural waste

F. Atmani, A.Bensmaili N. Yeddou-Mezner

143

Reuse of solid waste in adsorption of the textile dye

C. Meziti, A. Boukerroui

144

Impact of biotic and abiotic factors on the mobilization of heavy metals in Al-Ghadir river sediments (Lebanon)

A. Mcheik, M. Fakih N. Bousserrhine, J. Toufaily E. Garnier-Zarli, T. Hamieh

145

Utilisation des déchets solides en tant que combustible alternatif dans les cimenteries

Jalal Halwani, Sally Khalaf

147

Integrated Pollution Evaluation of AlGhadir River in Mount Lebanon

A. Mcheik, M. Fakih N. Bousserrhine, J. Toufaily E. Garnier-Zarli, T. Hamieh

148

Biodegradation Of Low Density Polyethlene Films Under Uv Light And Soil Burial Treatment

T.Bendaikha, N.Tourta

150

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Title of Communication

Authors

Page

Preparation and Spectral Analysis Study of Nano WO3 & Nano ZnO Materials by Laser Technology for the Production of Hydrogen from Wastewater

Haleemah Jaber Mohamme, Kasim Sahan, Ekbal Fadel Alwsn, Abdulsalam Kswadi

152

Biodecoloration of textile dye effluent by biosorption on fungal biomass materials

Rana Kabbout, Samir Taha

153

Phenols Drifts Removal Mechanisms By Adsorption: Influence Of Natural Organic Matter Concentration

Bachar Koubaissy, Joumana Toufaily, Walaa Diab Tayssir Hamieh, Guy Joly Patrick Magnoux

155

Study of surface heterogeneity and surface energy determination of chemically modified Aerosil

Haytham Alloul, Frédéric Villiéras, Tayssir Hamieh, Thibault Roques-Carmes, Angelina Razafitianamaharavo, Odile Barrès, Mohamed-Baker Fadlallah, Gregory Francius, Joumana Toufaily

157

Study of the photo-oxidation and photolysis of unsaturated and cross-linked polyesters ( UP ) in the presence of photoactive or not inorganic fillers

Zahi Khalil , Mariam Akil

159

Influence of additions based on local materials performances cémentations matrices

Benchiheub Djihen, Amouri Chahinez, Houari Hacène

161

Iron-clay reactivit Application in underground disposal of radioactive waste

H. Rida, C. Rivard, M. Pelletier E. Montarges-Pelletier, L. Michot, M. Abdelmoula, D. Vantelon F. Villiéras, N. Michau

163

The isotopes’ role (34S and 18O of the sulphates-S18O4) in the determination of the groundwater mineralisation’s origin (Bekaa’s plain - Lebanon)

Sadek Awad, Laurent Dever, Mustapha Mroueh

165

Enhancing the comprehension of the groundwater mineralisation (Bekaa’s plain - Lebanon) by using the isotope 13C

Sadek Awad, Laurent Dever, Mustapha Mroueh

166

Modeling, Characterization and Analysis thermal behavior of heat transfers through polyethylene double wall of agricultural Greenhouses

N. Bibi-Triki, S. Bendimerad T Mahdjoub, B.Draoui, S.Khelladi, M.Z.Bessenouci, S.Amara

167

131

Title of Communication

Authors

Page

Simulation and analysis of thermal behavior of agricultural greenhouse wall at low inertia through the BIBI quotient (Cb) based on thermal parameters

S. Bendimerad, N. Bibi-Triki T Mahdjoub, B.Draoui, S.Khelladi, M.Z Bessenouci

169

The influence of seasons on the composition and antioxidant and antitumor activity of polysaccharides of brown algae in Lebanon

Yassine F, Karaki N Sebaaly C, Kanaan H

171

Factor management traction belt conveyors

Belhamra Ali

172

Wood material thermodegradation: experimental analysis and modeling of weight loss kinetics

A. Pétrissans, R. Younsi M. Chaouch, P. Gérardin M. Pétrissans

173

Multi-valorization of nine Lebanese carob varieties

A.Haddarah, A.Bassal, A.Ismail, T.Hamieh, I. Ioannou, M.Ghoul

175

Chemical Pollution Monitoring of the Upper Litani River (Bekaa - Lebanon)

Chaden Haydar, Nada Nehme, Sadek Awad, Bachar Koubayssi, Mohamad Fakih, Ali Yaacoub, Joumana Toufaily, Frédéric Villieras, Tayssir Hamieh

176

Evaluation of the Physicochemical Characteristics of Lower Litani Basin (LBL) Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

Nada Nehme, Chaden Haydar, Bachar Koubayssi, Mohamad Fakih, Sadek Awad, Ali Yaacoub, Joumana Toufaily, Frédéric Villieras, Tayssir Hamieh

178

132

Synthesis of a new class of oxofurany lidene thiosemicarbazide

F. Mechrouh1, N.Belkheiri1, M. Fodili1……………

Abstract For small organic molecules, simple nitrogen-containing heterocycles receive a large amount of attention in the literature, as a consequence of their exciting biological properties and their role as pharmacophores of considerable historical importance. Of these heterocycles, the synthesis, reactions and biological activities of hydrazine containing molecules stands as an ever expanding area of research and this structural motif appears in a large number of pharmaceutical agents and natural products. A new reaction of 3-acetyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one with thiosemicarbazide is described and new 1-((Z)-1-(dihydro-2-oxofuran-3(2H)-ylidene)ethyl) thiosemicarbazide is synthesized. This protocol has the advantages of good yield, broad substrate scope and simple work-up. Me NH

S

HN O

NH2

O

Schema 1

                                                             1- Laboratory of natural substances …. Ziane Achour University Djelfa Algeria

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Keywords: 3-acetyl-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one , thiosemicarbazide ,1-((Z)-1-(dihydro-2oxofuran-3(2H)-ylidene)ethyl)thiosemicarbazide Reference 1 H. J. Roth and A. Kleemann, in Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Volume 1: Drug Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988.

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Optimization Of The Frequency Parameters Of Chirp- Microbubble Interactions In Contrast Ultrasound Imaging A. Zaylaa1,*, J.-M. Girault1 , S. Menigot1, M. Nassereddine2, And J. Charara2,*

Abstract Contrast Ultrasound Imaging is a significant imaging technique which involves the use of a contrast agent (CA) made up of microbubbles. Lately, it became common due to its relative safety compared to other imaging modalities due to encapsulating the microbubbles and regulating the transmitted field intensity. CUS image is characterized by resolution, penetration and contrast. To improve both, resolution and penetration, “Chirps” have been utilized. However the potential of insonifying “Chirps” on microbubbles to improve the contrast has not been fully tapped. The present study aims to investigate the role of “Chirps” in enhancing the contrast in a medium of contrast agent and optimize their frequency parameters during their linear and nonlinear interaction with microbubbles. For that, we proposed an algorithm for second harmonic imaging (SHI) and pulse inversion imaging (PII). Simulations revealed particular frequency parameters of “Chirps” which optimize the chirp-microbubble interaction, its energy and consequently the contrast in CUS images. We also showed that during the nonlinear response of microbubbles the Chirp’s modulation indices were no longer symmetrical and evidenced in SHI the strong impact of the resonant frequency on the energy outcomes of “Chirps” and thus on the contrast. Finally noted that, parabolic chirp insonation in PII was the optimal choice for contrast enhancement and selected optimal frequency parameters manually.                                                              1- Faculty of Medicine, François Rabelais University, UMR-S930, CNRS ERL 3106, Tours, France 2- Department of Physics and Electronics, Faculty of Sciences (I), Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon * For Correspondence: Jamal CHARARA. [email protected]. Phone: (+) 961 3 200 588. Amira ZAYLAA. [email protected] .

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Keywords: Contrast Ultrasound Imaging, Contrast Agent (CA), Micro-bubbles, Chirps, Second Harmonic imaging (SHI), Pulse inversion imaging (PII).

 

136

Influence of adsorbent particles on a dynamic protein membrane in cross flow filtration Laid Bouzenada

In order to analyse the influence of adsorbent particles on the characteristics of filtration of protein solutions, three media are filtered on mineral membrane (Alumina-0.2µm): suspensions of active carbon, solutions of ovalbumine and mixture of these products. Moreover, the study of the adsorption kinetics leads to determine one isotherm. The comparison of steady state fluxes, apparent rejection rates and hydraulic resistances highlights the existence of adsorbent-protein interactions which result in a decrease of permeability and in a slight increase of retention.Correlations are proposed to express the membrane permeation rate at steady state. The operating parameters are : cross flow velocity, hydraulic pressure difference, adsorbent concentrations and protein concentrations. Keywords : process ingineering/membrane separation processes/ cross flow filtration/ dynamic protein membrane/ adsorbant-protein interactions.

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Effect of biologically active cucurbitacins on the lipid membranes Lamice Habib1, Nathalie Khreich1, Alia Jreij1, Catherine Charcosset2, Hélène Greige1

Cucurbitacins, which are highly oxygenated bitter tasting triterpenes, have numerous biological activities such as cytotoxic and anticancer effects. Based on the structural analogy between cucurbitacins and cholesterol, which is an important constituent of the biological membrane, we assumed an effect of cucurbitacin on the membrane formation and stability, which has never been investigated previously. Liposomes which are phospholipid vesicles were used as a model to study the influence of cucurbitacin E (Cuc E) on the membrane. Using the reverse phase evaporation technique, large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) were prepared in the presence and absence of Cuc E. We assessed the encapsulation rate of Cuc E by HPLC. Differential light scattering (DLS) was used to measure the liposome mean size and size distribution. It was observed that the obtained liposomes had a diameter close to 400 nm, which was the pore size of the last membrane they were extruded through, and a polydispersity index (PdI) around 0.2 indicating a sharp size distribution. The size of the liposomes including Cuc E was found slightly smaller to that obtained for liposomes without Cuc E. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to characterize the liposome morphology. The images obtained showed spherical vesicles with a clear effect of Cuc E on the liposome morphology. In addition, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the effect of Cuc E on the thermotropic characteristics of multilamellar vesicles (MLV) prepared by the lipid film hydration technique in presence and absence of Cuc E. The thermograms obtained showed that for the liposomes with Cuc E, the peak of the pretransition temperature disappeared and the transition peak was shifted to smaller temperature. The molecular basis that underlay the                                                              1 -Bioactive Molecules Research Group, Faculty of Sciences, Section 2, Lebanese University. 2- Laboratoire d’Automatique et de Génie des Procédés, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I.

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mechanism of action of Cuc E could be related to the cucurbitacin-membrane interactions. Acknowledgments. Research was supported by grants from Lebanese University “Bioactive Molecules Research Group”, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technologies and from Lebanese Council for Scientific Research (reference: 02-08-011). Corresponding Author: Greige-Gerges Hélène, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, B.P. 90656 Jdaidet El-Matn, Lebanon; Phone number: +9613341011; Fax number: +9611689647; E-mail: [email protected] Keywords : cucurbitacin, liposomes, encapsulation.

139

Interactions and micellar properties in mixed systems of n-octyl-β-D-thioglucoside and different n-alkyltrimethylammonium bromides M. Naous1, J. Aguiar2, C. Carnero Ruiz3

Abstract. Mixtures of n-octyl-β-D-thioglucoside (OTG) with three different nalkyltrimethyl-ammonium bromides (n = 12 (DTAB), 14 (TTAB), and 16 (CTAB)) have been studied by using fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. The critical micelle concentration values of pure and mixed systems were determined by the pyrene 1:3 ratio method. The experimental results were treated by using thermodynamic mixing approaches based on the pseudophase separation model. These analyses allowed us to determine the interaction parameters and the composition of the mixed micelles through the whole composition range. Since all the ionic surfactants used in this study have the same head group, the differences observed between the three mixed systems were attributed to the length of their hydrocarbon chains. By using the static quenching method, the mean micellar aggregation numbers of mixed micelles were obtained. In all the cases, it was observed that the aggregation number is initially reduced with the participation of the ionic component, remaining almost constant and close to the aggregation number of the pure ionic micelles. With regards to the micellar micropolarity, not definitive conclusions could be derived from the obtained data of the hydrophobic index pyrene 1:3 ratio. The local viscosity of pure and mixed micelles was examined by the photophysical                                                              1- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Macromoléculaire, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences 2- Université d'Oran, 31100 Es-Senia, Oran, Algeria. 3- Department of Applied Physics II. Engineering School, University of Málaga. Campus de Teatinos, 29071-Málaga, Spain. e-mail address: M. Naous: [email protected] J. Aguiar: [email protected] C. Carnero Ruiz: [email protected]

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response of the hydrophobic probe coumarin 6 solubilized in the micellar medium. It was found that the participation of the ionic component induces the formation of a less ordered structure than that of pure nonionic micelles. This effect being less pronounced as the chain hydrocarbon length of the cosurfactant increases.     

141

Influence of temperature on the pitting corrosion behavior of AISI 316L in chloride-CO2 (sat.) solutions Hosni M Zubeir1,

Abstract The paper discusses the pitting corrosion behavior of AISI 316L stainless steel in aerated chloride solutions (0.1 to 2 M NaCl) at 25, 50 and 80oC using potentiodynamic polarization technique. A comparison is made with CO2saturated chloride solutions. The results have revealed that pitting potential decreased in a logarithmic relationship with the chloride concentration, and decreased linearly with temperature. The influence of CO2 on the chloride pitting of 316L stainless steel is quite complex and found to be dependent on chloride concentration and test temperature. At 25oC, the presence of CO2 appears to have an insignificant effect on Ep irrespective of chloride concentration. As the temperature is raised to 50 or 80oC the presence of CO2 is caused a clear negative shift in Ep. This shift has become more pronounced at the higher concentrations of 1 and 2 M NaCl. Surface morphology analysis of the pitted samples is examined by SEM. The results have shown isolated hemispherical shaped pits at 25oC. At 80oC, however, higher numbers of pits with irregular shaped type are observed. Keywords: 316L stainless steel, CO2 corrosion, pitting corrosion.

                                                             1- Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected], or [email protected], phone : +97339025954, Fax : +97317680935 College of Engineering, University of Bahrain, Bahrain

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Equilibrium modeling of single and binary adsorption of crystal violet and methyl orange onto an agricultural waste 1

F. Atmania,b, A.Bensmailib, N. Yeddou-Meznerb

The results of this study suggest that skin almonds offers interesting capacities to adsorb of textiles dyes in binary adsorption system as well as in the single ones. The presence of dyes in the wastewater during binary adsorption can have significant consequences. From the kinetic tests, a short equilibrium time around 30min was obtained, indicating that the skin almonds biomass could be used in an adsorption-based continuous. Adsorption data in binary system showed that the adsorbed amount of dye increase as the presence of other dye present in solution. For single component system, the sorption capacities of crystal violet and methyl orange at 23 °C, are 46 and 31 mg/g, respectively. Solution pH was found to influence the adsorption for CV, adsorption is enhanced at higher pH while methyl orange adsorption is reduced when solution pH is increased. The experimental data were modeled by Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models. Freundlich resulted in the best fit of the biosorption data with high correlation coefficient in single and binary systems. The Freundlich isotherm fit the experimental data better than the others. It also suggests the heterogeneous nature of the adsorption of textile dyes. Adsorption on binary system is more effectives that this on single system. Finally, it may be concluded that skin almonds may be used for the individual and simultaneous removal of textile effluents. Key words: dye, adsorbent, adsorption isotherm, single and binary adsorption                                                              a Faculty of engineering sciences, University Saad Dahlab Blida, Algeria b Laboratory of Reaction Genius, Faculty of Mechanical and Processes Genius, University of Sciences Technology Houari Boumediene, USTHB, BP 32 El Alia Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria

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Reuse of solid waste in adsorption of the textile dye 1

C. Meziti a*, A. Boukerroui b*

Abstract This work presents the study of the reuse of a regenerated spent bleaching earth (RSBE). This material is obtained by impregnation in NH4Cl followed treatment in oven at 400 °C. The RSBE material is tested in removal of basic textile dye Red Asucryl red GRL 200% presents in aqueous solution. The effect of physicochemical parameters such as stirring speed, initial concentration, contact time and temperature have been invested and thermodynamic nature of the adsorption process is determined by calculating the values of ∆H°, ∆S° and ∆G°. The results obtained show that the adsorption mechanism is described by the Langmuir model and the adsorption capacity increases qmax (72.41 to 82.37 mg/g) with temperature (20-50 °C). The thermodynamic parameters show a presence of a strong affinity between two phases (liquid-solid) and an endothermic equilibrium adsorption process. However, the phenomenon of adsorption kinetics follows the pseudo second order kinetic model. Keywords: Bleaching Earth, Dye, Removal, Isotherms, Temperature

                                                             * Laboratory of Materials Technology and Process Engineering (LTMGP), University of Bejaia, Terga Ouzemour road DZ-06000 Bejaia, Algeria. a [email protected] b [email protected]

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Impact of biotic and abiotic factors on the mobilization of heavy metals in Al-Ghadir river sediments (Lebanon) A. Mcheik*1, 2, M. Fakih2, N. Bousserrhine1, J. Toufaily2, E. Garnier-Zarli1 and T. Hamieh2 Abstract Although there is no doubt about the importance of the bacterial activity on the solubilisation and the distribution of heavy metals in aquatic sediments, hydromorphic soils and ground waters; very little is known about the involvement of bacterial dissolution in periodically anaerobic environments like that found in dredged sediments and little is known about the processes and the environmental factors controlling this process. Our study aims at underlining the impact of the autochthonous bacterial activity on the biodegradation of organic matters and the mobilization of heavy metals contained in the sediments of Al-Ghadir river. Sediments were incubated under standard anaerobic conditions and enriched with glucose to stimulate microbial metabolism. The evolution of carbon metabolism (Organic matter evolved, carbon consumed and organic acids produced) and metals released in batch reactor were followed over time. Under the adopted conditions, the incubated sediments showed a significant release of organic carbon corresponding to bacterial development. Mineral analysis showed an important solubilisation of iron and manganese (in reduced form) indicating the presence of Fe- and Mn-reducing bacteria in sediments. Co and Cr solubilisation were also observed and appeared                                                              1- Laboratory of Biogeochemistry and Ecology of continental regions (IBIOS – BIOEMCO), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Paris-Est University, Paris, France 2- Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA), Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon, * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected], phone: +961 70 803 200

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concomitant to Fe and Mn indicating that Co and Cr were associated to Fe and Mn in sediment. Al and Zn were associated to organic matter while Cd and Cu were associated to organic matter and to Fe and Mn oxides. At the end of the incubation, molecular techniques showed (i) the disappearance of some bacterial strains and (ii) the growth of new population of microorganism. Key-words: autochthonous microorganisms, mobilization of heavy metals, incubated river sediments, fermentation, Fe- and Mn-reducing bacteria  

146

Utilisation des déchets solides en tant que combustible alternatif dans les cimenteries Jalal Halwani, Sally Khalaf1

Résumé Au Liban, d’importants gisements de déchets non dangereux sont déversés dans les décharges municipales, bien qu’ils ne puissent pas être considérés comme des déchets ultimes, notamment de par leur pouvoir calorifique élevé. La valorisation des déchets solides en énergie est une option que le ministère de l'environnement au Liban a choisie afin de minimiser le volume de déchets solides partant dans les décharges. Deux voies s'offrent dans le choix "Waste to Energy", soit l'incinération pour produire de l'électricité, soit la coincinération dans les fours industriels notamment en cimenteries. Cette option qui constitue un moyen de recyclage des déchets solides entre dans le domaine de l'écologie industrielle et des exigences en matière d'environnement sont nécessaires. Le nord du Liban, renferme 2 des 3 cimenteries du pays, plus de 80% de la production du ciment provient de Chekka. La ville de Tripoli et la Cimenterie Nationale se sont mis d'accord pour étudier l'option préconisée par le ministère en vue de son mise en application, des études préalables sur les plans techniques, économiques et environnementaux sont en cours d'élaboration, notamment concernant la qualité de Clinker et les émissions atmosphériques. Notre projet consiste à étudier la possibilité de l'usage des déchets solides combustibles produits dans l'agglomération de Tripoli (huiles usagées, pneus usagés, matières plastiques, farine animale, … ), en tant que combustible alternatif (RDF) dans les cimenteries et de déterminer les exigences techniques, financières et réglementaires qui en découlent.                                                              1- Université libanaise, Laboratoire Sciences de l'Eau & de l'Environnement Faculté de Sante Publique-3, Tripoli, Liban Tél. 961 3 674 817 - Fax: +961 6 410 023 - Email: [email protected]

147

Integrated Pollution Evaluation of Al-Ghadir River in Mount Lebanon A. Mcheik*1, 2, M. Fakih2, N. Bousserrhine1, J. Toufaily2 , E. Garnier-Zarli1 and T. Hamieh2

Abstract The aim of this study was to integrate hydrochemical and sediment data- in order to evaluate the distribution pattern of the pollution of Al-Ghadir River in Mount Lebanon. This area is one of the most polluted and densely populated regions in Lebanon with no previous data available. River water and sediment samples were processed and analysed for more than 40 parameters, including (i) those of the physico-chemical nature and (ii)those reporting the pollution caused by the heavy metals in the water and in the sediment chemical fractions by applying a sequential chemical fractionation scheme to the 1 and accounted for 45.54%, 13.83%, 10.23%, 7.10% and 6.08 % of total variation of data. Table 2: Factor loadings of elements data in the water samples. Variables PH T TDS EC Ammonium Nitrate Nitrite Phosphate Potassium Chloride Sulfate CaCo3 Na Cr Cu Fe BOD5 COD

F1 0.59 0.75 0.74 0.39 0.63 0.89 0.0 -0.61 -0.85 -0.82 -0.90 -0.54 -0.31 -0.68 0.39 0.83 0.43 0.54

F2 -0.48 -0.12 -0.26 0.06 0.35 -0.01 0.18 -0.18 -0.41 -0.33 -0.36 0.42 0.47 -0.37 -0.77 0.03 -0.42 -0.52

F3 0.22 0.27 -0.32 -0.71 -0.50 0.05 0.34 -0.06 -0.10 -0.22 -0.12 -0.41 -0.38 -0.03 -0.05 -0.24 -0.28 -0.46

F4 -0.15 0.37 -0.36 -0.23 -0.15 -0.18 0.15 0.07 -0.02 -0.03 -0.05 0.36 -0.03 -0.12 -0.26 -0.05 0.69 0.39

F5 -0.35 0.17 0.29 0.47 -0.30 -0.23 0.16 -0.24 -0.06 0.06 0.00 0.07 -0.51 -0.03 -0.13 -0.32 -0.16 0.06

The first PC (F1) shows high loadings of NO2, NO3, KCl, Fe (shown by bold number in table 2). It indicated that the above mentioned elements are significant contributions for the first PC. Either these elements have a common ground of variance or they are inter-correlated. 179

The high loadings of Fe, K are attributed to the fact that these are the main soil forming components. The oxides and hydroxides of Fe are one of the main soil parameters governing processes of absorption and desorption of trace elements. The concentrations of NO2, NO3, Fe+++, K+, Cl- and Na+ show high positive loadings (0.784–0.81), whereas concentrations of Cu++ have low positive loadings (0.152) for the first principal component. In the second principal component, the PH, NH4+, Na+, CaCO3 and concentrations have moderate positive loadings (0.594–0.175) and the concentration of Cu++, show low negative loading (0.152). For the third principal component, the value of EC shows moderate positive loading (0.510-0.211), the value of COD show low negative loadings (0.211). PH, shows low negative loadings (0.222) and Na+ ions show low positive loading on the second principal component suggest that the second principal component is associated with a combination of various hydro geochemical processes and augment more mineralized water (TDS). The variables that primarily contributed to the first eigenvector were NO3, Fe, NO2 (fig. 1). Thus, the first principal component can be interpreted as an ionic component, with the most significant variables being the second eigenvector was mainly related to salt load CaCO3, Na, Cu (fig.1). The third eigenvector represented EC CaCO3 (fig. 2).

  Figure 1: Circle of correlation of different variables in C1 and C2.

This circle (fig. 2) shows that F2 has negative correlations with Ec, CaCO3, and when Ec increase the CaCO3 increase.

180

  Figure 2: Circle of correlation of different variables in C1 and C3.

  Figure 3: Circle of correlation of different variables in C2 and C3.

In conclusion we deduce that among 18 variables and only 11 variables were participate in the formation of axes C1, C2 and C3 (fig. 1, 2 and 3). The six variables remaining namely cadmium, cobalt, plomb, nickel, manganese, and aluminum was not detect as source of pollution, Mg, have not therefore part important in determining the type and physicochemical metals of the medium studied. However, no critical pollution has been reported in this part of the river; except the high concentration of Fe and NO2 in all investigated sites. Keywords: Physicochemical Parameters, River Water, LBL, PCA. 181

182

Symposium III Materials and Renewable Energies, Mechanical, Electrical, Optical Properties

183

Table of Content of Symposium III Title of Communication

Authors

Page

Study of antiulcer and antisecretory biological activity of an active antacid principle to use as gastric medicines

Djalila. Boudemagh , Zaouani Mohamed, Vijay Masand, Taibi Ben Hadda 

188

Simulation of a photovoltaic installation with low power

B. Chikh Bled, I. Sari-Ali,   B. Benyoucef

189

Influence factor of quality of a photovoltaic cell on two models with one and two exponential

I. Sari-Ali, B. Chikh Bled,   B. Benyoucef 

191

Simulation of a photovoltaic installation with low power

B. Chikh Bled, I. Sari-Ali,   B. Benyoucef

191

S Khelladi , N E Bibi Triki,  M Z Bessenouci 

192

Thermal resistances of air cavities in Cinderblock and Hollow Brick and their effect upon the Thermal insulation performance

S.M.A. Bekkouche, T. Benouaz , M.K. Cherier , M. Hamdani M.R. Yaiche ,N. Benamrane

194

Improving of Interior Temperatures by Reinforced Thermal Insulation of the Building Envelope in Ghardaïa Climate

M.K. Cherier, S.M.A. Bekkouche ,  T. Benouaz , M. Hamdani ,  M.R. Yaiche and N. Benamrane .

196

Optimization of a solar power generator based on a Photovoltaic (PV)  [Application Sites In Tlemcen And Bouzaréah ]

Z.Nakoul, N. Bibi-Triki,   S. Bendimerad B.Draoui ,   S.Khelladi , M.Z.Bessenouci

197

Size optimization of solar array and battery in a standalone photovoltaic (SPV)

M.Belhadj, T.Benouaz, F.Hadjaj

198

Influence of the substrate tilt on the morphological and optical properties of reactively sputter-deposited TiO2 coatings dedicated to dye sensitized solar cells

Abdellah Benyoucef, Didier Klein,  Boumédiene Benyoucef

199

The flow around a wind power

,

 

184

Title of Communication

Authors

Page

Dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]siloleHexylthiopheneBenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole-Based Low Band Gap Copolymers for Polymer Solar Cells

H. Medlej, H. Awada , G. Wantz, E. Grelet, K. Hariri, J. Toufaily,   T. Hamieh, R. C. Hiorns,   C. Dagron-Lartigau 

200

Comparaison Of Heating And Cooling Energy Demand Of Solar Houses In Three Algerian Sites

N.Rebah,, B.Benyoucef

202

Influence of heat treatment on the thermal and structural properties of GexTeySbz

M. Belhadji,, L. Heireche, N.Hakiki, M. Belbachir

203

Influence of humidity on the apparent thermal conductivity of concrete pozzolan

M Z Bessenouci, N E Bibi Triki, S Khelladi

204

The effect of the kind of sands and additions on the mechanical behaviour of S.C.C

L . Zeghichi , Z. Benghazi, L . Baali

205

Experimental characterisation of cement paste containing different kinds of dielectric inclusions through measurements of dielectric constant and electrical resistivity

A. Beroual, M. Bouhamla

206

The impact of mixing time on the rheological and mechanical properties of Self-compacting concrete

S. Bensalem, G. Benkechkeche,  H. Houari. 

207

Durability of limestone mortars with quaternary binders with respect to sulphuric acid solution

Z. Makhloufi M Bederina   E.H. Kadri M. Bouhicha

208

Evaluation of the Capacity after Rehabilitation of Buildings Against the Earthquake

Madi Rafik, Guenfoud Mohamed

209

Strain analysis of reinforced concrete sections, based on experimental model of non linear strain profile

Samai m.l,Tekkouk m hadi, Boulila H

210

Reinforcement of sewerage systems in millstone by composites materials

M.Saade,, S. Kesteloot, C. Djelal, L. Hamitouche, I. Benslimane

212

The role of Cationic emulsion in the strength characteristics of gypseous soils

Saad Issa Sarsam

214

,

185

Title of Communication

Authors

Page

Influence of cracks on the soil-atmosphere interaction

D. Tabbal , I. Shahrour,   F. Hage Chehade,   M. Sadek, A. Al-Qadad

215

Concrete durability in harsh environmental condition exposed to freeze thaw cycles

Y. Hamze

217

The non-finished, non-well compacted soil of the crest of Zayzoun dam, the technical and administration errors caused its failure, the correct ways of its reinforcement and renovation

Y. Hamze

218

“Evaluation of Sustainability of Multistory Reinforced Concrete Structure”

A. Tamimi, A. Ibrahim, N. Al-Sughaiyer

219

Use of CFRP Mechanical Anchorage for Externally Strengthened RC Beams under Flexure

A. Ali, J. Abdalla, R. Hawileh, K. Galal

220

Piezoelectric-based vibration control in composite structures

A. Megnounif, M. Kerboua, F. Kaoulala

222

Diagnosis and fault isolation by functional analysis Cement case of El malabiod

Taleb Mounia, Chaib Rachid

224

An experimental study of the springback anisotropy using the stretching-bending operation

A. Soualem

225

Determination of mechanical properties of porous silicon with image analysis and finite element

K. Rahmoun, H.I. Faraoun,  G. Bassou, C. Mathieu,   N.E.Chabane Sari

226

Reliability modeling of transport systems:  Influence of the running-in period of life

S. Beleulmi, A. Bellaouar,  R. Chaib, M. Lachi

227

Prediction of fatigue crack growth of  repaired aluminium alloy structures with double sides

M. Benachour,, N. Benachour,  M. Benguediab, F.Z. Serari

228

Caracterisation Des Parametres De Fonctionnement Des Equipements Industriels En Utilisant La Theorie Des Systemes Gris

S. Bounneche, R. Chaïb, I. Verzea, L. Khochemane

229

Detection of changes in mechanical properties of Plexiglas beam by ambient noise

A.Hamze, P.Gueguen,  P.Roux, L.Baillet

231

,

186

Title of Communication

Authors

Page

Study of the influence of silver addition on the order-disorder transformations in Cu-Au system

L. Amiour ,D. Hamana

232

Effect of Alloying Elements and Heat Treatment on Behavior of the Alloy (Cu,Al)  Using in Marine Industries

Faisel A.M.Al-Bassam Abd Al-Wahed K.R. Al-Bakry   Saif M.H.Al-Sharify

233

Prediction of Resulting Grain Size in Friction Stir Processing Using Artificial Neural Networks

Basil Darras, Ibrahim Deiab

235

Electrochemical and Structural Characterization of Nickel Based Alloy Oxides

N.E Hakiki,, J.L Bubendorff,  C. Pirri, F. Mechehoud,  A. Mehdaoui, M. Belhadji

236

Effect of plasticizer and aggregates size on concrete hollow blocks manufactured with recycled aggregates

P. Matar, R. El Dalati

238

 

187

Study of antiulcer and antisecretory biological activity of an active antacid principle to use as gastric medicines Djalila. Boudemagh1,*, Zaouani Mohamed2, Vijay Masand3, Taibi Ben Hadda4*

Abstract The focus of this present study is made on developing a new active antacid with less toxicity and has a powerful neutralizing activity. We present and analyze the results of experimental measurements obtained using in vitro assays (chemical kinetics) and in vivo activity and ulcerogenic antisecretory activity. Therefore the objective of our study forms a comparative study of the neutralizing effect of HCL by an active principle ‘’ antacid’’ as well as antiulcer activity and antisecretory activity of an active principle in comparison with medicines like Maalox, ranitidine and omeprazole. In the following, we present and analyze the experimental results obtained using in vitro assays (chemical kinetics) and in vivo (ulcerogenic activity). Keywords: Chemical kinetics, Activity Antisecretory, antiulcer activity, Gastric medecines.

                                                             1- Laboratory of the Polymer Materials Multiphasiques (LMPMP), University Ferhat Abbas de SETIF, Algeria. 2- Veterinary graduate school of Algiers, B.P 161 El-Harrach- Alger, Algeria. 3- Department of Chemistry, VidyaBharati College, Amravati, India- 444 602. 4- Laboratory of materials, Faculty of Science, Oujda-60000, Morocco.

188

Characterization of Mg2Sn1-xSix deposit by plasma assisted PAPVD D.Boudemagh1, D. Fruchart1 ' p. Wolfers1 ', E.K. Hlil1 ', J. Peltier1 ',2, Has. Lacost1 ', 2 N. Skryabina1,3, Luc Ortega1 ', K, J. Tobola 4

The performances obtained in multilayer’s these last years showed the interest of there thermoelectric properties sharply more important than those obtained in the massive materials. We chose to develop type of Mg2Si1-xSnx thermoelectric thin layers known by their good performances about the massive state in high temperatures, however can studied in thin coats(layers). We shall show that it is possible from calculations of electronic structure concerning the doping of Mg2Si and the bibliographical data to envisage the elaboration of thin layers of doped Mg2Sn p and n. We shall approach the experimental results obtained from the study of the deposits elaborated by the technique of catholic pulverizing PAPVD. The looked for purpose being the realization of the thin layers of thermoelectric properties more successful. Keywords: thin Layers, Diffraction RX in shaving incidence, microstructural, Analysis and Analysis EDX; thermoelectric Properties

 

                                                             1- Néel, Dept MCMF institute, GRRNOBLE, BP 166, 38042 GRENOBLE CEDEX 9 CNRS, France. 1'- Dept of Genius(Engineering) of the Processes, Faculty(Power) engineering sciences, University of Sétif, Road of Bejaia, 19000, Sétif, Algeria. 2- Laboratory of Subatomic Physical appearance(Physics) and Cosmology of Grenoble, LPSC, CNRS(NATIONAL CENTER FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH). 3- Dept. Of Physics, Perm State University, 15 Bukireva Street, 614990 Perm, Russia. 4- Faculty of physics and Applied to compute science, AGH, UST, UI, Reymonta 19, 30-059, Cracow, Poland.

189

Influence factor of quality of a photovoltaic cell on two models with one and two exponential

I. Sari-Ali, B. Chikh Bled, B. Benyoucef1

Abstract The photovoltaic conversion uses the principle of the direct conversion of luminous energy into an electric power. The essential element able to carry out this transformation is called "solar cell". The two aspects which currently guide research in the field of the solar energy production, are the high-output cells and at weak cost price. ¶However, it is noted that this output is directly related to the factor of quality of the solar cell. In this case, the essential preoccupation with an improvement of these two parameters justifies that thorough research is undertaken with a digital technique making it possible to improve the output and the factor of quality of the solar cells. In this work, we show the influence of the factor of quality on the characteristic current-tension of the models to one and two exponential of the solar cell. Keywords : Solar cell, Modeling, Simulation, Factor of quality, Output.                                                                1- Unité de Recherche Matériaux et Energies Renouvelables (URMER), Université Abou Bakr Belkaïd, Faculté des Sciences, B.P 119, 13000 Tlemcen, Algérie Corresponding authors. E. mail: [email protected] Phone : 213 43 21 58 90, Fax : 213 43 21 58 89

190

Simulation of a photovoltaic installation with low power

B. Chikh Bled, I. Sari-Ali, B. Benyoucef1

Abstract The geographical situation of Algeria supports the development and the blooming of the use of solar energy. Indeed considering the importance of the intensity of the radiation received as well as the duration of the sunning which exceeds the ten hours per day during several months, our country can meet certain requirements in solar energy, these advantages could be advantageous in the areas most moved back especially in the applications of pumping. Very often, there is not concomitance between the period of manufacture (sunning) and the period of consumption; it is thus essential to store produced energy. Moreover this storage makes it possible to meet sudden needs for power much higher than what could provide the photovoltaic field instantaneously. The present study consists of an optimization of a system of photovoltaic storage of energy making it possible to ensure a total satisfaction of the energy demand over a given period. Keywords: Photovoltaic energy, photovoltaic storage of energy, solar energy transformation.                                                                1- Unité de Recherche Matériaux et Energies Renouvelables (URMER), Université Abou Bakr Belkaïd, Faculté des Sciences, B.P 119, 13000 Tlemcen, Algérie Corresponding authors. E. mail: [email protected] Phone : 213 43 21 58 90, Fax : 213 43 21 58 89

191

The flow around a wind power

S Khelladi1 , N E Bibi Triki1, M Z Bessenouci1

Abstract The flow around a wind power is determined from system of forces applied by the wind on the blades, which brings us back to identify the most significant parameters in this study by performing a dimensional analysis develops the power of a wind turbine, the latter is influenced by the intensity variations unlike the turbulent Reynolds number (parameter is not only allowing the passage to turbulent but it is essential) then the performance of the wind depend on the specific speed which allows to operate at optimum power coefficient point by controlling the speed, so it is studying the aerodynamics of the turbine side in a controlled environment free from uncertainties due to atmospheric phenomena. Modeling of physical phenomena are major shortcomings which we quote the representation of atmospheric turbulence and boundary layer for flow around the blades of the turbine. The coefficients related to the characteristics of lift and drag of air foils for the response defining the geometry of the section of the blade for the same profile as a function of the Reynolds number and the angle of attack formed between the relative flow and the chord of the blade section. The equations of fluid mechanics (Navier-Stokes) allow the analysis of aerodynamic flow while satisfying the minimum conditions around a wind turbine.                                                              1- Unité de Recherche des Matériaux et Energies Renouvelables (U.R.M.E.R) Université Abou-Bekr Belkaid, B.P. 119, Tlemcen, Algérie E.mail :[email protected]

192

The main difficulty in this analysis treating the Navier-Stokes repose on precise knowledge of the geometry of solid surfaces which flows around each particle of air, and the exact knowledge of conditions at a moment in time and boundaries of the volume within the area related to this analysis (order of a millimeter and tenth of a second). Treatment of this analysis is primarily either by differential methods of analysis (actuator disc) taken between the Navier-Stokes methods and integral methods of momentum or by the Navier-Stokes equations around the blades, and secondly by turbulent methods.  

193

Thermal resistances of air cavities in Cinderblock and Hollow Brick and their effect upon the Thermal insulation performance S.M.A. Bekkouche1**, T. Benouaz 2, M.K. Cherier 1, M. Hamdani 1, M.R. Yaiche 3 and N. Benamrane 1.

Abstract The concept of sustainable building incorporates and integrates a variety of strategies during the design, construction and operation of building projects. The use of building materials represents one important strategy in the design of a building. An assessment of green materials may involve an evaluation of energy efficiency. The evolution of construction entails the application of new building materials in the envelopes of buildings. Apparently, the high thermal resistances of building envelopes were qualified as an indicator of high energy efficiency of these buildings. The calculation of equivalent thermal resistances leads to deduce immediately the values of thermal resistances of walls. It will be respected to acomply with Ohm's law but with a thermal analogy. The application of these concepts based on arrangements of layers and materials relative to the direction of the heat flow. In Ghardaïa region, stone, cinderblock and hollow brick are the most used construction materials due to their availability. The cinderblock and hollow brick were selected for the mathematical study of the influence of the thickness on the thermal resistance of the air cavity. In order to increase the thermal                                                              1- Applied Research Unit on Renewable Energies, URAER, B.P. 88, ZI, Gart Taam Ghardaïa, Algeria. 2- Laboratory of Electronic Physics and Modelling, University Abou Bakr Belkaïd, Tlemcen, Algeria. 3- Developments Center of Energies Renewable, CDER, B.P 62, 16340, Route de l'Observatoire, Bouzaréah, Algiers, Algeria. ** Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected] Phone: +213 661 31 76 29, Fax: +961 29 87 01 46/52

194

resistance in a closed air cavity bounded by ordinary building materials, various studies are employed to predict Grashof number in enclosed cavities with vertical angles of inclination. A literature search showed that in the case of natural convection in a cavity filled with air, for Ra < 103, conductive heat transfer is the dominated heat transfer mode. Increasing the Rayleigh number intensifies the air the flow of air loop in the boundary layer near the vertical walls. The flow changes from laminar (103 < Ra < 109) to turbulent flow which is accompanied by a significant increase in the Nusselt number. This search covers over 40 different items to derive correlations between Nu and Ra in a closed cavity empty. As result, it was demonstrated that the use of an envelope of high thermal resistance can considerably improve indoor air temperature of buildings. The resistance of a closed air cavity can be equivalent with a conventional thermal insulation layer, with a thickness that depends on the used building materials. Increasing the air cavity thickness beyond these limits will not increase the thermal resistance of the cavity due to the development of natural convection. The thermal resistance of concrete block and brick hollow depend mainly on the thickness of the air cavity and on the temperature difference between surface and air of this cavity. Keywords: Air cavity – Hollow Brick – Cinderblock – Thermal Resistance – Thickness.

 

 

195

Improving of Interior Temperatures by Reinforced Thermal Insulation of the Building Envelope in Ghardaïa Climate M.K. Cherier1, S.M.A. Bekkouche 1, T. Benouaz 2**, M. Hamdani 1, M.R. Yaiche 3 and N. Benamrane 1.

Abstract An inventory has been made for improving the interior temperature of a typical building located in Ghardaïa region. Through the mathematical studies, it has been shown that the design of passive houses in an arid region is based on some principles, namely: the correct choice of building materials and the strengthening of the thermal insulation. The experimental results indicate that in Saharan zone, the level heat gain through the walls is the main cause of a building overheating. The analysis of passive house solutions shows high priority with regard to the performance of the thermal envelope, such as high insulation of walls, roofs, floors, windows, doors and thermal bridge-free construction. Consequently, the realization of attics and eaves constitute the second phase in the passive design of these houses. Keywords: Temperature – Hollow Brick – Cinderblock – Stones – Thermal Resistance.

                                                               1- Applied Research Unit on Renewable Energies, URAER, B.P. 88, ZI, Gart Taam Ghardaïa, Algeria. 2- Laboratory of Electronic Physics and Modelling, University Abou Bakr Belkaïd, Tlemcen, Algeria. 3- Developments Center of Energies Renewable, CDER, B.P 62, 16340, Route de l'Observatoire, Bouzaréah, Algiers, Algeria. ** Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected] Phone: +213 661 31 76 29, Fax: +961 29 87 01 46/52

196

Optimization of a solar power generator based on a Photovoltaic (PV) [Application Sites In Tlemcen And Bouzaréah ] Z.Nakoul1, N. Bibi-Triki1, S. Bendimerad1 B.Draoui2 , S.Khelladi1 , M.Z.Bessenouci1

Absract : The global energy consumption and in our country is increasing. The bulk of world energy comes from fossil fuels, whose reserves are doomed to exhaustion and are the leading cause of pollution and global warming through the greenhouse effect. This is not the case of renewable energy that are inexhaustible and from natural phenomena. For years, unanimously, solar energy is in the first rank of renewable energies .The study of energetic aspect of a solar power plant is the best way to find the optimum of its performances. The study on land with real dimensions requires a long time and therefore is very costly, and more results are not always generalizables. To avoid these drawbacks we opted for a planned study on computer only, using the software ‘Matlab’ by modeling different components for a better sizing and simulating all energies to optimize profitability tacking into account the cost. The result of our work applied to sites of Tlemcen and Bouzareah led us to conclude that the energy required is a determining factor in the choice of components of a PV solar power plant. Keywords: Solar energy – solar power plant PV – solar cell – Modeling of a central solar.                                                              1- Unité de Recherche des Matériaux et Energies Renouvelables (U.R.M.E.R) Université Abou-Bekr Belkaid, B.P. 119, Tlemcen, Algérie 2- Laboratoire énergétique en zones arides Université de Béchar, Algérie

197

Size optimization of solar array and battery in a standalone photovoltaic (SPV)* M.Belhadj1, T.Benouaz2** and F.Hadjaj1

Abstract Size optimization of solar array and battery in a standalone photovoltaic (SPV) system is investigated. Based on the energy efficiency model, the loss of power supply probability (LPSP) of the SPV system is calculated for different size combinations of solar array and battery. For the desired LPSP at the given load demand, the optimal size combination is obtained at the minimum system cost. One a case study is given to show the application of the method in the weather Bechar Applying this method to an assumed PV/Batt hybrid system to be installed at Bechar (Algeria), the simulation results show that the optimal configuration, which meet the desired system reliability requirements (LPSP = 0) with the lowest LCE, is obtained for a system comprising a 80W photovoltaic module, and storage batteries (using 200 Ah). On the other hand, the device system choice plays an important role in cost reduction as well as in energy production. Keywords: Optimum system sizing; Loss of power load probability; Levelized cost of energy, Bechar weather

                                                             1- Department of Physics and Semi-conductor, University of Bechar 2- Modeling Laboratory, University Abu Bekr Belkaid of Tlemcen * This research was supported by the scientific program CNEPRU Code N°D02020090027 ** Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected], phone and Fax : 00 213 43 21 59 99

198

Influence of the substrate tilt on the morphological and optical properties of reactively sputter-deposited TiO2 coatings dedicated to dye sensitized solar cells 1

Abdellah Benyoucef a, Didier Klein b, Boumédiene Benyoucefa

Abstract: Titanium dioxide thin films in anatase phase with columnar morphology have been reactively sputter deposited on glass slides and ITO substrates at high deposition rates (~15-30 nm/min) using plasma emission monitoring system (PEM). Thus, oxygen flow rate has been monitored in order to keep Ti emission signal at 20% from those obtained in a pure argon discharge. The substrates were tilted at various angles (0 ≤ α ≤ 90°) to study the influence of different flux angle directions. Scanning electron microscopy has shown the dependence of the sputtered flux angle direction on the coatings morphology and columns orientation. The porosity of the films was correlated with the effective refractive index deduced by spectrophotometric measurements with Swanepoel method. Dye sensitized solar cells have been realised with Solaronix® products. The best photovoltaic performances were achieved with TiO2 layers deposited with a tilt angle of 60° witch is related to an optimal porosity of the films. This study underlines the great interest in using tilted substrates to overcome the difficulty to deposit porous anatase on cold substrates by reactive magnetron sputtering, particularly when synthesising dye-sensitized solar cells. Keywords: TiO2, magnetron sputtering, flux angle direction, porosity, dye sensitized solar cells,                                                                a

b

URMER,Univerité Abou-bakr Belkaid de Tlemcen, BP :119, 13000 Tlemcen, Algérie. LERMPS-UTBM, Site de Sévenans, 90010 Belfort cedex, France E-mail : [email protected], Tél/fax : +213 43 21 58 90/89

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Dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]silole-HexylthiopheneBenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole-Based Low Band Gap Copolymers for Polymer Solar Cells H. Medlej1, H. Awada1,4, G. Wantz2, E. Grelet3, K. Hariri4, J. Toufaily4, T. Hamieh4, R. C. Hiorns1, C. Dagron-Lartigau1* In the last four years considerable progress has been made on polymerbased solar cells, giving clues on how to control the morphology, build various device architectures for the improvement of the conversion efficiency [1-2]. Efficiencies of 5 % were attained with the donor-acceptor couple poly(3hexylthiophene) and a soluble derivative of fullerene (C61-PCBM) [2]. The limited spectral range of P3HT going from 300 to 650 nm, however, has been one of the main limitations in increasing this system’s efficiency. To solve this problem, intensive research on low bandgap polymers has sought to exploit higher wavelengths, up to 900 nm. Some have given high conversion efficiencies, for example poly[(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b′]dithiophene)-2,6-diyl-alt-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl] (PCPDTBT) and its derivatives are a family of low bandgap polymers leading to conversion efficiencies around 3-4 % [1a]. When this polymer is modified by changing the carbon atom in the 7 of cyclopenta-[2,1-b;3,4-b′]dithiophene by a silicon atom to give the poly[(4,4′-bis(2-ethylhexyl)dithieno-[3,2-b:2′,3′b]silole)-2,6-diyl-alt-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)-4,7-diyl] (PSBTBT), the conversion yield was increased to 5.1 % [1f]. In an attempt to take this strategy forward, a series of PDTSDTBTs with octyl chains on silicon atom and hexyl chains on thiophenes was                                                              1- IPREM CNRS-UMR 5254, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Hélioparc, 2 avenue Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France 2- Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (IPB), Laboratoire IMS, UMR CNRS 5218, 16 Av. Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac Cedex, France 3- CNRS-Université de Bordeaux1, Centre de Recherche Paul-Pascal (CRPP), 115 Avenue Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France 4- Université Libanaise, Laboratoire MCEMA, Hadath, Beyrouth, Liban 

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synthesized (Figure 1), with different molar masses. Here, we will present thermal, optical (UV-visible) and structural (DRX) properties of these polymers, with and without PCBM. Then, photovoltaic characteristics obtained in solar cells will be presented and discussed. PDTSDTBT

1

Absorbance (u.a.)

PSBTBT 0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 330

430

530

630

730

830

Longueur d'onde (nm)

Figure 1: Structures and absorption spectra (thin films) of PDTSDTBT and PSBTBT

1. (a) D. Muhlbacher, M. Scharber, M. Morana, Z. Zhu, D. Waller, R. Gaudiana, C. Brabec, Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 2884; (b) J. Y. Kim, K. Lee, N. E. Coates, D. Moses, T.-Q. Nguyen, M. Dante and A. J. Heeger, Science 2007, 317, 222; (c) J. Y. Kim, K. Lee, N.E. Coates, D. Moses, T.-Q. Nguyen, M. Dante, A. J. Heeger, Science 2007, 317, 222; (c) J. Peet, J. Y. Kim, N.E. Coates, W.L. Ma, D. Moses, A.J. Heeger, G.C. Bazan, Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 497; (d) A. J. Moulé, K. Meerholz, Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 240; (e) M.M. Wienk, M. Turbiez, J. Gilot, R.A.J. Janssen, Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 2556; (f) J.H. Hou, H.-Y. Chen, S. Q. Zhang, G. Li, Y. Yang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 16144; (g) Y.Y. Liang, Y. Wu, D.Q. Feng, S.-T. Tsai, H.-J. Son, G. Li, L. Yu, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 56 2. M. Reyes-Reyes, K. Kim, J. Dewald, R. López-Sandoval, A. Avadhanula, S. Curran, D.L. Carroll, Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 5749.

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Comparaison Of Heating And Cooling Energy Demand Of Solar Houses In Three Algerian Sites

N.Rebah1,2 § B.Benyoucef2

Summary Passive design of building is of great importance when dealing with energy savings and thereby constitutes an essential issue. It necessitates the energy performance knowledge of envelope and system components and aims at avoiding the need for heating or cooling devices, highly energy-consuming. To release this type of solar houses, it is necessary to model the solar energies incident on this houses, to determinate the energetic demand for cooling and heating; which is the important aim of the paper presented. We have applied this work in three Algerian sites. We have used for the numerical simulation the Matlab programmation. Keyword Global and diffuse solar energy - transfer of heat - solar house mathematical modeling - the energy request for air-conditioning

                                                             1- Université of Souk Ahras 2- Unité de Recherche Matériaux et Energies Renouvelables

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Influence of heat treatment on the thermal and structural properties of GexTeySbz M. Belhadji1,*, L. Heireche1, N.Hakiki2, M. Belbachir1.

Abstract The GST ternary alloys are good candidates for optical materials, The chain structure gives the alloy a small mobility in the liquid state, the amorphous phase of tellurium is not stable at room temperature, the amorphous phase tends to transform into a crystalline state. The addition of Ge to Te increases the stability to Te by adding cross links to the atomic structure. The addition of antimony (Sb) optimizes the crystallization rate; composition has average coordination of about 2.4. Combining the results of the DSC measurements with the X-ray diffraction observations confirms that the exothermal peak at lower temperatures treatment corresponds to tellurium crystallization and the peak at the higher temperature treatment corresponds to the (Te + GeTe) crystallization. Keywords: Transition temperature, average coordination, chalcogenide, activation thermal energy.

                                                             1- Labpratoire de Chimie des Polymères (LCP), Université d’Oran, BP 1524 El’Mnaouer Oran 31100, Algérie 2- Laboratoire de Physique des Couches Minces et Matériaux pour l’Electronique (LPCM2E), Université d’Oran, BP 1524 El’Mnaouer Oran 31100, Algérie * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] phone: (+213) 772 442919

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Influence of humidity on the apparent thermal conductivity of concrete pozzolan

M Z Bessenouci1, N E Bibi Triki1, S Khelladi1,

Abstract This work is a study of natural pozzolans as basic components in building materials. It is intended to highlight the thermal advantage of these materials. It is economically advantageous to the pozzolan used in lightweight concrete compositions as a mixture of aggregate pozzolan. Which provide mechanical strength that comply with current standards. The impact of humidity on the apparent thermal conductivity of concrete pozzolan considered a porous materials requires a the best description of the phenomena which surround the heat transfer of different phases (liquid-solidand air). The use of mixed model extended to three phases as a prediction of the thermal conductivity, highlights the importance of the liquid phase and its influence on the results compared with experimental measurements. Keywords: Lightweight concrete Pozzolana-concrete – Porous materials – Thermal insulation Modeling – Building- humidity  

                                                             1- Unité de Recherche des Matériaux et Energies Renouvelables (U.R.M.E.R) Université Abou-Bekr Belkaid, B.P. 119, Tlemcen, Algérie E.mail :[email protected]

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The effect of the kind of sands and additions on the mechanical behaviour of S.C.C L . Zeghichi , Z. Benghazi, L . Baali

  The sand is the inert element essential in the composition of concrete; its use ensures granular continuity between the cement and gravel for better cohesion of concrete. This paper presents the results of a study that investigated the influence of sand quality on the properties of fresh and hardened selfcompacting concrete SCC. The dune sands are very fine materials characterized by a high intergranular porosity, high surface area and low fineness modulus; on the other hand crushed (manufactured) sand has a high rate into thin, irregular shapes which are influencing the workability of Concrete. The amount of dune sand varies from (0% 50%, to 100%) by weight of fine aggregates. The results show that the rheological properties favor the use of dune sands; however the mechanical properties support the use of crushed sand Keywords : Self-compacting concrete; Dune sand; Crushed sand; ; Segregation resistance; Mechanical properties.

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Experimental characterisation of cement paste containing different kinds of dielectric inclusions through measurements of dielectric constant and electrical resistivity A. Beroual1, M. Bouhamla2

Abstract This paper is aimed at the experimental characterization of a two- phase composite material namely cement past containing different kind of inclusions by measuring the electric resistivity and the dielectric constant. The experimental model of composite consists of a cylindrical sample of cement paste in which are introduced different types of cylindrical inclusions. These later are embedded in the centre of the host matrix. The measurements are achieved thanks to an impedance-meter. The effective dielectric constant and resistivity characteristics are investigated versus the concentration and the type of inclusions. The inclusions we consider are cavities (air), cavities filled with water and glass. It’s shown that the effective dielectric constant of composite material increases with the water content while the effective resistivity decreases due to the fact that the dielectric constant of water is too higher than that of cement past and the resistivity of water is lower than that of paste cement. While the dielectric constant of cement past decreases when increasing the concentration of cavities (inclusions filled with air); the resistivity of heterostructure increases with the concentration of air. With inclusions of glass, the dielectric constant of heterostructure decreases when the concentration of glass is increased while the resistivity increases. This technique can constitute a good tool to follow, for instance, the humidification or the drying of a given heterostructure. Keywords: Heterostructures, Dielectric constant, Resistivity, Voids, Water Content, glass inclusions.                                                              1- laboratory materials and durability of constructions (LMDC), Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mentouri constantine University. 2- laboratory materials and durability of constructions (LMDC), Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mentouri constantine University.

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The impact of mixing time on the rheological and mechanical properties of Self-compacting concrete S. Bensalem, G. Benkechkeche, H. Houari.1 Abstract Concretes have known for decades a remarkable evolution in the field of rheology in the fresh state and the mechanical behavior in the hardened state. These technical advances are the result of increased scientific research in the field of physical chemistry of cementitious materials. Thus a mixture based on water, cement, aggregates we have moved to incorporate more complex mixtures of fillers such as limestone fillers and additives as superplasticizers. These developments on the material are logically reflected on the manufacturing processes and implementation in civil engineering. The mixing time and determining the rheology during this phase are not yet fully mastered. Predicting the evolution of the rheology of the material during the transport remains empirical. In this context, the development of new knowledge in the behavior of self-compacting concrete at early age is still relevant. A broad investigation has been devoted to the study of the evolution of the performance of different mixtures selected from different types of test body studied at different thresholds, and those describing the evolution of its main physical and mechanical function of the age for an ambient temperature of the experiment. These initial results show the interest of this approach and open perspectives on an industrial scale rheology of concrete. Key words: Self -Consolidating Concrete - Limestone Fillers - rheological properties mechanical properties - mixing time - local materials.                                                              1- Laboratory Materials and Durability of Constructions, Engineering Department, University Mentouri Constantine, Route Ain Bey - 25 000 - Constantine Algeria.

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Durability of limestone mortars with quaternary binders with respect to sulphuric acid solution Z. Makhloufi1 M Bederina1 E.H. Kadri2 M. Bouhicha1

Abstract The synergistic action of three mineral admixtures (additions) simultaneously incorporated in cement has a positive effect concerning the durability of limestone mortars. Tests were carried out on limestone mortars made from five quaternary binders (ordinary Portland cement and OPC blended simultaneously with limestone filler, blast furnaces slag and natural pozzolana). The percentages of the three mineral admixtures combined in cement are 30%, 10% and 10% in turn, comparing them to a Portland cement without mineral admixtures. The lime water serves as reference environment. The purpose of this investigation was to identify the resistance of five different mortars mixtures to sulphuric acid solutions. The changes in weight loss and compressive strength values measured at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 days for each acid solution were studied. We have proceeded to the follow-up of the pH variation of sulphuric acid solution of conservation at the end of each month until the end of tests. Keywords: sand crushed limestone, mineral admixtures, quaternary binder, sulphuric acid, weight changes, compressive strength, pH.                                                                  1- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University of Amar Telidji, 03000 Laghouat, Algeria 2- Laboratory L2MGC, University of Cergy Pontoise, F9500 Cergy Pontoise, France

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Evaluation of the Capacity after Rehabilitation of Buildings Against the Earthquake Madi Rafik1, Guenfoud Mohamed1

Abstract. Several existing buildings don't have the necessary resistance to earthquakes and could seriously compromising the safety of persons. One of the main causes of the lack of resistance is the poor quality of concrete used during construction. In this case, the rehabilitation of the construction is needed to increase its ability to withstand the forces generated during earthquakes. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the capacity of buildings including the strength of existing concrete is lower than the resistance required, and this after strengthening by addition of reinforced concrete walls and / or repair of element of low resistance liner. The results obtained from a pushover analysis in terms of demand, capacity and plastic hinges provides insight into the behavior and the actual condition of the structure and its capacity to resist to the seismic forces regulations applied before and after improving of the capacity of the structure. Capacity after rehabilitation in terms of displacement and shear force is better compared to that of the original structure. Key words: Repair, strengthening, building, reinforced concrete, pushover analysis.  

                                                             1- Laboratoire LGCH, Université 8 mai 45, B.P. 401, Guelma, Algérie [email protected], [email protected]

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Strain analysis of reinforced concrete sections, based on experimental model of non linear strain profile. Samai m.l1 Tekkouk m hadi 2 Boulila H3

Abstract: This work presents a method of predicting the flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams subjected to flexural loading. It is based on strains measured on the surface of concrete sections in conjunction with parameters determined from compressive tests on concrete cylinders. A second order curve, based on the least squares consideration of data, is used to produce the section’s strain profile. Data produced from the control tests on concrete cylinders are used to determine a mathematical model ( ) for the stress-strain for concrete. This model and the strain’s profile are combined on the basis of the neutral axis depth and the extreme fibre strain, to determine the resistant moment of the section at any stage of loading up to collapse. These calculated moments are then compared with the experimental applied moments to check degree of correlation between them. The values of the strain in the tensile reinforcement are compared with that of the strain of the concrete at the same level. On this basis, the resistant moment in tension is calculated and compared with the resistant moment in compression. The method was applied to analyse a set simply supported reinforced concrete beams with different percentage of reinforcement (under-reinforced section and over-reinforced section).                                                              1- Professeur- Département de Génie Civil- Université Mentouri de Constantine Route de Ain el Bey, Constantine, Algérie. 2- Maitre de Conférence-Département de Génie Civil- Université Mentouri de Constantine Route de Ain el Bey, Constantine, Algérie. 3- Doctorant au Laboratoire Energie renouvelable et développement durable L.E.R.D.D, Université Mentouri de Constantine, Route de Ain el Bey, Constantine, Algérie.

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The various parameters related to the gauged sections for all beams tested have been determined successfully throughout the whole range of loading up to collapse. The data were recorded and analysed by means of computer programs and their results were expressed in terms of graphs associated with tables. Key words: Demec gauges, strain gauges, moment of resistance, strain profile, extreme fibre Strain.

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Reinforcement of sewerage systems in millstone by composites materials M.Saade1,2*, S. Kesteloot1, C. Djelal1, L. Hamitouche2, I. Benslimane2

Abstract The preservation of the architectural heritages is a fundamental issue and the research interest in this topic has begun to increase last 10 years. In this research, new materials (fibre-reinforced mortar, composite materials) have emerged and have shown their efficiency. For our study, the structures are masonry sewerage systems. These sewerage systems may be subjected to several types of loads. They can suffer from several types of damage, so that the contribution of building materials and repair techniques may be necessary to restore the performance and prevent the collapse of these structures. These structures consist of a vault, abutments and a raft. The most widely used technique for rehabilitation is to apply a 6 to 8 cmthick reinforced shotcrete lining. The greatest disadvantages of this technique lie in a significant reduction of the hydraulic section, costs exceeding the budget, problems of corroding reinforcement and buckling steel. In the case of masonry sewerage systems, the bonding techniques for composite materials are not directly applicable to masonry sewerage systems due to the irregularity of the substrate. It is necessary to apply a thin lining having the appropriate characteristics to transmit the load of the masonry onto the composite materials.                                                              1- LGCgE, PRES Université Lille Nord de France – IUT, 1230 rue de l’Université, 62400 Béthune, France 2- Structure & Réhabilitation, Tour Gallieni 2, 36, avenue du Général de Gaulle, 93170 Bagnolet, France * Corresponding author, Email: [email protected], phone: +33 3 21 63 23 36

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The main objective of this research is to develop new methods of restructuring more economical and durable than the standard methods used for masonry sewerage systems. The aim of the experimental campaign is to compare the behavior of three series of vaults, reinforced by a fiber mortar, by thin composite materials and a reinforced shotcrete lining (6 cm thick). Crushing tests on masonry vaults are presented. An important gain is then observed as well as a delay in cracking for every method of reinforcement. Keywords: fibre-reinforced mortar, composites materials, sewerage systems, masonry, shotcrete, vault, rehabilitation.

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The role of Cationic emulsion in the strength characteristics of gypseous soils

Saad Issa Sarsam1

Abstract Gypseous soil covers vast area at the middle, west, and south west parts of Iraq, such soil shows acceptable bearing strength and is stiff when dry, but it is weak and has collapsible behavior when saturated. Gypseous soil is simply sand with high percentage of gypsum content. In this work, gypseous soil was obtained from three different locations in Iraq, Husaiba, at the west with 60% Gypsum, Owjah, at the middle-south with 28% Gypsum, and Samirra, at the middle with 84% gypsum. Soil samples were subjected to dry density determination using modified compaction , then the physical, chemical, and geotechnical properties have been determined. Soils were subjected to liquid asphalt stabilization using different percentages of cationic emulsion. The effect of emulsion on unconfined compressive strength, one dimensional consolidation, unconsolidated undrained shear strength, cohesion, angle of internal friction and permeability have been determined and compared for the three soil types, and finally the role of emulsion in the strength characteristics of the soil could be determined. It was concluded that cationic emulsion creates a type of elastic properties in the gypseous soil, reduce strain, provides cohesive strength and waterproof the stabilized mix. Keywords: Cationic emulsion; Gypseous soil; Strength; Stabilization                                                              1- Professor of Transportation Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad – IRAQ; Email: [email protected] Mobile:00964-7901878167

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Influence of cracks on the soil-atmosphere interaction D. Tabbal1,2 *, I. Shahrour1, F. Hage Chehade2, M. Sadek1, A. Al-Qadad1

Abstract With the impending global climate change, the effects on clay soil due to desiccation could be expected to increase. Soil shrinks as it desiccates, and the magnitude of shrinkage can be large for clayey soils. The drying of soil leads to the formation of cracks, which causes high suctions to develop within. The presence of cracks in soil also creates weak zones in a soil mass causing reduction in the overall mechanical strength. In fact, the cracks expose the deep soil and more evaporation can be expected in dry periods since the evaporation surface is increased. Therefore, the stiffness, hydraulic conductivity and other properties of the soil evolve with the progress of desiccation. In addition, engineering properties, stabilities of buildings and structures that are constructed on clayey soils would be affected by changes in mechanical properties. To illustrate the effect of cracking, a two-dimensional numerical model of soil-atmosphere interaction has been developed taking into account the thermofluid coupling of an unsaturated clay soil. The model is used to simulate the evolution of water content during the drying process and the related development of suction over time. The main results show a significant influence of the presence of cracks on the evaporation, the moisture and the suction profile in the soil.                                                              1- Laboratory of Civil Engineering and Geo-Environment (LGCgE), University Lille1, France 2- Lebanese University, ‘’ Ecole doctorale des Sciences et Technologies’’, Beyrouth, Lebanon * Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected], phone: +33 (0)6 27 02 63 81

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We present in the paper, the numerical model used, then a detailed analysis of the influence of a cracks on the soil-atmosphere interaction. It also offers a simple method for taking into account the presence of cracks in the soilatmosphere exchange. The results from this study should be useful for a better planning of constructions under conditions that favor drying and desiccation. Key words: unsaturated soil, cracks, soil-atmosphere interaction, numerical model.  

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Concrete durability in harsh environmental condition exposed to freeze thaw cycles. Y. Hamze Associate Professor,*

Abstract: Under line Pathology of Materials, one of the environmental causes of damage effects on concrete is freeze thaw cycles, which deteriorate the concrete exposed to water in cold weather. As an example for old concrete we have a dam project that was built in Canada, in the early 1909-1913. This project was reconstructed in 1932, 1934 and 1972, and required renovation due to the ice abrasion with the freeze/thaw cycles. Before completing any renovation, it is required to analyze the structural stability and the concrete failures of this dam. An investigation was conducted to determine the quality of the concrete in the Piers and in the Bridge Deck Slab. It was also required to determine the basic materials properties that constitute this project, in order to improve the analysis of its stability, and to investigate a similar concrete structure. Core samples were examined and used as test samples, for the Alkali-Silica reactivity test samples, as well as the compressive strength test, the Chloride Ion test, and the freeze thaw testing which was performed on two sets of 12 concrete core samples that were taken from different locations in the project. These locations are the representations of the age of the concrete. Thus, the age difference between the samples’ two sets is four decades. Testing was performed on prisms cut from cores. ASTM C-666 procedure (A) was applied using an automatic test system. It was suggested that a plan for renovation of this project should be performed after the analysis undertaken to assess the conditions estimating the remaining life of the concrete in this project. Key words: Freeze thaw cycles, concrete deterioration, aged concrete, concrete repairs, Pathology of materials, renovation, and Chloride Ion tests.                                                              *

(Ph.D., P. Eng., Civil Eng.). Lebanese University Faculty of Engineering

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The non-finished, non-well compacted soil of the crest of Zayzoun dam, the technical and administration errors caused its failure, the correct ways of its reinforcement and renovation Y. Hamze *

Abstract: Zayzoun dam is one of the irrigation elements for the valley of (Alkhab) in northern Syria; its exploitation started in 1996 and breached on June 4th, 2002. There were many experts searching for the causes of its failure and the correct ways of its renovation. There were many reports writing about the failure with different opinions, and we have been one of these experts with an objective opinion. The principal aim was the study of all the technical and administrative components of the dam, and analyzing the existing and the new laboratory testing. Soil of the unfinished summit of the dam, at the end, we found the real causes that lead to its failure. These causes will be analyzed in order to avoid them in the future and in order to find the suitable ways of its renovation and reinforcement.  

                                                             *

Associate Professor, (Ph.D., P. Eng., Civil Eng.), Lebanese University Faculty of Engineering, Eng. Anna Stanivska

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“Evaluation of Sustainability of Multistory Reinforced Concrete Structure”

A. Tamimi1, A. Ibrahim2, N. Al-Sughaiyer1

Abstract Three different types of concrete mixes of design strengths 100 MPa, 50 MPa, and 50 MPa lightweight were designed, produced, and analyzed in the effort to quantify their effects on sustainability and economics. An overall comparison taking into consideration the structural, environmental, and economical effectiveness was conducted to find the most beneficial and reliable material to be used in sustainable structures. Different concrete types were used in the design of typical multi story buildings of the same loadings and dimensions. The only input variables in this research are the different mixes of concrete. By fixing the applied loadings and the buildings’ dimensions, the three different materials were studied in terms of their effects on the structural design of members, carbon footprint and sustainability, and economics. High strength concrete using microsilica was concluded to be the most effective material to be used in construction with the best effects on sustainability and economics. Keywords: Concrete, High strength, Light weight, Sustainability, Multistory building.

 

                                                             1- Construction Materials Laboratory, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (UAE). 2- Elkem Company-Middle East, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

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Use of CFRP Mechanical Anchorage for Externally Strengthened RC Beams under Flexure

A. Ali, J. Abdalla, R. Hawileh, K. Galal1

ABSTRACT With time large number of concrete structures deteriorates due to corrosion of steel reinforcement and exposure to environmental effects. Such structures need to be repaired and strengthened. Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) materials are quickly gaining popularity in repairing and strengthening of existing structures as well as in constructing new structures. One of the main challenges of the use of externally bonded CFRP in repairing and strengthening applications is its susceptibility to debonding without achieving its full capacity. To delay or prevent debonding of CFRP from the concrete substrate and consequently enhance its load carrying capacity, a CFRP mechanical anchorage system has been used. The pin-and-fan shape CFRP anchor, which is custommade from typical rolled fiber sheets and bundles of loose fiber is used. Such anchors are particularly appropriate for fastening FRP composites to a variety of structural elements with different shapes. The pin-part of the anchor is inserted into pre-drilled holes in the concrete while the fan (comb) ends spread over and rest on the surface of the FRP sheet or plate and are adhesively bonded to it. Several reinforced concrete beams were tested in standard four-point bending scheme to study the effectiveness of this anchorage system. The beams were externally strengthened in flexure with bonded CFRP sheets and fastened using different arrangements of CFRP anchors. The load-midspan deflection responses of the tested beams were plotted and compared with the associated failure mode along with selected strain results of internal rebars and external CFRP sheets. It is observed that the CFRP plates begins to separate from the beams as soon as debonding occurs in specimens without anchors, while in                                                              1- American University of Sharjah Department of Civil Engineering

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beams with closely-spaced anchors debonding was delayed considerably leading to a considerable increase in the load carrying capacity up to 30% over the un-anchored strengthened beams. It is concluded that the developed anchorage system is promising, yet further investigation is needed to determine and quantify the exact number, size and location of such anchors in order to fully utilize the capacity of the bonded FRP sheets.  

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Piezoelectric-based vibration control in composite structures* A. Megnounif1**, M. Kerboua 2 and F. Kaoulala 3

Abstract Noise and vibration control has long been a subject of engineering research. One can encounter noise and vibration everywhere in daily life, at home and work, during a trip, in sports and recreation etc. In most cases, noise and vibration are undesirable and hazardous. They can harm, damage, and even threaten human health. On the other hand, noises and vibrations are difficult to control, especially with traditional techniques, which are mainly isolation, absorption, and viscoelastic material damping, particularly at low frequencies due to long wavelengths. Traditionally, unwanted vibrations are removed or attenuated with a variety of passive treatments including rubber mounts, foam, viscoelastic layers, frication and tuned mass damper (TMD). However, the outcome of these solutions somehow is limited for many applications. In addition, temperature variation and geometric constraints sometimes make them impractical. In the past decade, many researchers have turned their attention to so-called Smart materials technology in conjunction with modern electronic technology as an alternative to traditional mechanical vibration control techniques. The passive piezoelectric ordering of shunt of vibration of R-L is order from narrow band which aims at the normal frequency of the structures. It is                                                              1- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tlemcen, Abu Bekr Belkaid, Algeria 2- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tlemcen, Abu Bekr Belkaid, and Engineer Motorway and Environment, East-West Highway ANA / DPN, Algeria 3- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tlemcen, Abu Bekr Belkaid, and Engineer Motorway, East-West Highway ANA / DPN, Algeria * This research is the subject of the thesis of doctorates of Mr. Kerboua Mohammed ** E-mail address: [email protected] , phone : +213 0770344441.

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very sensitive to the shift of the normal frequency to order. When the frequency of a circuit of shunt does not match the normal frequency to order, the control efficiency of shunt will worsen clearly. Actually, the normal frequencies of the structures often shift when the states of border, the material properties or the environments change. The design of an adaptive notch filter using the Recursive Least-Squares (RLS) algorithm for the estimation of frequencies is introduced. This design is verified by a MATLAB® - based simulation. This was undertaken to account for the inherent variations in a Cricket bat’s natural frequencies due to the natural variability of the structure. Keywords: Vibration control, variability, Simulation.

Piezoelectric,

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Structures,

Frequencies,

Natural

Diagnosis and fault isolation by functional analysis Cement case of El malabiod Taleb Mounia*, Chaib Rachid**

Abstract This paper aims to demonstrate the use of functional analysis in the field of fault isolation (diagnosis) and the anticipation or prediction of any damage that could affect a technological chain. In the first part of functional analysis is used to determine the most likely causes of an anomaly observed. In the second part, the functional analysis is used to help predict future behavior of the various machines in the technological chain based on its current state and other working conditions to consider Keywords: Failure, Degradation, Diagnosis, Localization, detection, functional analysis

                                                             1- engineering department of Mines, Larbi Tebbessi University, Tebessa, Algeria. 2- Laboratory of transport engineering and environment, Mentouri University-Constantine, Algeria.

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An experimental study of the springback anisotropy using the stretching-bending operation.

A. Soualem1

Abstract. Springback is a significant problem in the sheet metal forming process. When the tools are released after the stage of forming, the product springs out behind, because of the action of the internal stresses. In many cases the deviation of form is too large and the compensation of the springback is necessary. The precise prediction of the springback of product is increasingly significant for the design of the tools and for compensation because of the higher ratio of the yield stress to the elastic modulus. The aim of this paper is an experimental study on the springback of three materials: Aluminum, steel and galvanized steel, which is evaluated through three different directions: firstly at 0°, the second at 45°, and the third at 90° of laminated direction. Moreover, in this work, we have studied important characteristics in deep drawing process which is a springback. We have presented defaults that are showed in this process and many parameters influenced a springback. Finally, our results works lead us to understand the influence of grains orientation with different metallic materials on the springback and drawing some conclusions how to concept deep drawing tools. In addition, the conducted work represents a fundamental contribution in the discussion the industry application. Keywords: Springback, grains orientation, laminate tool, Deep-Drawing.                                                              1- LPMMM Laboratory, Department of Optic and Mechanics of Precision, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University Ferhat Abbas, Setif, Alegria. a_ [email protected] , fax: 00 213 (36) 92.51.34 Symposium III: 26 : Mechanical Properties of Materials, Durability and fatigue

225

Determination of mechanical properties of porous silicon with image analysis and finite element K. Rahmoun1, H.I. Faraoun1, G. Bassou2, C. Mathieu3, N.E.Chabane Sari1

Abstract In order to create equivalent images, a series of SEM micrographs of porous silicon were treated with the image analysis procedure, developed using a public domain software “imageJ”. A morphological description was used to reduce the complexity of the microstructure of porous silicon and an image analysis procedure has been established to quantify different geometrical parameters related to the shape, size and orientation distribution. This description allows performing predictive calculation of mechanical properties of porous silicon using finite element analysis. Results are compared with experiment and a good agreement is observed Keywords: Porous Silicon, Image Analysis, micrographs, Finite element model, mechanical properties.  

                                                             1- Unité de Recherche Matériaux et Energies Renouvelables URMER, Université Abou Bakr Belkaid, BP 119 Tlemcen 13000 ALGERIE 1- E-mail: [email protected] 2- Laboratoire de Microscopie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sidi Bel Abbès, 22000 Sidi Bel Abbès – Algérie. 3- Centre de Calcul et de Modélisation, Université d’Artois, Faculté Jean Perrin, rue Jean Souvraz- S.P.18- 62307 Lens Cedex, France

226

Reliability modeling of transport systems: Influence of the running-in period of life S. Beleulmi1, A. Bellaouar2, R. Chaib2, M. Lachi3.

Abstract Improving reliability in the context of transportation is of great importance. The running-in period allows material to increase its life duration and therefore its availability. This means the modeling of early failures, considering the specific distributions of failure time. Unlike the exponential distribution which is used for random failures, these distributions must have at least two parameters. Despite the fact that the log normal and normal distributions are frequently used to model the effects of aging, the Weibull distribution is probably the most universally used. With it, we can model the early and random failures as well as the effects of aging. The Weibull distribution (3 parameters) describes the situations in which some time t0 must pass before a failure happens. It is equal to a two-parameter distribution with a right to a translation. This work consists of modeling the influence of running-in time over the duration of additional life. Keywords: Life, running-in, Weibull failure rate, random

                                                             1- Université Abbas Laghrour, Khenchela, Algérie. 2- Laboratoire Ingénierie des transports et environnement, Faculté des sciences de l'Ingénieur Université Mentouri de Constantine, Route Ain El-bey 25000, Constantine, Algérie. 3- Laboratoire de Thermomécanique du groupe de recherche en sciences pour l'ingénieur, LTM/CRSPI de l'Université de Reims-Champagne Ardenne, B.P. 1039-51687 Reims, France ** Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected], or [email protected], phone: 00213 31 81 88 68, Fax: 00213 31 81 88 63

227

Prediction of fatigue crack growth of repaired aluminium alloy structures with double sides

M. Benachour1,*, N. Benachour1,2, M. Benguediab3, F.Z. Serari1

Abstract During navigation, aircrafts are subject to fatigue damage. In order to rehabilitate damaged structures some techniques are often to resolve this problem. Efficient repair technique, called composite patch repair, was used to reinforce the damaged structures and arrest cracks. In this paper, effect of composite patch repair (Boron/Epoxy) on fatigue crack growth (FCG) was investigated on 2024 T62 and 2219 T62 aluminium alloys. Effects of double patch repair in single notch tensile specimen (SENT) on FCG were studied and compared to single patch repair. Results show beneficial effect of patch repair on fatigue life and FCGR comparatively to the un-patched specimen. Additionally effect of mean stress characterized by stress ratio was highlight. Fatigue behavior of investigated aluminium alloy was compared. Keywords: fatigue crack, patch repair, aluminum alloy, mean stress                                                                  1- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Mécaniques & Matériaux (IS2M), Département de Génie Mécanique, Université de Tlemcen, 13000 - Tlemcen, Algeria 2- Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Tlemcen, 13000 - Tlemcen, Algeria 3- Laboratoire de Mécanique et Physique des Matériaux (LMPM), Département de Génie Mécanique, Université de Sidi Bel Abbes, 22000 – Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria * Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected] or [email protected], phone : +213 43 28 56 89, Fax : +213 43 28 56 85

228

Caracterisation Des Parametres De Fonctionnement Des Equipements Industriels En Utilisant La Theorie Des Systemes Gris S. Bounneche1, R. Chaïb2, I. Verzea3 et L. Khochemane4

Résumé : La notion d’entretien d’un matériel date de l’apparition des premiers outils et des premières machines. Le développement de l’industrialisation oblige la structuration des méthodes d’intervention. Cependant, des nouveaux besoins apparaissent, traduisant la nécessité d’une approche économique, et non seulement technique, de l’entretien des machines. Des nouvelles notions sont alors mise en œuvre pour servir d’outils efficaces permettant une gestion globale du fonctionnement des machines, notamment lorsque ces dernières sont regroupées en chaînes et ensembles complexes interagissant entre eux. La maintenance industrielle, qui a pour vocation d’assurer le bon fonctionnement des outils de production, est une fonction stratégique dans les entreprises. Elle n’a plus aujourd’hui comme seul objectif de réparer l’outil de travail mais aussi de prévoir, anticiper et éviter les dysfonctionnements. Avec la rigueur économique qui impose l’optimisation de l’exploitation et de la qualité des produits, les responsables de la maintenance sont confrontés à la complexité croissante du tissu industriel d’une part et aux poids des enjeux technico-économique rattachés a cette fonction d’autre part. De plus, avec l’évolution très rapide des méthodes et des outils liés à la maintenance, les industriels s’engagent dans la course vers le zéros panne, allant dans le sens d’une meilleure maîtrise des paramètres de fonctionnement (fiabilité,                                                              1- Université Med Seddik Ben Yahia, Jijel, Algérie 2- Laboratoire ingénierie de tansport et environnement, Algérie 3- Université de Technologie Gh. Asachi Iasi, Roumanie 4- Université 20 Août 1955 Skikda, Algérie Email : [email protected]

229

Université Mentouri Constantine,

maintenabilité et disponibilité) des équipements avec un rendement global maximum et réduction des coûts de la maintenance. C’est pourquoi l’objectif de ce travail permet, en utilisant la théorie des systèmes gris et le fichier historique des équipements, de connaitre l’état de santé des équipements et les composants les plus critiques, de déterminer l’ordre de priorité des actions de maintenance à mener et de diriger la procédure d’exploitation vers les maillons les plus pénalisant dans l’entreprise, voir résoudre les problèmes courant de maintenance et ainsi définir les recommandations appropriées pour le service de maintenance. Mots-clés : Maintenance, Optimisation, Gestion, Disponibilité, Théorie des systèmes gris.    

230

Fiabilité,

Maintenabilité,

Detection of changes in mechanical properties of Plexiglas beam by ambient noise* A.Hamze1, P.Gueguen1, P.Roux1, L.Baillet1

Abstract Monitoring techniques were tested in laboratory in order to detect the structural damages on a continuous beam. Damage was applied to a beam of Plexiglas forced into vibration with a white noise and for which vibrations were continuously recorded. Initial frequencies and mode shapes were first detected using signal processing methods and were compared to numerical values obtained by finite element modeling. During the damaging procedure, the variations of natural frequencies and mode shapes were then measured using signal processing algorithms. Damage detection methods such as the curvature of mode shapes, the flexibility matrix, the curvature of flexibility, and the curvature damage factor were compared for damage localization. Keywords: Clamped-free beam, damage detection, Frequency Domain Decomposition (FDD), modal analysis, Random Decrement Technique.                                                                  1-

Institute of Earth Science (ISTerre), University Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, CNRS, IFSTTAR F-38041 Grenoble, France * The authors thank the “Region Rhône Alpes” for financial support Fundings for this project was provided by grant from la Région Rhône-Alpes. This work benefited from the financial support of the DREAL (Direction Régionale de l’Environnement, de l’Aménagement et du Logement) and the FEDER in the framework of the RiskNat project in the ALCOTRA (20072013) programme. ** Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected], or [email protected]

231

Study of the influence of silver addition on the order-disorder transformations in Cu-Au system

L. Amiour1 ,D. Hamana1

Abstract The order disorder transition takes a very important place because of its influence on the physical and mechanical characteristics of metals. The coppergold system provides a classical example of structure which classified as long period superlattice. The addition of silver element in AuCu binary system leads to produce ordered regions and two-phase decomposition region. Thus, the ternary Au-Ag-Cu system undergoes different transformations such as ordering, precipitation and spinodal decomposition depending on the composition of alloy. In this work we observe the effect of addition of Ag element on orderdisorder transformation in Au-Cu system. For this study, we have chosen the following alloys: Au-25 wt. % Cu and Au-50 wt. % Cu as reference alloys and Au-18 wt. % Ag-7 wt. % Cu and Au-35 wt. % Ag-15 wt. % Cu, using dilatometry (DT1000) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The obtained results enable us to show that the Ag addition leads to the decrease of ordering temperature and the apparition of other transition in comparison with the reference alloys. Kywords: order-disorder, AuCu binary, superlattice  

                                                               1- laboratoire de Transformation de phase, Université Montouri-Constantine, Algeria

232

Effect of Alloying Elements and Heat Treatment on Behavior of the Alloy (Cu,Al) Using in Marine Industries *

Faisel A.M.Al-Bassam **Abd Al-Wahed K.R. Al-Bakry Saif M.H.Al-Sharify *

Summery The research deals using powder metallurgy in atmospheric vacuum (10-2 Torr) to prepare samples with (Cu-9.5Al). The silicon and nickel elements are added with (3%) and (5%) to (Cu-9.5Al)based respectively. Also (3%Si,5%Ni,1%Mn,4%Fe) elements are added to alloy based. Several tests were carried out Green, final densities and porosity, compression, wear with (Pin-on-Disk)- type ,hardness. Corrosion tests, which include the simple immersion method and corrosion /erosion are carried out. All alloys indicated increase in weight loss for corrosion/erosion test before and after heat treatment with phase transformation. The results indicate that the added alloy elements to the alloy based increase in corrosion resistance about (113.3 – 566.6%). Also high resistance in corrosion/erosion of two alloys are calculated. When the heat treatment are carried out, the improvement ratio is (488.9%),and the hardness have (185HV) value. The compression strength and ductility have improved with excellent value. The mechanical wear resistance have low change after heat treatment. While, the addition of (Si) and all the above mentioned metals to the base, increase the resistance to wear and give the lowest corrosion The change in weight with time indicate a stable case after exposed to corrosion media. The sintering have effect on diffusion property of (Al), that wear the surfaces of particles of metals formed alloys. The addition of (Si) metal with (3%) gave higher value in resistance to sliding wear and follow in (Fe) metal in the same behavior, where the improvement ratio, are (165%) and (126%). Alloy (Cu-Al-Ni-Mn-Fe-Si) also demonstrates a high hardness, low corrosion rate in sea water, good resistance                                                              * Laser Physics Department/ College of Science for women/Babylon Univ.Iraq ** Material Engineering Department/Engineering College/Babylon Univ. Iraq

233

to wear and compressive strain. These improvements were attributed to enhancement of properties of alloy based (Cu – 9.5 Al) used in Marine propellers industry.  

234

Prediction of Resulting Grain Size in Friction Stir Processing Using Artificial Neural Networks

Basil Darras* & Ibrahim Deiab1

Friction stir processing (FSP) has emerged as an effective microstructural modification technique. During FSP, a specially designed tool is plunged into the sheet causing intense plastic deformation through stirring action, yielding a defect free, and dynamically recrystallized fine grain structure. One of the most important issues that hinder the wide spread utilization of FSP is the lack of comprehensive predictive tools that enable of selection of the suitable processing parameters to get the desired grain structure. In this work, the effects of FSP parameters on the resulting microstructure of AZ31 magnesium sheets are examined. Artificial neural networks (ANN) will be used to model and predict the resulting grain size from varying the process parameters. Keywords: Friction stir processing (FSP), grain size, artificial neural networks

                                                             1- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, UAE * Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] , phone: +971 6 515 2590, Fax: +971 6 515 2979

235

Electrochemical and Structural Characterization of Nickel Based Alloy Oxides* N.E Hakiki1,**, J.L Bubendorff2, C. Pirri2, F. Mechehoud1, A. Mehdaoui2, M. Belhadji3

Abstract The electrochemical and structural characterization of thermally grown oxides formed on nickel based alloys (type Inconel 600 and 690) at 350°C and during different time was performed by impedance measurements and near field microscopy combining scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) . The impedance results show that these films present a semi conducting behaviour which is highly influenced by the alloying elements (Fe, Cr and Ni) and the chemical environment. The space charge layer capacitance deduced from impedance measurements is closely related to oxidation time. The results obtained by near field microscopy technique show that the film formed during low oxidation time has a small grain size and also a small surface roughness. The surface roughness is determined by Root Mean Square RMS relation. The values of grain sizes determined in both cases by auto correlation along x- and y-axis are practically the same indicating a spherical shape of oxide grains. The values of grain size also increase with oxidation time and are slightly different between oxides formed on type inconel 600 and 690.                                                              1- Laboratoire de Physique des Couches Minces et Matériaux pour l’Electronique (LPCM2E), Université d’Oran, BP 1524 El’Mnaouer Oran 31100, Algérie 2- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), LRC-CNRS 7228, Université de Haute Alsace, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France 3- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères (LCP), Université d’Oran, BP 1524 El’Mnaouer Oran 31100, Algérie * This research was partially supported by the cooperation scientific project EGIDE TASSILI 10MDU801 ** Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] or [email protected] phone : (+213) 771 154 376

236

Key words: oxide, temperature, inconel, impedance, capacitance, scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy, roughness.

237

Effect of plasticizer and aggregates size on concrete hollow blocks manufactured with recycled aggregates* P. Matar1**, R. El Dalati2

Abstract The low workability of recycled concrete aggregates is due to high water absorption of recycled aggregates; these aggregates have two times higher water absorption than natural aggregates. In order to assure the workability of freshly mixed concrete, water could be added, which will decrease the strength of concrete. To avoid this decrease of strength, the water addition should be substituted by the use of superplasticizers. This research mainly aims to study the effect of superplasticizers on the strength of hollow blocks containing recycled aggregates. These aggregates are obtained from crushing precast concrete curbstones, paving tiles, lintels, etc. which cannot be placed on the market due to their non-conformance to plant quality assurance requirements. The research consists also the study of the effect of aggregates size on blocks strength. This paper presents the results of study which has been carried out on ten series of blocks: eight series containing natural and recycled aggregates, and one series (control blocks) not containing any recycled aggregates. Keywords: Hollow blocks, Concrete, Superplasticizer, Aggregates, Recycling, Strength, Compression                                                              1- Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Branch 2, Lebanese University, Roumieh, Lebanon 2- Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Branch 1, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon * This research was fully supported by the National Council of Scientific Research (CNRS), Lebanon ** Corresponding author. Email address: [email protected], phone: +961 3 369960, fax: +961 4 872205

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Symposium IV Materials and Mathematical Modelling, Simulation, Computational Methods

239

Table of Content of Symposium IV Title of Communication

Authors

Page

Modeling of magnetic hysteresis using scalar model of Preisach

Rechach Abdelkrim, Chaabane Mebrouk

243

Complex Boron Redistribution in P+ Doped-Polysilicon / Nitrogen-DopoedSilicon Bi-Layers During Activation Annealing

Farida Mansour, Salah Abadl, Elena Bedel Pereira

258

The mechanical behavior modeling of a train bogie

R. Zelagui, S.Beleulmi, A. Bellaouar

260

Simulation and Determination of the coefficient of internal moisture transfer during a solar drying of a single-layer of whole figs

A. Benseddik A. Azzi, K. Allaf, B. Benyoucef

261

Study of an inverse problem that models the detection of corrosion in metalic plate whose lower part is embedded

Said Mohamed Said, Hocine Mohcene

262

Rate and Temperature dependent behavior investigation and modeling of Magnesium alloys AZ31 sheets

Said Mohamed Said, Hocine Mohcene, G. Ayoub, A.K. Rodriguez, G. Kridli, H. Zbib, D. Field

265

Contribution To The Implementation Of Laws Of Behavior In Plaxis. - Viscous Materials Case-

C.Guergah, A.Belouar, M.Guenfoud

266

Numerical and experimental studies of the springback according to displacement using the stretching-bending.

A. Soualem, D.Khirani

267

On a nonlinear problem iintervening in relativistic quantum mechanics perturbed by a factor of amortizement

Said Mohamed Said

268

Design of a Library of Components for Autonomous Photovoltaic System under Matlab/Simulink

A.Chermitti, O.Boukli-Hacene Omar, A.Meghebbar, A N. Bibi-Triki, A.Kherous

272

Ab-initio study of the impact of excess iron on the electronic and magnetic properties of Gallium Ferrite

F. Ibrahim, M. Alouani

273

240

Title of Communication

Authors

Page

Mechanical characterization of carbonitrided steel with spherical indentation.

Moussa Charbel, Bartier Olivier, Mauvoisin Gérard, Hernot Xavier, Delattre Guillaume

275

Predicting Cutting forces in Aluminum using Polynomial Classifiers

H. El Kadi, I.M. Deiab, A.A. Khattab

Effect of the BaTiO3 phase transition on the performance of Ferroelectric Random access memories (FeRAM).

M. Ourrad, T. Benouaz

277

Visible-Light Active N- and C-doped TiO2 Photocatalysts: Determination of the structural and electronic origin of the optical improvement in the visible region by DFT

M. Harb, P. Raybaud, P. Sautet

278

The interaction of acetylcholinesterase and carnosic acid derivatives in Alzheimer's disease by molecular modeling

M.Merad, W.Soufi, F.Boukli, S.Ghalem

281

Electronic Evolution From LuBr to LuI

Joumana Assaf, Fadia Taher, Sylvie Magnier

283

The First Lowest Electronic States of CuI Molecule

Leila Assafiri, Iman Haidar, Jihad Sidawi, Fadia Taher

285

The Theoretical Ground State and the First Excited Electronic State of Lanthanum Mono Bromide

Yehya Haidar, Yaman Hamade, Iman Haidar, Ahmad Chaalan, Fadia Taher

287

Effects of microstructures on dynamic localization in high strength structural steel

F. Abed, F. Makarem

289

Novel Zwitterionic Schiff Base Compound as Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Acidic Media

Amel Djedouani, Leila. Hasniou, Wassila. Merouani, Hakima. Boulemche, Salah. Chafaa

290

241

276

242

Modeling of magnetic hysteresis using scalar model of Preisach

Rechach Abdelkrim, Chaabane Mebrouk*,

Abstract: The discussion in this paper is concentrated on the modeling of the phenomenon of hysteresis (direct law of the behavior hysteretic of ferromagnetic materials) using the scalar model of Preisach. The identification of the function of distribution of this model is elaborate at the numerical base of method integrating of the traditional model of Preisach. Our leaning for this model is explained by the fact why it counts as being the pillar on which are based most of research in this field. Keywords: Preisach model, hysteresis, ferromagnetic proprieties, loop of hysteresis, magnetic lose. 1. Introduction Le coût très élevé de l’énergie électrique présente un stimulant fort appréciable pour son économie, qui se traduit par des tentatives de réduction des paramètres énergétiques tels que les pertes et/ou la consommation spécifique de l’énergie électrique. La réduction des pertes réduit non seulement les services utilitaires qui produisent et fournissent l’énergie aux secteurs industriels mais réduit aussi le coût des sous stations pour les réseaux de transport électrique et ferroviaire, réduit les risques d’échauffements des machines électriques et augmente la gamme des véhicules électriques actionnés par batteries.                                                              * University Cheikh Larbi Tébessi , faculty of sciences and technologies Tébessa 12000 Algeria. e-mail : [email protected]

243

Si on envisage les pertes dans les machines asynchrones de moyenne et grande puissance, elles ne dépassent pas les 07% de la puissance fournie ; Néanmoins, vu les quantités énormes d’énergie a transformer, chaque pourcent de pertes correspond a de très grandes quantités d’énergie non utilisés, autrement dit des dépenses non productifs. D’un autre coté les pertes sont transformées en chaleur, elles échauffent la machine et diminuent par conséquent sa durée de service et son rendement, ceci qui exige un système de refroidissement adéquat et un choix approprié des matériaux de construction susceptibles à limiter l’échauffement à une valeur admissible. La réduction des pertes favorise le refroidissement, accroît considérablement l’utilisation des matériaux actifs de la machine tels que le cuivre et le fer et rend la machine plus légère et moins coûteuse. De ces faits on comprend l'apport de diminution des pertes sur la construction et les frais d'exploitation et de maintenance des moteurs électriques. Les pertes électriques peuvent être réduites en suivant l'une des trois méthodes suivantes : Sélection et conception du moteur : L'utilisation de plus puissants moteurs signifie de meilleurs matériaux de construction que ceux requis juste pour satisfaire les besoins du couple et limiter l'augmentation de température du moteur à charge entière. Pour ces fins la concurrence sur le choix des matériaux est encore présente. Amélioration de la forme de l'onde d'alimentation du moteur: Cette méthode se résume généralement à l'utilisation de certaines techniques pour façonner la forme d'onde pour réduire les harmoniques supérieurs livrées par les convertisseurs. Les résultats déjà trouvés attestent qu'avec cette méthode on peut exploiter l’énergie considéré auparavant comme perdue. Réglage de la tension, du courant et/ou de la fréquence à chaque vitesse et point d'exécution du couple : Cette dernière a rarement été adoptée. Notre travail, qui en fait partie, présente une technique de réduction des pertes dans les moteurs asynchrones en contrôlant les entraînements électriques. La tension des moteurs à courant alternatif alimentés par convertisseurs à thyristors est réglée de zéro à une valeur nominale pour permettre au moteur d'atteindre une vitesse donnée. Les pertes énergétiques peuvent être réduites considérablement par un contrôle de la tension pour n'importe quel couple et à n'importe quelle vitesse. Les quantités à contrôler sont déjà accessibles dans l'onduleur d’alimentation. Les signaux de contrôle peuvent être lancés par des commandes qui résolvent le problème de minimisation des pertes en utilisant des paramètres d'entraînement prédéfinis ou en optimisant les commandes qui influent sur ces paramètres et identifient les combinaisons des quantités qui les réduisent aux minimums. 244

2. Les pertes dans les machines électriques tournantes. Sachant que les machines électriques transforment l'énergie mécanique en énergie électrique (cas d'une génératrice) et inversement (cas d'un moteur), en absorbant la quasi-totalité de l'énergie fournie. Le reste se dissipe dans l'espace ambiant sous forme de chaleur : Ce sont les pertes. Afin de les minimiser, elles doivent d'abord êtres identifiées. Kostenko, Piotrovsky1 ainsi qu’André Belot11 ont présentés une vaste et profonde discussion sur leur composition. 2.1. Classification : Les pertes d'une machine électrique tournante se subdivisent en quatre groupes, classés de la manière suivante : a)- Les pertes mécaniques : Sont les pertes dues aux frottements aux paliers, les pertes dues aux frottements aux balais et les pertes dues a la ventilation et frottements sur 1’air. b)- Les pertes dans le fer : Réunissent les pertes par Hystérésis, les pertes par courants de Foucault et les pertes en fer supplémentaires produites par les variations locales d'induction. c)- Les pertes dans le cuivre : Comprennent les pertes par effet Joule normales dans les enroulements du stator et du rotor et les pertes dans le cuivre supplémentaire engendrées par les courants de Foucault . d)- Pertes par chute de tension aux balais : Ces pertes dépendent de la résistivité des balais (généralement elle est prédéterminée par le constructeur) 2.2. Les pertes mécaniques : a). Pertes dues aux frottements aux paliers : Ces pertes diffèrent suivant la nature et dimensions des paliers qui peuvent être à roulement ou à billes et du type de glissement qui y est utilisé et qui peut être sec ou humide. Elles varient aussi en fonction de : - La pression exercée sur les coussinets par la force totale supportée ; - La vitesse tangentielle du tourillon ; - La nature et 1'amplitude du frottement. Le calcul des pertes par frottement aux paliers présentent des incertitudes; Néanmoins leurs valeurs sont peu élevées vis a vis d'autres pertes par frottement. b). Pertes dues aux frottements aux balais : Ces pertes ont presque les mêmes facteurs influant que les précédentes, mais on les exprime en général en fonction de la pression d'appuis des balais. Elles varient suivant les termes suivants : 245

- La pression appliquée aux balais contre collecteur ; - La nature et l'amplitude du frottement aux balais contre collecteur ; - La surface totale de toute la ligne de balais ; - La vitesse tangentielle du collecteur. c). Pertes par ventilation et frottements sur l'air : Ces pertes sont pour ainsi dire, impossibles à évaluer avec précision. Les écoulements en principe laminaires, se trouvent perturbés par les têtes des bobines, les connexions, les encoches, etc.…, ce qui entraîne localement des mouvements tourbillonnaires favorables certainement au refroidissement mais rendent leur calcul relativement impossible. Pour cette raison chaque constructeur utilise ces propres résultats expérimentaux. La situation est toutefois améliorée dans les grandes machines où les obstacles à la libre circulation de l’air sont relativement moins importants. Il y a aussi le cas des machines fermées à ventilation extérieure. Ces machines utilisent un double circuit de ventilation : le premier interne, assure la circulation de l'air à l'intérieur de la carcasse, la puissance qu'il consomme se détermine suivant les indications précédentes ; le second, externe comprend un ventilateur en bout d’arbre, soufflant de l'air sur 1'extérieur de la carcasse qui comporte généralement des ailettes. Il convient d'ajouter aux pertes précédentes, la puissance absorbée par ce ventilateur. La détermination de cette puissance s'effectue à partir débit nécessaire pour assurer une température interne convenable. 2.3. Pertes dans le fer : Elles sont reparties en trois groupes : a). Pertes par hystérésis: Elles sont dues essentiellement au flux fondamental. Quand une substance ferromagnétique subit des cycles d'hystérésis répétés, on observe cependant un dégagement de chaleur de la substance. L'énergie dégradée en chaleur représente les pertes par hystérésis. On utilise pour cette raison des matériaux doux caractérisés par des cycles d'hystérésis très étroits, autrement dit : ayant une faible excitation coercitive : se sont essentiellement des tôles d'acier au silicium. Les pertes d'hystérésis sont causées par : - La non uniformité de l'induction dans la couronne de l'induit. Si on étudie une section transversale de la couronne on s'aperçoit que la répartition du flux n'y est pas uniforme. L’induction étant plus élevée au voisinage des dents que dans les régions les plus éloignées. Le calcul des pertes par hystérésis au niveau des dents rencontre les mêmes difficultés que pour la couronne. La variation de l'induction est exclusivement alternative et la répartition de celle-ci est uniquement en fonction de la largeur de la dent. Cette dernière approche est valable pour les différentes formes des encoches. 246

- L'influence de l'hystérésis alternative et tournante: car l'induction ne conserve pas une direction constante, mais tourne dans le plans des tôles en raison de la rotation du champ. Il y a donc en chaque point non seulement une variation de l'amplitude de l'induction et pertes par hystérésis alternative, mais aussi une variation de direction de cette induction, donc des pertes par hystérésis tournante. Ces pertes peuvent êtres mesurées d'une façon relativement exacte par l'appareil d'Epstein 10, mais la construction des machines tournantes exige un écrouissage des tôles; ce qui augmente ces pertes parfois de (200 à 300)% ; pour cette raison on multiplie ces pertes par un coefficient de l'ordre de 2 à 3. Enfin il faudrait tenir compte également des pertes d’hystérésis dans les plaques épaisses de serrage aux extrémités du paquet de tôles, dans les canaux de ventilation et dans les boulons d'assemblage e t c ... . b). Pertes par courants de Foucault: Pendant le cycle d'inversion d'aimantation du fer, des forces électromotrices y naissent. Les courants crées cependant, sont appelés courants de Foucault. Ces derniers, provoquent des pertes et contribuent à l'échauffement du circuit magnétique. Les incertitudes de leur estimation sont provoquées par 1'irrégularité de répartition de 1'induction en conséquence Rudenberg et Alger10 ont élaboré une méthode a partir de laquelle on peut obtenir a des approches quasi-réelles. Pour atténuer l'influence de ces pertes, on réalise actuellement l'induit en tôles minces, isolées les unes des autres par du vernis ou du papier spécial, et situées dans le plan perpendiculaire à 1'axe de la machine. c)- Pertes en fer supplémentaires: En dehors des pertes en fer produites par le flux fondamental, il y en existe d'autres crées par la variation plus rapide de l’induction. Elles sont dues essentiellement à deux causes principales: La première cause est due à la variation de perméance de l'entrefer et à la déformation de la force magnétomotrice: Si on suppose que la force magnétomotrice est sinusoïdale, les discontinuités périphériques dues a 1'encochage et aux épanouissements polaires entraînent des variations périodiques de la reluctance de cet entrefer, introduisant ainsi une modulation du flux; il en résulte des pertes à la surface du fer et des pertes par pulsation dans les dents. La deuxième cause se résume à la forme de la force magnétomotrice qui n'a pas comme on 1'évoque généralement une forme sinusoïdale, cette dernière ne constitue qu'une approche simple de l'allure ayant peu de rapport avec la réalité. Une autre remarque qu'on peut toujours évoquer est que l'expérience a montré que les machines présentent après un stockage de quelques mois, des pertes en fer supplémentaires de (30 à 40)% inférieures à celles présentées aussitôt après leur fabrication. Le phénomène semble dû à une stabilisation et à une diminution des tensions internes produites dans les tôles par la construction. 247

2.4. Pertes par chute de tension aux balais : Elles varient suivant la nature et les dimensions des balais. Si ∆Ub est la chute de tension aux contacts pour une ligne de balais, on a immédiatement : δPb = m. ∆Ub. I

; (1)

Où δPb: Sont les pertes de chute de tension aux balais ; I: est le courant polyphasé m: le nombre de phase. ∆Ub est voisine de 1 volt pour les charbons électro-graphitiques les plus employés, 0.75v pour les charbons graphitiques tendres et durs. 2.5. Pertes dans le cuivre: Sont reparties en : a) Pertes dans le cuivre normales : Le calcul des pertes normales par effet joule ne présentent aucune difficulté. On l'effectue en supposant une répartition uniforme des courants dans les conducteurs. b) Pertes supplémentaires dans le cuivre: Dans les enroulements parcourus par des courants alternatifs, les pertes sont plus élevées que nous l'indique la méthode de calcul selon la résistance définie de la machine. L'augmentation des pertes est due à la distribution non uniforme des courants alternatifs dans les conducteurs. Ceci résulte de l'influence du flux de fuite transversal à l'encoche, créant des courants de Foucault dans la masse du conducteur. Il est clair a priori, qu'une réduction de la hauteur du conducteur dans l'encoche minimisera ses courants par diminution de la section offerte au flux de fuite. On s'arrange donc pour n'utiliser que des conducteurs de faible hauteur, mais malgré cette précaution, il subsistera toujours des pertes supplémentaires mises en évidence et étudiées par Field 10. 2.6. Pertes supplémentaires: La norme (C 51-100) estime globalement ces pertes dans les machines asynchrones à 0,5% de la puissance nominale, alors que les déterminations effectuées sur de nombreux moteurs de puissance variable, leur attribuent des valeurs comprises entre (0,5 et 3)%. L'indice de ces pertes sur le rendement peut donc devenir considérable dans des machines de puissance supérieure à 300kW. Mais même dans le cas de puissances faibles où la notion du rendement est secondaire, il ne faut pas oublier que certaines de ces pertes peuvent entraîner des échauffements susceptibles de conduire à une modification de la construction. 3. Précédent travail sur la minimisation des pertes. Le travail sur la réduction des pertes électriques a suivi deux cours: le premier est le contrôle optimal qui minimise les pertes pour un profil de vitesse prescrit ; le second est la minimisation des pertes a chaque régime de vitesse permanent correspondant à une valeur du couple prédéfinie. 248

Le contrôle optimal des moteurs à courant continu a été rapporté par Pétrov3, Sliezharovskii3, Cathey5 et Yousfi6. Pétrov a traité les problèmes relatifs aux faits d'assurer le plus grand changement de vitesse et un plus grand déplacement dans un système de positionnement pour des pertes dans un induit donnés. Sliezharovskii a examiné la réduction des pertes dans des systèmes de commande à plusieurs étages. Cathey a appliqué le contrôle optimal durant 1'accélération sur un moteur à courant continu alimenté par un convertisseur à thyristors avec une excitation du champ constante. Mr Yousfi. K a opéré par une commande de contrôle servant à minimiser les pertes durant les régimes de fonctionnement et a mis en relief les pertes causées par le rapport de transmission et leur influence. Youn, Holft7 et Galler8 et d'autres ont appliqué la méthode de contrôle moderne pour la réduction des pertes dans les entraînements a courant alternatif pour véhicules. Youn et Holft ont formulé un algorithme de contrôle optimal d'une boucle ouverte pour un moteur d'entraînement à vitesse d'induction réglable en utilisant l'état de fonction de Pontryagin. Ils adoptèrent plusieurs schémas de commande asservie pour minimiser les pertes d'énergie durant une certaine période d'accélération. Galler a développé un algorithme pour minimiser les pertes en optimisant la fréquence et la tension pour le système d'entraînement à courant alternatif pour un véhicule traversant un profile d'itinéraire spécifique. Nola2 a consacré une attention considérable pour la réduction des pertes des moteurs à courant alternatif opérant pendant le régime permanent et a conçu une commande de tension alternative d'un moteur en réduisant la tension du moteur comme fonction de la charge, Nola prétend être en mesure de réduire la densité de 1'entrefer, les pertes dans le fer, le courant magnétisant et les pertes dans le cuivre du stator. Dans les entrainements à courant continu pour les véhicules, Kusko et al2 ont présenté une simulation par ordinateur pour un système d'entraînement de stockage d'énergie avec volant. Les éléments des pertes du moteur alternatif ou générateur à volant sont calculés individuellement lorsque le véhicule fait sa route. Ils ont utilisé les éléments des pertes pour calculer les augmentations de température de la machine et la consommation d'énergie en établissant un contrôle pour les minimiser. Morton Jones et Watson9 décrivent une méthode de contrôle d'un véhicule électrique alimenté par batteries utilisant un microprocesseur pour contrôler le courant d'excitation et la tension d'induit. La valeur de ces paramètres est adoptée pour satisfaire le besoin en énergie à l’ordre du moteur avec le minimum de pertes dans la transmission électrique, pour élargir temps d'utilisation de l'énergie des batteries. Finalement dans leur brevet : Ohmae, 249

Yono, et Suzuki10, ont découvert un système qui contrôle la vitesse et le couple d'un moteur à courant alternatif pendant tout son régime de fonctionnement, tout en minimisant toutes les pertes d'énergie du moteur. Le courant d'excitation du moteur est contrôlé par un programme de boucle ouverte comme fonction de la tension d'induit et de la vitesse. 4. Théorie de base pour l'optimisation au minimum des pertes: Pour une fréquence constante (f*=1), f* étant la fréquence en unité relative, sur la figure Fig(4.1) est représentée en unités relatives la dépendance de la tension (forme sinusoïdale) en fonction des pertes d’un moteur asynchrone, pour un couple résistant sur 1'arbre du moteur égale au couple nominal et 20% du couple nominal. On remarque que les courbes sont des hyperboles présentant chacune un minimum de pertes qu’on essayera d’élucider pat la démonstration qui suit. Les pertes actives dans un moteur asynchrone s'expriment par la formule suivante: δP = 3.I12 .R1 + 3.I’22.R’2+ 3.Ioa2.R0

; (2)

δP : Pertes d’énergie active Ioa : Composante active du courant du circuit magnétique I1 : Intensité du courant statorique I’2 : Intensité du courant rotorique ramené au circuit statorique R1 : Résistance du cuivre du circuit statorique R’2: Résistance du cuivre du circuit rotorique ramené au circuit statorique R0: Résistance du circuit magnétisant (zone d’induction mutuelle). Dans l'expression (2), on n’a pas tenu compte des pertes mécaniques et des pertes supplémentaires. La puissance électromagnétique comme le montre la formule ci-dessous est le produit du couple électromagnétique et la vitesse de rotation du champ magnétique tournant 1.

250

Fig 4.1. Dépendance entre les pertes dans le moteur asynchrone de type 4A200L8Y2 et la tension d’alimentation pour 1- C=Cn et C= 0.2 Cn, Cn étant le couple nominal.

Pa = C. ωo

; (3)

La puissance mécanique est le produit du couple électromagnétique et la vitesse rotorique. P2= C ω

; (4)

Les pertes dans le circuit rotorique du moteur asynchrone s'expriment par la différence de la puissance électromagnétique, et la puissance mécanique : Pa - P2 = C.ω o - C.ω = C (ωo - ω) . ωo / ωo Pa - P2 = C ( (ωo - ω ) / ω o ). ωo

; (5)

Du fait que le glissement, est la différence relative entre la vitesse de rotation du champ magnétique tournant et la vitesse rotorique, on peut réécrire l'expression précédente comme suit : Pa - P2 = C ω o g

; (6)

Où g représente le glissement

ω o : représente la vitesse de rotation du champ magnétique tournant 251

ω:

représente la vitesse angulaire rotorique.

ω0 =

2.π . f p

; (7)

f : est la fréquence du réseau d’alimentation, p : est nombre de paires de pôles Mise a part les pertes mécaniques et supplémentaires, les pertes rotorique peuvent être représentées de la façon suivante :

Pa − P2 = 3.I ' 2 2 .R' 2

δPele = Pa − P2 = 3.I ' 2 2 .R' 2

Où :

; (8)

L'intensité du courant de l'enroulement rotorique ramenée à l'enroulement statorique s'écrit comme suit :

I '2 =

U

; (9)

[R1 + R' 2 ] + [X 1 + X ' 2 ]2 2

U étant la tension d'alimentation statorique. Des équations (8) et (9) on peut extraire la forme suivante :

δPele = 3

U 2 .R' 2

; (10)

[R1 + R' 2 ]2 + [X 1 + X '2 ]

En partant des expressions (3) et (6) et en mettant en considération l'expression :

C= On aura :

D’où :

Pa = Cω o = ω o .

Pa =

[

δPele g.ω 0 3.U 2 .R' 2

[

ω o .g. (R1 + R' 2 / g )2 + ( X 1 + X ' 2 )2 3.U 2 .R' 2

g. (R1 + R' 2 / g ) + ( X 1 + X ' 2 ) 2

252

2

]

] ; (11)

Pour les moteurs asynchrones réels R0 est beaucoup plus grand que X 0 et pour de faibles valeurs du glissement correspondant au travail sur la partie linéaire de la caractéristique mécanique, on peut alors prendre X’2 « R’2/g. A partir du schéma équivalent on déduit que l'intensité du courant statorique est approximativement égale a :

I1 ≈ I '

2

2

+ I or

2

; (12)

I

Ou or est la composante réactive de l’intensité du courant dans la zone d’induction mutuelle. La FEM engendrée par le courant statorique est sensiblement égale à :

E ≈ I ' 2 .R ' 2 / g

; (13)

D’autre part , en se basant sur les expressions (6) et (8) on peut déduire que :

E 2 = C .ω 0 .R ' 2 / 3 g

; (14)

Si on tient compte de (12), on trouve l’expression des pertes :

δP = 3.I ' 2 2 .R ' 2 .(1 + R1 / R ' 2 ) + 3.I or 2 .R1 + 3.I oa 2 .R0 Si on prend en considération l’expression (13) suivantes :

I or =

E X0

I oa = et

δP = C.ω 0 .g .(1 + R1 / R ' 2 ) +

E R0

; (15)

et les expressions

on aura l’expression suivante :

C.ω 0 ⎡ R1 .R ' 2 R ' 2 ⎤ + ⎢ ⎥ g ⎣⎢ X 0 2 R0 ⎥⎦

; (16)

On observe ici que les pertes dans les moteurs asynchrones sont en fonction du glissement. En observant La figure (4.2), tracée à la base de l'équation (16), on remarque qu'il existe un glissement optimal correspondant au minimum des pertes. Déterminons maintenant le glissement correspondant au minimum des pertes. Pour le faire, on va procéder à la recherche du point caractérisé par les coordonnées ( g opt , δPmin ). Ce dernier doit satisfaire la condition suivante : 253

Fig 4.2. Dépendance entre les pertes et le glissement pour C=Cn et C= 0.2 Cn

d (δP ) =0 dg

D’où :

C.ω d (δP ) = C.ω 0 .(1 + R1 / R ' 2 ) − 2 0 dg g

⎡ R1 .R ' 2 R ' 2 ⎤ + ⎢ ⎥=0 2 R0 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ X 0

; (17)

Après la résolution de l'équation (17) on aura :

g

opt

R '2 = . X 0

(X

2

0

)

/ R0 + R R '2 + R 1

1

           ; (18)   

La figure (4.2) représente les dépendances entre les pertes et le glissement correspondantes successivement aux conditions du couple nominale et à 20% du couple nominal. On remarque ici que les pertes diminuent avec la diminution de la charge. 254

La tension statorique du moteur varie automatiquement en fonction du couple sur l'arbre d’après les lois suivantes, et comme le carré de la FEM est égale a :

(

E 2 ≈ I ' 2 .R' 2 / g

)

2

= C.ω 0 .R' 2 / 3g

La tension d'alimentation optimale est égale a : Garantissant le minimum de pertes :

δ P min

= 2 . C .ω 0 .

(R 1

⎡ R1 1 ⎤ + R ' 2 ). ⎢ + ⎥ 2 R0 ⎦ ⎣ X 0

; (20)

On peut alors déduire que le gain d'énergie est certain si on arrive a exiger au moteur les valeurs optimales. 5. Schéma automatique de régulation : Sur le schéma présenté sur la figure précédente, la tension de sortie du convertisseur a thyristors se règle dans le sens de la diminution grâce a un régulateur de glissement (Rg), qui ajuste la valeur du glissement mesurée d’une manière indirecte par le capteur d’ongle a la valeur demandée g1d qui correspond a la valeur du glissement optimale trouvée. L'angle de déphasage (θ) entre le courant I et la tension statorique U se détermine respectivement par des capteurs de courant et de tension (CI) et (CT). Comme la tension et le courant à la sortie du convertisseur (TH.T) contiennent des harmoniques supérieurs, on insère aux sorties des (CI) et (CT) des filtres (FL), pour distinguer les premières harmoniques du courant et de tension statorique du moteur asynchrone. Dans le bloc (CO) se fait la conversion de (θ) en (g). A la sortie de (CO) où le signale (g1) apparaît et sera comparé avec (g1d); par la suite la différence passera par le régulateur de glissement qui agira a son tour sur le générateur d'impulsions du convertisseur.

255

g1d Rg

THT

FL

CT

FL

CI

CO 

MA 

Fig5.1.Schéma structurel du moteur asynchrone avec régulation de la tension statorique en fonction du glissement Rg : Régulateur de glissement, FL : Filtre, CT: Capteur de tension, CI: Capteur de courant, CO: Capteur d’ongle + conversion d’ongle en glissement, g1d: glissement exigé, THT: convertisseur.

6. Conclusion : Les pertes d’énergie échauffent la machine électrique, autrement dit: influent considérablement sur le rendement. Dans ce modeste travail a été élaboré une démarche et un raisonnement mathématique afin de réduire au minimum les pertes d’énergie électrique. pour ces fins a été déduite l'expression des pertes en fonction du glissement. Notons que les pertes mécaniques et supplémentaires n'ont pas été prises en considération. A été démontrée aussi l’expressions du glissement optimal et de la tension correspondante caractérisant le minimum de pertes pour une valeur du couple donnée. Le schéma automatique de régulation proposé est susceptible éventuellement a garantir le fonctionnement du moteur asynchrone en gardant l’opportunité de fonctionnement avec le minimum des pertes. Bibliographie 1 . M. Kosenko & L. Pietrovskii (Machines électriques. édition Moscou. 1977, vol 1 et 2) 2. A.kusko et D.Galler (Contrôle de la minimisation des pertes dans les moteurs a courant continu et alternatif) ,1982

256

3. Yu .P .Putrov (Pertes optimales pour l'entrainement électrique commandé), 1959, vol 2 4. 0. V.Slezhanovskii (L'optimum de variation des paramètres de base et réalisation des systèmes de contrôle des entrainements électriques), 1960, vol 2. 5. J.J.Cathey (Réduction de la charge des moteurs a courant continu a travers une commande optimale, 1979 6. K.Yousfi (Optimisation des moteurs électriques a courant continu selon des critères énergétiques),Thèse de doctorat d'état , Moscou 1986 7. M.J.Young & R.J. Holft (Contrôle optimal des véhicules électriques), IEEE, 1978 8. D.Galler (Efficacité électrique de contrôle des moteurs a courant alternatif pour les vehicules électriques), IEEE, conférence 1980 9. J.Morton , J. Jhones et C Watson (Minimisation des pertes des véhicules électriques), IEEE. conférence de commande électrique. 1980 10. André Belot (Pertes dans les machines électriques tournantes), édition Paris 1985 11. Guy Seguier (L'électronique de puissance), édition Paris 1985 14. P.Barret (Machines tournantes a courant alternatif), Paris 1967.

257

Complex Boron Redistribution in P+ Doped-Polysilicon / Nitrogen-Dopoed-Silicon Bi-Layers During Activation Annealing Farida Mansour1, Salah Abadli1,2,*, Elena Bedel Pereira3

Abstract The strongly doped polysilicon is a key element of today’s advanced verylarge-scale-integration (VLSI) technology. To continue scaling down P+ polysilicon gates of metal-oxide-semiconductor integrated circuits, it is necessary to create very shallow junctions with strong-concentrations of electrically active boron (B). Two related processes limit the realization of this goal: (i) the transient enhanced redistribution of the B during the thermal dopant-activation annealing, which causes B penetration through thin oxides from the P+ polysilicon gate into the underlying layers, and (ii) the formation of electrically inactive B clusters and B precipitates, which decreases the dopant activation rate. The use of low thermal annealing temperatures and thin nitrogen-doped-silicon (NiDoS) layers have been practiced to avoid the doping depletion of P+ polysilicon gate at the oxide interface, which is one of the major performance limitations in the standard advanced integrated circuits. The aim of this work is to develop a fundamental understanding about the complex B redistribution process into in-situ strongly doped P+ polysilicon/NiDoS bi-layers. Our goal is mainly to understand the instantaneous kinetics of B clustering, trapping, segregation and transport via the bi-layers interface. We have investigated the complex phenomenon of B transport mechanisms via the silicon bi-layers interface. It concerns the instantaneous kinetics of B transfer, clustering, trapping and segregation during thermal post-implantation                                                              1- LEMEAMED, Department of Electronics, University Mentouri, Constantine, 25000, Algeria 2- Department of Electrical Engineering, University 20 Août 1955 of Skikda, 21000, Algeria 3- CNRS-LAAS, University of Toulouse, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31077 Toulouse, France * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected]

258

annealing. Silicon bi-layers of in-situ strongly doped B (P+) polysilicon and NiDoS, obtained by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) at 480°C, have been used. To avoid long redistributions, thermal annealing was carried out at relatively low-temperatures (600°C and 700 °C) for various durations ranging between 30 minutes and 2 hours. To investigate the experimental secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) doping profiles, a redistribution model well adapted to the particular structure of bi-layers and to the effects of strong-concentrations has been established. The good adjustment of the simulated profiles with the experimental SIMS profiles allowed a fundamental understanding about the instantaneous physical phenomena giving and disturbing the complex redistribution profiles. Keywords: Boron, Nitrogen, Complex Redistribution, Silicon, Bi-layers, Thermal Annealing.  

259

The mechanical behavior modeling of a train bogie.

R. Zelagui1 S.Beleulmi2 and A. Bellaouar1

Abstract This study concerns the modeling of an auto-rail bogie in order to highlight some defects that have arisen during the service. Indeed, during the operation it was noticed premature cracking of the bogie axles. The work objective has been to define a numerical model in static and dynamic loading in order to identify and locate stress concentrations responsible for such damage. The Ansys program is used in this study. Keywords: Modeling, stress, cracks, axes, bogie.

 

                                                             1- Laboratoire Ingénierie des transports et environnement, Faculté des sciences de l'Ingénieur Université Mentouri de Constantine, Route Ain El-bey 25000, Constantine, Algérie. 2- Centre Universitaire Abbas Laghrour, Khenchela, Algérie. ** Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected], or [email protected], phone: 00213 31 81 88 68, Fax: 00213 31 81 88 63

260

Simulation and Determination of the coefficient of internal moisture transfer during a solar drying of a single-layer of whole figs A. Benseddik1, A. Azzi 1, K. Allaf 2 and B. Benyoucef 1 .

Abstract The coefficient of internal moisture transfer is difficult to determine, and it cannot be calculated theoretically, this coefficient is functionally depends on the moisture content of the product and its temperature. Most numerical models tend to neglect the shrinkage factor for ease of solving the model equations. In this paper we determined this coefficient; we consider a thin layer of the product disposed on the first perforated grid of the drying cabinet through which air in forced convection. We consider the shrinkage phenomenon of the product throughout the drying process, as well as the variation of physical and thermal properties of the product as a function of its moisture content and temperature. We developed a mathematical model for calculating, from the two main equations expressing the drying process: the heat equation in a porous medium applied to the whole figs arranged in a bed of particles and the equation of the drying process. This equation was numerically solved by the regressive finite difference method to obtain the coefficient of internal transfer of moisture of the whole figs. Keywords: Numerical simulation; Solar drying; Moisture transfer; Shrinkage; Heat and masse transfer; Whole Figs.                                                              1- Material and Renewable Energy Research Unit (URMER), Abou Bekr Belkaid University of Tlemcen, 13000, Algeria 2- University of La Rochelle-Pole Science and Technology, Laboratory Mastering AgroIndustrial Technologies LMTAI EA 3166, Avenue Michel Crépeau, 17042 La Rochelle, France

261

Study of an inverse problem that models the detection of corrosion in metalic plate whose lower part is embedded  

 

Said Mohamed Said1 Hocine Mohcene2

  Abstract In this work, we will study an inverse problem to determine corrosion in an inaccessible location of a metalic plate. Our study area is inside the plate metalic plate whose lower part is embedded therefore inacssecible. We will perform measurements on the upper part of the plate, which is not in contact with the ground. For this, we will send an electric field on this part and take measurements. This problem is modeled by a Laplace problem with mixed presence of an unknown term in the boundary conditions this term is an unknown function which can take several forms. It is this function that we will detect the presence or absence of corrosion inside the tube and we will then follow our steps to the top edge of the field information on the evolution of this corrosion. We will first formulate our problem which is an inverse problem and we will make a theoretical study and we will that this problem has a unique solution also this solution is stable After, we will solve this problem by constructing an iterative algorithm which gives problems that will cross a series of impedance functions which determines the rate of corrosion Finally we study the convergence and we will then make a numerical application 1.Introduction: Let Ω = ]0, a[ × ]0, b[; a > 0; b > 0 , and Γ is the border of Ω . The boundary Γ is decomposed into four disjoint open Γ0 ; Γ1 ; Γ2 ; Γ3 where:                                                              1- Laboratoire LMA University of Kasdi Merbah Ouargla, 30000 Ouargla Algeria [email protected] 2- Laboratoire LERENZA University of Kasdi Merbah Ouargla, 30000 Ouargla Algeria

262

Γ0 = ]0, a[ × {b} ; Γ1 = ]0, a[ × {0} ; Γ2 = {0}× ]0, b[ ; Γ3 = {a}× ]0, b[ we assume that Γ1 is the part embedded of Ω , therefore inacssecible, then the boundary value on Γ1 is unknown. The electric potential u satisfies the foll owingdifferential equation

∆u = 0 in Ω where the Dirichlet and Neumann value on Γ0 of the electric potential u are known and are given

x ∈ Γ0 ⎧u ( x) = f ( x) ⎪ ⎨ ∂u ( x) x ∈ Γ0 ⎪ ∂η = g ( x) ⎩ the inaccessible part of the border is Γ1 that is supposed to be corroded, the appearance of any corrosion on Γ1 is modeled by a function γ = γ (x) It is therefore to find γ = γ (x) such that ∂u + γu = 0 on Γ1 ∂η our problem is :Find the fuctions f1 and g1 such that:

⎧u ( x) = f ( x) ⎪ ⎨ ∂u ( x) ⎪ ∂η = g ( x) ⎩

x ∈ Γ1 x ∈ Γ1

then γ = −

g1 f1

on Γ1 ;

f1 ≠ 0

we will construct an algorithm that gives a good approximation of the function γ = γ (x) this algorithme gives a sequence γ n = γ n ( x); n ∈ IN of apprimate values

of the function γ = γ (x)

We will show that the sequence

γ = γ (x)

(γ n )n∈IN

converges to the function

Finally we make a numerical application by giving a concrete example.

263

2-Position of the Problem In general the problems such as: Find a function u such that:

⎧ ⎪∆u = f ( x) dans Ω ⎪⎪ ⎨u = g ( x) sur Γ1 ⎪ ∂u ⎪ = h( x) sur Γ2 ⎪⎩ ∂η

(1)

Where Ω is a bounded open in IR 2 ,

and f is given in L (Ω) , 2

Γ = Γa U Γb being the border of Ω , with the condition Γa I Γb = φ , admit a unique solution at least in H (Ω) 1

Indeed, we can for example apply the Lax Milgram theorem and we deduce 1 that: the problem (1 . H (Ω) admit a unique solution in But so also if the open is convex we show that in[] the problem (1) has a 2 solution in at least in H (Ω) while the uniqueness of this solution is the unique variational soluion Mathematics Subject:. 35B40, 35B6 Keywords: potential corrosion; potential

inverse problem;

harmonic functions ; electric

References [1] Y.C. Hon and T. Wei Backus Gilkbert, Algorithme for the Cauchy problem of the Laplace equation, Inverse problem, 17 (2001), 2, 261271 [2] G. Inglese, An inverse problem in corrosion detective, Inverse problem, 13 (1997), 977-994 [3] M.Jourhmance and A Nachaoui, An alternating method for an inverse cauchy problem , Numerical Algorithms, 21 (1999), 247-260 [4] Jin Cheng and Mourad Chouli and Xin Yang , An Iterative BRM for the inverse problem of detecting corrosion in a pipe NNSF china 101043130 264

Rate and temperature dependent behavior investigation and modeling of Magnesium alloys AZ31 sheets G. Ayoub1, A.K. Rodriguez 1, G. Kridli 1, H. Zbib 2, D. Field 2

Abstract The need to produce vehicles with improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions has led the automotive industry to consider use of “lightweighting” materials in the construction of automotive body and chassis systems. For automotive body structures and closure panel applications, mostly made of sheet, aluminum alloys are being introduced due to their lower densities and relatively high specific strengths, as well as their compatibility with the traditional manufacturing process that are used with steel. However, interest has been increasingly focusing on the use of sheet magnesium in the manufacturing of panels and structural components. Accordingly, the objectives of this study are to investigate the evolution of microstructure during thermomechanical processing of twin-roll cast AZ31 alloys sheets, and to examine the mechanical properties of the alloy under superplastic conditions. Keywords: Z31 Magnesium alloys, modeling, plastic behavior.

formability,

mechanical

characterization,

                                                             1- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University at Qatar, PO Box 23874, Education City, Doha, Qatar. 2- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, PO Box 642920, Pullman, USA.

265

Contribution To The Implementation Of Laws Of Behavior In Plaxis. - Viscous Materials Case-

C.Guergah1, A.Belouar2 & M.Guenfoud3

Abstract The objective of this work is to provide a contribution to the programming of rheological laws and implement then on dynamic design cods standards such as PLAXIS through a DLL “Dynamic Link Library”. The first task of this work is to understand and master the technique of dynamic programming through DLLs (using a programming language under Windows platform). In order to familiarize with this technique, we started by implementing simple laws such as linear elastic isotropic model and linear elastic orthotropic model, in a drained and undrained situation. In order to predict the behavior of viscous materials, we programmed Lemaitre’s viscoplastic law for creep computation, as well as the implementation the viscoplastic relationship of law of Koppejan modified. These laws were validated by modeling a series of simulation tests which were then compared with existing models or with analytical solution reference. Key words: Creation DLL, implementation, behavior law, isotropic law, orthotropic law, viscoplasticity, creep.

                                                             1- Université 08 Mai 45 Guelma. [email protected] 2- Université Mentouri Constantine. [email protected] 3- Université 08 Mai 45 Guelma. [email protected]    

266

Numerical and experimental studies of the springback according to displacement using the stretching-bending. A. Soualem1 , D.Khirani1

Abstract. The increasing application of numerical simulation has helped the engineers to solve problems one after another to manufacture a qualified formed product in a reduced time. Then, the wide application of numerical simulation is encouraging the emergence of highly accurate simulation processes to meet industrial requirement. Accurate simulation results are vital for die and product design. Furthermore, the springback is a major problem in the deep drawing process. When the tools are released after the forming stage, the product springs back due to the action of internal stresses. During these last 15 years, a lot of research made showed that the quantification of the springback has a significant role in the industry of sheet metal forming. These studies were made with the objective of finding techniques and methods to minimize or completely avoid this permanent physical variation. Moreover, the use of steel and aluminum alloys in the car industry and aviation poses every day the problem of the springback. The aim of this paper focuses on a numerical study with the help of Fine Element code ABAQUS for validation of the experimental results. The tests were ensured by adapting a U-type stretching bending device on a tensile testing machine, where we studied and quantified the variation of the spring back according to displacement. The results of simulation and experimentation can explain the effect of the blank holder force BHF and radius of curvature of the die on the springback and their influence on the strain in various zones of specimen. Keywords: Forming, Deep-Drawing, Springback, Software: Abaqus.                                                              1- LPMMM Laboratory, Department of Optic and Mechanics of Precision, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University Ferhat Abbas, Setif, Algeria. a_ [email protected] , fax: 00 213 (36) 92.51.34

267

On a nonlinear problem iintervening in relativistic quantum mechanics perturbed by a factor of amortizement

Said Mohamed Said*

Abstract In this work, we study the existence and the uniqueness and the regularity of the solution and we solve a problem governed by a nonlinear equation intervening in relativistic quantum mechanics, perturbed by an amortizement factor. For the study of the existence of the solution, we will introduce a sequence of approximate solutions, after we will will use the compactness method, to complete the proof of the existence, we make some priori estimates. After we pass to the limit. To prove the uniqueness of the solution, we will une the Gronwal lemma. In the second part of this work, we will seek the maximum regularity of the solution, Finaly, to validate our results, we will make a numerical application Mathematics Subject:. 35B40, 35B6 Keywords: nonlinear hyperbolic problem- perturbed –Galerkin method-amortizement factor compactness 1. Position of the Problem: Let α ∈ ]0, + ∞[ , suppose that f is given in L (Σ) . 2

                                                            

*

University of Kasdi Merbah Ouargla, 30000 Ouargla Algeria [email protected]

268

Our problem is: Find u such that: u ∈ L∞ (0, T ; H 01 (Ω ) ∩ L p (Ω ))

∂u ∈ L∞ (0, T ; L2 (Ω)) ∂t

and

(1.1) (1.2)

And u is solution of the following problem (P)

⎧ ∂ 2u ∂u α − ∆u + u u = f in Σ ⎪ 2 +ε ∂t ⎪ ∂t ⎪u = 0 on Γ × ]0, T [ ( P) ⎨ ⎪u ( x,0) = u 0 ( x); x = ( x1 , x 2 ,....., x n ) ∈ Ω ⎪ ∂u ⎪ ( x,0) = u1 ( x); x = ( x1 , x 2 ,....., x n ) ∈ Ω ⎩ ∂t

(1.3) (1.4) (1.5) (1.6)

The equation (1.3) models a phenomenon that occurs in relativistic

ε

quantum mechanics perturbed by

∂u ; ε >0 ∂t

called a factor of

amortizement. We will use the two following lemmas and the corollary showed in [3].

∂f ∈ L p 0, T ; X ) where X is a Banach ∂t space and 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ then f : [0, T ] → X f is continious almost every where. Lemma 2.1.- f ∈ L 0, T ; X ) and p

Lemma 2.2.- Let be θ a bounded open of IR xn × IRt and g µ , g two functions of L (θ ); 1 < q < ∞ such that g µ q

L p (θ )

≤ C and g µ → g almost

every where in θ then g µ → g in L (Ω) weakly. q

Corollary 2.1.- There exists a sequence {wi }1 ∈ H 01 (Ω) ∩ L p (Ω) such ∞

that for any m ≥ 0, the vectors w1 , w2 ,......, wm are linearly independent and any the subspace spanned by this vectors is dense in H 01 (Ω ) ∩ L p (Ω) . 2. Existence of the Solution Theorem 2.1.- Let be given f , u 0 , u1 such that: 269

f ∈ L2 (Σ)

(2.1)

u 0 ∈ H 01 (Ω) ∩ L2 (Ω)

(2.2)

u1 ∈ L2 (Ω)

(2.3)

Then the problem (P) admits a solution . Where (P ) denoted the problem defined by (1.3),(1.4) ,(1.5), (1.6). Proof.- The proof of this theoerm 2.1, will be made in three steps: 1)Approximate solutions: We will use the crollary to introduce a esquence of approximatesolutions and we we use the Galerkin Method. 2) Making Estimates: We will study the convergence of the approximate solutions 3)Taking the limit: We will use the compactness lemma to prove the strongly convergence and we calculate the limit. 3. Uniqueness To prove the uniqueness of the solution of the problem (P), we will consider u and v two solutions of the problem (P); using the lemma of Gronwall we show that u = v. 4. Regularity In this part, we will seek the maximum regularity of the solution found in the previous paragraphs. 5. Numerical Application In this paragraphe we will validate our results, for this, we will make a numerical application. References [1] BRESIS. H . Analyse Fonctionnelle Masson Paris 1983 [2] LIONS. J.L. MAGENES E. Problèmes aux limites non homogènes et applications Tome 1, Dunod Paris 1968 [3] LIONS J.L. Quelques méthodes de résolution des problèmes aux limites non linéaires Dunod Guautier Villars Paris 1969 [4] REINHARD H Equations différentielles ordinaires, Dunod Paris 1981 270

[5] REINHARD H Equations aux dérivées partielles, Dunod Paris 1983 [6] SAID M.S Résolution d'un système non linéaire intervenant en dynamique des Gaz par la méthode de compacité Actes du CNAMA université de Jijel Algérie Novembre 2004 pp 165-174. [7] SAID M.S Résolution d'un système non linéaire en deux dimensions intervenant en dynamique des Gaz par la méthode d'approximation successive Actes de l'université UHA université de Mulhouse France 2006 N° pp.137-144 [8] TARTAR L. Topics in non linear analysis Publications mathématiques d'Orsay 1978 N°13  

271

Design of a Library of Components for Autonomous Photovoltaic System under Matlab/Simulink A.Chermitti1, O.Boukli-Hacene Omar2, A.Meghebbar2, A N. Bibi-Triki1, A.Kherous1

Abstract This paper presents a library of components for PV systems under Matlab/Simulink, named “PV Systems Toolbox”. This toolbox allows analyzing the behavior of a PV system. It also estimates the power produced by the PV generator according to changes in climatic conditions and the nature of the load. An accurate model of the PV generator is presented based on the equation of the Shockley diode. A simple simulation example is given using a typical 60W PV module. Keywords: Photovoltaic systems, Modeling, Simulation, Library of components for photovoltaic systems under Simulink.

                                                             1- Unité de Recherche Matériaux et Energies Renouvelables (URMER), Université UABT, BP 119 Tlemcen Algérie 2- Laboratoire d’automatique, Faculté de technologie, Université UABT, BP230 Tlemcen Algérie

272

Ab-initio study of the impact of excess iron on the electronic and magnetic properties of Gallium Ferrite

F. Ibrahim and M. Alouani *

Magnetoelectric materials, coupling both magnetic and electric degrees of freedom are of great interest. The so-called magnetoelectric effect, beside its importance from a fundamental point of view, can be exploited in potential technological applications[1]. Indeed, a few materials have been reported to exhibit a sizable magnetoelectric effect, among which Ga2−xFexO3 (GFO) appears to be of a considerable significance which was demonstrated experimentally [2,3]. Our work lies in context of a better understanding of bulk GFO properties. Ab-initio density functional calculations including both spin-orbit coupling and electron-electron Hubbard U interaction have been performed on the polar ferromagnetic Ga2−xFexO3 (GFO) with variable iron composition [4] (1 ≤ x ≤ 1.4) using the VASP package within the projector augmented wave method [5]. The evolution of the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties are investigated within different levels of approximation, in particular we find that using an onsite Coulomb interaction U = 8eV describes consistently the experimental properties. An overall increase of the structural parameters as a function of the increased iron composition is found to be consistent with previous experimental reports. While the excess iron ions preferentially occupy the Ga2 octahedral site, they are found to contribute additional unoccupied states reducing the energy band-gap. However, the magnetic spin moments are enhanced by increasing the iron content in GFO. The magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) is shown to be relatively large; and it decreases with the increase of x but always favors the c-axis as the magnetization easy axis in good                                                              * Institut de Physique et de Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 UdS-CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France, EU. * Corresponding authors. E-mail adress: [email protected] or [email protected]

273

agreement with experiments [2]. A qualitative interpretation of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy in relation to the structural properties is provided. Keywords: ab-initio, multiferroics, gallium ferrite, electronic structure, magnetic properties [1] M. Bibes and A. Barthélémy, Nature Mater. 7, 425 (2008). [2] T. Arima, D. Higashiyama, Y. Kaneko, J. P. He, T. Goto, S. Miyasaka, T. Kimura, K. Oikawa, T. Kamiyama, R. Kumai, and Y. Tokura, Phys. Rev. B 70, 0644261 (2004). [3] M. Trassin, N. Viart, G. Versini, S. Barre, G. Pourroy, J. Lee, W. Jo, K. Dumesnil, C. Dufour, and S. Robert, J. Mater. Chem. 19, 8876 (2009). [4] F. Ibrahim and M. Alouani, Phys. Rev. B (submitted). [5] VASP manual. http://www.cms.mpi.univie.ac.at/vasp/vasp/vasp.html.

 

274

Mechanical characterization of carbonitrided steel with spherical indentation.

Moussa Charbel 12*, Bartier Olivier 13, Mauvoisin Gérard 13, Hernot Xavier 13, Delattre Guillaume 2

Carbonitrided steels are widely used in industry because of their relatively low cost and high performance. The hardness of these materials decreases with depth due to micro-structural or compositional changes. In order to predict the behaviour of carburized steels the knowledge of the plastic properties of the surface, the substrate and the intermediate layers is necessary. It is not possible to obtain those properties with the standard tensile test. The spherical indentation technique can be applied on a surface heat treated steel in order to obtain its mechanical properties. In this work a method for the characterization of carbonitrided steels with spherical indentation and inverse analysis is proposed. This method is based on the assumption of the linear variation of plastic properties between surface and substrate. Spherical indentation and inverse analysis are used to characterize the plastic properties of the surface and the substrate material. According to the assumption made the plastic properties of the intermediate layers are estimated. In order to validate this assumption a second method, where each layer is characterized, is applied. The comparison between the two methods is satisfying. Keywords : Spherical indentation, inverse analysis, plastic properties, carbonitrided steels                                                              1- LGCGM, 20 Avenue des Buttes de Coesmes, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France 2- FAURECIA Automotive seating, Le Pont de Vère, 61100 Caligny, France 3- IUT, Université de Rennes 1, 3 rue du Clos Courtel, 35707 Rennes Cedex, France * Corresponding author, E-mail : [email protected], or [email protected], phone : 0033 6 94 95 99.

275

Predicting Cutting forces in Aluminum using Polynomial Classifiers*  

H. El Kadi1*, I.M. Deiab1, A.A. Khattab2.

Abstract Due to increased global competition and increased calls for environmentally benign machining processes, there has been more focus and interest in making processes more lean and agile to enhance efficiency, reduce emissions and increase profitability. One approach to achieving lean machining is to develop a virtual simulation environment that enables fast and reasonably accurate predictions of machining scenarios, process output and provide access to needed information. Polynomial Classifiers (PCs) are employed to develop a smart data base that can provide fast prediction of cutting forces resulting from various combinations of cutting parameters. With time, the force model can expand to include different materials, tools, fixtures and machines and would be consulted prior to starting any job. In this work, first, second and third order classifiers are used to predict resultant, average and maximum cutting forces as well as the cutting coefficients. Predictions obtained using PCs are compared to experimental results and to predictions previously obtained using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and are shown to be in good agreement. Keywords: Cutting forces, Face milling, Polynomial classifiers, Aluminum                                                              1- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates 2- Tawazun Precision Industries, Tawazun Industrial Park, P.O. Box 129862, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] phone: +971 6 515 2466, Fax : +971 6 515 2979    

276

Effect of the BaTiO3 phase transition on the performance of Ferroelectric Random access memories (FeRAM).* M. Ourrad1, T. Benouaz1**

Abstract The outstanding dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of BaTiO3 make it the desirable primary material for a variety of applications such as nonvolatile memories (RAM). At the Curie’s temperature the dielectric properties of BaTiO3 undergo phase transition. The Landau-Devonshire’s phenomenological theory has been investigated to present the relation between the temperature and the electric induction. The study of the variation of electric induction versus temperature of BaTiO3 investigated in the fabrication of nonvolatile ferroelectric random access memories (FeRAM) may lead us to discover a strange phenomenon called «determinist chaos », now the FeRAM lose its reliability. The numerical simulation, we have proposed prove that, when the temperature is below that curie’s temperature, the electric induction of BaTiO3 oscillates towers nonzero, this means in practical terms, that the dipole moment exist, so we can be able to program the FeRAM; but when the temperature is higher that curie’s temperature, the induction oscillates around a zero value, it means the non existence of the electric induction, so the FeRAM will be defective. These results may provide some insight into the design and performance of FeRAM. Keywords: BaTiO3, dielectric, ferroelectric, Landau-Devonshire’s theory, FeRAM, Curie’s temperature                                                              1- Electronic Physics and Modeling Laboratory, Abou Bekr Belkaid University,BP 119, Tlemcen 13000 Algeria, * This research was supported by the scientific program CNEPRU Code N°D02020090027 ** Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected], or [email protected], phone and Fax : 00 213 43 21 59 99

277

Visible-Light Active N- and C-doped TiO2 Photocatalysts: Determination of the structural and electronic origin of the optical improvement in the visible region by DFT M. Harb1*, P. Raybaud2, P. Sautet3

TiO2-based semiconducting compounds have received a considerable attention over the recent years due to their potential application in the challenging photocatalytic water splitting reaction for hydrogen production using sunlight [1-6]. The electronic band gap of a semiconductor is a key parameter characterizing the nature of the absorbed light in the material. TiO2 has a relatively large band gap (3.2 eV for anatase and 3.0 eV for rutile) requiring UV light (290-400 nm) for any electronic excitation from the VB to the CB hence using only a small part of the solar spectrum. The control of the electronic band gap of TiO2 is of great importance for improving the optical and photocatalytic properties in the visible region. The doping into TiO2 with anionic elements such as N and C [7-10] seems to be an efficient way to develop a visible-light active photocatalyst, based on the narrowing of the band gap of TiO2 by the creation of new electronic states located at the top of the VB of TiO2. The strongly delocalized nature of the created impurity states in the gap is vital for the required mobility of the photogenerated holes toward the catalytic surface. Spin-polarized density functional theory (DFT) (including the perturbation theory (PT) approach) within the range-separated hybrid HSE06 [11] exchange-correlation formalism implemented in VASP5.2 [12-16], are applied to correctly describe the optoelectronic properties of N- and C-doped                                                              1- KAUST Catalysis Research Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 2- IFP Energies Nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize, BP3-69360 Solaize, France 3- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France Emails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] * Corresponding author: Moussab Harb: [email protected] Phone: +966.2.808.44.86

278

bulk TiO2 photocatalysts. Several substitutional (with possible formation of O vacancies), interstitial as well as mixed doping species are considered. For N-doped TiO2, TiO(2-3x)N2x associated to the formation of two diamagnetic dispersed substitutional N3- species resulting from one O-vacancy, is found to be at the origin of the enhanced visible-light optical photoabsorption. A redshift by about 80 nm over undoped TiO2 is shown. Good agreement with the experimental data is found [8, 17-24]. The electronic structure analysis highlighted the appearance of three new delocalized electronic states located up to 0.6 eV at the top of the valence band of TiO2. These states are mainly due to a mixing between N 2p orbitals and O 2 p orbitals with a little contribution of Ti 3d orbitals. For C-doped TiO2, TiO(2-2x)Cx corresponding to the formation of diamagnetic dispersed substitutional C4- species resulting from one O-vacancy, is found to be responsible for the enhanced visible-light optical photoabsorption. Broad absorption bands located up to 550 nm are shown. The electronic structure analysis highlighted the appearance of two new delocalized electronic states located up to 1.8 eV above the valence band of TiO2. These states are mainly due to a mixing between Ti 3d and C 2 p orbitals and also O2p orbitals. REFERENCES [1] Fujishima, A.; Honda, K. Nature. 1972, 238, 37. [2] Linsebigler, A. L.; Lu, G. Q.; Yates Jr, J. T. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 735758. [3] Hoffmann, M. R.; Martin, S. T.; Bahneman, D. W. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 69-96. [4] Nakamura, I.; Negishi, N.; Kutsuna, S.; Ihara, T.; Sugihara, S.; Takeuchi, E. J. Mol. Catal. A 2000, 161, 205-212. [5] Bak, T.; Nowotny, J.; Rekas, M.; Sorrell, C. C. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 2002, 27, 991-1022. [6] Khan, S. U. M.; Al-shahry, M.; Ingler, W. B. 2002, 297, 2243-2245. [7] Sato, S. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1986, 123, 126-128. [8] Asahi, R.; Morikawa, T.; Ohwaki, T.; Aoki, K.; Taga, Y. Science. 2001, 293, 269-271. [9] Sakthivel, S.; Janczarek, M.; Kisch, H. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 19384-19387.

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[10] Fujishima, A.; Zhang, X.; Tryk, D. A. Surf. Sci. Rep. 2008, 63, 515582. [11] Heyd, J.; Scuseria, G. E. J. Chem. Phys. 2004, 118, 8207-8215. [12] Kresse, G.; Hafner, J.; Phys. Rev. B 1994, 49, 14251-14269. [13] Kresse, G.; Furthmüller, J. Comput. Mater. Sci. 1996, 6, 15-50. [14] Kresse, G.; Furthmüller, J. Phys. Rev. B 1996, 54, 169. [15] Kresse, G.; Joubert, D. Phys. Rev. B 1999, 59, 1758-1775. [16] VASP the guide, http://cms.mpi.univie.ac.at/vasp/. [17] Lin, Z.; Orlov, A.; Lambert, R. M.; Payne, M. C. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 20948-20952. [18] Sato, S.; Nakamura, S. R.; Abe, S. Appl. Catal. B 2005, 284, 131-137. [19]

Sathish, M.; Viswanathan, B.; Viswanathan, R. P.; Gopinath, S. Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 6349-6353.

[20] Di Valentin, C.; Pacchioni, G.; Selloni, A.; Livraghi, S.; Giamello, E. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 11414-11419. [21] Alvaro, M.; Carbonell, E.; Fornés, V.; Garcia, H. ChemPhyschem 2006, 7, 200-205. [22] Irokawa, Y.; Morikawa, T.; Aoki, K.; Kosaka, S.; Ohwaki, T.; Taga, Y. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2006, 8, 1116-1121. [23] Li, H.; Li, J.; Huo, Y. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 1559-1565. [24] Livraghi, S.; Paganini, M. C.; Giamello, E.; Selloni, A.; Di Valentin, C.; Pacchioni, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 15666-15671.        

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The interaction of acetylcholinesterase and carnosic acid derivatives in Alzheimer's disease by molecular modeling M.Merad1, 2, W.Soufi1, 2, F.Boukli 1,2and S.Ghalem1, 2*

Abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain marked by gradual and irreversible declines in cognitive functions. Acetyl cholinesterase plays a biological role in the termination of nerve impulse transmissions at cholinergic synapses by rapid hydrolysis of acetylcholine. The deficit levels of acetylcholine lead to poor nerve impulse transmission. Acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) has long been considered a therapeutic target in symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer’s disease to treat cognitive deficiencies. The inhibitors of this enzyme work by reversibly blocking binding of the substrate to AChE or by hydrolytic inactivation of the AChE high affinity site, the deficit levels of acetylcholine lead to poor nerve impulse transmission. Acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) has long been considered a therapeutic target in symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer’s disease to treat cognitive deficiencies. The inhibitors of this enzyme work by reversibly blocking binding of the substrate to AChE or by hydrolytic inactivation of the AChE high affinity site, thus effectively increasing the concentration of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACH) in nerve endings [2] Acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) is a serine hydrolysis which ends impulse transduction at cholinergic brain synapses. It rapidly hydrolyses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACH) shown in Scheme 1 to chlorine and acetic acid. [3] O

H3C

O

+ CH3 N CH3 CH3

Hydrolyse CH3COOH

Acétylcholine

acetic acid

+

HO

+ CH3 N CH3 CH3 choline

Scheme 1

                                                             1- Université ABOU-BAKR BELKAID -Faculté des Sciences -Département de Chimie 2- Laboratoire des Substances Naturelles et Bioactives "LASNABIO" E-mail [email protected]

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In ancient Greece, we attributed to rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) the ability to strengthen the brain and to improve memory 5. According to the American agriculture department data ,Rosemary contains almost a dozen components to prevent degradation of acetylcholine. It contains rosmarinic and carnosic acid and carnosol. Carnosic acid (CA) is one of the proactive polyphenols present in the herb extracts. Rosemary promotes the production of nerve growth factor 30-31.That is why we chose the derivatives of carnosic acid as inhibitors to block acétylcholinestetase and encourage the formation of acécétylcholine and consequently reduce the development of Alzheimer's disease. Keywords: Alzheimer disease, Acetylcholinesterase , modeling molecular (MM.MD and molecular Docking) , carnosic acid. References: 1. Louisa Barréa, , Fabienne Gouranda, Vincent Levacherb and Francis Marsaisb Available online 21 August 2007. 2. Predicting Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase by Regression and Classification Machine Learning Approaches with Combinations of Molecular Descriptors Dmitriy Chekmarev,1 Vladyslav Kholodovych,1 Sandhya Kortagere,1,4 William J. Welsh,1,5 and Sean Ekins1,2,3,5, Received February 15, 2009; accepted July 2, 2009; published online July 15, 2009]. 3. Characterization of a complete cycle of acetylcholinesterase catalysis by ab initio QM/MM modeling Alexander V. Nemukhin & Sofia V. Lushchekina & Anastasia V. Bochenkova & Anna A. Golubeva & Sergei D. Varfolomeev Received: 17 September 2007 / Accepted: 8 February 2008 / Published online: 15 March 2008. 4. Iuvone T. et al., The spice sage and its active ingredient rosmariniacid protect PC12 cells from amyloid-beta peptide inducsd neurotoxicity,J. Pharmacol. Ther., 2006 Feb 22, e-pub ahead of print. 5- Pereira P. et al., Neurobehavioral and genotoxic aspects of rosmarinic acid, Pharmacol. Res., 2005 Sep, 52(3):199-203

282

Electronic Evolution From LuBr to LuI

Joumana Assaf1,2*, Fadia Taher1 and Sylvie Magnier2

Abstract The Electronic structure evolution of the lowest lying states from LuBr to LuI molecules is studied. Theoretical electronic energies have been investigated, by MCASSCF/MRCI methods (single and double excitations) including the Davidson correction [1] using Molpro [2]. The similarity and the analogy in these molecular structures have characterized the dominant behavior of the lutetium in its lowest atomic levels and its effect in presence of the high nuclear spin I=7/2. The iodine, the heaviest halide made the electronic states closer in energies to each other. But the shift between (1)3∆ and (1)1∆ in both molecules remained constant equivalent to the same shift 3D-1D in Lu+. For the highest-lying electronic states, the analogy is also obtained for the same set of states with the same expected intense transition bands. The Spectroscopic harmonic vibrational wave number ωe (cm–1) and the constant ωexe, become smaller in LuI, while the equilibrium internuclear distance Re (Å) becomes longer in this molecule. A comparison between calculated potential energy curves is also reported in this work. Keywords: Ab initio methods- Electronic Structure evolution –Comparison PECs

                                                             1- Lebanese University, Faculty of Engineering III, Hadath Campus, Lebanon 2- PHLAM & IUT A- Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille I-France France. * corresponding author: [email protected]

283

References [1]- E.R. Davidson and D.W. Silver. Chem. Phys. Lett. 52, 403 (1977). doi:10.1016/0009-2614(77)80475-2. [2]- MOLPRO is a package of ab initio programs written by H.-J. Werner, P.J. Knowles, R. Lindh, F.R. Manby, M. Schu¨tz, P. Celani, T. Korona, A. Mitrushenkov, G. Rauhut, T.B. Adler, R.D. Amos, A. Bernhardsson, A. Berning, D.L. Cooper, M.J.O. Deegan, A.J. Dobbyn,F. Eckert, E. Goll, C. Hampel, G. Hetzer, T. Hrenar, G. Knizia, C. Ko¨ppl, Y. Liu, A.W. Lloyd, R.A. Mata, A.J. May, S.J. McNicholas, W. Meyer, M.E. Mura, A. Nicklaß, P. Palmieri, K. Pflu¨ger, R. Pitzer, M. Reiher, U. Schumann, H. Stoll, A.J. Stone, R. Tarroni, T. Thorsteinsson, M. Wang, and A. Wolf;; P.J. Knowles and H.-J. Werner. Chem. Phys. Lett. 115, 259 (1985). doi:10.1016/0009-2614(85)80025-7.; H.-J. Werner and P.J. Knowles. J.Chem. Phys. 89, 5803 (1988). doi:10.1063/1.455556.; P.J. Knowles and H.-J. Werner. Chem. Phys. Lett. 145, 514 (1988). doi:10.1016/0009-2614(88)87412-8.; P.J. Knowles and H.-J. Werner. Theor. Chim. Acta, 84, 95 (1992). doi:10. 1007/BF01117405.; P.J. Knowles, M.J.O. Deegan, A.J. Dobbyn, F. Eckert, C. Hampel, G. Hetzer, T. Leininger, R. Lindh, A.W. Lloyd, W. Meyer, M.E. Mura, A. Nicklass, P. Palmieri, K. Peterson, R. Pitzer, P. Pulay, G. Rauhut, M. Schu¨tz, H. Stoll, A.J. Stone, and T. Thorsteinsson. http://www.molpro.net.

284

The First Lowest Electronic States of CuI Molecule

Leila Assafiri1, Iman Haidar2, Jihad Sidawi3 and Fadia Taher3*

Abstract The theoretical electronic structure of the Copper Monoiodide is investigated, using MCASSCF/MRCI methods (single and double excitations) including the Davidson correction [1]. In the case of I, considered as a heavy atom, we choose to apply the effective core potential (ECP46) methods as a pseudopotential working with pseudo-valence orbitals, for the basis sets. For the copper we used an all electron scheme basis set [2]. Energy calculations for the lowest-lying electronic states employ molecular orbitals, with the correlation effects for 18 valence electrons. These calculations are carried out for the first five electronic states in the representation 2s+1Λ(+/–), without spin–orbit effects, using the computational chemistry program MOLPRO [3]. Spectroscopic constants including the harmonic vibrational wave number ωe (cm–1), the relative electronic energy Te (cm–1) referred to the ground state X1∑+ , the equilibrium internuclear distance Re (Å) and the rotational constant at equilibrium Be are predicted for all these calculated states. Calculated potential energy curves are also reported in this work. Keywords : Ab initio methods- Electronic Structure - Molpro- Spectroscopic constantsPECs                                                              1- Lebanese University, Faculty of Science, Fanar Campus, Lebanon 2- Lebanese University, Faculty of Science, Hadath Campus, Lebanon 3- Lebanese University, Faculty of Engineering III, Hadath Campus, Lebanon * corresponding author: [email protected];[email protected]

285

References [1]- E.R. Davidson and D.W. Silver. Chem. Phys. Lett. 52, 403 (1977). doi:10.1016/0009-2614(77)80475-2. [2]- P.O. Widmark, B.J.Persson, B.Roos Theor. Chim. Acta, 79, 419, 1991. [3]- MOLPRO is a package of ab initio programs written by H.-J. Werner, P.J. Knowles, R. Lindh, F.R. Manby, M. Schu¨tz, P. Celani, T. Korona, A. Mitrushenkov, G. Rauhut, T.B. Adler, R.D. Amos, A. Bernhardsson, A. Berning, D.L. Cooper, M.J.O. Deegan, A.J. Dobbyn,F. Eckert, E. Goll, C. Hampel, G. Hetzer, T. Hrenar, G. Knizia, C. Ko¨ppl, Y. Liu, A.W. Lloyd, R.A. Mata, A.J. May, S.J. McNicholas, W. Meyer, M.E. Mura, A. Nicklaß, P. Palmieri, K. Pflu¨ger, R. Pitzer, M. Reiher, U. Schumann, H. Stoll, A.J. Stone, R. Tarroni, T. Thorsteinsson, M. Wang, and A. Wolf;; P.J. Knowles and H.-J. Werner. Chem. Phys. Lett. 115, 259 (1985). doi:10.1016/0009-2614(85)80025-7.; H.-J. Werner and P.J. Knowles. J.Chem. Phys. 89, 5803 (1988). doi:10.1063/1.455556.; P.J. Knowles and H.-J. Werner. Chem. Phys. Lett. 145, 514 (1988). doi:10.1016/0009-2614(88)87412-8.; P.J. Knowles and H.-J. Werner. Theor. Chim. Acta, 84, 95 (1992). doi:10. 1007/BF01117405.; P.J. Knowles, M.J.O. Deegan, A.J. Dobbyn, F. Eckert, C. Hampel, G. Hetzer, T. Leininger, R. Lindh, A.W. Lloyd, W. Meyer, M.E. Mura, A. Nicklass, P. Palmieri, K. Peterson, R. Pitzer, P. Pulay, G. Rauhut, M. Schu¨tz, H. Stoll, A.J. Stone, and T. Thorsteinsson. http://www.molpro.net.

286

The Theoretical Ground State and the First Excited Electronic State of Lanthanum Mono Bromide Yehya Haidar1, Yaman Hamade2*, Iman Haidar1, Ahmad Chaalan3, and Fadia Taher4

Abstract By using CASSCF/MRCI methods +Davidson correction, theoretical molecular calculations have been performed for the first electronic states for the LaBr molecule, using the chemical software package Molpro [1]. Our preliminary results are limited for the prediction of the ground state and the first excited state, the only states that have been observed experimentally. The ground state is found to be of type X1∑+ and the first excited state is of type a 3 ∆. A comparison with the experimental data shows a good agreement. Calculated potential energy curves are displayed. Spectroscopic constants including the harmonic vibrational wave number ωe, the electronic energy Te of a 3∆ and the equilibrium internuclear distance Re are predicted. Further calculations will be performed to predict the highest electronic structure of LaBr. Keywords : Ab initio methods - Molpro - Spectroscopic constants- PECs References [1]- MOLPRO is a package of ab initio programs written by H.-J. Werner, P.J. Knowles, R. Lindh, F.R. Manby,                                                              1- Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences I , Campus Hadath, Lebanon 2- Lebanese University, Faculty of Agriculture, Dekweneh, Lebanon 3- Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences , Nabatieh, Lebanon 4- Lebanese University, Faculty of Engineering III, Campus Hadath, Lebanon * corresponding author: [email protected];[email protected]

287

M. Schu¨tz, P. Celani, T. Korona, A. Mitrushenkov, G. Rauhut, T.B. Adler, R.D. Amos, A. Bernhardsson, A. Berning, D.L. Cooper, M.J.O. Deegan, A.J. Dobbyn,F. Eckert, E. Goll, C. Hampel, G. Hetzer, T. Hrenar, G. Knizia, C. Ko¨ppl, Y. Liu, A.W. Lloyd, R.A. Mata, A.J. May, S.J. McNicholas, W. Meyer, M.E. Mura, A. Nicklaß, P. Palmieri, K. Pflu¨ger, R. Pitzer, M. Reiher, U. Schumann, H. Stoll, A.J. Stone, R. Tarroni, T. Thorsteinsson, M. Wang, and A. Wolf;; P.J. Knowles and H.-J. Werner. Chem. Phys. Lett. 115, 259 (1985). doi:10.1016/0009-2614(85)80025-7.; H.-J. Werner and P.J. Knowles. J.Chem. Phys. 89, 5803 (1988). doi:10.1063/1.455556.; P.J. Knowles and H.-J. Werner. Chem. Phys. Lett. 145, 514 (1988). doi:10.1016/0009-2614(88)87412-8.; P.J. Knowles and H.-J. Werner. Theor. Chim. Acta, 84, 95 (1992). doi:10. 1007/BF01117405.; P.J. Knowles, M.J.O. Deegan, A.J. Dobbyn, F. Eckert, C. Hampel, G. Hetzer, T. Leininger, R. Lindh, A.W. Lloyd, W. Meyer, M.E. Mura, A. Nicklass, P. Palmieri, K. Peterson, R. Pitzer, P. Pulay, G. Rauhut, M. Schu¨tz, H. Stoll, A.J. Stone, and T. Thorsteinsson. http://www.molpro.net.  

288

Effects of microstructures on dynamic localization in high strength structural steel

F. Abed* and F. Makarem Abstract The high concentration of strains in a particular location of a steel structure is a physical phenomenon that can be observed in reality and in laboratory testing. Studying the development of shear localization is very important because they dominate the deformation and fracture modes in steel. The newly developed physically based constitutive viscoplastic model by the author (VA) is utilized in investigating shear localization in high strength structural steel over a wide range of temperatures and strain rates. Investigation of the microstructure of these metals, which plays a main role in defining their macroscopic behavior, shows that plastic deformation is dominated by dislocations gliding. The change in the macroscopic behavior through the flow stress due to the change of the physical quantities at the nano-micro scale will be presented in this paper. Finite element simulation of the formation of shear localizations in a cylindrical hat-shaped specimen will be conducted for selected high strength steels subjected to a wide range of velocity impacts. The effect of the VA microstructure based material parameters on the initiation and propagation of shear localization will be investigated. Several conclusions related to the width of the shear zone considering various velocities and temperatures will be discussed. Keywords: structural steel, Constitutive modeling, Shear localization, Strain rate, Temperature

                                                             * Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates * Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected], phone: +971 6 515 2493, Fax: +971 6 515 2979

289

Novel Zwitterionic Schiff Base Compound as Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Acidic Media Amel Djedouani1,2*, Leila. Hasniou2, Wassila. Merouani3, Hakima. Boulemche3, Salah. Chafaa2

The use of inhibitors is one of the most practical methods for protection against corrosion especially in acidic media [1]. Acid solutions are generally used in several industrial processes. HCl is widely used in picking solutions. Because of their aggressiveness, the use of corrosion inhibitors is considered as the most effective method for the protection of many metals and alloys against such acid attack [2], reduces the dissolution rate of metals. Compounds containing functional groups with heteroatoms, which can donate one pair of electrons, are found to be very efficient as inhibitors against metal corrosion in many environments. Many heterocyclic compounds with polar groups and/or π electrons are efficient corrosion inhibitors in acidic solutions. Organic molecules of this type can adsorb on the metal surface and form a bond be tween their N-electron pair and/or π electron cloud and the metal surface, thereby reducing the corrosion in acidic solutions [3]. Some Schiff bases inhibitors have been previously reported as effective corrosion inhibitors for various metals in acid media, such as Schiff bases containing oxygen substituents [4,5], and furoin thiosemicarbazone [6]. The aim of the present investigation is to examine the inhibitory action of … (E)-6-methyl-2-oxo-3-[1-(p-tolyl-iminio)ethyl]-2H-pyran-4-olate Schiff bases containing nitrogen and oxygen heteroaromatic compound as substituents in its structure for the corrosion of mild steel in 1 M HCl solution,                                                              1- Laboratoire d’electrochimie des materiaux moleculaire et complexes 2- Ecole Normale Superieure de Constantine 3- Département de Chimie,Université Mentouri Constantine * Corresponding author : E-mail adress : [email protected]

290

with and without addition of various concentrations of Schiff base at different concentration, using potentiodynamic and elec trochemical impedance techniques. Polarisation curves reveal that the compound is mixed type (cathodic/anodic) inhibitor and inhibition efficiency (% IE) increases with increasing concentration of compounds. The adsorption of Schiff bases on mild steel in 1 M HCl solution obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The negative values of ∆Gads show the spontaneity of the adsorption. 0 M 5 1 0 M

2 ,0

1 ,5

1 ,0

logI(mA)

0 ,5

0 ,0

-0 ,5

-1 ,0

-1 ,5

-2 ,0 -7 0 0

-6 0 0

-5 0 0

E

-4 0 0

-3 0 0

(m V /E C S )

Figure 1 : Tafel polarisation curves for mild steel obtained at 25 _C in 1 M HClcontaining different concentrations of Schiff base..

References : - Bergmann, I.I. (1963) Corrosion Inhibitors, Macemillan, New York. - Cruz, J R. Martinez, J. Genesca, E.G. Ochoa, J. Electroanal. Chem. (2004) 566 111–121. - Ismail, K.M. (2007) Electrochim. Acta 52, 7811–7819, 2007. - Behpour, M. Ghoreishi, S.M. Soltani, N. Salavati-Niasari, (2009) M.Corros. Sci 51, 1073–1082, 2009. - Yurt, A. Balaban, A. Ustun Kandemir, S. Bereket, G. Erk, B. (2004) Mater. Chem. Phys. 85, 420–426, 2004. - Stanly Jacob, K. Geetha Parameswaran, (2010) Corros. Sci. (2010) 52, 224–228, 2010

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292

Poster Communications Symposium I Materials, Nanomaterials and New Materials

293

Table of Content of Poster Communications - Symposium I Title of Communication

Authors

Page

Humidity sensitive MgO-TiO2-LiF ceramics materials prepared by conventional and SPS sintering methods

Dr. Ahmad Kassas, Dr. Céline Lelievre, Prof. Tayssir Hamieh

301

Effect of Superplastic Deformation on Carbonated Apatite Prepared for Bioresorbable Bone/Teeth Substitutes

Abdulsalam K. S., Maria G. R., Thair L

302

Microstructural and optical properties of Sol-Gel Mn-doped ZnO thin films

A.Mahroug, S.Boudjadar

303

Design and modeling of a tree-axis piezoresistive microelectronic accelerometer

A. Benichou, N. Benmoussa, B. Benyoucef

304

Polymer based photovoltaic solar cells: Prospects and challenges

A. Benmouna, R. Benmouna, B. Benyoucef

306

Effect of silica nanoparticles on the thermal stability of PVC/PMMA blend

K. Aouachria, V. MassardierNageotte, N BelhanecheBensemra

307

Tenue à la corrosion des couches minces AlY,Al-Gd obtenues par co-pulvérisation cathodique magnétron

A. Mosbah, M. Bahroune, F. Guenfoud, A. Saker

308

Corrosion Behaviour Of Dc Magnetron Sputtered Aluminium Coatings

M. Bahroune, A. Mosbah, F. Guenfoud, A. Saker

309

Correction des defauts de la surface d’un polysterene erode par impact de sable par revetement organique

B. Barka, T. Mahdaoui, C. Bousbaa

310

Polymer based photovoltaic solar cells: Prospects and challenges

A. Benmouna, R. Benmouna, B. Benyoucef

312

Process effect of modification on the performances of the bitumen binders modified with industrial crumb rubber waste

K. Bensebaa, K. Ait-Mokhtar, A. Amba

313

Studies of structure and morphology of the nanocrystalline FeSi20Cr10 alloy prepared by high energy ball milling

Bensebaa,, B. Bouzabata, A. Otmani, A. Djekoun, J.M.Grenèche

314

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized with Co-Precipitation Method

M. Bouloudenine,,. N. Fakroune, G. Schmerber, A. Dinia

315

294

Title of Communication

Authors

Page

Synthesis of colloidal gold multilayers stabilized by organic surfactants

S. M. Chabane Sari, F. Benbakhti, S. Zargou

316

Induced phase transformation by mechanical alloying in the FeCo-based alloys

C. Djebbari,, S. Alleg, J. M. Greneche, J.L. Rehspringer

318

Hydroxyapatite coating on TiO2 nanofibres

L. Chetibi, S. Achour, D. Hamana

319

Effect of clay surface modification on the mechanical and thermal properties of PP / EPR nanocomposites

R.Doufnoune Z.Guezzout, N.Haddaoui

320

The stabilization of gold nanoparticles by grafting organic compounds

F. Benbekhti, S. Mr Chabane Sari, S. Zargou

321

Effects of calcium carbonate treatment on the interfacial, tensile and thermal properties of polypropylene composites

N.Gharzouli, R.Doufnoune, N.Haddaoui

323

Corrosion behaviour of dc magnetron sputtered Fe1-xSix alloy films in 3, 5 wt % NaCl solution

F. Guenfoud, N.E Beliardouh, A. Saker

324

Hydroxyapatite coating on Tio2 nanofibres

L. Chetibi, S. Achour, D. Hamana

325

,

Electrochemical and anticorrosion performances of zinc-rich epoxy paint applied on the storage reservoirs of oil

Nadia Hammouda , K. Belmokre, M. Baccouche

326

Synthèses et caractérisations de polymers «low bandgap» basés sur le dithiénosilole pour les cellules solaires organiques

Hussein Medlej, Hussein Awada, Kamal Hariri, Joumana Toufaily, Tayssir Hamieh, Guillaume Wantz, Eric Grelet, Roger Hiorns, Christine DagronLartigau

328

Apport de l’Argile dans la Performance Photocatalytique de TiO2

Houeida Hamoud,, Mounir Kassir,, Angelina Razafitianamaharavo, Joumana Toufaily,, Frederic Villieras, R.C. Thibaut, Tayssir Hamieh

330

Acides aminés sur oxydes minéraux : Mécanismes d’adsorption, sélectivité et réactivité thermique

Houssein Bazzi, Thomas Georgelin, Maguy Jaber, France Costa-Torro, Jean-François Lambert

331

,

295

Title of Communication

Authors

Page

Synthesis of new nanostructured materials under soft chemistry conditions obtained with a template consisting of a complex between a double hydrophilic block copolymer (POE-b-PAA) and a polypeptide (PLL)

D. Houssein, N. Marcotte, C. Gerardin

332

Template Free Nanosized Zeolites Grown on Natural Fibers for Water Purification

H. Awala, M. El Roz, J. Toufaily, S. Mintova

334

Si and Ge crystalline nanostructures grown on an insulating LaAlO3(001) substrate by molecular beam epitaxy

H. Mortada, J.L. Bischoff, C. Ben Azzouz, D. Dentel, M. Derivaz, F.M. Morales, M. Herrera, J.M. Mánuel, R. García, M. Diani, M. Zanouni, C. Chefi, A. Akremi

336

Evaluation of FRP Bars Performance under High Temperature

Ghanim A. Kashwani, Adil K. Al-Tamimi

338

Optimization of Heterojunction silicon Solar Cells

N. Berrouba-Tani, K. Ghaffour

339

Evolution of partial Discharges in capacitor model at low temperature

Karima Smili, Lazhar Herous, Mohamed Nemamcha

340

Fonctionnalisation de Nanoparticules de TiO2 pour la Dépollution de l’Eau par Réaction Photocatalytique

Mounir Kassir,, Angelina Razafitianamaharavo, Joumana Toufaily,, Frédéric Villieras, Thibault Roques-Carmes, Houssam Obeid, Tayssir Hamieh

342

Stability Evaluation According to the Polarity of Hassi-Messaoud Asphaltenes Fractions

K. Kradra Brahma, D. Bendedouch Et Y. Bouhadda

343

Kinetic Study of the RTM6/TiO2 by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis

L. Merad, B. Benyoucef

345

Natural Composites Made By Polylactic Acid And Esparto-Grass Fibers

A .Maghchiche .B.Immirzi

346

Vapor induced Phase Separation (VIPS)based One-pot fabrication of metallic nanoparticles

Maher Khanafer, Suzanna AkilJradi, Safi Jradi, Pierre-Michel Adam, Jérome Plain, Tayssir Hamieh, Renaud Bachelot

348

296

Title of Communication

Authors

Page

Confinement Effect on the Dewetting of Polymer Thin Films

Mariam Akil, Samer Al-Akhrass, Assad Sobh,, Zahi Khalil; Joumana Toufaily,, Tayssir Hamieh

350

Synthesis of Sulfonic Acid Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas

Mariam Karaki, Franc Rataboul, Nadine Essayem, Benedicte Lebeau, Ali Karout, Joumana Toufaily

351

X-ray powder diffraction study of nanostructured CdS1-XCoX

Athmane Meddour, Hakima Yahi, Jean Ebothé

353

Modeling, Simulation and Optimization of the Mechanical Response of a micromechanical Silicon Cantilever: Application to Piezoresistive Force Sensor

N. Medjahdi, N. Benmoussa, B. Benyoucef

355

Study and Thermogravimetric Analysis of Poly 4- Aminostyrol

A. Meghezzi, N. Nebbache, R. Zaghdoudi, F. Djazi

358

Kinetics Of Adsorption Of Phenol On Algerian Bentonite

Bachir Meghzili, Medjram Mohamed Salah, Michel Soulard, Boussaa Mohamed

359

Effect of antimony thin film deposition sequence on copper-silicon interdiffusion

Menni N, Boudissa M, Benkerri M, Reffas M, Zekkar F, Benazzouz, C

360

Rheological Behaviour of Crude Oil in the Presence of Water

M.Meriem Benziane,Sabah A.Adelwahab, M.Douani, M. Benaicha, M. Belhadri

361

Photopolymerization of Epoxy Monomers Using Visible Light Harvesting Dyes as Photoinitiators

Abbas Zein-Fakih, Mohamad-Ali Tehfe, Jacques Lalevée, Tayssir Hamieh, Didier Gigmes, Fabrice Morlet-Savary, Jean-Pierre Fouassier

362

Cold plasma for catalysis and porous materials activation: In situ and operando FT-IR studies

M. El Roz, M. Rivallan, F. Thibault-Starzyk

364

Catalytic performance of BEA zeolite for alkylation of toluene with methanol to styrene production

Mohamed H. Abdallah, W. F. Hölderich

366

297

Title of Communication

Authors

Page

Synthesis of Polystyrene-b-Poly(4-vinyl pyridine) by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

M. Rajab K. Hariri, K. Mougin, T. Hamieh, J. Toufaily, H. Haidara

367

Preparation of Au/Ag Bimetallic Nanoparticles and Application of Bimetallic Sandwich in Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)

Mohammad Yehia Khaywah, Pierre-Michel Adam, Joumana Toufaily

369

Static analysis of an orthotropic plate

N. Moubayed, A. Wahab, M. Bernard, Hamed El-Khatib, A. Sayegh, F. Al-Saleh, Y. Dachouwaly, N. Chehadeh

371

Elongational flow-Induced Crystallization in Polypropylene/Talc Nanocomposites

Mouhamad Khalil, René Fulchiron, Brice Fiorentino, Jean-Charles Majesté

373

Effect of sn doping on the properties of zno thin films prepared by spray pyrolsis

N. Chahmat ; M. Ghers, A. Haddad,M. S. Aida, M. Bououdina

374

Introducing to simulation of TMOS using Silvaco and SPICE3f4

N. Guenifi, R. Ouchen

375

Surface Modification of Polypropylene Fibres by Nitrogen Plasma For Antibiotic Extraction

N. Hachache,, Y. Bal, D. Debarnot, F. Poncin-Epaillard

376

Synthesis and characterization of new amphiphilic block copolymer, study of thermodynamics properties

N.Nemiche, F.Z.Sebba, S.Ould Kada

378

Mechanical Response of a Micro Silicon Membrane Model Validation by Finite Element Method

R. Otmani, N. Benmoussa, B. Benyoucef

380

Preparation of Polypyrrole nanowires deposited on glassy carbon electrode and modified by gold particles. Electrocatalysis application to the oxygen reduction reaction

D. Oukil, L.Makhloufi

382

Failure: a source of progress in maintenance and design

R. Chaïb, M. Taleb, I. Verzea, M. Benidir, A Bellaouar

384

Sorption and diffusion of flavours contained in rose-water in plastic packaging

N.Fertikh, A.Toubal, D. Messadi

386

Mixed disorder and its effect on the transmission properties of GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs superlattices

R Djelti, Z Aziz, S Bentata, A Besbes

387

,,

298

Title of Communication

Authors

Page

Characterization of the gel protein interaction in polyacrylamide gels during electrophoresis separation in proteomics by physical and spectroscopic measurement

R. Nader , F. El Omar, C. Tokarski Et C. Rolando

389

Characterization of gas adsorption on biphasic nanostructured surfaces

N. Rami, T. Hamieh, F. Villieras, A.Razafitianamaharavo, F.Thomas

391

Control the growth of Barnacles in water intakes at Electric Power Plants

Dr. Saad M. Potrous

393

Synthesis Of Reinforced Polyacrylate And Polyepoxide Polymers

Said Benfarhi, Amina Meziani, Aicha Salmi

396

Steam Reforming Of Methane To Syngas Over Nio/γ-Al2O3 Catalysts Prepared By Successive Impregnation

N. Salhi,, A.Boulahouache, M.Belacel, S.Benadji, C.Rabia

397

Integrated forward osmosis, nanofiltration and membrane distillation system to reduce brine disposal problem and membrane fouling

Sarah Osmane, Efrem Curcio, Louwanda Lakiss, Joumana Toufaily, Enrico Drioli, Tayssir Hamieh, Girolamo Giordano

399

Optimisation du procédé de photodégradation de l’Indole en phase aqueuse en utilisant le TiO2 fixe sur support

Smail Merabet, Abdelkrim Bouzaza, Smail Benkhanouche

400

First-principles calculations of the mechanical and thermodynamic properties of the B2 type Rare-earth intermetallic compounds

Abdessamad Sekkal, Abdelnour Benzair

401

Evaluation of the properties of SEBS and EVA polymer modified bitumen

D. Si Bachir, K. Ait Mokhtar, S. Dekhli

402

Preparation and characterization of the nano tin dioxide (SnO2) powders

Nassima. Boufaa, Smail Boudjadar

403

Elaboration and characterization of ZnO thins films for SAW devices

S. Bensmaine, B. Benyoucef, L. Le Brizoual, O. Elmazria

405

Photografting Of Methyl Methacrylate On Ldpe Film

Bendaikha Tahar, Rezzougui Younes

406

Encapsulation of Tobramycin by chitosane

Y.Bakouri, H.Arkoub, H.Belkacemi, A/A. Touati, Z.Bouariche

408

,

299

300

Humidity sensitive MgO-TiO2-LiF ceramics materials prepared by conventional and SPS sintering methods Dr. Ahmad Kassas1 Dr. Céline Lelievre 2 Prof. Tayssir Hamieh1

Abstract: It is well known that an adsorption for water vapor enhances the surface electrical conductivity of many metal oxides. In fact, the addition of LiF on MgTiO3 bulk ceramics generates phases which are sensible to humidity. Ceramic porous pellets are prepared by conventional sintering. We have studied the effect of LiF additive amount and the sintering temperature, on the structure, microstructure and properties of sintered materials. Several phases are formed with different grain size depending on sintering temperature. The study of the dielectrics properties vs. humidity rate and temperature show that sensitivity is correlated to a particular microstructure of ceramics material. The presence of several layers at the material surface seems to be at the source of humidity sensitivity and more precisely the presence of Li2MgTiO4. However, a hysteresis phenomenon is present provoked by the high values of the open porosity on the pellets. A study by spark plasma sintering (SPS) of materials has been made and shows an improvement in the electrical and dielectric response of the sensor, avoiding the appearance of hysteresis in the adsorption and desorption cycles. It also shows the sensitivity of these high dense materials (open porosity less than 2%) vs. relative humidity.

                                                             1- Lebanese university, MCEMA Lebanon 2- University of Caen Basse-Normandie, LUSAC EA 4253 [email protected]

301

Effect of Superplastic Deformation on Carbonated Apatite Prepared for Bioresorbable Bone/Teeth Substitutes

Abdulsalam K. Sa., 1 Maria G. Rb. andThair L a

ABSTRACT In this investigation, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a highly crystalline biomimetic carbonate apatite (CAP) as a bioceramic material for bone and/or teeth repairs with the desired complex shapes using superplastic deformation under constant loading. Sintered CAP were plastically deformed in an electric furnace subjected to an initial compressive pressure of 10 MPa showed an appreciable amount of plastic deformation at temperatures ranging from 730 - 800 °C. Some CAP crystals were elongated via loading direction during superplastic deformation, it was thus concluded that a marked plastic deformation of about 70% at 800°C would be sufficient for near-net-shape production of bioresorbable CAP bone substitutes with complex shapes. Key words: Hydroxyapatite, carbonate apatite, biocompatibility, plastic deformation, near-net shape.

                                                             a Directorate of Materials Research, Ministry of Science and Technology-Iraq b Institute of Composite and Biomedical Materials – C.N.R. University of Naples Federico IIItaly Mobil: 07906134935; Email: [email protected];

302

Microstructural and optical properties of Sol-Gel Mn-doped ZnO thin films

A.Mahroug, S.Boudjadar*

Abstract Undoped and Mn-doped ZnO thin films with different amounts of Mn (0, 1, 3, 7, 10mol %) were prepared by sol-gel process from zinc acetate dihydrate, manganese acetate tetrahydrate, iso-propanol and diethanolamine (DEA) as a precursors, solvent and stabilizer respectively. All films were spin-coated on to glass substrates at a speed of 5000 rpm for 20s. each spin-coated films was preheated at 300°C for 10 min. finally the films were annealed at 450°C for 1h under air ambiance. The effects of Mn concentrations on structural, morphological and optical properties were investigated. The results showed that all films crystallized under hexagonal wurzite structure. The AFM measurements showed that the Mn doping of ZnO thin films could decrease grain size and surface roughness. Room temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra exhibit two emission bands, Ultraviolet and visible green emissions, and indicated that manganese doping decreased the emissions intensity. In the Raman spectra of Mn-doped ZnO, different vibrational modes were observed. Keywords: Mn-doped ZnO; Sol-Gel; roughness; grain size; AFM; photodoluminescence

                                                             * Ceramics laboratory, department of physics, Mentouri University, Constantine 25000, Algeria E-Mail: [email protected]

303

Design and modeling of a tree-axis piezoresistive microelectronic accelerometer

A. Benichou, N. Benmoussa, B. Benyoucef*

Abstract: A tree-axis piézoresistive accelerometer which has uniform sensitivities to tree axes developed using MicroElectroMechanical System MEMS technology. This sensor which is made of a proof mass. Four long beams allow us to obtain high sensitivities by reducing the resonant frequencies. Uniform axial sensitivities with small cross axis sensitivity could be obtained by a treedimensional sensor structure. Keywords: MEMS, accelerometer, piezoresistance, simulation. Introduction: Micro-machined inertial sensors that consist of accelerometers and gyroscopes have a significant percentage of silicon based sensors. Accelerometers can be found mainly in automotive industry, biomedical application, household electronics, robotics, vibrations analysis, navigation system, and so on. Various kinds of accelerometers have increased based on different principles such as capacitive, piezoresistive, piezoelectric, and other sensing ones. The concept of accelerometer is not new but the demand from commerce has motivated continuous researches in this kind of sensors in order to minimize the size and improve its performance.                                                              * [email protected], [email protected] [email protected] Unité de Recherche des Matériaux et Energie Renouvelable. URMER University Abou Bekr Belkaid-Tlemcen-Algeria

304

As we know, the realistic applications create a huge motivation for MEMS based sensors, especially accelerometer. In this modern world, applications require new sensors with smaller size and higher performance. In practice, there are rare researches which can bring out an efficient and comprehensive methodology for accelerometer designs. The proposed 3-DOF accelerometer: The 3-DOF accelerometer always requires small cross-axial acceleration, high and linear sensitivity. We proposed a flexure configuration that is show in figure 1 in order to meet these critical characteristics.

Figure1: 3D model of the 3-DOF piezoresistive accelerometer.

References: A. CHAEHOI, L. LATORRE, P. NOUET, (July 2005) “A Monolithic CMOS 3-Axis Accelerometer Combining Piezoresistive and Heat Transfer Effect”: Research in Microelectronics and Electronics. Lausanne (Switzerland). Nguyen Tien Anh, (2011) Department of Physics: Le Qui Don Technical University Haang Quoc Viet. Tran Duc Tan, (2011) Department of MEMS and Microsystems Department: University of Engineering and Technology Xuan Thuy. “A tree-axis piezoresistive accelerometer with uniform axial sensitivities” Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Viet Nam.

  305

Polymer based photovoltaic solar cells: Prospects and challenges

A. Benmouna*, R. Benmouna, B. Benyoucef

Abstract Research in semi conducting conjugated polymer such as Polyacetylene is developing very fast because of their promising uses in many application such as optoelectronic devices and photovoltaic solar cells. Conversion efficiency is continuously improving by using blends of polymers and copolymers, interpenetrated networks combined with fullerene derivatives of photoactive media. Morphologies achieving the best contact between electron donor polymer material and electron acceptor fullerene exhibiting nano sized domains are being promoted. A large donor / acceptor contact area promotes exciton splitting into free electrons and hole carriers. The high number of path aways allows free charges to diffuse to electrodes. The stability and performances of such devices depend strongly on the morphology of the blend which is in turn strongly dependent on the method of preparation and kinetics of phase separation. Control of such kinetics is of foremost importance to improve the quality of the photoactive layer made of the polymer-fullerene blend. In this paper, we present a brief review of the state of art of polymer based photovoltaic solar cells. We discuss the type of polymer used, the essential properties intervening in the characterization of those systems. We focus our interest on the current versus voltage curve and the conversion efficiency. A particular attention will be given also to the method of preparation of polymer / fullerene composite materials in connexion with those properties. Keywords: photovoltaic cell, conjugated polymer, fullerene, nanoparticles.                                                              * Research Unit for Material Sciences and Renewable Energies (URMER), University Abou Bekr Belkaïd of Tlemcen, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Tlemcen, Algeria. * Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected]

306

Effect of silica nanoparticles on the thermal stability of PVC/PMMA blend K. Aouachria1, V. Massardier-Nageotte 2, N Belhaneche-Bensemra 3

Abstract Loaded materials silica nanoparticles exhibit mechanical and thermal properties which are generally much improved compared to pure polymer. Although spherical fillers of silica have been widely used to reinforce polymers and polymer blends essentially immiscible, these fillers play an important role on thermal and mechanical properties. This work aims to study the impact of different types of loads (hydrophilic and hydrophobic silica) at different rates on the thermal properties of PVC/PMMA blend. Key words: silica nanoparticles, PVC/PMMA blend, thermal properties.    

                                                             1- Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymériques Multiphasiques, Faculté de Technologie, Université de Sétif, 19000, Algérie. 2- Laboratoire des Matériaux Macromoléculaires, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon–Unité Mixte de Recherche/ Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (INSA Lyon)UMR/CNRS 5627, 69621-Villeurbanne Cedex, France. 3- Laboratoire de recherche en sciences et technique de l’environnement, Ecole Nationale Polytechnique, BP182, El-Harrach, Alger, Algérie.

307

Tenue à la corrosion des couches minces Al-Y,Al-Gd obtenues par co-pulvérisation cathodique magnétron

A. Mosbah1, M. Bahroune1, F. Guenfoud1, A. Saker1

Résumé: La technique mise en œuvre dans cette étude pour l’obtention des films minces est la co-pulvérisation cathodique magnétron sur substrats en lames de verre. L'analyse par diffraction des rayons X sur les dépôts obtenus, a montré des raies larges traduisant un caractère mal cristallisé pour ce type de revêtement et avec un décalage de cette raie vers les faibles valeurs d’angle lors de l’augmentation de la teneur en Yttrium ou en Gadolinium. Les courbes de polarisation sont tracées après immersion en milieu salin. Elles sont comparables à celle du dépôt de l’aluminium pur et présente un décalage de potentiels de corrosion vers le domaine cathodique quand la teneur en éléments réactifs (Y ou Gd) augmente mais restent dans l’ensemble anodique. les couches minces Al-Gd et Al-y sont anodique par rapport à l'acier et peuvent jouer le rôle de revêtement de protection cathodique de type sacrificiel Mots clés : les couches minces ,Al-Y, Al-Gd, ,corrosion

                                                             1- Laboratoire de magnétisme et spectroscopie des solides (LM2S) – Faculté des Sciences – Université de Annaba Email :[email protected]

308

Corrosion Behaviour Of Dc Magnetron Sputtered Aluminium Coatings

M. Bahroune, A. Mosbah, F. Guenfoud, A. Saker*

Abstract Protection of steel parts from corrosion is of ground importance for the industry as mechanical resistance is to be maintained. Corrosion protection by metal coatings using wet processes is still widely applied. However, such processes are not environmentally friendly because of the required disposal of heavy metal containing effluents. This is particularly true for hard chromium plating. Physical vapour deposition (PVD) offers a good alternative to replace the electrolytic deposits of hard chromium. For that purpose, base aluminium coatings (Al-M) were deposited by d.c magnetron sputtering and investigate in order to answer the mechanical and physico-chemical requirements. The objective of this study is to elaborate architecture multilayers nanostructured with base aluminium coatings. First of all, we elaborated and characterized the binary layers on base of Aluminium (Al-M: M = Mo, Mn and Mg). Afterward, classification by mean corrosion resistance, are done for finding the potential candidates as a sacrificial anode for steels of construction. Key words: Cathode sputtering magnetron, thin films, nanostructure, corrosion, aluminium alloys.  

                                                             * Department of physics, Faculty of Science . 20 Aout University . Skikda, Algeria.

309

Correction des defauts de la surface d’un polysterene erode par impact de sable par revetement organique

B. Barka1, T. Mahdaoui2, C. Bousbaa2.

Résumé : L’objectif du présent travail consiste à étudier l’endommagement d’un verre en polystyrène (PS) par impact de particules de sable, tout en tenant compte des paramètres pertinents de sablage tels que la masse de sable projetée, l’angle d’impact et la vitesse des particules de sable. La conséquence de cet endommagement de surface est la perte importante de la transmission optique de ce verre, ce qui limite son utilisation. Pour cette raison, on a essayé de trouver une solution à ce problème par dépôt d’une couche mince transparente en polyvinyle butyral (PVB) et de vernis cellulosique par immersion sur la surface endommagée. Les résultats montrent que la taille et la forme des défauts augmentent en fonction de la quantité de sable projetée et que le maximum d’érosion a été observé à 60° avec un rendement de 2,18% (taux d’efficacité η = 2,18 %). La transmission optique chute de 94% à 18%. La perte de masse est très faible, ceci revient probablement à l’absence de fissure et le comportement plastique du matériau étudié. Après dépôt des couches, on a constaté que le vernis cellulosique a permis d’améliorer la transmission optique du PS érodé, elle passe de 18% à 90% et cela grâce à la dissolution de la couche superficielle dégradée par le solvant.                                                              1- Laboratoire de Croissance et Développement des Semi-conducteurs Département d’Electronique 2- Laboratoire des Matériaux Non Métalliques, Département d’Optique et de Mécanique de précision Faculté des Sciences de l’Ingénieur, Université F. Abbas, Sétif 19000 - Algérie [email protected]

310

Tandis que dans le cas du polyvinyle butyral (PVB) déposé on a constaté que la transmission passe de 18% à 69%. Mots clés : polystyrène (PS), Endommagement, dépôt de couches, transmission Topic : Endommagement  

311

Polymer based photovoltaic solar cells: Prospects and challenges A. Benmouna*, R. Benmouna, B. Benyoucef

Abstract Research in semi conducting conjugated polymer such as Polyacetylene is developing very fast because of their promising uses in many application such as optoelectronic devices and photovoltaic solar cells. Conversion efficiency is continuously improving by using blends of polymers and copolymers, interpenetrated networks combined with fullerene derivatives of photoactive media. Morphologies achieving the best contact between electron donor polymer material and electron acceptor fullerene exhibiting nano sized domains are being promoted. A large donor / acceptor contact area promotes exciton splitting into free electrons and hole carriers. The high number of path aways allows free charges to diffuse to electrodes. The stability and performances of such devices depend strongly on the morphology of the blend which is in turn strongly dependent on the method of preparation and kinetics of phase separation. Control of such kinetics is of foremost importance to improve the quality of the photoactive layer made of the polymer-fullerene blend. In this paper, we present a brief review of the state of art of polymer based photovoltaic solar cells. We discuss the type of polymer used, the essential properties intervening in the characterization of those systems. We focus our interest on the current versus voltage curve and the conversion efficiency. A particular attention will be given also to the method of preparation of polymer / fullerene composite materials in connexion with those properties. Keywords: photovoltaic cell, conjugated polymer, fullerene, nanoparticles.                                                              * Research Unit for Material Sciences and Renewable Energies (URMER), University Abou Bekr Belkaïd of Tlemcen, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Tlemcen, Algeria. * Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected]

312

Process effect of modification on the performances of the bitumen binders modified with industrial crumb rubber waste. K. Bensebaa1, K. Ait-Mokhtar2, A. Amba Abstract. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of using industrial plastic waste polymer additives to asphalt concrete in two manufacturing process, polymer-modified asphalt and polymer-modified binder. It was investigated that the influence of polymer-modified binder obtained by various polymer content on the Marshall Stability, flow and Marshall Quotient (Stability to flow ratio). The binders used in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) were prepared by mixing the industrial plastic waste in 1-2-3 and 4% (by the weight of optimum bitumen content) and AC-70/100 at temperatures of 175–180°C and 4 hours of mixing time. Industrial plastic wastes -modified asphalt concrete results in a considerable increase in the Marshall Stability (strength) value and a Marshall Quotient value (resistance to deformation). 1-2 percent industrial plastic wastes were determined as optimum conditions for Marshall Stability, flow and Marshall Quotient (MQ). MQ increased 50% with industrial plastic waste compared to control mix in polymer-modified binder process. It can be said that industrial plastic waste-modified bituminous binders provide better resistance against permanent deformations due to their high stability and high Marshall Quotient and it contributes to recirculation of plastic wastes as well as to protection of the environment. Keywords: Asphalt concrete; Industrial plastic waste material; Modified bitumen; Marshall                                                              1.2- Laboratory of Environment, Water Works and Geomechanics, BP 32 EL ALIA 16111 Bab-Ezzouar ALGER

313

Studies of structure and morphology of the nanocrystalline FeSi20Cr10 alloy prepared by high energy ball milling Bensebaa1,*, B. Bouzabata2, A. Otmani1, A. Djekoun2 and J.M.Grenèche3 Abstract In this work, we have investigated the evolution of the alloy morphology and structure during the milling process of the FeSi20Cr10 powder. The mechanical alloying was carried in a planetary ball mill starting from elemental powders of Fe, Si and Cr. The ball to powder weight ration was 17:1 with the velocity of drum set to 400 rpm. Morphology evolution was followed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Structural changes of powder particles were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The initial elemental powder had different size distribution and shape. The Fe particles have a spherical morphology, with uniform size of 6µm. The Si and Cr particles have an irregular ellipsoidal shape with mean sizes of about 100 µm and 150 µm respectively. After 15 h of milling time, the small ductile particles of Fe are welded to larger particles, then repeatedly flattened, cold welded and fractured, with the tendency to refine with the formation of rounded particles with a mean size between 15 and 40 µm. The X-ray diffraction patterns show the formation of the solid solution α-Fe the type bcc structure. The average grain size estimated from XRD peaks is about 20 nm and the lattice parameter is about 0,284 nm after 15 h of milling time Key-words: Nanocrystalline materials, mechanical alloying, SEM, X-rays diffraction.

                                                             1- Laboratoire de Recherche en Physico-chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces, Facultés des Sciences, Université de Skikda, B.P.26 Elhadack, Skikda. 2- Laboratoire de Magnétisme et de Spectroscopie des Solides (LM2S), Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Annaba, B.P 12-23000 Annaba, Algérie 3- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Etat Condensé, UMR CNRS 6087, Université du Maine, 72085 Le Mans, France. E.Mail : [email protected]

314

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized with Co-Precipitation Method M. Bouloudenine1,2,. N. Fakroune2, G. Schmerber3 and A. Dinia3

We have synthesized oxide nanoparticules of zinc by a chemical method based on the co-precipitation from the decomposition of a mixed oxalic precursor. The results of DRX show that crystallites constituting our powder have an average size equal to 59.10 nm and that the crystal lattice has undergone a constraint of dilation following the heat treatment carried out on our sample. The results of the photoluminescence and Raman confirm what was reported by the results of DRX. Following measurements of PL, it was proved that the presence of an excess of oxygen vacancies is at the origin of the residual stresses in the matrix, and this was confirmed by the results of Raman through the interpretation of the vibration behavior of the phononic modes characterizing our sample. Thus, we succeeded in synthesizing nanoparticules of ZnO having crystallographic and optical properties what makes them promising in vast nanotechnologic applications such as: optical commutation (wave guide), the manufacture of photodiodes LEDS of bleu/green or white color, cosmetic (UV transparent filters), anti-UV protective agent. Key Words: Zinc oxide nanoparticles, co-precipitation method, photoluminescence.                                                              1- Centre Universitaire de Souk Ahras, Département des Sciences Technologiques, Souk Ahras 41000-ALGERIE 2- Laboratoire LEREC, Département de Physique, Université de Badji Mokhtar, BP 12, 23000, Annaba 3- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, IPCMS, Groupe des Matériaux Inorganiques, CNRS-UMR 7504, ULP-ECPM, 23 Rue du Loess – B.P. 43, F-67037 Strasbourg, France E-mail: [email protected]

315

Synthesis of colloidal gold multilayers stabilized by organic surfactants

1

S. M. Chabane Saria, F. Benbakhtib, S. Zargoub

There is a challenge in developing high performance fluorophore molecules grafted on the same nanosphere. Gold nanoparticles are chosen for their thiol component offering a high grafting capability. The optical properties of metal nanoparticles have drawn a particular attention because of their potential use in a new generation of nanodevices.1,2 Modification of these particles with a fluorophore is important for the development of biological tracers and optoelectronic devices.3,4 Among metals, gold nanoparticles represented the major system of interest because of their strong surface plasmon band, their biocompatibility and chemical stability.2,5 Recently, a number of methods have been reported for the preparation of stable gold colloids. These methods generally involve a reduction of the relevant metal salt in the presence of a suitable surfactant allowing control of the growth of the metal particles. To achieve this, two methods have been described in the literature. The first one involves Sodium Borohydride for the metal salt reduction leading to nanoparticles of mean diameter near 5 nm.6 This method presents several drawbacks related with the purification of the final products, the nature of solvent and a difficult characterisation. The second method is more often used to produce gold particles7 leads to larger mean diameters ( ≈ 15 nm) that can be reduced by an appropriate adaptation of the synthesis conditions. Following these routes of synthesis, we found that the control of particle size dispersion was more accessible with the second method. Since this aspect is crucial for a variety of applications, it is the latter method that was chosen in the present work.                                                              a

b

Laboratoire de recherche sur les macromolécules LRM, Unité de Recherche sur les Matériaux et Energies Renouvelables URMER, Université de Tlemcen,

316

Gold nanoparticles stabilized by surface modification with addition of small organic molecules are synthesized. Optical properties of these systems are investigated by UV and granulometry experiments. Physical adsorption on the surface cluster has also been considered and the results show that the surfactants have been efficiently grafted on the gold nanoparticles. References 1 M. Bruchez, M. Moronne, P. Gin, S. 1998, 281, 2013.

Weiss, P.A. Alivisatos, Science,

2 U. Kreibig, M. Vollmer, Optical Properties of Metal Clusters, Springer Series in Material Science 25, Springer, Berlin, 1995. 3 S. Chen, R.S. Ingram, M.J. Hostetler, J.J. Pietron, R.W. Murray, T.G. Schaaff, J.T. Khoury, M.M. Alvarez, R.L. Whetten, Science, 1998, 280, 2098. 4 R. Elghanian, J.J. Storhoff, R.C. Mucic, R.L. Letsinger, C.A. Mirkin, Science, 1997, 277, 1078. 5 J.W. Slot, H.J. Geuze, Eur. J. Cell Biol., 1985, 38, 87. 6 M. Brust, J. Fink, D. Bethell, D.J. Schiffrin, C. Kiely, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 1655. 7 G. Frens, Nature, 1973, 241, 20.

317

Induced phase transformation by mechanical alloying in the FeCo-based alloys C. Djebbari 1,2, S. Alleg 1 , J. M. Greneche 3 and J.L. Rehspringer 4

Abstract Nanostructured (Fe50Co50)80Al20 powders were prepared by mechanical alloying in a high-energy planetary ball-mill Fritsch P7 under argon atmosphere. The milled powders were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectrometry and differential scanning calorimetry. After 3 h of milling, the solid state reaction between Al and Fe50Co50 powders gives rise to the formation of a non-homogeneous Fe(Co,Al) solid solution in addition to a B2 Al(Co,Fe) nanophase (CsCl type). The Mössbauer spectrometry results reveal the existence of three contributions: a paramagnetic singlet and two magnetic sextets attributed to the Al-rich Fe(Al) environment, α-Fe(Co) and α-Fe(Al) solid solutions, respectively. Further milling leads to the disappearance of the paramagnetic phase and the formation of a ferromagnetic Fe(Co,Al) solid solution. The DSC scans exhibit several exothermic peaks related to recovery, strain relaxation, order-disorder transition and grain growth. Keywords: Nanocrystalline materials, Fe-Co-Al alloys, X-ray diffraction, Mösbauer spectrometry, DSC.                                                              1- Laboratoire de Magnétisme et Spectroscopie des Solides (LM2S). Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Badji Mokhtar d’Annaba, B.P. 12, 23000 Annaba, Algérie. 2- Département des Science Fondamentales , Faculté des Sciences, Université du Skikda, BP 26 Route El Hadaek, Skikda, Algérie 3- Laboratoire de physique de l’Etat Condensé, UMR CNRS 6087, Université du Maine, Faculté des Sciences, F- 72085, Le Mans Cedex 9, France. 4- Groupe de Matériaux Inorganiques, Institut de Physique et de Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504 CNRS-ULP, 23 rue de Loess, F- 67034 Strasbourg cedex, France. Email : [email protected]

318

Hydroxyapatite coating on TiO2 nanofibres

L. Chetibi1, S. Achour 2, D. Hamana 1

Abstract Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a well established bioactive ceramic material capable of forming strong chemical bonds with natural bone. Titanium on the other hand has excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. When HA is deposited on Ti the composite material shows both high mechanical strength and good bioactivity. In this study, HA coating has been prepared on Ti substrate through an electrochemical approach. In order to improve the bonding strength between HA coating and Ti substrate, TiO2 nanowires thin film was prepared on the surface of Ti substrate by in situ oxidation of Ti plate in a mixture solution of concentrated H2O2 and NaOH, followed by proton exchange and calcinations. The obtained specimens were annealed for different high temperatures to increase the bonding strength between the two films. The resultant deposit is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectrum (FTIR), corrosion tests in SBFsolution, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electron probe micro analysis (EPMA). The results showed that Ti diffused from the substrate into HA layer leading to CaTiO3 formation as the heating temperature increased. Keywords: Hydroxyapatite, coating, TiO2 nanofibres, bioactivity, bonding strength.                                                                1- Research unit of materials science and applications, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of Mentouri constantine , ,Ain El Bey Road, Constantine 25000, Algeria. 2- Ceramics Laboratory, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Mentouri University of Constantine,Ain El Bey Road, Constantine 25000, Algeria.

319

Effect of clay surface modification on the mechanical and thermal properties of PP / EPR nanocomposites

R.Doufnoune1, Z.Guezzout 1 And 2 N.Haddaoui The polymers that currently dominate the plastics market cannot satisfy all applications and expectations of potential users. It is then necessary to create new materials with exceptional properties and ease of implementation. During the last decade, the development of polymer matrix composites incorporating nano reinforcements has generated considerable interest, both industrially and scientifically. Some published results seem very promising about the potential of nanocomposite systems. It appears that it is possible to obtain mechanical properties, flame retardant, gas barrier at a low rates of reinforcement. This study aims to combine both the advantages of a rigid phase of montmorillonite (MMT) and an elastomer phase of Ethylene-Propylene Rubber (EPR) on the mechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene (PP). However, studies have shown that the PP / EPR / Mmt are incompatible with each other. In this context, the strategy is to introduce interfacial agents ensuring the control and the stabilization of the morphology by reactions or interactions between function or active sites on each of the present phases. It appears from this study that the mechanical and thermal properties are strongly influenced by the composition of the system but also by the state of adhesion at the interface PP / EPR and the level of dispersion of nanoparticles in the mixture. Keywords: Polypropylene, Ethylene-Propylene Rubber, montmorillonite, coupling agents, nanocomposites, interfacial agents.                                                              1- Research Unit for Emerging Materials-Setif-(URMES) Valuation of polymeric materials Team 2- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of High Polymers (LPCHP) Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Ferhat ABBAS University –Setif –UFAS-

320

The stabilization of gold nanoparticles by grafting organic compounds

1

F. Benbekhtib, S. Mr Chabane Saria, S. Zargoub

In recent decades, organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials appear in full swing. These are combinations of two or more components that generate novel materials with numerous properties and varied [1]. A broad scope where these hybrid nanomaterials, specifically the gold nanoparticles, are explored particularly in the biomedical field [2] (medical imaging, contrast agents, vectorization...). The noble metal was chosen for its very low toxicity and excellent biocompatibility and chemical stability (unalterable) [1]. In the literature, several books describe ways of obtaining, properties and applications[3] of such materials. These reviews published all proceed along the same general pattern. A precursor of gold, the oxidation state III most often, as HAuCl4, is placed in an aqueous or two-phase in the presence of a reducing agent (citrate [4], NaBH4 [5], ...) and a agent used to stabilize the particles (citrate, amine, phosphine, thiol ...)[4], [5], therefore all approaches to prepare stable gold colloids involve reducing a gold salt in the presence of a stabilizer. The long-term colloidal stability of dispersion is of great importance in many industries. The term stability can have different meanings in different applications; a stable colloidal system is defined by particles resistant to flocculation or aggregation and shows signs of long life [6]. The bare nanoparticles obtained may be aggregated where the need to stabilize the organic molecules with a thiol function. These thiols enhance the stability, solubility and thus maintain the dispersion of colloids, and act as a spacer allowing the link between gold particle and another molecule (a fluorophore for detection, an active element for the functionalization,...)[7]. Nanoparticle characterization concerns the control of two key elements that are the size and                                                              a Laboratoire de recherche sur les macromolécules LRM, b Unité de Recherche sur les Matériaux et Energies Renouvelables URMER, Université de Tlemcen.

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aggregation. The UV spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy show that these nanoparticles are spherical, monodisperse, and their size is 8 nm [8]. The stability of these nanoparticles in aqueous solution is primarily a function of different ligands adsorbed or grafted on their surface which have a hydrophilic character. This is an important element that must be taken into account during synthesis [9]. Keywords: gold nanoparticles, functionalization.

thiol,

stability,

ligands,

aggregation,

size,

References 1. N. Félidj, J. Aubard, G. Lévi, F.R. Aussenegg, Appl. Phys. Lett., 82, 30953097, 2003. 2. D.C. Chalupa, P.E. Morrow, G. Oberdörster, M.J. Utell, M.W. Frampton, Ultrafine particle deposition in subjects with asthma. Environ Health Perspect, 112: 879-882, 2004. 3. A. Edlstein, R. Cammarata, Nanomaterials: synthesis, proprieties and applications, p 25, 1996. 4. G. Frens, Nature Physical Science, p 20, 1973. 5. M. Brust, J. Fink, D. Bethell, D.J. Schiffrin, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun, p 1655, 1995. 6. J.W. Slot, H.J. Gueuze, Eur. J. Cell Biol., 90, 533. 1981. 7. D. ZERROUKI, assemblages colloïdaux organises, p5, 2007. 8. E. Gaffet, G. Le Caër. Mechanical Processing for Nanomaterials. Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Eds. H.S. Nalwa, pp 5, 91 – 129, 2004. 9. T.Yonezawa, T.Kunitake, Colloids and surfaces, 149, pp 193-199, 1999. 

322

Effects of calcium carbonate treatment on the interfacial, tensile and thermal properties of polypropylene composites N.Gharzouli 1, R.Doufnoune 2, N.Haddaoui 1

Abstract

This study deals with the creation and characterization of a polypropylene/calcium carbonate composite in the presence of anhydride-grafted polypropylene used as compatibilizer. In order to improve the interaction of the interface, the reinforcing filler was treated with functional coupling agents. The performance of the composites was assessed through the measurement of the mechanical and thermal properties. The results revealed an important enhancement of the mechanical properties. The thermogravimetric analysis allowed the conclusion that the filler improved the thermal stability of the composites but the coupling agents did not seem to have any effect on this property. Keywords: compatibilizer, Calcium carbonate, polypropylene, composite, interface, silane, zirconate coupling  

                                                             1- Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Hauts Polymères (LPCHP), Département de génie des procédés, Faculté de Technologie, UFAS 2- Unité de Recherche des Matériaux Emergents-Sétif- (URMES), Valorisation des matériaux polymériques, UFAS

323

Corrosion behaviour of dc magnetron sputtered Fe1-xSix alloy films in 3, 5 wt % NaCl solution

F. Guenfoud1, N.E Beliardouh1, A. Saker2

Abstract Fe1-xSix thin films were obtained by DC magnetron sputtering on glass substrates. They were grown up to a thickness of about 5 µm. The alloys were prepared from pure Fe and Si targets. The objective of this study was to characterise the corrosion properties of these alloys in saline solution (H2O - 35 g/l NaCl) for application as new sensor. The principal conclusion that we retained is that the amorphous structures have the best electrochemical behaviour and that the degradation of the surface quality depends on the silicon concentration. It is suggested that silicon contributes greatly to passivation in case of high iron silicon alloys.  

                                                             1- Département de métallurgie & génie des matériaux-Université B. Mokhtar Annaba, ALGERIE 2- Département de physique- Université B. Mokhtar de Annaba , BP12- 23000 Annaba, ALGERIE [email protected], [email protected]

324

Hydroxyapatite coating on Tio2 nanofibres

L. Chetibi1, S. Achour 2, D. Hamana 1

Abstract Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a well established bioactive ceramic material capable of forming strong chemical bonds with natural bone. Titanium on the other hand has excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. When HA is deposited on Ti the composite material shows both high mechanical strength and good bioactivity. In this study, HA coating has been prepared on Ti substrate through an electrochemical approach. In order to improve the bonding strength between HA coating and Ti substrate, TiO2 nanowires thin film was prepared on the surface of Ti substrate by in situ oxidation of Ti plate in a mixture solution of concentrated H2O2 and NaOH, followed by proton exchange and calcinations. The obtained specimens were annealed for different high temperatures to increase the bonding strength between the two films. The resultant deposit is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectrum (FTIR), corrosion tests in SBFsolution, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electron probe micro analysis (EPMA). The results showed that Ti diffused from the substrate into HA layer leading to CaTiO3 formation as the heating temperature increased. Keywords: Hydroxyapatite, coating, TiO2 nanofibres, bioactivity, bonding strength.                                                                1- Research unit of materials science and applications, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of Mentouri constantine , ,Ain El Bey Road, Constantine 25000, Algeria. 2- Ceramics Laboratory, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Mentouri University of Constantine,Ain El Bey Road, Constantine 25000, Algeria.

325

Electrochemical and anticorrosion performances of zinc-rich epoxy paint applied on the storage reservoirs of oil Nadia Hammouda1,*, K. Belmokre 1, M.Baccouche 2

Abstract Zinc represents the most common corrosion protection the benefit coating material for iron type metallic substrates. So, zinc-rich coatings have been successfully used as anti- corrosion primers since the 1930s in a wide range of applications for protecting steels. They are used in various aggressive media such as sea water, marine and industrial environments, because even coatings with minor damages can protect the steel by a galvanic-type protection. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the l00 kHz-10 mHz frequency range was employed as the main electrochemical technique to study the corrosion protection behaviour of a zinc-rich epoxy paint in 3% NaCl solution. The EIS results obtained at the open-circuit corrosion potential have been interpreted using a model involving the impedance of particle to particle contact to account for the increasing resistance between zinc particles with immersion period, in addition to the impedance due to the zinc surface oxide layer and the electrical resistivity of the binder. Galvanic current and dc potential measurements allowed us to conclude that the cathodic protection effect of the paint takes some time to be achieved. The loss of cathodic protection is due to a double effect: the decrease of the Zn/Fe area ratio due to Zn corrosion and the loss of electric contact between Zn to Zn particles. Even when the cathodic protection effect by Zn dust became weak, the substrate steel                                                              1,*- Laboratoire de Corrosion et Traitements de Surface (LCTS), Dep. Sciences de la Matière, Faculté des Sciences Université 20 Août 1955- Skikda, Route d’El-Hadaiek, B.P.26, Skikda21000, Algérie. e -mail: [email protected] 2- Laboratoire de Métallurgie Physique et Propriétés des Matériaux (LMPPM), Université Badji Mokhtar BP: 12 - Sidi Ammar, Annaba, 23.000-Algérie.

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is still protected against corrosion due to the barrier nature of the ZRP film reinforced by Zn corrosion products. Keywords: zinc-rich epoxy paints, cathodic protection, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, corrosion mechanisms.  

 

327

Synthèses et caractérisations de polymers « low bandgap » basés sur le dithiénosilole pour les cellules solaires organiques 1

Hussein Medlej(a), Hussein Awada(a,d), Kamal Hariri(d), Joumana Toufaily(d)*, Tayssir Hamieh(d), Guillaume Wantz(b), Eric Grelet(c), Roger Hiorns(a), and Christine Dagron-Lartigau(a) Au cours des quatre dernières années, de considérables progrès dans les cellules solaires polymères, ont amené les chercheurs à étudier de nouveaux matériaux polymères, à optimiser leur morphologie et à réaliser diverses structures de dispositifs dans le but d’obtenir de meilleurs rendements de conversion [1-2]. Jusqu’à présent des rendements de conversion autour de 5 % ont été obtenus, en utilisant le poly(3-hexylthiophène) comme donneur et un dérivé soluble du fullerène (C61-PCBM) comme accepteur d’électrons [2]. Cependant, le spectre étroit d’absorption du P3HT allant de 300 à 650 nm est l’une de principales limitations du rendement des dispositifs basés sur ce polymère. Pour palier à ce problème, des polymères de plus faibles bandes interdites ont été utilisés pour une meilleure exploitation du spectre solaire en particulier dans la gamme du proche infrarouge. Quelques uns d’entre eux ont contribué à l’obtention de meilleurs rendements. Par exemple, le poly [(4,4-bis(2ethylhexyl) -cyclopenta- [2,1-b; 3,4-b′] dithiophène) -2,6- diyl- alt- 2,1,3benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl] (PCPDTBT) et ses dérivés présentent une classe bien connue de matériaux à faible bande interdite et qui donnent des rendements de                                                              (a) : IPREM CNRS-UMR 5254, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Hélioparc, 2 avenue Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France. (b): Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (IPB), Laboratoire IMS, UMR CNRS 5218, 16 Av. Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac Cedex, France. (c): CNRS-Université de Bordeaux1, Centre de Recherche Paul-Pascal (CRPP), 115 Avenue Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France. (d): Laboratoire de Matériaux, Catalyse, Environnement et Méthodes Analytiques (MCEMA), Université Libanaise, Faculté des Sciences (I), Campus Rafic Hariri, Beyrouth, Liban. *School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States of America.

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3-4 % [1a]. Lorsque ce polymère est modifié par le remplacement des atomes de carbone sur la position 7 du cyclopenta-[2,1-b;3,4-b′]dithiophène avec des atomes de silicium pour obtenir le poly[(4,4′-bis(2-ethylhexyl)dithieno-[3,2b:2′,3′-d]silole)-2,6-diyl-alt-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)-4,7-diyl] (PSBTBT), le rendement a été amélioré à 5.9 % [1f]. Par rapport à la littérature, une série de PDTSDTBT (Figure 1) avec des groupements octyle sur le silole et hexyle sur les thiophènes a été synthétisée, avec également différentes masses molaires. Dans cette communication, nous présenterons d’abord les propriétés thermiques, optiques (UV-visible) et structurales (DRX) de ces matériaux en présence ainsi qu’en absence du PCBM. Ensuite, leurs performances en cellules seront présentées et comparées à celles du PSBTBT aussi synthétisés dans notre laboratoire.

PSBTBT

PDTSDTBT

Figure 1 : Structures du PDTSDTBT et PSBTBT

[1] (a) D. Muhlbacher, M. Scharber, M. Morana, Z. Zhu, D. Waller, R. Gaudiana and C. Brabec, Adv. Mater., 18, (2006), 2884; (b) J. Y. Kim, K. Lee, N. E. Coates, D. Moses, T.-Q. Nguyen, M. Dante and A. J. Heeger, Science, 317, (2007), 222; (c) J. Peet, J. Y. Kim, N. E. Coates, W. L. Ma, D. Moses, A. J. Heeger and G. C. Bazan, Nat. Mater., 6, (2007), 497; (d) A. J. Moule´ and K. Meerholz, Adv. Mater., 20, (2008), 240; (e) M. M. Wienk, M. Turbiez, J. Gilot and R. A. J. Janssen, Adv. Mater., 20, (2008), 2556; (f) R. C. Coffin, J. Peet, J. Rogers, G. C. Bazan, Nature Chemistry, 1, (2009), 657-661. (g) Y. Y. Liang, Y. Wu, D. Q. Feng, S.-T. Tsai, H.-J. Son, Gang Li and Luping Yu, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131, (2009), 56; (h) L. J. Huo, T. L. Chen, Y. Zhou, J. H. Hou, H. Y. Chen, Y. Yang and Y. F. Li, Macromolecules, 42, (2009), 4377 [2] M. Reyes-Reyes, K. Kim, J. Dewald, R. López-Sandoval, A. Avadhanula, S. Curran, D. L. Carroll, Organic Letters, 7, (2005), 5749.  

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Apport de l’Argile dans la Performance Photocatalytique de TiO2 Houeida Hamoud1,2, Mounir Kassir1,2, Angelina Razafitianamaharavo2, Joumana Toufaily1,3, Frederic Villieras2, R.C. Thibaut4, Tayssir Hamieh1

L’utilisation de TiO2 comme photocatalyseur est largement connu et étudié dans les applications environnementales. Les particules ultrafines montrent une bonne activité catalytique, Or, la tendance de TiO2 à l’agrégation conduisant à la diminution de l’efficacité catalytique. La solution potentielle à ce problème serait d’utiliser l’argile comme support du catalyseur ou sous forme de matériau composite. L’accent sera porté sur la méthode de préparation du système argile/TiO2 en vue de limiter les problèmes d’agrégation et pour meilleure stabilité. Deux méthodes de préparation sont mise en place, la coprécipitation qui a réussie à disperser les nanoparticules TiO2 P25 à la surface de l’argile avec une augmentation notable de la surface spécifique par rapport au TiO2 seul, et le solgel qui, à partir d’un précurseur (Isopropoxide de titane), conduit à la formation de TiO2 qui débouchent les micropores de l’argile et s’agrègent à sa surface. La structure cristallin du système obtenu est étudié par la diffraction de RX, la surface spécifique et la microporosité sont estimés par la volumétrie d’adsorption de gaz (BET), la morphologie et la dispersion de TiO2 à la surface de l’argile sont détectés par la microscopie électronique à transmission (MET). La perspective sera d’étudier l’activité photocatalytique de système argile/TiO2 obtenu par différente méthode de préparation.                                                              1- Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA), Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon 2- Laboratoires Environnement et Minéralurgie, LEM, Nancy, France, UMR7569 3- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States of America 4- Laboratoires Réaction et Génie de Procédés, Nancy, France

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Acides aminés sur oxydes minéraux : Mécanismes d’adsorption, sélectivité et réactivité thermique Houssein Bazzi, Thomas Georgelin, Maguy Jaber, France Costa-Torro et Jean-François Lambert*

Nous avons étudié les mécanismes d’adsorption de plusieurs acides aminés (AA) sur trois oxydes minéraux différents : un hydroxyde double lamellaire (HDL, échangeur anionique), une argile (montmorillonite, échangeur cationique) et une alumine gamma, oxyde amphotère. Les acides aminés étudiés incluent le plus simple d’entre eux, la glycine, un AA à chaîne latérale acide (l’acide glutamique, Glu) et un AA à chaîne latérale basique (l’arginine, Arg). Des isothermes d’adsorption ont été établies en fonction du pH, en mesurant la diminution de concentration en solution par HPLC. Les solides séparés par centrifugation ont été analysés par thermogravimétrie (TG), spectroscopie vibrationnelle (IR moyen), et RMN du solide (13C) afin de caractériser l’état des acides aminés adsorbés et par là, leur mécanisme d’adsorption. Une importante sélectivité d’adsorption est observée pour les matrices HDL (sélection de Glu dans des mélanges Glu + Arg) et argile (sélection de Arg dans les mêmes mélanges), tandis que les deux AA sont coadsorbés à la surface de l’alumine, et que l’adsorption reste minimale sur silice. On peut en déduire que les effets électrostatiques jouent un rôle prépondérant dans les deux premiers cas, tandis que d’autres interactions sont à l’œuvre sur alumine (liaisons de coordination ?) et sur silice (liaisons hydrogène ?). Par ailleurs, les traces DTG permettent de mettre en évidence des évènements thermiques à basse température correspondant à l’émission d’eau suite à la formation de liaisons peptidiques, uniquement dans le cas où les AA sont adsorbés sur silice. Ces résultats sont intéressants pour la chimie prébiotique car ils établissent des contraintes précises pour un des principaux scénarios de formation abiotique des premiers oligopeptides.                                                              *

Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, UMR 7197, UPMC

331

Synthesis of new nanostructured materials under soft chemistry conditions obtained with a template consisting of a complex between a double hydrophilic block copolymer (POE-b-PAA) and a polypeptide (PLL) D. Houssein1, N. Marcotte, C. Gerardin

The ynthesis of hybrid nanostructured materials was achieved under soft chemistry conditions using polyion complex (PIC) micelles as templates of inorganic frameworks, typically silica. PIC micelles were obtained by complexation between two hydrophilic polymers: a double hydrophilic block copolymer (DHBC), which consists of a neutral block and a charged one, and an oppositely charged homopolyelectrolyte. In the pH range where both polyelectrolytes are charged, complex micelles are formed. Outside of this pH range, micelles dissociate in the aqueous medium. Such induced and reversible PIC micelles are interesting candidates as recyclable structuring agents of mesoporous materials. Indeed, The template removal that is necessary to generate the mesoporosity of inorganic materials is accomplished by environmental-friendly methods, without the need to use high temperature treatments or extraction by organic solvents. In our work, the physico-chemical properties of the PIC micelles, which result from the association of a DHBC, the polyethylene oxide-b-polyacrylic acid (POE-b-PAA), and a polypeptide, the poly-Lysine (PLL), were studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and circular dichroism (CD). We studied by DLS the pH range of micelle formation, and their dissociation, which is obtained by a change in the ionic strength of the medium. We demonstrated that the micelles are formed in the 5-11 pH range, and are dissociated upon addition of 1,5M of NaCl. CD studies revealed that the PLL chains adopt a α-helix conformation within the micelles.                                                              *

Dania Houssein E-mail address: [email protected], tel: +961 76 678 479, +33 7 86 74 76 93. Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS/ENSCM/UM2/UM1, 8 rue de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier cedex 5, France.

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The synthesis of nanostructured materials was achieved using the POEPAA/PLL micelles as structuring agents for silica materials. Materials with different structures and textures were obtained (lamellar or vermicular, nanoparticles or bulk materials) depending on the synthesis conditions (mass percentage of copolymer, amount of silica precursor, molar ratio of AA/LL…). The template was removed by washing the hybrid materials under soft conditions in water. The amount of extracted organic polymers depended on various conditions (temperature, ionic strength…). Hybrid functionnalized nanomaterials were thus obtained, which are interesting for many applications. Keywords: polyion complex micelles, soft chemistry, nanostructured materials. (a) Van Der Burgh S., de Keizer A., Cohen Stuart M., Langmuir, 2004, 20, 1073-1084; (b) Harada A, Kataoka K, Macromolecules, 1998, 31, 288-294. (c) Baccile N..; Reboul J.; Blanc B.; Coq B.; Lacroix-Desmazes, P.; In M.; Gérardin C.; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 8499-8437; (d) Harada A.; Kataoka K., Prog. Polym. Sci., 2006, 31, 949-982; (e) A. Boudier et al., Journal of Controlled Release, 2011, 154, 156-163   

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Template Free Nanosized Zeolites Grown on Natural Fibers for Water Purification

1

H. Awalaa, M. El Roz a, J. Toufailyb,c, S. Mintovaa

Abstract The growing environmental awareness has stimulated the design of environmentally-friendly materials for water, air, and soil purification. Organic and inorganic contaminants, as well as heavy metals have become one of the most serious environmental problems, and even the traces are toxic and detrimental. Variable methods are known for removal of heavy metals from water. The goal of our work is to combine natural fibers with nanosized zeolites in zeolite/fiber composites, and to be applied for removal of heavy metals from water. Four types of zeolites are synthesized by environmentally benign approach (free of template at low temperature) on/in the natural fibers. The zeolites have different chemical composition, porosity and size of the crystals. The physicochemical properties of pure zeolites, natural fibers, and zeolite/fiber composite were investigated. The natural fibers preserve the semi-crystalline structure under treatment which is the base for enhance mechanical strength and stability of the composite. The porosity of the zeolite/fiber members is varied depending on the type of zeolite and also on the size of the individual crystallites; the deposition of zeolite nanocrystals is resulted in the creation of additional mesoporosity in the composites.

                                                            

a

b c

Laboratoire Catalyse et Spetrochimie, ENSICAEN, Université de Caen, CNRS, 6 Bouleavard Maréchal Juin, 14050 Caen, France. Laboratoire Matériaux, Catalyse, Environnement et Méthodes Analytiques,Université Libanaise, Beyrouth, Liban. School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States of America.

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The removal of heavy metals such as Cu2+, Co2+, Fe3+ from waste water with zeolite/fiber composites and pure zeolites was carried out (Figure 1). Zeolite/fiber composites show improved capacity for heavy metal removal (95100 %). The better performance of the composite is explained by fast diffusion, high contact area and high sorption capacity of both zeolites and natural fibers.

         

Figure 1. Removal of heavy metals from waste water using zeolite/fiber composites

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Si and Ge crystalline nanostructures grown on an insulating LaAlO3(001) substrate by molecular beam epitaxy H. Mortada**1, J.L. Bischoff1, C. Ben Azzouz4, D. Dentel1, M. Derivaz1, F.M. Morales2, M. Herrera2, J.M. Mánuel2, R. García2, M. Diani3, M. Zanouni3, C. Chefi3 and A. Akremi4 Driven by an increasing market for portable electronics, the floating gate flash memory array design is today the economically most prevailing nonvolatile memory technology. The insertion of semiconducting (SC) NC in an insulating matrix requires the elaboration of complex "oxide/SC/oxide/Si(001)" heterostructures and the control of the associated successive growth steps. In this context, we have studied the initial growth mechanisms of Si and Ge on LaAlO3(001), a crystalline oxide with a high dielectric constant (high-k material). Chemical and structural properties were investigated in-situ, by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron diffraction and electron diffraction (LEED and RHEED), and ex-situ by atomic force microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The clean LaAlO3 (001) substrate exhibits a c(2x2) surface reconstruction that can be attributed to surface O vacancies. Si and Ge were deposited by molecular beam epitaxy at different substrate temperatures. At high temperature, a Volmer Weber growth mode is observed due to a lower LaAlO3 (001) surface free energy. It is characterized by the immediate formation of crystalline nano-islands. These islands are relaxed and present an abrupt interface with the substrate. A unique epitaxial relationship between LaAlO3 and the crystallized Si islands is pointed out where the Si(001) planes are parallel to the LaAlO3 (001) ones, but rotated by 45° in the [001] direction [1, 2]. Concerning the Ge islands, some of them                                                              1- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, LRC 7228 CNRS-UHA, Mulhouse, France 2- Department of Materials Science, Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Cadiz University, Cadiz - Spain 3- Equipe de Recherche en Mécanique, Matériaux et Métallurgie, FST, Tanger - Morocco 4- Equipe Surface et Interface (ESI) - Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Bizerte – Tunisia ** Corresponding author : [email protected]

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present a preferential relationship epitaxy, similar to that of Si, but with an additional rotation of ~6° with respect to the growth axis, which partially compensates for the strain produced by the high lattice parameter misfit (5%) inherent to this heterosystem [3, 4]. Keywords : crystalline oxyde, epitaxy, XPS, electron diffraction, strain, semiconductor References [1] H. Mortada et al., Surface Science, 603, L66 (2009) [2] H. Mortada et al., Journal of Crystal Growth, 323, 247 (2011) [3] D. Dentel et al., Acta Materialia 60, 1929 (2012) [4] J.L. Bischoff et al., Physica Status Solidi C, in press (2012)

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Evaluation of FRP Bars Performance under High Temperature Ghanim A. Kashwani(1,a) and Adil K. Al-Tamimi(1,b) Abstract Fiber Reinforced polymer materials are the commonly used materials in the construction industry. Strength, durability and stability are the main criteria for material selection and design. However, in case of exposure to high temperature events (high temperature) the change in the material properties affects the overall structure performance. Extensive materials evaluation and numerical modeling are needed to determine any repair/demolish recommendations. For FRP bars, FRP bars are one of the top choices for high corrosion resistance in sever environmental conditions. However, FRP materials lose their strength and stiffness at early stage during high temperature. There are many different researches were conducted to determine the important aspects of FRP bars performance under high temperature such as mechanical properties and bond strength. In this paper, two different groups of Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) specimens will be tested to determine the effect of the high temperature at them. Tensile test will be applied on all specimens with three different rate speeds where the critical temperature that is used for in this experiment is 350 . From the results and the graphs, the effects of the temperature will be explained and analyzed. Keywords: Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP), Structural Performance, impact of elevated temperature

                                                             1‐ American University of Sharjah  a – [email protected]  b ‐ [email protected] 

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Optimization of Heterojunction silicon Solar Cells

1

N. Berrouba-Tani a , K. Ghaffour b

Abstract In this paper, we will present two heterostructure, Silicon solar cells heterojunction (HJ) and silicon solar heterojunction with an intrinsic layer (HIT) and discuss about the influences of different thickness of the emitters layers n-type (microcrystalline silicon (uc-Si), amorphous silicon (a-Si:H), polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si)), and intrinsic layer (intrinsic amorphous silicon-layer (i-a-Si))) on a substrate p-type of crystalline-Si on the photovoltaic characteristics of solar cell. These solar cells are simulated by means of AFORS-HET software, which is a program developed specially for these types of solar cells. The simulation results show that the key role of the intrinsic layer inserted between the a-Si:H and crystalline silicon substrate is to decrease the interface states density and to decrease the defects of interface by passivation of hydrogen in the case of a-Si:H. In more one increase thickness of the emitter will decrease the short-current density and will affect the conversion efficiency of or interest of the thin layers. This work improves the understanding of HJ and HIT solar cells. With simulation we could obtain better results for design optimization of solar cells. key words: amorphous silicon , crystalline silicon, heterojunction, solar cell, AFORSHET simulation .

                                                             a,b Département of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Abou-Bakr Belkaïd University,Faculty of Technology, Tlemcen, Republic of Algeria www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

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Evolution of partial Discharges in capacitor model at low temperature

*

Karima Smili ** Lazhar Herous **Mohamed Nemamcha

Abstract In the solid or mixed insulation, the partial discharges are often precursors to dielectric breakdown. The electrical discharge is a phenomenon which occurs when the electric field exceeds the dielectric strength of the material. It results in partial or complete deterioration of the insulating material. In this paper we carry on analysis of polypropylene capacitor models filled with non degassed dielectric liquid, subjected to very intense fields. We present results for the probability distribution of charge of partial discharges and evolution of apparent charge as well as function of time the application of voltage for different temperature values We distinguish presence of two regimes of discharges and show that the low temperatures assist breakdown of capacitors at lower voltage levels. Keywords: Partial Dielectrics

Discharge,

Breakdown,

Polypropylene,

Capacitors,

                                                             [*] Preparatory school for science and technology Annaba (23000, Algeria [**] Laboratory of génie électric (LGEG), University of Guelma (24000), Algéria [email protected] ; [email protected]; [email protected]

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Mixed

  Fig. 1. Experimental set-up.

Corresponding author: Affiliation: Address: E-mail: Phone Number:

Name: Karima Smili Preparatory School for Science and Technology Annaba, Algeria BP, 218 Annaba 23000 Algeria [email protected] 00213 555 012 334

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Fonctionnalisation de Nanoparticules de TiO2 pour la Dépollution de l’Eau par Réaction Photocatalytique Mounir Kassir1,2, Angelina Razafitianamaharavo2, Joumana Toufaily1,3, Frédéric Villieras2, Thibault Roques-Carmes4, Houssam Obeid1, Tayssir Hamieh1

Résumé L’étude du dioxyde de titane greffé et non greffé avec le hexadécyltrichlorosilane (HTS) a été effectuée de point du vue caractérisation (diffraction des Rayons X, infrarouge à Transformée de Fourrier et volumétrie point par point, diffraction de la lumière, et mesure du potentiel zêta). Le dioxyde de titane a été greffé par la molécule de HTS afin de créer des nouvelles fonctions, permettant ainsi de modifier les propriétés de surface, et d'appliquer dans le domaine de la photo-catalyse qui sera plus efficace pour la dépollution de l’eau contaminée par l’acide salicylique (SA). L’effet de la présence de HTS sur la surface de TiO2 ainsi l’augmentation de sa concentration et la présence de l'alcool dans le milieu réactionnel ont été également étudiés au point de vue rendement photo catalytique. Les résultats montre que la présence de HTS à la surface de TiO2 favorise l'adsorption de l'acide salicylique a la surface de TiO2 et par suite améliore le rendement photcatalytique. La présence de l'alcool dans le milieu réactionnel inhibe le processus photocatalytique mais il favorise la dispersion des particules de TiO2 dans le milieu réactionnel.                                                              1- Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA), Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon 2- Laboratoires Environnement et Minéralurgie, LEM, Nancy, France, UMR7569 3- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States of America 4- Laboratoires Réaction et Génie de Procédés, Nancy, France

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Stability Evaluation According to the Polarity of Hassi-Messaoud Asphaltenes Fractions

K. Kradra Brahma, D. Bendedouch et Y. Bouhadda*

Abstract Asphaltenes represent the heaviest and most polar crude oil fraction [1] and are made responsible for many problems in oil industry since they aggregate to form flakes of bigger sizes [2]. This flocculation leads to the formation of deposits which induce the reduction in the production and generate overcosts. The intensities of these drawbacks are intimate related to the physical status (molecular or aggregate) in which the asphaltenic particles are. These problems can be definitively solved only by the thorough comprehension of the factors and mechanisms involved during the process of flocculation [3]. In this context, we explored the floculation behavior of asphaltènes, extracted from a deposit recovered from a Hassi-Messaoud oil well field, in solution in toluene according to the polarity of the flocculating medium. The flocculation thresholds related to the addition of two flocculating agents of different polarities (n-heptane and acetone) for three asphaltenic concentrations are obtained by means of the near infra-red absorption spectrophotometry [4]. The Hildebrand solubility parameters [5] of the flocculated asphaltenic fractions are deduced using the Donnagio method based on the Flory-Huggins theory [6]. The results obtained indicate that the interactions between the flocculated asphaltenic molecules within the toluene/acetone mixture (the least polar fraction) are weaker than those in the toluène/n-heptane mixture (the most polar fraction).                                                              * laboratoire de Chimie Physique Macromoléculaire, Faculté des Sciences, Département de Chimie, B. P.1524, Université d’Oran, Es- Senia, 31100, Oran, Algérie. Email:[email protected]

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Key words: asphaltenes, Hassi-Messaoud, flocculation, close IR spectroscopy; solubility parameter. References 1. Cimino, R. S. Correra, A. D. Bianco, T. Lockheart P. and Einricerche, S. P. A. (1995) «Asphaltenes, Fundamentals and Applications», Sheu, E. Y. and Mullins, O. C. eds., Plenum Press, New York, 7. 2. Daaou, M. Modarressi, A. Bendedouch, D. Bouhadda, Y. Krier, G. and Rogalski, M. (2008) Energy & Fuels, 1. 3. Bouhadda, Y. Bendedouch, D. Sheu, E. and Krallafa, A. (2000) Energy & Fuels,14, 845. 4. Hotier, G. and M. Robin, Revue de l’Institut Français du Pétrole, 83, 101, 1983. 5. Hildebrand, J. H. and Scott, R. L. (1950), «Solubility of Nonelectrolytes», 3rd ed., Reinhold, ed., New York. 6. Donaggio, F. Correra, S. and Lockhart, T. P. (2001) Petroleum Science and Technology, 19, 129.

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Kinetic Study of the RTM6/TiO2 by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis

1

L. Merada and B. Benyoucefb

 

Abstract The aim of this paper is to present the cure of a polymer and TGA have been the most popular technique in such investigations. The thermal stability and kinetic parameters of epoxy resin RTM6 using non-isothermal thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) analysis a series of different ratios of TiO2-PC500 1%, 2%, 5% and 10% with epoxy resin. The kinetic parameter was evaluated by integral and approximation methods. Results obtained indicated that these parameters were dependent on different ratio of TiO2. According to the thermogravimetric curves showed that the activation energy at high of higher conversion increases with increasing the percentage of TiO2 particles and epoxy resin. The SEM analysis suggests that TiO2 particles are uniformly distributed within the material, besides the mechanical property of materials are found to addition of TiO2. Key words: DSC, TG/DTG, RTM6, TiO2, Kinetic parameter, mechanical property.

                                                            

a* b c d

Université de Tlemcen, Faculté des Sciences, Département de Physique BP : 119, Tlemcen, 13000, Algeria Unité de Recherche « Matériaux et Energies Renouvelables », URMER Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photoniques et Systèmes, Université Paul Verlaine-Metz, Supelec, UMR CNRS 7132, Pôle de Plasturgie de l’Est, Saint Avold, 57500, France

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Natural Composites Made By Polylactic Acid And Esparto-Grass Fibers

A .Maghchiche (1) .B.immirzi (2)

Abstract The biocompatibility of natural fibre-reinforced biopolymers, also known as bio composites, makes Them attractive alternative to glass fibre-reinforced petrochemical polymers. Natural fibers have recently become attractive to researchers, engineers and scientists as an alternative reinforcement for fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Due to their low cost, fairly good mechanical properties, high specific strength, non-abrasive, eco-friendly and bio-degradability characteristics, they are exploited as a replacement for the conventional fiber, such as glass, aramid and carbon. The preparation and characterization of bio composite materials with improved properties based on poly lactic acid (PLA) and Alfa-Alfa cellulose fibers, the composite materials were obtained through the simple mechanical compounding of a PLA matrix with various fibers contents up to 40 wt %, followed by drying, kneading and hot pressing into sheets and were characterized by TGA, DSC, tensile assays, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM and water uptake. This study examined the physical behavior of cellulose Alfa- Alfa /poly lactic acid (PLA) composites, particularly the thermal and mechanical properties                                                              1- Departement de Pharmacie, Faculté de Médecine, université de Batna 2- Institute of chemistry and technology of polymers ICTP- Pozzuoli (Na) Italy E-Mail: [email protected]

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Composites prepared from several percentage of PLA and Alfa-Alfa fibers represent a new category of environmentally safe materials for applications to explore. Keywords: Bio composite, polylactic acid (PLA), Alfa fibre composites, Mechanical properties          

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Vapor induced Phase Separation (VIPS)-based One-pot fabrication of metallic nanoparticles   Maher Khanafer a,b, Suzanna Akil-Jradi a, Safi Jradi a,*, Pierre-Michel Adam a, Jérome Plain a, Tayssir Hamieh b, Renaud Bachelot a

   The intrinsic properties of metallic nanoparticles, provided by the size, shape, and crystalline structure, are particularly attractive for various technological applications including electronics, catalysis, Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) and sensing [1-3]. The development of nanofabrication methodologies for tailoring both particle shape and size has been intensified recently, giving special attention to the preparation of noble metal nanoparticles (Cu, Ag, Pt, Pd, and Au) [4]. Over a wide range of studies, the challenge is to develop metallic substrates combining high sensitivity (for sensing) reproducibility, stability and easy of preparation [5]. In this context, we demonstrate a quick, simple and cheap method to fabricate large area of silver nanoparticles based on the VIPS into metallic precursor-loaded polymer micelles [6]. Thus, we show that a simple deposition of a homopolymer dispersion doped with silver nitrate on a given substrate (glass, silicon, etc.) allows the formation of highly sensitive silver nano-objects particularly relevant for sensing and SERS. In the present contribution, we show report a physicochemical study of the VIPS mechanism in order to tune the physical and optical properties of silver nanoparticles, which is essential for applications as assessed above.

                                                             a Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d’Instrumentation Optique, Institut Charles Delaunay, STMR-UMR6279 CNRS, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 12 Rue Marie Curie BP 2060, F-10010 Troyes cedex b Laboratoire de Matériaux, Catalyse, Environnement et Méthodes Analytiques MCEMACHAMSI), Faculté des Sciences, Section 1, Université Libanaise, Hadeth, Mont-Liban, Beyrouth, LIBAN * [email protected]

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[1] Seung Joon Lee, Brian D. Piorek, Carl D. Meinhart and Martin Moskovits. Nano Lett., 2010, 10, 1329. [2] Kneipp, K.; Wang, Y.; Dasari, R. R.; Feld, M. S.; Gilbert, B. D.; Janni, J.; Steinfeld, J. I. Spectrochim. Acta, Part A 1995, 51, 2171. [3] Cao, Y. C.; Jin, R.; Mirkin, C. A. Science. 2002, 297, 1536. [4] Shanmukh, S.; Jones, L.; Driskell, J.; Zhao, Y.; Dluhy, R.; Tripp, R. A. Nano. Lett. 2006, 6 (11), 2630. [5] Ka¨ll, M.; Xu, H.; Johansson, P. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2005, 36, 510. [6] S. Jradi, S. Akil-Jradi, J. Plain and P. Royer, French patent, 2011, Procédé de fabrication de nanoparticules métalliques, PCT/FR2012/050194.

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Confinement Effect on the Dewetting of Polymer Thin Films Mariam Akil1, Samer Al-Akhrass2, Assad Sobh1,2, Zahi Khalil2; Joumana Toufaily1,3 And Tayssir Hamieh1

Abstract The Stability and the dewetting of polymers thin films such as films of polystyrene (PS)/ spin coated onto PDMS-coated silicon wafers were investigated. The effects of the molecular weights with a polydispersity index Rg, the geometry of the dewetting and the effect of film thickness of PS were chosen. Confinement affects of the properties of polymers in thin films such as: The molecular conformation, the diffusion process, including the dynamics polymer chains, the structure and morphology of the film and the glassy transition polymer films. The thickness of these films is often less than the size of a macromolecular chain (radius of gyration), this could explain the deviation from bulk behavior. The dewetting dynamics (illustrated by the velocity) and the formation of the rim collecting dewetted liquid can be directly related to the viscoelastic properties of the polymer and friction at the PS/PDMS interface. The mechanism of the surface morphology evolution was discussed in detail the buildup of the rim collecting the dewetted liquid and the temporal evolution of the dewetting velocity; we gain information on chain dynamics and shed light on the peculiar behavior such thin films.

                                                             1- Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA), Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon 2- Laboratoire IMP (Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères), UMR CNRS 5223, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France 3- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States of America.

350

Synthesis of Sulfonic Acid Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas 1

Mariam Karaki a,b,c, Franc Rataboulc, Nadine Essayemc, Benedicte Lebeaub, Ali Karouta, Joumana Toufailya,d

Abstract Periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOS) with homogeneous distribution of organic fragments and inorganic oxide within the framework; and uniform mesopores with even ordered structure, expands much the potential of such mesoporous silicas materials to be used in catalysis, adsorption, chromatography and nanoelectronics. Acid functional groups can also be incorporated in PMOS. In this work we described the synthesis of three different structures of sulfonic acid periodic mesoporous organosilicas by following different methods. The PMOS-SO3H, SBA-15 with 2D hexagonal (P6mm) mesostuctures, SBA-1 with 3D-cage (Pm-3n) mesostructures and KIT6 with bicontinous cubic (Ia3d) mesostructures were prepared following three ways: (1) co-condensation of 1,4-bis(triethoxysilyl)benzene (BTEB) and 3mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) in the presence of H2O2 using too different templates, Pluronic P-123 (EO20PO70EO20) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C16TMABr), (2) post-grafting of MPTMS followed by oxidation with H2O2 and (3) sulfonation with chlorosulfonic acid. Structure, texture and sulphur loading have been investigated for the                                                              a.

Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Campus Rafic Hariri, Beyrouth, Lebanon. b. Equipe de Matréiaux à Porosité Contrôlée, Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, Université de Haute Alsace, France. c. Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l’Environnement de Lyon. Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France. d. School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States of America. * Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected]

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different synthesized PMOS-SO3H materials. The sulfonation with chlorosulfonic acid has given the largest amounts of sulfur content in PMOS from 1.03 to 1.31 mequiv.g-1. Keywords: Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas, Functionalization, Sulfonic Acid, CoCondensation, Post-Grafting, Sulfonation.      

352

X-ray powder diffraction study of nanostructured CdS1-XCoX Athmane Meddour1 , Hakima Yahi1 and Jean Ebothé2

Abstract A new challenge in modern microelectronics is to manipulate both the spin and the charge of the electron witch would add a new degree of freedom in electronic devices. Diluted magnetic semiconductor is expected to play an important role in interdisciplinary materials science and future electronics because charge and spin degrees of freedom accommodated into single matter resulting in interesting magnetic, magneto optical, magneto electronic and other properties. Doping in semiconductors with selective elements can offer an effective method to adjust their electrical, optical and magnetic properties. Traces of Mn+2 included in II-VI semiconductors induced luminescence of isolated Mn+2 ions arranged in tetrahedral coordination. CdS1-xCox nonostructured powders (nominal x = 2, 4, 6 and 8 at%) were prepared by mechanical alloying. The structural properties of un-doped and Co doped powders were investigated. The un-doped CdS powder has a hexagonal structure with a strong (101) and (110) peaks located at the angular positions 28,24° and 43,76° respectively. CdS1-xCox compounds steal have hexagonal structure but the preferred orientation changes to (002) peak located around 26.64°. The lattice parameters varied linearly with composition, following Vegard’s law. The mean sizes « D » of the un-doped and Co doped CdS particles were calculated via the experimental results of X-rays diffraction by using Scherrer formula. The magnitude of the crystallite sizes of CdS1-xCox                                                              1- Département des Sciences de la Matière, Université 08 mai 1945-Guelma, BP 401, 24000 Guelma, Algérie 2- Laboratoire de Microscopie et d’Etude de Nanostructures LMEN, 21 rue Clément Ader, université de Reims, BP 138, 51685 Reims Cedex, France

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compounds is found to be approximately 1,7 nm, whereas it is around 4,9 nm in the un-doped CdS powder witch was not mechanically alloyed. Key words: Nanomaterials, CdS1-xCox compounds, X-ray diffraction, Mechanical alloying.  

354

Modeling, Simulation and Optimization of the Mechanical Response of a micromechanical Silicon Cantilever: Application to Piezoresistive Force Sensor  

N. Medjahdi1, N. Benmoussa1, B. Benyoucef  

Introduction: Using the fabrication techniques and materials of microelectronics as a basis, microelectromechanical systems (MEMs) make available the co-location of both mechanical and electrical components on one chip. In this work, we need to study the piesoresistive cantilevers response. This study is divided into two parts: initially we study the mechanical response. The distribution of the constraints on the surface of the piezoresistive cantilever makes it possible to determine the site ideal of the gauges. In second part, the study of the electric response makes it possible to determine the variation of induced electric resistance within the gauges according to the deformations. The study of the mechanical parameters of the Silicon and the coefficients of piezoresistivity according to the crystallographic directions makes it possible to optimize the response of the sensor.

  Figure 1 : A schematic diagram of a rectangular-section cantilever (3D)

                                                             1- Unité de Recherche Matériaux et Energie Renouvelable – Université de Tlemcen, ALGERIE E-mail adress : [email protected]

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Figure 3 :Flex of the cantilever (1D)

  Linear Spring Constant : Théoriquement Par simulation 0,066 0,0657 Table 1 : Comparison of the theoretical and by simulation (with ANSYS) values of the linear Spring Constant  

 

  Fiugure 3 : Results of simulations (with ANSYS) on a rectangular micropoutre. (a) deformation, (b) and (c) longitudinal and transverse constraints .

 

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References: C. Malhaire. "Caractérisation et modélisation de microtransducteurs de pression à haute performances intégrés sur Silicium", Thèse de doctorat, INSA de Lyon, 1998. Dror Sarid.( 2007) Exploring scanning probe microscopy with Mathematica. Second Revised and Enlarged Edition. D. Then & C. Ziegler.(2004) Cantilever-based Sensors. Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany. Vol. 1, 499-516. Emeline Cocheteau.( 2002) Conception, réalisation et caractérisation de piézorésistances ultra-minces pour des applications microsystèmes. Thèse de doctorat de l’Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse. Fabien Parrain. ( 2002) Capteur intégré tactile d'empreintes digitales à microstructures piezorésistives. Thèse de doctorat DE L'INPG Matthieu Guirardel. (2003) Conception, réalisation et caractérisation de biocapteurs micromécaniques résonants en silicium avec actionnement piézoélectrique intégré : détection de l’adsorption de nanoparticules d’or. Thèse de doctorat de l’Université de Paul Sabatier – Toulouse III.

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Study and Thermogravimetric Analysis of Poly 4- Aminostyrol. A. Meghezzi1*, N. Nebbache1, R. Zaghdoudi2, F. Djazi2.

Abstract The poly 4-aminostyrol samples (PAS) and their copolymers with the styrol differing in position and quantity of amino group, were obtained by polymerization of monomers on cyclohexan solution. The observed thermal effects were analysed by the differential thermal analysis combined with a thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that the introduction of amino-groups into the polystyrols increased the temperature of total degradation of polymer from 150 till 260°C. The increase in thermostability may be explained by the cohesion of macromolecules with the participation of amino-groups , which results in ammonium evolution , as well as in decrease of valency area band of NH2 grouping in the region :3370-3440 cm-1. It was showed that the degree of cohesion formation and thermolysis rate depended on amino NH2 and their position into the cycle of aromatic benzene. Keywords: Aminostyrol, stability, thermogravimetric, polymerisation.  

                                                             1- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée (LCA), Université de Biskra, BP145 RP Biskra 07000 ALGERIE. 2- Laboratoire de physico-chimie des surfaces et interfaces, Université 20 Aout 1955 Skikda, Route d’El Hadaiek Skikda 21000 ALGERIE. * Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected], phone : +213 33 745575 , fax : +213 33 745575.

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Kinetics Of Adsorption Of Phenol On Algerian Bentonite *

Bachir Meghzili1, Medjram Mohamed Salah2, Michel Soulard3, Boussaa Mohamed21

Abstract The porous materials are used in a great number of industrial processes for their properties of adsorption. For the purification of the water polluted by phenol, our choice was made on rich clay in montmorillonite (bentonite) because of its availability, of its low costs and its properties particular to fix many substances. In the field of the water treatment intended for consumption, liquid adsorption /solid is used in the elimination of the dissolved compounds which could not be eliminated effectively by the conventional treatment. Organic material can represent a big part of the organic load of surface waters. The natural organic matter is undesirable because it reacts with chlorine during disinfection to constitute volatile organic compounds, potentially carcinogenic products. After contact with phenol solutions, the bentonite samples were characterized by DRX, TG and FTIR. The analyses by these various techniques show a variation of respectively spacing interfoliar and of the losses of mass confirming the presence of adsorbed phenol. On the other hand, the absence of the bands relating to phenol in spectra FTIR of clay as adsorbent material could be due to the lack of sensitivity of the technique. The tests of adsorption were carried out with an initial phenol concentration fixed at 5 mg/L while varying the bentonite mass, and residual phenol in solution analyzes it was determined by spectrophotometer UV to 270 nm. The adsorption isotherms show quantities of retention qmax = 75 mg of phenolic substances per gram of bentonite and seem to follow the model of Langmuir. Key words. Bentonite, phenol, isotherms adsorption, elimination, organochlorinated compounds.                                                              1- Laboratoire LARMACS, Université de Skikda, Département hydraulique, Université de Biskra 2- Equipe Matériaux à Porosité Contrôlée, IS2M, LRC CNRS 7228, UHA, ENSCMu, 3- rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France. [email protected]

359

Effect of antimony thin film deposition sequence on copper-silicon interdiffusion 1

Menni /N;1 Boudissa / M ; 2 Benkerri/M ; 2Reffas/M ; 1 Zekkar/F ; 3Benazzouz/C

ABSTRACT In this work, we present a study of the effect of an antimony layer on the interdiffusion and formation of copper silicides while inverting the sequence of Cu and Sb deposition on Si(111) substrates. Thermal evaporation was used to deposit Cu/Sb and Sb/Cu bilayers on Si(111) substrate heated at 100°C, without breaking vacuum. XRD and RBS analysis showed, for samples Heat treated at 200°C and 400°C, a segregation of the three elements (i.e. Cu, Sb and Si) to surface and diffusion in bulk ending to the formation of a layer made of a mixture containing the three elements at the samples surface. After 200°C annealing, in the Cu/Sb/Si system, one records the formation of only Cu2Sb, and for the Sb/Cu/si system, there is formation of the Cu3Si and Cu2Sb phases; after 400°C annealing, the Cu-Sb-Si mixture is formed by the cohabitation of Cu3Si silicide and Cu2Sb intermetallic compound in Cu/Sb/Sisample and only Cu2Sb in Sb/Cu/Si sample. For Cu/Sb/Si sample, annealed at 400°C, SEM micrographs exhibit compounds formation with cristallites of trapezoidal shape. Keywords: Thin film, PVD, diffusion, copper-antimony compound, copper silicide, Rutherford backscattering, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction.                                                              1- ENMC Laboratory, F. Abbas University, Algeria; 2- LESIMS Laboratory, F. Abbas University, Algeria ; 3- Nuclear research center, 16000Algiers, Algeria Email: [email protected]

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Rheological Behaviour of Crude Oil in the Presence of Water M.Meriem benziane,Sabah A.Adelwahab, M.Douani, M. Benaicha and M. Belhadri* Abstract By water injection, oil companies interested in the hydrocarbons recovery, residual quantities retained in the wells pockets. The recent problem encountered by the company BP in managing the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico is a typical example of oil-seawater emulsions that attracts the attention of politicians as well as environmentalists. The behaviour of immiscible constituents of the obtained emulsion results in a friction coefficient more important. Therefore, these frictions are responsible for generating of the corrosion problems on the pipeline walls refining units. Apart from that, the slow phase separation implies energy very important and consequently, it negatively affects the properties of the finished product. To explore the effect of the presence of water, we focused on the study of rheological properties of crude oil-water emulsions. In first time, a series of samples of crude oil from the Algerian Sahara has been tested and the results expressed in terms of τ=f( γ& ) have demonstrated their Newtonian character for the temperature included in [20°C, 70°C]. In second time and at T=20°C, the oil-water emulsions (30%, 50% and 70%) by volume of water), thermodynamically stable, have demonstrated a non-Newtonian rheological behaviour that is to say, HerschelBulkley and Bingham types. For each type of crude oil-water emulsion, the rheological parameters are calculated by numerical treatment of results. Keywords: Crude oil Algerian, Emulsion, Newtonian, Non-Newtonian, viscosity.                                                              * Mechanical engineering department, University of Chlef Po Box151, Chlef 02000, Algeria, College of Engineering, P.O. Box 33, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-khod 123, Sultanate of Oman, Chemical engineering department, University of Chlef Po Box151, Chlef 02000, Algeria, Laboratory of Rheology, transport and Treatment of the complex rheology, University of science and technology- Mohamed Boudiaf, Po Box1505, El M’Naour, Oran-31000 Algeria [email protected]

361

Photopolymerization of Epoxy Monomers Using Visible Light Harvesting Dyes as Photoinitiators 1

Abbas ZEIN-FAKIHa,b, *Mohamad-Ali TEHFEa, Jacques LALEVÉEa, Tayssir HAMIEHb, Didier GIGMESc, Fabrice MORLET-SAVARYa and Jean-Pierre FOUASSIERd  

Abstract Photoinitiated polymerization reactions are characterized by important advantages compared to thermal reactions. The reaction can easily be turned on or off and is intrinsically spatially controlled. Most photopolymerization reactions operate without solvent which is strongly demanded nowadays. The search for new photoinitiating systems remains important. Particularly, the design of new sources of radicals is the subject of huge research efforts. The design of new initiating radicals with different geometries and properties and/or enhanced reactivity should provide new opportunities for the development of photocurable materials. In the present approach, new photoinitiating systems generating silyl (R3Si•) or vinyl (NVK●) radicals are reviewed [1-3]. These systems based on new radical chemistries improve both free radical photopolymerization (FRP) and free radical promoted cationic photopolymerization (FRPCP). [1] Mohamad Ali TEHFE, Jacques LALEVÉE, Sofia TELITEL, Emmanuel CONTAL, Frederic DUMUR, Didier GIGMES, Denis BERTIN, Malek NECHAB, Bernadette GRAFF, Fabrice MOERLETSAVARY, Jean-Pierre FOUASSIER, Macromolecules, 2012, under press.                                                              a) Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M – LRC CNRS 7228), Université de Haute-Alsace, ENSCMu, Mulhouse Cedex - France. b) Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA), Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon. c) UMR 6264 Laboratory of Chemistry in Provence. University of Provence. Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, Case 542, Marseille 13397, Cedex 20, France. d) ENSCMu – UHA; 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex – Frnace. E-mail : [email protected]

362

[2] Jacques LALEVÉE, Frederic DUMUR, Cédric R. MAYER, Didier GIGMES, Gihane NASR, Mohamad Ali TEHFE, Sofia TELITEL, Fabrice MOERLET-SAVARY, Bernadette GRAFF, Jean-Pierre FOUASSIER, Macromolecules, 2012, DOI: 10.1021/ma3005229. [3] Mohamad Ali TEHFE, Jacques LALEVÉE, Abbas ZEIN-FAKIH, Didier GIGMES, Jean-Pierre FOUASSIER, Macromolecules, 2012, under press.

363

Cold plasma for catalysis and porous materials activation: In situ and operando FT-IR studies

M. El Roz, M. Rivallan, F. Thibault-Starzyk*

In situ FT-IR spectroscopy was performed in a plasma reactor (low pressure or DBD) for plasma assisted heterogeneous catalysis. Several different reactors will be presented for recording infrared spectra of the gas between the electrodes, together with the spectrum of the solid placed between the electrodes for catalysis or for surface treatment processes. Time resolved spectroscopy allowed kinetic measurements, and some mechanisms of reactions on the solid under plasma were determined. This approach was applied to the calcination of metal containing zeolites. It was particularly efficient in the removal of templates or in the conversion of the ammonium form of a zeolite into the acid form at low temperature, without detrimental effect on the morphology of zeolite nanoparticles. The cold plasma treatment can be considered for a wide range of applications, and in particular where conventional heating cannot be applied or is not environmentally friendly and economically effective.

                                                             * Laboratoire Catalyse et Spetrochimie, ENSICAEN, Universite de Caen, CNRS, 6 Bouleavard Maréchal Juin, 14050 Caen cedex

364

  Fig. 1: Glow discharge Reactor coupled to FT-IR spectroscopy…

  [1] “Microsecond time-resolved Fourier transform infrared analytics in a low pressure glow discharge reactor”, M. Rivallan, S. Aiello, and F. Thibault-Starzyk, Rev. Sci. Instrum 81 ( 2010) 103-111. [2] “Cold plasma as environmentally benign approach for activation of zeolite nanocrystals”, M. El Roz, L. Lakiss, V. Valtchev, S. Mintova and F. Thibault-Starzyk, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater.158 (2012) 148154.

 

365

Catalytic performance of BEA zeolite for alkylation of toluene with methanol to styrene production

Mohamed H. Abdallah1 and W. F. Hölderich2

Abstract The side-chain alkylation of toluene with methanol is one alternative technology to produce styrene. In the literature basic materials has been proposed as catalyst for the reaction but the real number of tested catalysts is very small and few preparation parameters have been taken into account. In present work better zeolite with alkaline metal ion exchange and alkaline solution treating with (NaOH) at different concentrations are used. Alkali metal ion exchanged BEA zeolites are most efficient for toluene alkylation. Among than the 0.025 M cesium – exchanged BEA zeolite was most active catalyst. The study was carried out in the range from 250 to 500 ◦C for a reaction time of 120 minutes and under atmospheric pressure. All catalysts were calcined at 550 °C for two hours and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), nitrogen adsorption isotherm, specific surface area of solid materials (BET) and temperature-programmed desorption of NH3/ or CO2 (TPD). Key Words Methanol, Toluene, Alkylation , Styrene, Ethyl benzene, BEA zeolite.

                                                             1- Al-Azhar University Faculty of Science, Chemistry department, Assiut-Egypt 2- Chemical Technology and Heterogenous Catalysis, RWTH Aachen – Germany

366

Synthesis of Polystyrene-b-Poly(4-vinyl pyridine) by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

M. Rajab*1, 2, K. Hariri1, K. Mougin2, T. Hamieh1, J. Toufaily1, H. Haidara2

Abstract Block copolymers are remarkable self-assembling systems that can assume a wide variety of morphologies including lamellar, hexagonal-packed cylindrical, and body- centered cubic micellar structures, depending on the relative volume fractions of the blocks. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) can be used to synthesize polymers with narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD), well-defined block copolymers, and star polymers. The ATRP process uses an alkyl halide as initiator and a metal in its lower oxidation state with complexing ligands. The present report deals with investigations on the synthesis of welldefined PS-b-P4VP by using a two-step process of atom transfer radical polymerization. First, polystyrene chains presenting benzyl bromide end group (PS-Br; by ATRP) were prepared and used as macroinitiator for the next ATRP of 4-vinyl pyridine. Then, these polymers have been characterized by 1H-NMR and Size exclusion chromatography (SES). Then, we also have investigated the kinetics of the polymerizations versus critical parameters such as the halogen exchange, the concentration of ligand and monomer.

                                                             1- Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA), Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon 2- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), CNRS, UPR 9096, 15 Rue Jean Starcky, B.P. 2488 - 68057, Mulhouse Cedex, France * Email address: [email protected], phone: +96171436342, +0033602085122.

 

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        Scheme. Representation scheme of the synthesis strategy of block copolymers PS-P4VP.

  Keywords: block copolymer, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), PS-bP4VP, complexing ligands.

368

Preparation of Au/Ag Bimetallic Nanoparticles and Application of Bimetallic Sandwich in Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Mohammad Yehia KHAYWAHa,b, Pierre-Michel ADAMa*, Joumana TOUFAILYb,c

Abstract Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is now a well established technique for detection. The unique optical, electronic, and magnetic properties for the noble metal nanoparticles can provide, in appropriate conditions, a high SERS enhancement factor. Over a wide range of studies, the goal is to develop metallic nanoparticles substrates having high sensitivity, reproducibility, simplicity, and low cost [1]. Ag and Au nanoparticles are regarded as one of the best SERS candidates since each metal have specific properties, combining them in a Ag/Au bimetallic nanostructure will group the optical enhancing properties of Ag and the benefits of the surface properties of Au, forming a fascinating material for SERS study[2]. Bimetallic nanoparticles can exist in two different forms, the Au/Ag alloys [3-4], and core shell [5]. In this study we fabricated Au/Ag bimetallic nanoparticles by evaporating successive Au and Ag island over glass substrates followed by thermal annealing in different combinations. Monitoring the effect of the particles topography (nanoparticles shape, size, interparticular distance, aggregation), that can be obtained from SEM or AFM images ,on the surface plasmonic resonance spectroscopy and on the SERS enhancement factor showed that, bimetallic system have a tunable change in surface Plasmon resonance over a wide range (figure 1), and provide higher SERS enhancement than monometallic system.                                                              a Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d’Instrumentation Optique, Institut Charles Delaunay, STMR-UMR6279 CNRS, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 12 Rue Marie Curie BP 2060, F-10010 Troyes cedex b Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA), Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon c School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States of America * [email protected]

369

  Figure 1: Surface Plasmon resonance for different a) two evaporations systems, b) three evaporations systems.

[1] Kaill, M.; Xu, H.; Johansson, P. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2005, 36, 510. [2] Wang, C.; Fang, J.; Jin, Y.; Cheng, M.; Applied Surface Science. 2011, 258, 1144. [3] Kim, K.; Kim, K., L.; Lee, S., J.; Chemical Physics Letters. 2005, 403, 77. [4] Zheng, D.; Hu, C.; Gan, T.; Dang, X.; Hu, S.; Sensors and Actuators. 2010, B 148, 247. [5] Som, T.; Karmakar, B.; Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer. 2011, 112, 2469.

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Static analysis of an orthotropic plate* N. Moubayed1**, A. Wahab1, M. Bernard2, Hamed El-Khatib3, A. Sayegh4, F. Al-Saleh5, Y. Dachouwaly6, N. Chehadeh5

Abstract The orthotropic materials are of a great importance and interest in the field of the modern industrial technologies applications such as: mechanics, aeronautics, civil engineering and biomechanics due to their hardness, their lightness and their super elasticity. During their working operation and under the effect of the external efforts, these materials can be submitted to cracks or ruptures which can cause the disaster of their structure. In order to avoid these types of problems, the analysis of these materials is necessary in order to predict their mechanical characteristics and thus to increase their lifespan. This analysis is based essentially on the internal structure of material, its geometry, its boundary conditions and the external applied conditions. The analysis of the static behavior of a thin orthotropic bi-dimensional plates under the effect of external efforts is treated. The analytic method and the numerical methods of modulating based on the finite element methods are used. The strain and stress in any node of the orthotropic plate have been found for various types of loading, without damping. For modern technologic needs, a good knowledge of structure vibratory behavior is necessary in the design.                                                              123456*

Faculty of Engineering 1, Lebanese University Faculty of Engineering 2, Lebanese University Faculty of Sciences 3, Lebanese University Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Aleppo University Faculty of Civil Engineering, Aleppo University Faculty of Architecture, Aleppo University This research was supported by the cooperation scientific Syrian - Lebanese program started in december 1, 2010 ** Corresponding authors. E-mail address: nmoubayed@yahoo,com, phone : +961 3 87 99 56, Fax : +961 6 38 50 89.

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Thus, a bibliographic research of multilayer plates made from composite materials and the theory of linear elasticity are discussed. Then, static analysis of the multilayer plates under the effect of a constant force located at the center is studied in order to find the displacement at this point, the stresses and the strains at each layer. Keywords: Orthotropic materials, modeling, thin plate theory, equilibrium equation, differential displacement.

 

372

Elongational flow-Induced Crystallization in Polypropylene/Talc Nanocomposites

Mouhamad Khalil1*, René Fulchiron2 , Brice Fiorentino2, Jean-Charles Majesté1

During the processing of the polymers, these last ones undergo a significant flow just before or during cooling. For semi-crystalline materials, the flow widely influences both the crystallization kinetics and the resulting crystalline orientation. Moreover, in the presence of nucleating filler, all the more with a high aspect ratio, these phenomena of crystallization under elongational conditions can be disrupted. In this study, melt blended nanocomposites of PP /Talc/Irganox were processed using an internal mixer. An elongational rheometer was used to analyze the crystallization kinetics and to produce samples in well controlled different extensional flow conditions. Samples were then characterized by WAXS to reveal and quantify the fillers and PP crystalline phase orientation. The degree of crystalline orientation of polypropylene was found to be strongly affected by the addition of Talc under extensional flow.

                                                             1- IMP@UJM 23, Rue du docteur Paul Michelon, Saint Étienne, FRANCE 2- IMP@Lyon 1 Bâtiment ISTIL, 15, boulevard Latarjet 69622 Villeurbanne FRANCE [email protected]

373

Effect of sn doping on the properties of zno thin films prepared by spray pyrolsis N. Chahmat 1; M. Ghers 1, A. Haddad 1,M. S. Aida2, M. Bououdina 3,4

Abstract Layers of thin transparent and conductive tin-doped zinc oxide (Zn1-xSnxO) have been successfully prepared using spraying chemical reactive liquid phase (spray) on glass substrates. Microstructural, structural and optical characterizations were carried out. The thickness of the deposited films was found homogeneous for all films with an average value of 408 nm, whereas the grains size increases from 31 nm to 42 nm with increasing Sn doping concentration. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that all the obtained films crystallise within the würtzite type structure with a preferential orientation of grains according to the plans (002). Moreover, the optical band gap was found to increase with increasing Sn concentration within the films, with an optimum value at 8 %, i.e. 3.1 - 3.3 eV. The transmission curves reveal that the prepared films have good transparency in the visible domain. Keywords: ZnO thin films; Ultrasonic spray; Semiconductor doping; Optical gap.

                                                             1- Laboratory of Surfaces and Interfaces (LESIMS), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University Badji Mokhtar, Annaba, Algeria 2- Laboratory of Thin Films Surfaces and Interface, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University Mentouri, Constantine, Algeria 3- Nanotechnology Centre, University of Bahrain, PO Box 32038, Kingdom of Bahrain 4- Department of Physics, College of Science,, University of Bahrain, PO Box 32038, Kingdom of Bahrain *: Corresponding author: [email protected]

374

Introducing to simulation of TMOS using Silvaco and SPICE3f4

N. Guenifi and R. Ouchen*

Abstract We present simulation of a model of transistor MOS and verify the results under different geometric parameters of TMOS using Silvaco ATHENA. We also extract electrical parameters using Silvaco ATLAS and we study impact Source/ Drain on the I-V characteristics of MOS transistors. We compare our results with model implanted in simulator SPICE3F4 and LTSPICE. Keys Word Silvaco, TMOS, SPICE3F4, Simulation

                                                             * University of Batna, Faculty of Technology, Department of Electronic [email protected]

375

Surface Modification of Polypropylene Fibres by Nitrogen Plasma For Antibiotic Extraction

N. Hachache1,2, Y. Bal2, D. Debarnot1, F. Poncin-Epaillard1

Abstract This work has been devoted to improve antibiotic extraction using polypropylene fibres treated by nitrogen plasma and loaded with cationic surfactant Trioctylmethylammonium chlorid (TOMA-Cl). In the first part, the adsorption of surfactant was studied on two types of fibres: virgin polypropylene fibres (FPPV) and treated polypropylene fibres (FPPT). It was found that the adsorption on FPPT is better than with that of FPPV. This is due to the difference between the physico-chemical properties of the two surfaces; the first has been plasma-treated. Therefore some new polar functionalities have been attached. The fibre becomes more hydrophilic and thus promotes electrostatic interaction between the surface and the surfactant molecules, contrariwise to the FPPV surface is hydrophobic, so the only possible interactions between the surface of fibres and the surfactant molecules are hydrophobic - hydrophobic type. In the second part, by using the two types of fibre for the extraction of PNG, we found that the extraction is enhanced with the loaded and plasmatreated FPPT than FPPV. The effect of some properties was also studied.  

                                                             1- Laboratoire Polymères, Colloïdes et Interfaces , CNRS UMR 6120, University du Maine, Le Mans , 72085, France 2- Laboratoire de Chimie physique Moléculaire et Macromoléculaire, Université de SAAd Dahleb, Blida, Algérie

376

  Figure 1: Outlined plan of experiment work

Keywords: Polypropylene Fibers, Nitrogen Plasma, Surfactant, Penicillin G, Extraction

377

Synthesis and characterization of new amphiphilic block copolymer, study of thermodynamics properties

N.Nemiche1, F.Z.Sebba1*, S.Ould Kada1.

Abstract The synthesis of block copolymers has been sustained activity because it provides access to materials combining two or more homopolymers of different properties. There are several methods for synthesizing copolymers containing two or more blocks of the repeating units are different. The growing interest in block copolymers in the fields of scientific research and industrial application is related to their contemporary particular molecular structure that gives them unique properties. They have special mechanical behaviors and their amphiphilic nature makes them very interesting properties when mixed with other species. We have synthesis and characterization of a novel block copolymer containing poly (NVP) as hydrophobic segment ,and poly (4-vinyl benzene chloride)PVBC as hydrophobic segment. The synthesis of these block copolymer poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone-b-4-vinyl benzene chloride) was achieved by using the direct method which deals with starting of VBC by HClO4 as initiator, followed by deactivation of the macrocation by PVP. The structure of the model compounds was confirmed by spectral analyses. The various characteristics of the resulting amphiphilc copolymers including: solubility, viscosity, FT-IR, 1H NMR, GPC, thermal analysis by DSC, analysis of critical micelle concentration were determined and discussed.                                                             

1-

Laboratory of Macromolecular chemistry-physics (LCP), Oran University, Department of chemistry, B.P 1524 EL Menaour, Oran31000 Algeria * Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected], or [email protected], phone: +213 799 7109 18, Fax : +213 412 901 52

378

Keywords: Amphiphilc copolymer, Thermal analysis.

Macromolecular,

   

379

Cationic

polymerization,

Mechanical Response of a Micro Silicon Membrane Model Validation by Finite Element Method R. Otmani**, N. Benmoussa, B. Benyoucef

Abstract In this paper, we propose to establish a mathematical model that describes the mechanical behavior of single crystal silicon micro membrane. The proposed model is based on the theory of thin plates and shell. It describes the deflection of the membrane and the stresses induced in by the effect of a homogeneous differential pressure applied to this membrane. Once the model is established (equation 1, 2 and 3) it constitutes a system of partial differential equations which will be solved by the semi-analytical method of Galerkin who is based on the theory of virtual work. (1)

(2)

(3)

The resolution of this system allows us to calculate the displacement of the membrane (his deflection) and to know the stress distribution as a function of the applied pressure (Fig. 1).

                                                             Research Unit of Materials and Renewable Energy, University of Tlemcen, Algeria ** [email protected]

380

Figure 1: Deflection and stress distribution in the membrane obtained by semi-analytical method.

Figure 2: Deflection and stress distribution in the membrane obtained by finite element method.

Then, in order to check the conformity of the semi-analytical method of Galerkin and validate the results obtained, we propose to solve the same model with another method who is the finite element method which is known for its accuracy. The obtained results are given in Figure 2. Comparison of results will allow us to know the benefits of semi-analytical method compared to the numerical one, but also to know the disadvantages and limitations of Galerkin method. Keywords: Poisson Coefficient, Silicon, Sensitivity, Sensor, Stress, Theory of plates, Young Modulus; Pressure; Sensor; Finite element methode.

381

Preparation of Polypyrrole nanowires deposited on glassy carbon electrode and modified by gold particles. Electrocatalysis application to the oxygen reduction reaction D. Oukil1, L.Makhloufi2

This study is devoted to the reduction of dissolved oxygen in two stages, by passing by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). However, a glassy carbon electrode has been modified by a polypyrrole (PPy) film using a conventional electrochemical process. The PPy/GC electrode is then modified by gold particles deposited by cyclic voltammery. These electrodes are applied in electrocatalysis of the reaction of oxygen reduction. The PPy electrodeposition was performed in perchlorate lithium medium in the absence and presence of carbonate. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with EDX and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used for characterization of PPy/GC and Au/PPy/GC) composites. SEM image of the synthesized PPy in the présence of carbonate, reveals a nanowires matrix which is a different morphology from the usual structure of PPy "cauliflower shaped".The generated gold particles were dispersed on the surface of PPy nanowires. The electrochemical investigations of Au/PPy/GC composite based catalytic electrodes in oxygen-saturated electrolytes indicate the existence of electrocatalytic activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The results show that PPy nanowires catalyze better the ORR passing by hydrogen peroxide compared to the PPy films with usual structure. The kinetic study of the oxygen reduction reaction on the films Au/PPy/GC showed that the electrode reaction was diffusion controled with a diffusion coefficient estimated at 6.31 .10-5cm2.s.                                                              1,2- L.T.M.G.P, Equipe électrochimie - corrosion. Université A/Mira, route Targa ouzemour, 06000 Béjaia, (Algérie) ** Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected]; phone : +213 773830743, Fax : +213 34215704

382

The presence of gold particles in the polymer matrix improves the electrocatalytic activity towards the ORR at pH = 6. A first reduction peak of O2 on the film Au/PPy/GC is registered near -300 mV/SCE followed by a second peak near -600 mV/SCE. Keywords: Polypyrrole, nanowires, gold, electrocatalysis, oxygen, reduction  

383

Failure: a source of progress in maintenance and design R. Chaïb*, M. Taleb**, I. Verzea***, M. Benidir * and A Bellaouar*

Abstract: Since the prevention of failures is one of the major stakes of any industrial activity. A priori, the evaluation of these failures constitutes one of the principal step progress levers of the unavailability prevention of the machines within the company. However, any dysfunction is the result of a pathological mechanism rational and explicable, due to one or more causes to be identified. The management of these dysfunctions is essential and becomes more and more a likely industrial requirement, not only to increase the availability of the machines and their lifespans, but also to improve their performances, even to control the breakdowns and incidents met and to pass to the correction of the design weak points. From now on, the tendency today is long-term anticipation and to regard the failure as a powerful management tool (Design by failure). To this end, the failures are with maintenance what human pathologies are with medicine, even source of progress in maintenance and design. Therefore, it became significant to include/understand the phenomena of failures and degradation of the materials in order to set up a policy of adequate maintenance allowing the rational use of the mechanical components and to pass to the practice of proactive maintenance. This is why, the failures constitute today an economic stake impossible to circumvent from the technical point of view, technological, that organisational to develop the maintenance function and to consolidate the mechanical reliability of the systems by the ground experiment.                                                              *

Laboratory of transport engineering and environment, Mentouri University-Constantine, Algeria. ** University Larbi Tebessi, Tebessa, Algérie *** Université de Technologie Gh. Asachi Iasi, Roumanie Tel/Fax: 213 31 80 88 53, e-mail: [email protected]

384

Therefore, this approach makes it possible to discuss the failure stakes and its repercussions to technological progress in industry. Key words: Management, failure, progress, proactive maintenance, diponibility and feedback experience.  

385

Sorption and diffusion of flavours contained in rose-water in plastic packaging.

N.Fertikh1 , A.Toubal1 And D. Messadi1,

ABSTRACT : Flavours can be lost from an originating food to a plastic package by the physical process of dissolving. The thermodynamic character of this event is described by the equilibrium partition (sorption) of flavours between food and package .the kinetic character of this event is described by the penetration into the package wall (diffusion).Together, the sorption and diffusion can model the interaction of flavours with plastic package. Example will be given and discussed. Key words: Sorption; aromas; polyethylene packaging; food-polymer interactions  

                                                             (1) Pollution Laboratory, BADJI MOKHTAR University Annaba Algeria BP12 and (2)Chemical Engineering Laboratory ENSSPICAM St. Jerôme University Marseille France. Tel/Fax 213 38 87 65 60. Email: [email protected]

386

Mixed disorder and its effect on the transmission properties of GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs superlattices

R Djelti, Z Aziz, S Bentata, and A Besbes*

Abstract The SL, as originally proposed by Esaki and Tsu, has found wide applications in many device structures, such as photodetectors, avalanche photodiodes, tunneling devices, light emitters, etc. With the advent of molecular beam epitaxy organometallic chemical vapor phase epitaxy, fine line lithography and other experimental techniques, it became possible to fabricate non-periodic superlattices composed of alternate layers of two different materials with controlled thickness, many of which are currently under study due to their interesting physical properties. Using the exact Airy functions formalism and the transfer-matrix technique, we have numerically investigated in this research the effect of mixed disorder under bias voltage on the transmission properties of a non-interacting electron across multibarrier systems (GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs). Two cases of remarkable structure were studied, the trimer quantum well (TQW) and trimer thickness barrier (TTB). A comparison with structural disorder in trimer barrier height (TBH) is made. For low voltages extended states exist, the conduction is ohmic and the electron tunnelling through. Different types of eigenstates are obtained, those having a very low Lyapunov exponent close to the resonant energy and those with high slope in other region. The extended states due to the basic cell (triple barrier) remain for correlated topological and structural disorder.                                                              * Département de physique, Faculté des sciences, Université Abdelhamid Ibn Badis BP 227 Mostaganem 27000, Algérie. Laboratoire de valorisation des matériaux [email protected]

387

Above a critical value of Va the tunnel probability decreases considerably, adjacent wells become decoupled, the miniband structure is destroyed, and all states become localized on different wells. The transmission tunnel between the energy levels of two consecutive wells is greatly restricted when states permitted wells are not in the same energy. This can be explained by the fact that the electron in this polarized structure sees the following wells deeper than the first and a greater barrier height. Commuting resonance energy disappears to the structure of miniband, because for have this resonance peak it must that the structure is periodic and symmetric. Keywords: Superlattices (SL), Transmission coefficient, Aperiodic structure, Mixed disorder

388

Characterization of the gel protein interaction in polyacrylamide gels during electrophoresis separation in proteomics by physical and spectroscopic measurement*, ** R. Nader1, 2, ***, F. El Omar2, C. Tokarski1 et C. Rolando1

Abstract Polyacrylamide gels were first introduced as support for electrophoresis techniques in 1959 and, they still represent the main separation tool in biology. The most routinely used gels are based on the SDS-PAGE method (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis) in which proteins are denatured and solubilized by the anionic detergent. This SDS-PAGE technology remained stable for decades. However the separation is also very sensitive to the exact nature of the chemicals in the gel. Very few studies have been devoted to the understanding of the local interactions between the gel, the migration solvent and the proteins that ultimately define the quality of separation. Our group developed innovative solutions to control the pore size of the gel by incorporating Dextran in the gel monomer solution which serves as porogen. This implementation allowed obtaining superior protein separation qualities (higher spot resolution) compared to commercial gels. We have also developed original gels for separation of membrane proteins by introducing an hydrophobic monomer N,N’-dimethylacrylamide. Today there is no method to                                                              1- Université de Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies et CNRS USR 3290, Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse, l’Analyse et la Protéomique 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France 2- Université libanaise, Faculté des sciences, Section III, Laboratoire de chimie analytique appliquée, Tripoli, Liban * The authors thank N. Touati, H. Vezin for ESR measurements, M. Bria and X. Trivelli for NMR measurements, C. Pierlot for Rheometry experiments, U. Maschk for recording the DLC and J. Albani for fluorimetry investigations. ** Rami Nader PhD studies in Lille were founded by a grant from the Erasmus Mundus External Cooperation Window (EMECW) program which is gratefully acknowledged. *** Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected], phone: +33689216484.

389

correlate the technical preparation of gels, and their monomer composition with the chromatographic properties. Indeed electrophoresis gels are highly cross linked; this ascertainment greatly reduces the number of techniques that can be used. In this study the gels were characterized both for their global properties by rheometry and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and for their local properties by liquid Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and fluorescence spectroscopy in function of SDS content, crosslinker percentage and added hydrophobic monomer content. Rheometry gave us access to viscosity of the gel solution and its variation with SDS concentration. DLC allowed determining the temperature of freezing of the water in contact with the gel. We followed the signal displacement of adapted probes to localize by ESR or NMR model molecules on the gel or in solution and finally, we studied the same phenomenon by fluorimetry using model peptides. All these data will be integrated together to afford a comprehensive model of the acrylamide gel interactions during protein separation by electrophoresis. Keywords: Proteomics, Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide gels, Protein, Local interactions, Physical and Spectroscopic Measurement: DLC, Rheometry, ESR, NMR, Fluorimetry.  

390

Characterization of gas adsorption on biphasic nanostructured surfaces 1

N. Rami A*, T. Hamieh A, F. Villieras B, A.Razafitianamaharavo B, F.Thomas B

Abstract This work discusses "the study of gas adsorption on biphasic nanostructured surfaces. The work has carried out on grafted nanoparticles oxide silica to determine the possible existence of a "nano effect". The textural properties and heterogeneity of surface of the samples were studied at the interface solid-gas. The Geometric properties were discussed in terms of the surface area while the energy properties were discussed in terms of the reactive sites of the surface. In the framework of this study, firstly, the sample was used in the non-grafted state and then in the grafted state using a hydrophilic molecule and a hydrophobic molecule. Several techniques have been used: Infrared spectroscopy, X ray diffraction, the point by point volumetric technique, which enable us to study the interactions between the adsorbate and the solid surface, the Thermal Analysis “Controlled transformation rate thermal analysis (ATVC) “that allows an analysis of different fragments of gases released during heating .Finally we have determined the size and electro thermal mobility using zestasizer (Nano ZS). The results obtained show that there are two types of groups silanols and siloxanes on the silica OX50 giving a composite hydrophilic-hydrophobic. This character causes a singular behavior in adsorptive material, the presence of hydrophilic groups, strongly polarized, and is detected by infrared spectroscopy. These groups cause significant differences depending on the polarizability of the probe molecules, and the adsorption of argon shows no heterogeneity of the surface, while nitrogen is                                                              a Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Method (MCEMA), Lebanese university, Faculty of science, Section I, Hadath, Bierut, LEBANON. b. Laboratoire Environnement et Minéralurgie, UMR 7569 Nancy university-CNRS ; 54501 Vandoeuvre -lès-Nancy, cedex, France * [email protected]

391

adsorbed on the polar sites at low relative pressure. While the volumetric continues to adsorption of argon and nitrogen on combustion silica to obtain and to highlight sites of high energy and polar surface sites. The combustion silica which has been used as adsorbent in this study has an amorphous surface, virtually free of impurities indicates that the sample is not micro porous and grafting of the molecules makes a decrease in high energy sites or to a relative increase in surface low energy Keywords: Adsorption, two phase surfaces, surface energy, nanomaterials.  

392

Control the growth of Barnacles in water intakes at Electric Power Plants

Dr. Saad M. Potrous*

Barnacles types of oysters rock, who lives glued to rocks and hard surfaces in aquatic environments, shallow and sites that have been submerged in the cases of the tide, ranging in length from 2 cm to 75 cm and recite the skin yellow and white and sometimes orange and red, and attached to this type of animal cortical damage to ship and stations water desalination and thermal power plants to generate electricity from the nearby rivers and beaches as a stick to metal parts, including submersible. Cladding pipe fitted power plants, colonies of barnacles that have cadres of electricity to remove it using cutting instruments of iron due to hardness of surface of the shell I have used a power station Nasiriyah during the last period pigments certain to prevent the proliferation of barnacles when slots pipes that carry water to it, leading to a contributed to significant environmental pollution of death of many aquatic organisms and farm animals because of the toxicity of dyes used, It’s necessary to prepare non-toxic substance to prevent the growth of barnacles with cobalt-calcium metal submerged in water to prevent breeding (barnacles) when the slots pipes carrying water to power stations in Basra and Nasiriyah. The insulating material composed of several elements to paint the metal pieces of the breeding barnacles, losing the ability to create colonies, and it has shown initial tests carried out recently to prove the effectiveness of the article. Test was conducted on the material included submerged piece of metal half-coated article, and the other half is painted in the waters of Shatt al-Arab                                                              * E.M. Unit Director , University of Basra Member of Basra Provincial Council, Basra, IRAQ email: [email protected]

393

for two months, and after graduation and testing it, it was found that the barnacles was able to establish colonies in the non-coated, in light of the coated protected prepared by virtue of article, noting that "the aim of creating the article is the advancement of the thermal power plants for electricity production in southern Iraq. The barnacles reproduce at points of pipes that carry river water to the condensers of electric power plants, leading to blockage between the period and the last and that the blockage of the tubes leading to the loss of a power stations: Nasiriyah in Thi Qar province and Najibiyah, and Hartha in Basra province, that the losses estimated 200 megawatts of energy.  

Growth of Barnacles on Water Intakes at Nasiriyah province

 

394

             

Growth of Barnacles on  Uncoated Plate of Iron       395

 

Synthesis Of Reinforced Polyacrylate And Polyepoxide Polymers Said Benfarhi, Amina Meziani, Aicha Salmi*

Abstract The composite polymer hybrid organic / inorganic is at present, considered as carrier materials of innovation in many areas: optical (nonlinear), electronic, mechanical, catalyzers, adhesives, packing, sensors, biology… The objective of our study is to synthesize polymer matrix composite materials (polyacrylate and epoxy) with reinforcements smectite (montmorillonite and beidellite) The compatibility of polymer-clay has been optimized by surface modification of clay. The treatment was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The composite materials were synthetized by photoinduced polymerization and by solar way. The study of curing kinetics obtained show that the addition of organophilic clay has little effect on the conversion of acrylates while in the epoxy influence is more pronounced, some of the protons generated by the photo-initiator is neutralized by the negative charges dispersed on the surface of the clay The obtained polymer composites are translucent, slightly or insoluble in organic solvents and exhibit improved mechanical properties compared to the resin alone. Moreover, the intimate association of the reinforcement and the organic matrix at the molecular level gives this material barrier properties to water above those of the matrix polymer photocrosslinked. Keywords: Composite, UV-Curing, Acrylate, Epoxide, Clay                                                             

*

Laboratoire de Chimie et Chimie de l’Environnement, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Batna (Algérie)

396

Steam Reforming Of Methane To Syngas Over Nio/γ-Al2O3 Catalysts Prepared By Successive Impregnation. N. Salhi1,*, A.Boulahouache2 , M.Belacel1, S.Benadji1 and C.Rabia1.

Abstract: Natural gas, essentially methane, is one of the most important energetic resources. Its importance is growing in the economic world. However, only a few chemical products were directly synthesized from methane. Then, it is mostly transformed after reaction with water or CO2 into synthesis gas (CO + H2), which becomes the base for manufacturing a large variety of chemical products like methanol, hydrocarbons and ammonia. The methane–reforming process is therefore widely studied because of its importance in the petrochemical industry. In addition, due to the increase in H2 demand and the importance of synthesis gas as a major feedstock for C1 chemistry and fuel cells, methane reforming reactions have become more important. Notably, the one–site hydrogen production has received considerable attention. The steam reforming of methane (SRM) is currently the most cost-effective and highly developed method for production of hydrogen at relatively low cost and high H2/CO ratios as desired for hydrogen production. Several researchers have developed catalysts based on precious metals however; nickel deposited on α-alumina is more promising for industrial utilization. Carbon formation is always the main drawback of the reaction. Some recent works pointed out the role of the acidity-basicity of the support and of the reduction conditions in the carbon formation. In fact, two other                                                              1- Laboratoire de Chimie du Gaz Naturel, Faculté de Chimie, USTHB 109 El-Alia Bab Ezzouar, Alger-Algérie. 2- Laboratoire LCPMM, département de chimie, Faculté ses sciences, U.Blida, route de Soumaa BP Blida. * [email protected]

397

factors seem to be important to decrease the carbon deposition: size of metal particles and high dispersion of metal species. The objective of this research was to take advantage of a new preparation method of NiO/α-Al2O3 catalysts based on successive impregnation and its influence on nickel species dispersion and coke formation. Two Ni based catalysts NiO/α-Al2O3 with 10%wt NiO were prepared via two different ways namely single impregnation and successive impregnation, tested and characterized for steam reforming of methane (SRM) with H2O/CH4=3. Experimental results demonstrated that NiO/α-Al2O3 prepared by successive impregnation showed relevant catalytic performances: high CH4 conversion, high CO and H2 selectivity’s and low carbon formation. Catalytic characterizations by XRD, SEM and TPR under hydrogen suggested that the good performance of nickel catalyst prepared by successive impregnation was closely related to the high dispersion of the actives Ni species. Indeed, the Ni particles in strong interaction with the support would lead to the good dispersion, therefore having a slight tendency to sintering and then to coking.  

398

Integrated forward osmosis, nanofiltration and membrane distillation system to reduce brine disposal problem and membrane fouling 1

Sarah Osmanea*, Efrem Curciob, Louwanda Lakissa, Joumana Toufailyc,d, Enrico Driolib, Tayssir Hamieha,d, Girolamo Giordanob

Abstract Brine disposal had become a serious problem in seawater desalination process. In order to limit this problem and reduce the impact of fouling on membrane lifetime and Operation & Maintenance Costs, we established an integrated forward osmosis / nanofiltration / membrane distillation system has been established as a pre-treatment to SWRO desalination plant. Our experimental activity aimed to study its performance. Results showed relatively low fluxes for the FO system that are expected to be enhanced by using highperformance composite membranes. Our Investigations on MD confirmed its interesting potentiality to concentrate brines and to increase the water recovery factor. The analysis also identified general guidelines for a subsequent optimization study that is necessary to improve the performance of the system in order to obtain higher transmembrane fluxes. A preliminary economic study has been carried out, resulting in a cost of 1.22 $/m3 for systems without Energy Recovery Devices (ERD) and 0.76$ for systems with ERD. Keywords: Integrated Distillation

Membrane

Operation,

Forward

Osmosis,

Membrane

                                                             a Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Medicine, Lebanese University, Lebanon b Department of Chemical engineering and materials, University of Calabria, Italy c Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment, and Analytical Methods, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Lebanon d School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Washington State University, Pullman, United States of America * Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected]

399

Optimisation du procédé de photodégradation de l’Indole en phase aqueuse en utilisant le TiO2 fixe sur support.    Smail Merabet1 , Abdelkrim Bouzaza2 Smail Benkhanouche3 Abstract The treatment of aqueous industrial effluents by conventional processes cannot permit the total mineralization of the pollutants. This leads to a contamination of surface water and groundwater. Accordingly, new technologies are required to remove and completely degrade organic pollutants. The most attractive is the photocatalysis which is a process that belongs to the group of advanced oxidation process (AOPs). This process leads to total mineralization of organic compounds into CO2, water and mineral acids. In our study we use titan oxide (TiO2) as photocatalyst and Indole as model pollutant molecule for degradation. The design of experiments and response surface methodology (RSM) are used to approach the influence of some experimental parameters on the process efficiency. The effects of initial concentration, catalyst loading, air flow and UV intensity are studied. The methodology used allows us to represent the experimental results. The optimal parameters, which give the best degradation efficiency, are also determined. Keywords: photocatalysis, TiO2, Indole, RSM                                                                  1‐  Laboratoire d’hydraulique appliquée et environnement, Université de Béjaia, route de TargaOuzzemour, Béjaia, Algérie [email protected]  2‐  Laboratoire Chimie et Ingénierie des Procédés (CIP)   UMR6226 "Science Chimique de Rennes" ; Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie De Rennes, Avenue du Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, 35700 Rennes, France 3‐  Département LMD / ST, Université de Béjaia, route de Targa-Ouzzemour, Béjaia, Algérie

400

First-principles calculations of the mechanical and thermodynamic properties of the B2 type Rare-earth intermetallic compounds. Abdessamad Sekkal1* Abdelnour Benzair2

Abstract. The full- potential linearized augmented plane wave method (FP-LAPW) have been used within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) to determine the structural and elastic properties of YAg, CeAg, LaAg, LaMg compounds. The results are in a good agreement with the experimental data available in the literature and other theoretical ones. The ductility or brittleness of these compounds is characterized and analyzed. The calculated results indicate that the LaAg compound is the most ductile than YAg, CeAg, LaMg intermetallic compounds. From the elastic constants data, we also discusses the sound velocities for longitudinal and shear waves and average wave velocity. The predicted Debye temperature of YAg,CeAg, and LaAg at zero pressure and temperature is in good agreement with the available theoretical results. Key words: Intermetallic compounds, electronic structure, elastic Quasiharmonic model. PACS: 71.15.Mb, 31.15.ae. 65.40. Ba  

properties.

 

                                                             1- Laboratoire d'Etude et Prédiction de Matériaux, Unité de Recherche Matériaux et Energies Renouvelables, Département de Physique, faculté des Sciences, Université Abou Bekr Belkaid B.P 119, 13000 Tlemcen, Algérie 2- Département de Physique, faculté des sciences, Université Djillali Liabes. 22000 Sidi Bel Abbés, Algérie.

401

Evaluation of the properties of SEBS and EVA polymer modified bitumen

D. Si bachir, K. Ait mokhtar, S. Dekhli*

Abstract This paper presents a laboratory study of modified bitumen containing styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene (SEBS) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers. The polymer modified bitumen (PMB) samples have been prepared by means of multi purpose laboratory mixer depending on the type of the polymer. A 35/50 penetration grade base (unmodified) bitumen has been mixed with SEBS and EVA polymers at different proportions (3-5-7-9%). The properties of the samples have been determined and characterized using conventional test methods such as: penetration, softening point, temperature susceptibility, etc. These tests were conducted after the aging of bitumen (conventional and modified bitumen) simulated in the laboratory using the RTFOT (Rolling Thin Film Oven Test). The results indicated that, the properties of the modified bitumen are dependent on the type of polymer and polymer content. Polymer modification improved the conventional properties of the base bitumen. It was also concluded that, the characteristics studied of HMA prepared with the SEBS PMB samples presents better results. Keywords: Polymer modified bitumen; SEBS; EVA;  

                                                             *

Laboratory Water, Environment, Geomechanics and Structures (Leego), Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumedienne, Algers, Algeria.

402

Preparation and characterization of the nano tin dioxide (SnO2) powders

Nassima. Boufaa, Smail Boudjadar*

Abstract In this work, we report the effect of annealing temperature, the microwaves power and the amount of doping on the nano powders of tine dioxide prepared by the microwave hydrothermal method. The crystallographic properties of the tin dioxide powders were characterized by the x-ray diffraction (XRD), we note that more samples are crystallizing under the tetragonal rutile phase and some samples crystallize under the metastable orthorhombic phase. As in the majority of the powders prepared by the techniques of soft chemistry; all samples are polycrystalline. The grains sizes calculated by Scherer equation are ranged between 3.3 and 157 nm according to elaboration conditions, the values of the strains calculated in the powders, vary between 0.02 and 1.98. The morphological structures of the powders observed by electronic microscopy (MEB), show that, there are irregular agglomerations of the particles, also the temperature improved the crystallinity of the material and makes increases the grains size. We examined the purity and the chemical structure of the powders by The Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), the spectra show many vibrations bonds like, Sn-O, O-Sn-O, Sn-O-Sn, and the surfaces bonds C-H and O-H. The optical properties and the defects in the samples were identified by room temperature photoluminescence (PL), several emission bands were observed in UV and visible ranges. The energy gaps calculated from the emission in UV band are ranged between 3.62 and 1.97 eV according to conditions of preparation. The emission bands in the visible range are                                                              * Ceramics laboratory, department of physics, Mentouri University, Constantine 25000, Algeria Corresponding Authors. E-mail address: [email protected] Phone/Fax: +213- 31 81 88 88

403

corresponding to intrinsic defects like oxygen vacancies, tin interstitial and maybe the substitution ions of iron. Key words: tin dioxide, hydrothermal, energy of micro wave, photoluminescence, intrinsic defects.

404

Elaboration and characterization of ZnO thins films for SAW devices.

S. Bensmaine(1), B. Benyoucef(1) L. Le Brizoual(2), O. Elmazria(3,4).

Abstract In this paper, we present the different properties of ZnO thins films deposited by r.f. magnetron with Zinc target (sputtering method). All the samples are prepared in LPMIA laboratory (now IJL), Nancy-France. We study the effect of the power and the pressure deposition on the films properties. We characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) the film crystalline quality and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the film morphology. The XRD analysis has revealed that the ZnO film is polycrystalline in nature having a hexagonal wurtzite type crystal structure and (002) orientation. The SEM showed that the structure of the films is columnar. The thickness of the films is measured by profilometer apparatus “Dektak3 ST”. The principal application of ZnO films is in microelectronic as SAW devices. The frequency response of the device is measured by the network analyzer. We obtained the frequency of 476MHz and a phase velocity of 5712 ms-1. Keywords: thin film Zinc Oxide, XR diffraction, SEM, SAW devices.                                                                (1) Unité de Recherche Matériaux et Energies Renouvelables (URMER). Université Aboubakr Belkaid. BP 119. 13000. Tlemcen. Algérie. (2) Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN) - UMR6502. 2 rue de la Houssinière B.P.32229, 44322 Nantes cedex 3 - France (3) Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), UMR 7198 CNRS, Nancy Université. 54506. Vandoeuvre-lésNancy. France. (4) Ecole Supérieure de Sciences et Technologies de l'Ingénieur de Nancy (ESSTIN). Nancy Université, 2, rue Jean Lamour, Vandoeuvre Lès Nancy Cedex F-54519. France.

405

Photografting Of Methyl Methacrylate On Ldpe Film

Bendaikha Tahar and Rezzougui Younes*

Abstract Polymer surface modification is an elegant method for generating functional polymer surfaces combined with the desirable attributes of bulk polymers [1]. Modification techniques include plasma polymerization [2], corona treatment [3], electron beams, X-rays, γ-rays and UV radiation [4]. Key properties imparted by these technologies include wettability, adhesion, lubricity and biocompatibility. Surface modification plays a very important role in many industrial end-use applications: electronics, industrial, automotive and aerospace, storage, and medical devices [5]. Écouter Lire phonétiquement Our work will deal specifically with the improvement of surface properties of low density polyethylene by the method of photochemical grafting of a monomer of methyl methacrylate (MMA) could be modified to increase the hydrophilicity and the wettability of polymers using a mercury vapor lamp medium pressure (HPK125W, Philips, Holland). The effect of some factors including the photo initiator concentration, monomer concentration, hydrolysis and the contact angle were studied, respectively. Écouter Lire phonétiquement The rate of conversion and grafting efficiency of monomer is determined by the gravimetric method. The change of the surface of polyethylene films was monitored by FTIR spectroscopy by following the evolution of the absorbance band characteristic of the ester function, located at 1728 cm-1, after each time of exposure to ultraviolet radiation. On the other hand, we used the contact angles of a water droplet with the film surface grafted LDPE-g-PMMA to assess the change in wettability of the grafted films on the one hand and the hydrolyzed films by alkaline alcoholysis, on the other.                                                              * Laboratory of Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University Hadj Lakhdar, Batna 05000, Algeria.

406

Keywords: Surface modification of polymers, Photo polymerization, UV irradiation, LDPE films, swelling.   1. C.-M. Chan, Polymer Surface Modification and Characterization, Hansa, München, (1994). 2. C. Arpagaus, Ph. Rudolf von Rohr, A. Rossi, Surf. and Coat. Techn., Vol.200, pp.525-528, (2005). 3. C. Q. Sun, D. Zhang; L. C. Wadsworth, Advances in Polymer Techology, Vol.18, No.2, pp.171-180, (1999). 4. Z. Cheng, X. Zhu, Z.L.Shi, K. G. Neoh, E. Ind.Eng.Chem.Res,Vol.44, N°.18,pp.7098-7104,(2005).

T.

Kang,

5. L. Sabbatini, P.G. Zambonin, Surface Charactrization of Advanced Polymers, VCH, Weinheim, (1993).

407

Encapsulation of Tobramycin by chitosane

Y.Bakouri1, H.Arkoub 2, H.Belkacemi 2, A/A. Touati3, Z.Bouariche1

Abstract Formulations to effect delay of an active principle for ocular use the tobramycine and of a biopolymère the chitosane has been prepared by the method of ionic gélification of the chitosane with the tripolyphosphate of sodium (STPP) at two concentrations of the polymer dissolves in the acetic acid to 1%; 2 and 4mg/ml and to two pH (5 and 6). The results show that formulations prepared to pH=5, improve the specific surface and the porous volume while reducing the size of the particles, in relation to those prepared in the same conditions to pH=6. The strong concentration of the polymer hinders the encapsulation of the tobramycine. On the other hand, the use of a polymer to high molecular weight provides more of active sites, that increases the rate of encapsulation. Keywords: Chitosan, Prolonged liberation, Gelification, Tobramycin, Biodegradation

                                                             1- Laboratoire des Matériaux Organiques (LMO). Département de Génie des Procédés. Faculté de Technologie. Université de Bejaïa (06000), Algérie. 2- Laboratoire de Technologie des Matériaux et de Génie des Procédés (LTMGP). Département de Génie des Procédés. Faculté de Technologie. Université de Bejaïa (06000), Algérie. 3- Laboratoire de Microbiologie. Département de Microbiologie. Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de Vie. Université de Bejaïa (06000), Algérie. Email: [email protected]

408

Poster Communications Symposium II Materials and Bio-Engineering, Colloids, Environment and Food technology

409

Table of Content of Poster Communications - Symposium II Title of Communication

Authors

Page

Energy valorisation of sludge from the wastewater treatment plant of Boumerdes by biogas production

Benhamou Amina, Benyoucef Boumedienne, Fazouane Fethia

413

Smoking effect on the number concentration of PM1 and PM5 inside School Establishments

Antoine Tabet, Gisèle El Dib

415

Variation of the diurnal particles concentration in school classrooms Number concentrations of PM1 and PM5

Antoine Tabet, Gisèle El Dib

417

Calculation of the rate deposition of particles in response to natural contamination by students. Studies of PM0.3, PM0.5, PM1 and PM5

Antoine Tabet, Gisèle El Dib

419

Optimal Management of Hydropower Systems

A. Bensalem, F. Cherif, S. Bennagoune, M.S. Benbouza, A. El-Maouhab

421

Study and characterization of silicon oxynitride sensitive layers for ISFET chemical sensor development

B. Kaghouche, F. Mansour, E. Bedel Pereira

422

Effect of plasma flow on cardiovascular disease

B. Abi-Ayad, M. Benyoucef, L. Lemoyec, A.Meziane-Tani

424

Determination of strength properties of sandstone

M. Boudiaf, L. Rehai, R.Chaib

425

Swelling behavior of poly (2Hydroxyethyl methacrylate) copolymers

S.M. Chabane Sari, N. Chabane Sari, B. Benyoucef, M. Mahlous, M. Kaci

426

Measurement the concentrations and doses of radiation to radon gas 222Rn to the environmental samples (soil and air) to the cities of Kut and Estimated the health danger

Nesha’at R.A.A. Al- Ataby, Nada F.Tawfiq,Yaseen S. Abas

427

Assessment of Water Quality in the Upper Litani River Basin

Chaden Haydar, Nada Nehme, Sadek Awad, Bachar Koubayssi, Mohamad Fakih, Ali Yaacoub, Joumana Toufaily, Tayssir Hamieh

428

410

Title of Communication

Authors

Page

Removal of pesticides from aqueous solution through adsorption on Algerian bentonite

F. Djazi, N. Bougdah, R. Zaghdoudi

430

Novel Zwitterionic Schiff Base Compound as Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Acidic Media

Amel Djedouani, Leila. Hasniou, Wassila. Merouani, Hakima. Boulemche, Salah. Chafaa

431

Physico-chemical properties of a synergistic mixed surfactant system (cationique/ fluorinated non-ionique)

H. Otmani, F. Bouanani, D. Bendedouch

433

Simulation of the statistical distribution of rigid nanorods flowing near a flat solid surface in a 3-Dimensional simple shear flow

Saleem Hamady, Abbas Hijazi, Ali Atwi, Antoine Khater

434

Enzyme Immobilization on Controlled Pore Glass Beads (CPG)

Zeinab Ezzeddine, Hussein Hamad

436

Preferential oxidation of CO in H2 over Cu-Ce-Zr mixed catalysts

Bachar Koubaissy, Joumana Toufaily, Mohamad Slim,Tayssir Hamieh, Véronique Pitchon

437

Valorization of Biomass on Acidic MicroPorous Catalyst Case of Sterols

Bachar Koubaissy, Joumana Toufaily, Farah Zgheib, Laurent Grasset, Patrick Magnoux, Tayssir Hamieh

439

Catalytic hydroliquefaction of humic substances of the green waste

Soumaya Hamieh, Joumana Toufaily, Bachar Koubaissy, Ludovic Pinard, Patrick Magnoux, Tayssir Hamieh

441

Phenols drifts removal mechanisms by adsorption: influence of natural organic matter concentration

Bachar Koubaissy,Joumana Toufaily, Walaa Diab, Tayssir Hamieh, Guy Joly, Patrick Magnoux

443

Study of material used in nanotechnology for the recycling of industrial waste water

L.Larbi, M.Zerdaoui

445

Using Physicochemical and Microbial Parameters to Define the Quality of the Lower Litani River Bassin (LBL)

Nada Nehme, Chaden Haydar, Bachar Koubayssi, Mohamad Fakih, Sadek Awad, Ali Yaacoub, Joumana Toufaily, Frédéric Villieras, Tayssir Hamieh

447

411

Title of Communication

Authors

Page

Valorisation et transformation des résidus de végétaux en compost à des fins d’amendement des sols agricoles

Nawal Ajouz, Ali Ismail, Salem Haydar

450

Phytosterols bioaccumulation: a case of study

J. Roche, M. Alignan, A. Bouniols, M. Cerny, Z. Mouloungui, O. Merah

453

Contribution to the study of materials nitrides (AlGaN) for biological applications

O. Zeggai, A. Ould-Abbas, M. Madani, M. Bouchaour, D. Trari, M. Boukais, N.-E.Chabane-Sari

455

Theoretical and Experimental Study of Solar Drying of the Green Mint Leaves (Mentha viridis)

Touati Boumediene, Benyoucef Boumediene, Saad Amel, Asma Abdenbi

456

Study of the photo-oxidation and photolysis of unsaturated and cross-linked polyesters ( UP) in the presence of photoactive pigment such as Titanium Oxides

Zahi Khalil, Mariam Akil

458

Intrinsic absorption of plasmonic structures for organic solar cells

S. Zargou, S. M Chabane Sari, F. Benbakhti

460

412

Energy valorisation of sludge from the wastewater treatment plant of Boumerdes by biogas production Benhamou Amina1, Benyoucef Boumedienne2, Fazouane Fethia3

Abstract his work represents only a beginning in the experimental study of the management of sludge from a biological method that aims to produce energy and reduce the risks associated with land application of sewage sludge and reduce the risks associated with the use of mineral fertilizers. Several pathways exist for the disposal of sludge, but the choice must depend on the cost of installation, the origin of sludge, the added value of the resulting product and the potential impact of the industry accepted on the environment. The landfill (also called storage) is a low-rewarding and legally prohibited in many countries. However, application of composts obtained should not be done without confirming their hygienisation, their stabilization and maturity. In addition, the sludge compost should be free of phytotoxicity, with concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, Cr ...) and organic micro levels below international standards. Our work was performed at the National Sanitation Office (NAO) of Boumerdes, the objective is study of sludge produced during the process of water treatment at the wastewater treatment plant, to assess the ability of the sludge treatment, to determine what treatments they undergo, estimate the risk                                                              1- Motor’s dynamic and vibroacoustic laboratory-university of Boumerdes-Algeria Tél:00213 556 997 251- Fax: 00213 24 913 479 2- Materials and renewable energy laboratory-university of Tlemcen-Algeria 3- food technology laboratory-University of Boumerdes-Algeria Contact: [email protected]

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of pollution and finally know their reusability for energy purposes. For this we conducted a study on the physico-chemical and bacteriological sludge and an analysis reports for three years ago, then an experimental study for an anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, finally, the analysis by the chromatogram and the spectra in SCAM mode of the biogas composition products, shows that methane is present with the bigger rate. Our results showed that organic matter is not negligible in most cases it is greater than 40%, favoring the development of pathogens. In this case, sludge requires a stabilization step to reduce rate of organic matter. The statistical study reports the purification plant of Boumerdes between the years 2008 and 2010, based on the volume of sludge produced by the station and organic matter content showed that energy efficiency is important if the biogas is used . Especially in the period beginning the month of March until September when the sludge is concentrated in organic matter. Key words: sludge, biogas, anaerobic digestion, green technology, fermentable organic matter, bio energy, environment.                      

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Smoking effect on the number concentration of PM1 and PM5 inside School Establishments. *

Antoine Tabet1**, Gisèle El Dib2.

Abstract The composition of particles in indoor air is highly dependent on internal sources [1-2-3-4]. For example, human activities such as smoking contribute to changes in levels and composition of particles [5-6]. In fact, smoking is the primary source of indoor air pollution and it increases the concentrations of fine particles with an average size of 0.22 microns [7-8-9]. Despite the importance and oldness of this issue, very little information exists in the literature concerning the effects of smoking on the indoor air quality in school establishments [10]. The aim of the present work is to study the effect of smoking on the number concentration of particles PM1 and PM5 in school establishments. The results are discussed in term of comparison with fine particles PM0.3 and PM0.5. The obtained results show an increase in concentration of about 2.7 × 106 particles/m3 for PM0.3 due to the smoke of only one cigarette compared to almost 936 and 178 particles/m3 for PM0.5 and PM1 respectively. However, for PM5 the increase in concentration in the presence of smoke is relatively low (about 161 particles/m3). These results clearly highlight the assumptions given by several previous studies [7-8-9]. Keywords: Particle emissions, Interior air, number concentration, Inhalation, Smoking.                                                              1- LPA, Laboratory of Applied Physics, Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences II, 5th Floor, Fanar, Lebanon 2- Institut de Physique de Rennes, UMR 6251, Bat. 11c, Campus Beaulieu, 35000 Rennes, France. * This research was supported by the Lebanese University and the Lebanese CNRS ** Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected], phone: +961 70765635

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[1] Maroni, M., Seifert, B., Lindvall, T. (1995). Air Quality Monographs – Vol 3 Elsevier Science Publisher. [2] Kulmala, M., Asmi, A. L. (1999). Indoor air aerosol model : the effect of outdoor air, filtration and ventilation on indoor concentrations. Atmospheric Environment. 33, 2133-2144. [3] Koponen, I. K., Asmi, A., Keronen, P., Puhto, K., Kulmala, M. (2001). Indoor air measurement campaign in Helsinki, Finland 1999: the effect of outdoor air pollution on indoor air. Atmospheric Environment. 35, 1465-1477. [4] Guo, H., Morawska, L. He, C., Gilbert, D. (2008). Impact of ventilation scenario on air exchange rates and on indoor particle number concentrations in an air-conditioned classroom. Atmospheric Environment. 42, 757-768. [5] Squinazi F. (2002). La pollution de l’air à l’intérieur des bâtiments. Rev Fr Allergol Immunol Clin. 42, 248-255. [6] Gemenetzis, P., Moussas, P., Arditsoglou, A., Samara, C. (2006). Mass concentration and elemental composition of indoor PM2.5 and PM10 in University rooms in Thessaloniki, northen Greece. Atmo Environment. 40, 3195-3206. [7] Bi, X., Sheng, G., Feng, Y., Fu, J., Xie, J. (2005). Gas-and particulatephase specific tracer and toxic organic compounds in environmental tobacco smoke. Chemosphere. 61, 1512-1522. [8] Ott, W. R. et Siegmann, H C. (2006). Using multiple continuous fine particle monitors to characterize tobacoo, incense, candle, cooking, wood burning, and vehicular sources in indoor, outdoor, and in-transit settings. Atmospheric Environment. 40, 821-843. [9] Miller, S. L., Nazaroff. (2001). Environmental tobacco smoke particles in multizone indoor environments. Atmospheric Environment. 35, 2053-2067. [10] Salthammer, T., Fauck, C., Schripp, T., Meinlschmidt, P., Willenborg, S., Moriske, H-J. (2011). Effect of particle concentration and semivolatile organic compounds on the phenomenon of “black magic dust” in dwellings. Building and Environment, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 29 March 2011.

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Variation of the diurnal particles concentration in school classrooms Number concentrations of PM1 and PM5 *

Antoine Tabet1**, Gisèle El Dib2. Abstract Indoor air pollution is characterized by a large amount of solid pollutants such as particulate matter [1-2]. Even in the absence of internal sources, particles are detected in indoor air. In fact, part of these particles could come from outdoor sources as shown in different studies [1- 3]. Moreover, the I/O ratio is affected by several parameters such as the season, the ventilation system and the frequency of open windows [4-5-6]. The aim of the present work is to study the daily variation of the particles concentrations in school classrooms. For this purpose, the indoor air samples were collected for three times during a day (morning, noon and evening) over 45 days. Particles concentrations were measured with a patented and calibrated unit (Climet CI-754, USURE 37, 353 E, 5, 515, 164). The sampling protocol of the used unit meets the NFS ISO 16000 and NFS ISO 14644 requirements. The obtained results show the effect of the outdoor pollution on the indoor air. The I/O ratio is calculated for various physical parameters. The obtained number concentration of the fine particles (1µm) ranges from 2.01 to 2.59% of the total number of detected particles. However, larger particles (5 µm) range from 0.01 to 0.5%. The particles concentration is shown to be inversely proportional to the arrangement of the floors. Keywords: Particle emissions, Interior air, Daily variation, Statistical variation.                                                              1- LPA, Laboratory of Applied Physics, Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences II, 5th Floor, Fanar, Lebanon 2- Institut de Physique de Rennes, UMR 6251, Bat. 11c, Campus Beaulieu, 35000 Rennes, France. * This research was supported by the Lebanese University and the Lebanese CNRS ** Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected], phone: +961 70765635

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[1] Maroni, M., Seifert, B., Lindvall, T. (1995). Air Quality Monographs – Vol 3 Elsevier Science Publisher. [2] Butte, W. et Heinzow, B. (2002). Pollutants in House Dust as Indicators of Indoor contamination. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 175, 1-4. [3] Wolkoff, P. et Kjaergaad, S.K. (2007). The dichotomy of relative humidity on indoor air quality. Environment International, 33, 850-857. [4] Geller, M. D., Changa, M., Sioutasa, C., Ostrob, B. D., Lipsett, M. J. (2002). I/O relationship and chemical composition of fine and coarse particles in the southern California deserts. Atmospheric Environment 36, 1099-1110. [5] Poupard, O., Blondeau, P., Iordache, V., Allard, F. (2005). Statistical analysis of parameters influencing the relationship between outdoor and indoor air quality in schools. Atmospheric Environment 34, 31493157. [6] Fromme, H., Diemer, J., Dietrich, S., Cyrys, J., Heinriche, J., Lang, W., Kiranoglu, M., Twardella, D. (2008). Chemical and morphological propreties of particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) in school classrooms and outdoor air. Atmospheric Environment 42, 597-6605.

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Calculation of the rate deposition of particles in response to natural contamination by students. Studies of PM0.3, PM0.5, PM1 and PM5. * Antoine Tabet1**, Gisèle El Dib2.

Abstract The effects of particles on human health have been widely studied over the last twenty years. These studies show an association of particles detected in the ambient air with cardio-respiratory diseases, leading sometimes to death [1]. Emission sources of indoor particles are mainly due to occupant activities. At schools, this issue is of special concern since children are susceptible to poor air quality. The student activities increase significantly the particles levels in classrooms air by increasing the suspension of particles deposited on the ground [2-3-4]. In fact, the extent of activities such as walking can increase the concentration of large particles in the indoor air of about 100% [2]. Other studies show that human activities contribute to the emission of 1.8 - 30 mg/h of PM2.5 and 6 - 84 mg/h of PM5 [3]. The aim of the present work is to calculate the rate deposition of particles in indoor air due to a natural contamination by students. The apparatus used to conduct this work is a patented and calibrated unit (Climet CI-754, USURE 37, 353 E, 5, 515, 164). The sampling protocol of the used unit meets the NFS ISO 16000 and NFS ISO 14644 requirements. The obtained results show a deposition rate varying from 30 to 47.64% for PM0.3 and a decontamination variation between 28.68% and 80% for PM0.5. However, for the larger particles (1 µm and 5µm) a deposition rate of about 90.05 - 100% has been found for some cases                                                              1- LPA, Laboratory of Applied Physics, Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences II, 5th Floor, Fanar, Lebanon 2- Institut de Physique de Rennes, UMR 6251, Bat. 11c, Campus Beaulieu, 35000 Rennes, France. * This research was supported by the Lebanese University and the Lebanese CNRS ** Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected], phone: +961 70765635

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Keywords: Particles, Emissions, Interior air, Decontamination, Deposition, Drying rate, Statistical variation, human activities. [1] Prouvost, H. et Declerco, C. (2004). Impact des particules en suspension sur la santé respiratoire des enfants. Intérêt et faisabilité de l’étude d’un panel d’enfants lillois. ORS, Nord-Pas de Calais, 42 Pages. [2] Thatcher, T. L. et Layton, D. W. (1995). Deposition, resuspension and penetration of particles within a residence. Atmospheric Environment. 29, 13, 1487-1497. [3] Ferro, A. R., Kopperud, R. J., and Hildemmann, L. M. (2004). Source Strenghts for indoor human activities that resuspend particulate metter. Environmental Science and Technology. 38, 1759-1764. [4] Gomes C., Freihaut J., Bahnfleth W. (2007). Resuspension of allergencontaining particles under mechanical and aerodynamic disturbances from human walking. Atmospheric Environment. 41, 25, 5257-5270.

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Optimal Management of Hydropower Systems

A. Bensalem1,2*, F. Cherif2, S. Bennagoune2, M.S. Benbouza2, A. El-Maouhab3

Abstract In this study we propose a new model for solving the short period management of water reservoirs with variable waterfall. The stored water in these reservoirs is used to produce the electrical energy. The proposed model is based on the enhancement of the value of water by taking into account its location in any reservoir and its waterfall high. The water outflow in the upper reservoir to produce electrical energy is reused in the lower reservoirs to produce electrical energy too. On the other hand the amount of water flow necessary to produce the same amount of electrical energy decrease as the high of waterfall increases. Thus, the objective function is represented in function of the water potential energy stocked in all reservoirs. To analyze this model, we have developed an algorithm based on the discrete maximum principle. To solve the obtained equations, an iterative method based on the gradient method is used. And to satisfy the constraints we have used the Augmented Lagrangian method. Keywords: Hydropower systems, short period management, reservoirs, potential energy, discrete maximum principle.

                                                               1- Laboratore de génie électrique de Biskra (LGEB), B.P 145 – 07000. Biskra. Algeria. 2- Electrical engineering department. Hadj Lakhdar University. Batna. Algeria. 3- Electrical engineering department. USTHB, Algeria * Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected], phone: +213 6667210040.

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Study and characterization of silicon oxynitride sensitive layers for ISFET chemical sensor development B. Kaghouche1, F. Mansour1, E. Bedel Pereira2.

Abstract During the last decade, the development of chemical sensors has been possible due to the realization of new ion sensitive materials fabricated by microelectronic standard processes and MOSFET technology. The basic structure of ISFET is similar to that of standard MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) where the gate electrode is replaced by an ion sensitive membrane, such as Si3N4, Al2O3, SiOxNy (Silicon Oxynitride). In this work, we have been interested in the study of ISFET chemical sensor where silicon oxynitride sensitive layer is deposited by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) technique, on single-crystal silicon wafer substrate from a mixture of dichlorosilane (SiH2C12), nitrous oxide (N20) and ammonia (NH3) at temperature 8500C. Initially, we will present the structural and optical characteristics of silicon oxynitride thin films deduced from spectroscopic ellipsometry analysis (refractive index, volume fraction of SiO2 and Si3N4 and film thickness). Secondly, we will be interested with the simulation of MIS structure (MetalOxynitride-Silicon) using the TCAD-SILVACO software to obtain the dielectric properties of the sensitive layer and to study the insulator quality. Concerning ellipsometric measurements, the experimental data have been treated using Bruggeman theory of effective mediums. The superposition of experimental and theoretical curves showed a satisfactory agreement, permitting                                                              1- Laboratoire des Etudes de Matériaux d’Electronique pour Applications Médicales (LEMEAMED), université de Constantine Campus Ahmed Hamani, Route Ain El Bey, 25000 Constantine, Algérie 2- LAAS-CNRS. 7 av. du colonel Roche, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France

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the deduction of refractive index and volume fraction of the two phases present in material. The obtained results are discussed according to the flow rate of the precursor gases (r =NH3/N2O). The results show that the silicon oxynitride layers refractive index increase when the flow rate increases. Moreover, we noticed a dependence of the deposited film thickness on precursor flow rate r. Finally, we highlighted the evolution of the volume fraction as a function of relative proportion of two gases in the mixture (N2O or NH3). After deduction of the optical parameters (refractive index and permittivity), we have simulated the technological elaboration and the electric behavior of the MIS structure (Aluminum-Oxynitride-Silicon) using ATHENA and ATLAS modules of TCAD-SILVACO software. We have plotted the C-V characteristics as a function of frequency range, which has enable the analysis of oxynitride layers dielectric properties. The obtained results in this work show that the studied SiOxNy thin films may offer good potentialities for their use as ion sensitive layers for the development of ISFET chemical sensors. Keywords: Silicon oxynitride, ellipsometry, chemical sensor, ISFET

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Effect of plasma flow on cardiovascular disease

B.Abi-ayad1 ,M.Benyoucef1 , L.Lemoyec2,A.Meziane-tani3

Abstract

Its proves that plasma viscosity was an important predictor of ischemic heart disease . It is therefore appropriate to review recent epidemiological studies of plasma and whole blood viscosity and their relations to lipids, lipoproteins, other cardiovascular risk markers, and cardiovascular disease. Plasma viscosity is the intrinsic flow resistance of plasma and is usually measured in capillary viscosimeter . Our study is based on the impact of the viscosity of the blood plasma of patients with cardiovascular diseases firstly, and secondly to calculate the viscosity of low density and high density lipoproteins .

Rheological measurement showed that some correlations between plasma viscosity with the cholesterol and may contribute to determine the predictivity of these diseases. It’s The subject of our study. Keywords: lipoproteins HDL and LDL, plasma, viscosity.

                                                             1- Biochemical laboratory,Faculty of Medecine, University of Tlemcen 13000,Algeria. 2- UFR of Health,medecine and humain biology,Bobigny 93017,France 3- Cardiology department, Hospital. Tlemcen 13000, Algeria

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Determination of strength properties of sandstone

M. Boudiaf 1* ,L.Rehai1, R.Chaib2

Abstract Using a servo-controlled testing machine, stress-strain curves were obtained from which the uniaxial compressive strength, Young's modulus and the brittleness index were measured for specimens prepared from a single block of Sandstone from Hadjar Soud quarry, Algeria. To see how the strength properties were affected by changes in absorption content such as are likely to occur on site, the specimens were divided into three groups which were prepared for testing under different conditions of absorption equilibrium.

                                                             1- Laboratory of mechanics, 20aout 1955 University, skikda, Algeria 2- Laboratory of mechanics ,Constantine * Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

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Swelling behavior of poly (2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate) copolymers S.M. Chabane Sari1, N. Chabane Sari1, B. Benyoucef1*, M. Mahlous2, M.Kaci3 ABSTRACT Hydrogels based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate/dimethyl-aminoethyl methacrylate copolymers were prepared by gamma radiation-induced copolymerization at low temperature (-78°C). The swelling behavior of hydrogels was studied by immersion of the polymer discs in buffered solutions at various pHs. i.e. 2 and 10. The hydration process was followed gravimetrically by measuring the water uptake of the discs as a function of time. The results obtained have shown that the swelling process is depending on polymer nature and it is reversible. Moreover, the polymeric discs exhibit a good stability after repeating cycles of hydration in different buffer solutions. Scanning electron microscopy analysis reveals that hydrogel porosity can be controlled. The potential application of such hydrogels could be, for instance in drug delivery systems. REFERENCES 1. Sailor M. J. and Link J.R.. Chem.Com, 11, 1375, 2005. 2. Frieder Scheller, Florian Schubert. Biosensors. NY, 1992. 3. Tothill I. E., A. P. F. Turner. Biosensors, Biogenic Amines, 489-499, 2003. 4. Singh M. and al., Biomed. Eng.6 (1971) p.157 5. Norihico M., Biocompatible polymers/soft tissue compatible polymers. CRC Press Boca Rat, (1993), 135                                                              1- Unit of research of materials and renewable Energies (U.R.M.E.R) Faculty of Sciences, A.B.Belkaïd University, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria 2- Division of Nuclear Applications Nuclear Research Center of Algiers, BP-399 Alger-RP 16000, Algiers, Algeria 3- Organic Materials Laboratory, University A.Mira, Bejaïa 06000, Algeria

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Measurement the concentrations and doses of radiation to radon gas 222Rn to the environmental samples (soil and air) to the cities of Kut and Estimated the health danger. Nesha,at R.A.A. Al- Ataby1, Nada F.Tawfiq2 and Yaseen S. Abas3

Abstract The radon one natural pollutants that threaten the environment, radon is breakdown product element uranium radioactive decays automatically to other radioactive elements. The research aims to: Determination of concentrations and doses of radiation exposure to radon gas in soil, and air. Used In this study, the use of solid state nuclear track detectors in environmental studies has been focusing on the type of detector (CR-39). It was found the highest concentration in the air in Kut -spend Essaouira-the mechanics and the devastating (85.440 Bq/m3) with exposure dose (32.266 x 10-8 Sv). Either in the soil for the same areas of the city of Kut, the highest concentration found in the district of Essaouira - a devastating and hoses was ( 242.903 Bq/m3) with the dose of exposure (91.734 x 10-8 Sv ). Keywords: Concentrations, Radon gas, radioactive Environment, Radioactive isotopes, Lung, Cancer.    

                                                               1- Ministry of science and technology P.O.Box 00964-765, 2- Nahrain unversity, college of science 3- Ministry of science and technology

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contamination,

Nuclear,

   

Assessment of Water Quality in the Upper Litani River Basin Chaden Haydar1,2, Nada Nehme1,2, Sadek Awad1, Bachar Koubayssi1, Mohamad Fakih1, Ali Yaacoub3, Joumana Toufaily1,4 and Tayssir Hamieh1,2  

Abstract The Litani is the largest river in Lebanon, draining from north to south in the central core of the country (Bekaa Valley) before turning west to the sea. The river runs through four topographical zones: Headwater Upland; Bekaa Valley; Coastal Mountain and Coastal Plain. River Litani is one of the 17 prominent rivers of Lebanon, which covers 170 square km of total water-shed area. The monitoring of water quality of Litani River and Qarraoun lakes was carried out for one year 2010-2011. Seven sampling stations were selected at downstream of the river, its tributaries and three from the lake of Qaaraoun. The water samples collected were analyzed, as per standard methods parameters such as T, pH, EC, TDS were measured in-situ. Parameters analyzed in Laboratories were (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, SO2−4, NH3+, NO−3, PO2−4, K+, BOD5 and COD, Fe, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr, Al, Ba, Pb, Mn) and microbiological parameters. The reported data were in compliance with WHO guidelines and Lebanese standards organization (Libnor). PCA was applied to evaluate the data accuracy of the Upper Litani River and Qaaraoun in order to extract significant PCs                                                              1- Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Campus Rafic Hariri, Beyrouth, Lebanon. 2- Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Medicine, Lebanese University Dekwaneh, Beirut, Lebanon. 3- Industrial Research Institute, IRI building, Lebanese University campus, Hadath (Baabda), Beirut, Lebanon 4- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States of America.

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which are subjected to varimax rotation raw generating VFs, and to identify the factors that influences each one. PCA of the entire data set table 1 evolved seven PCs Table 1: physical, chemical and heavy metals in mg/ l of the Upper Litani River at various station (Cd, Ni, Zn, Al Ba, Mn: Not detectible). N of Site 1  2  3  4  5  6  7   8  9  10  11  12  13  14 15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30 

PH 8 7.7 

T 16  16

TDS  244  440 

EC  488  884 

NH4 0.013  0.209

NO2  3.06  3.02 

NO3  0.393  3.342 

PO4  .298  0.56 

K+  51.99  20.79 

CL_  120  120 

SO4  46.4  29.6 

CaCO3  250  266 

Na  7,8  3 

Cr  0.44  0.47 

Cu  0.06  0.07 

Fe  0.22  0.22 

Mg  3  6 

7.7  7.2  7.4  8 7.8  8.1 

17  13 13  16 14  13 

378  244  250  528  285  250 

756  510  520  264  457  481 

0.11 0.02  0,025 0.024  0.219  0.3 

1.87  1.8  2.3  3.05  2.1  4.05 

2.705  2.3  2.5  0.083  0.2  0.8 

0.37  0.22  0.4  0.43  0.5  0.5 

45.06  22.5  25.5  24.6  22.4  25.5 

170  120  130 170  120  170 

51.4  29.5  35.6  41.6  19.1  19.2 

230  250  220  240  250  200 

4.5  4.5  5  0,1  5  0.1 

0.30  0.33  0.44  0.32  0.30  0.3 

0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.05 

0.44  0.11  0.14  0. 15  0.4  0.3 

5  4  5  6  2  1 

7.9 8 7.4  7.5  7.1  7.3  7.7  8.1  7.5  7.6  7.7  8 7.5 

14  13 13  16.7  17 19.1  18.9  14  13.6  15  16.5  15.7  20.2 

297  230  240  289  226  269  274  264  373  350  311  264  261 

463  459  472  595  453  537  550  528  477  481  575  528  532 

0.1 0.06 7  4.1  12.3  7  6  5.2  0.2  0.2  0.3  0.2  12 

3.8  2.71 16.3  27.7  12.3  91  39  17.1  7.8  23.2  21.2  18.2  19.7 

0.5  0.2  0.3  0.2  0.4  0.1  0.2  0.3  0.2  0.3  0.2  0.2  0.3 

0.5  0.13  0.5  0.5  0.5  0.5  0.5  0.5  0.5  0.5  0.5  0.5  0.5 

29.1  32.92  4.3  3.8  5.1  5  6  2.7  4.7  7  5  4  7.6 

130  130  55  17.2  39.7  17  22  3.8  0.5  0.5  0.7  0.5  60 

20.9  23.2  0.04  0.03  0.04  0.1  0.1  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.07  0.03  0.04 

250  210  284.7  302  370  570  370  330  250  250  300  232  305 

0.1  0.1  9.7  3.2  7.4  7  5  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  8.7 

0.5  0.41  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.1  0.1  0.02    0.01  0.01  0.02  0.02 

0.1  0.06  0.08  0.09  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.05  0.04  0.1  0.05  0.07 

0.27  0.20  3  2.1  4.3  2  3  1.5  0.8  3.5  3  2.7  7.2 

3  5  4  9  7  6  3  2  3  4  4  8   

7.3  7.6  7.3  7.7  7.5  7.6  7.6  8.4  8.1 

19.5  20.1  22.2  21.1  24.3  22.4  25.7  24.4  24.1

321  275  269  274  741  164  318  225  159 

651  547  537  550  1484  488  618  449  384 

8  9  7  6  0.2  0.2  2.2  0.2  0.08 

31  32  91  39  38  27  5.33  22  2.65 

0.3  1 0.1  0.2  0.2  1 0.3  0.2  0.1 

0.5  0.5  0.5  0.5  0.5  0.5  0.97  0.5  0.98 

7  6  5  6  7  6  4.5  4  6 

19  81  17  22  0.6  70  0.7  0.6  0.5 

0.04  0.4  0.1  0.1  0.03  0.2  0.03  0.1  0.07 

430  290  570  370  330  320  235  300  250 

5  10  7  5  0.1  11  0.1  0.1  0.1 

0.05  0.01  0.1  0.1  0.01  0.01  0,02  0.02  0,02 

0.09  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.06  0.1  0.08  0.05  0.05 

7  4  2  3  3  4  2.7  3  3.5

3  7  6  3  2  4  2.5  3  7 

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Removal of pesticides from aqueous solution through adsorption on Algerian bentonite

F. Djazi *, N. Bougdah , R. Zaghdoudi

Abstract The development of industrial and agricultural activities using organic compounds as pesticides created serious problems of pollution lead to harmful effects on the environment and public health. The adsorption remains the most effective method to remove organic micropollutants such as pesticides. The most developed natural adsorbent in Algeria is the bentonite that is the subject of our study, owing to the particular property of this mineral to set micropollutants. The aim of our study was to examine the powers of retention of bentonite towards a set of organic compounds like alkyl phenol adsorption. We present, in this paper, the results of a phenol adsorption, cresol, 2,3dimethyl phenol, 2,4-dimethyl phenol, 2,5-dimethyl phenol, and 2,6-dimethyl phenol by the bentonite, and the influence of various parameters on the removal efficiencies. These results in this study proved that the potential for retention of these organic compounds by bentonite is significant. Keywords: waters, pollution, environment, adsorption, pesticides, bentonite.

                                                             * Laboratoire de recherche sur la physico-chimie des surfaces et interfaces ( LRPCSI )Université du 20 Août 1955- SKIKDA-Algérie ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail : [email protected] ; Fax: +21338702061

430

Novel Zwitterionic Schiff Base Compound as Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Acidic Media Amel Djedouani1,2*, Leila. Hasniou2, Wassila. Merouani3, Hakima. Boulemche3, Salah. Chafaa2

The use of inhibitors is one of the most practical methods for protection against corrosion especially in acidic media [1]. Acid solutions are generally used in several industrial processes. HCl is widely used in picking solutions. Because of their aggressiveness, the use of corrosion inhibitors is considered as the most effective method for the protection of many metals and alloys against such acid attack [2], reduces the dissolution rate of metals. Compounds containing functional groups with heteroatoms, which can donate one pair of electrons, are found to be very efficient as inhibitors against metal corrosion in many environments. Many heterocyclic compounds with polar groups and/or π electrons are efficient corrosion inhibitors in acidic solutions. Organic molecules of this type can adsorb on the metal surface and form a bond be tween their N-electron pair and/or π electron cloud and the metal surface, thereby reducing the corrosion in acidic solutions [3]. Some Schiff bases inhibitors have been previously reported as effective corrosion inhibitors for various metals in acid media, such as Schiff bases containing oxygen substituents [4,5], and furoin thiosemicarbazone [6]. The aim of the present investigation is to examine the inhibitory action of … (E)-6-methyl-2-oxo-3-[1-(p-tolyl-iminio)ethyl]-2H-pyran-4-olate Schiff bases containing nitrogen and oxygen heteroaromatic compound as substituents in its structure for the corrosion of mild steel in 1 M HCl solution, with and without addition of various concentrations of Schiff base at different                                                              1- Laboratoire d’electrochimie des materiaux moleculaire et complexes 2- Ecole Normale Superieure de Constantine 3- Département de Chimie,Université Mentouri Constantine * Corresponding author : E-mail adress : [email protected]

431

concentration, using potentiodynamic and elec trochemical impedance techniques. Polarisation curves reveal that the compound is mixed type (cathodic/anodic) inhibitor and inhibition efficiency (% IE) increases with increasing concentration of compounds. The adsorption of Schiff bases on mild steel in 1 M HCl solution obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The negative values of ∆Gads show the spontaneity of the adsorption. 0 M 5 1 0 M

2 ,0

1 ,5

1 ,0

logI(mA)

0 ,5

0 ,0

-0 ,5

-1 ,0

-1 ,5

-2 ,0 -7 0 0

-6 0 0

-5 0 0

E

-4 0 0

-3 0 0

(m V /E C S )

 

Figure 1 : Tafel polarisation curves for mild steel obtained at 25 _C in 1 M HClcontaining different concentrations of Schiff base..

  References : Bergmann, I.I. (1963) Corrosion Inhibitors, Macemillan, New York. Cruz, J R. Martinez, J. Genesca, E.G. Ochoa, J. Electroanal. Chem. (2004) 566 111–121. Ismail, K.M. (2007) Electrochim. Acta 52, 7811–7819, 2007. Behpour, M. Ghoreishi, S.M. Soltani, N. Salavati-Niasari, (2009) M.Corros. Sci 51, 1073–1082, 2009. Yurt, A. Balaban, A. Ustun Kandemir, S. Bereket, G. Erk, B. (2004) Mater. Chem. Phys. 85, 420–426, 2004. Stanly Jacob, K. Geetha Parameswaran, (2010) Corros. Sci. (2010) 52, 224– 228, 2010.

432

Physico-chemical properties of a synergistic mixed surfactant system (cationique/ fluorinated non-ionique).

H. Otmani1, F. bouanani2 and D. Bendedouch1.

The physicochemical properties of mixed surfactant systems are increasingly investigated because of their improved surface properties with respect to single surfactants. In particular, the ionic/non-ionic mixed systems form mixed aggregates having a great capacity of solubilization as well as catalytic and higher rheological properties. The physico-chemical properties of aqueous mixed surfactant solutions with various proportions of decyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (C10TAB) and a new compound, the undecafluoro n-pentyl decaoxyethylene ether (C5F11EO10), have been investigated at 25 °C using surface tension and conductivity measurements. The critical micelle concentrations and minimum superficial tensions have been determined for C10TAB molar fractions ranging from 10 to 100%. The micellar composition and mutual interaction parameters have been deduced from the experimental data on the basis of the theoretical treatments proposed by Clint, Rubingh, and Motomura. All the results converge to show an important synergistic effect in all proportions of C10TAB in the mixed system. It is likely to be due to the efficient reduction of the electrostatic repulsions between C10 TAB cationic head groups related to the presence of the nonionic surfactant in the mixed micelles. Keywords: Fluorinated nonionic surfactant- C10TAB- Mixed micelle- Critical micelle concentration - Micellar composition - Interaction parameter.                                                              1- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Macromoléculaire, Université d'Oran,BP 1524 El Mnaouer, Algérie. 2- Département de Physique-Chimie, ENSET d'Oran, BP 1523 El Mnaouer, Algérie

433

Simulation of the statistical distribution of rigid nanorods flowing near a flat solid surface in a 3-Dimensional simple shear flow Saleem Hamady1, Abbas Hijazi1, Ali Atwi1,2, Antoine Khater2

The dynamics and mobility of nanorods flowing through pores or near surface is a subject of fundamental importance for physical and biological studies. This theme has also promising new applications in the context of nanotechnology, biophysics and medicine ranging from cancer treatment and targeted drug delivery to medical imaging. In our work, we study the behavior of nanorods suspended in dilute concentration in a liquid flowing in a 3-dimensional simple shear flow, near a flat solid surface. The dynamics of these nanorods are effectively determined by three independent forces, the first is the hydrodynamic force stemming from the shear flow of the liquid, the second is of thermal origin that causes Brownian diffusion, and the third is due van der Waals forces arising from dipole - dipole interaction. Additionally, a repulsive interaction springs up, due to Pauli principle, when the nanorods are just about to touch the surface. In the present work we start by approaching the problem theoretically aiming to explore the factors affecting the dynamics of the nanorods. We first derive an analytical expression for the Lennard Jones interaction between a cylindrical particle and a flat solid surface, and then along with our results, we evoke Jeffery’s and Einstein’s equations that tell us about the effect of a flowing fluid on the dispersed nanorods. After an extensive theoretical study, we move on to simulating the dynamics of the system by selecting for each type of interaction an appropriate numerical scheme. Simulation techniques, developed under Matlab, ranging from Taylor expansion and random walks to Monte Carlo simulation were                                                              1- Departement de Physique, Faculte de Sciences I, Universite Libanaise, Hadath, Liban 2- Laboratoire LPEC, Universite du Maine, Av. Olivier Messiaen,72085 Le Mans, France

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employed to extract the probability distribution function of the nanorods as a function of their orientation and elevation. Finally, we end up tuning the system’s conditions, such as the shear rate and the Hamaker constant, and interpreting the variations in the probability distribution function. Key-words: Brownian Motion; Nanorods; Numerical Simulation; Probability Distribution Function (PDF); Rod-Surface Lennard Jones interaction;

435

Enzyme Immobilization on Controlled Pore Glass Beads (CPG) Zeinab Ezzeddine1; Hussein Hamad1,2,*

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions and are widely used in various applications. Several attempts were done to enhance their stability, reproducibility and as a result their utility. Enzyme immobilization on different supports is attracting a great deal of attention for the advantages offered over the free one such as the ease of separation from the product. This project focuses on immobilizing trypsin on controlled pore glass beads (CPG) which has a specific surface area of 150 m2/g and 17 nm pore size. First of all, aminopropyl CPG were activated via glutaraldehyde giving CPG-GA. Then, trypsin was covalently attached to the previously mentioned support. The amount of trypsin immobilized per gram of CPG was evaluated by UV / Vis spectrometry, a mass of 12 mg /g CPG was estimated. In addition, the specific activity and kinetic parameters (Km app and Vmax app) for soluble and immobilized trypsin were studied using the substrate N-α, p-Tosyl Arginine Methyl Ester (TAME). After immobilization, the specific activity decreased from 222.3 to 144 U TAME / mg of enzyme. The affinity (1/Km app) and the velocity (Vmax app) also have decreased from 0.1176 to 0.0625 µmol-1 and from 147 to 111 µmol/ min respectively. Keywords: Enzyme immobilization, CPG, TAME                                                              * Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences (V) Nabatieh, Lebanon 1- Platform of Research and Environmental Sciences Analysis (PRASE) Campus Rafic Hariri, Hadath, Lebanon 2- Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods Campus Rafic Hariri, Hadath, Lebanon

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Preferential oxidation of CO in H2 over Cu-Ce-Zr mixed catalysts 1

Bachar KOUBAISSYa*, Joumana Toufailya,b, Mohamad Slima,c,Tayssir Hamieha, Véronique Pitchonc.

Increased attention now turned to development of fuel cell powered systems, because of their expectedly low environmental impact. Fuel reforming is the practical method used to generate hydrogen. Hydrogen can be produced through steam reforming or partial oxidation of liquid fuels or natural gas in combination with the water gas shift reaction. Unfortunately, high amounts, ca. 5-15%, of CO are formed together with H2. The CO content can be lowered to less than 10 ppm by the preferential oxidation of CO (PROX), in which CO + 1/2 O2 → CO2 occurs preferentially over H2 + 1/2 O2 → H2O. The catalysts for PROX reaction reported in the literature can be classified into three types: (1) noble metal Catalysts, (2) gold catalysts supported on one or two oxides, (3) base metals alone or supported on CeO2-ZrO2. In this work, the application of CuO/ Ce-Zr catalysts, in PROX reaction is examined. The physico-chemical characterization of the catalysts structure as well as the influence of varying Ce and Zr contents and the preparation method on the catalysts’ activity is evaluated. The characterization of catalysts by XRD shows that the copper atoms are well dispersed on the catalyst surface; the TPR profiles of catalysts show                                                              a

Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA), Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon b School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Washington State University, Pullman, United States of America c Laboratoire de Matériaux, Surfaces et Procédés pour la Catalyse (LMSPC), UMR 7515 du CNRS-ECPM-ULP, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France * Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected] phone : +96170680329, Fax : +9615461496

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that the introduction of copper on the CeO2-ZrO2 catalysts changes the position of the reduction peaks of cerium. The research for a preparation method led us to the conclusion that the CuO/CeO2 prepared by the doping method is more active than the other prepared by the impregnation method. On the other hand, no linear relationship between the copper content and the catalytic activity was observed, and the best result was obtained for the catalyst with 2% of copper, that is due to high dispersion of copper on the surface of this catalyst. Key words: PROX, CO Oxidation, Ce-Zr mixed oxide, Cu.    

438

 

Valorization of Biomass on Acidic Micro-Porous Catalyst Case of Sterols   Bachar KOUBAISSY1, Joumana Toufaily1,2, Farah Zgheib1, Laurent Grasset3, Patrick Magnoux3, Tayssir Hamieh1  

  One of the limitations of biodiesel production nowadays is its high cost. Researchers aim to reduce the cost of fatty esters production, by the effective recovery of co-products (Glycerol, amines, alcohols, fats etc...) in order to improve the economic balance. The majority of the compounds constituting this unsaponifiable matter are the sterols, the valorization of these sterols for pharmaceutical usages is already improved, however what is needed to be improved is their role during bio-fuel preparation. Among these co-production units from biodiesel, the unsaponifiable matter of oils that are residues of the saponification of plant oils also present in the cellulosic chain have actually little or no recovery. As for example the rapeseed oil, the principle source of biodiesel in the UE contains 1.2 % unsaponifiable matter where two third of these unsaponifiable matter are the sterols that are not or little valuable. The transformation of β-sitosterol, a molecule from the biomass, was followed at 30⁰C over an acidic zeolite catalyst (HFAU (16)). The objective of this work is the production of intermediate products having high octane number from β-sitosterol and optimizing the operating conditions needed to run the reaction. β-sitosterol is quickly dehydrated in contact with zeolite. The processed products are either “free” in the reaction medium or retained by the mineral matrix. The free products contain sitosta-3,5-diene, which is the major                                                              1- Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA), Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon 2- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Washington State University, Pullman, United States of America 3- Université de Poitiers, Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire de Catalyse en Chimie Organique, UMR CNRS 6503, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France. Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected] phone : +961 70 680329, Fax : +961 5 461 496

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product formed at the beginning of the reaction and undergo rapid isomerisation into sitosta-4,6-diene. Sitosta-3,5-diene is also transformed into sitosta-5-ene which isomerises into sitosta-4-ene. Sitostatrienes, are then formed and seem to be partly responsible for the formation of monoaromatic rings. Interested products such as ramified alkanes and aromatic compounds are produced during the reaction in small amounts, these compounds have high octane number, so they are useful in producing bio-fuel with properties similar to that of fossil fuels. Keywords:

Bio-fuel, sterol, Faujasite, β-sitosterol    

   

440

Catalytic hydroliquefaction of humic substances of the green waste. 1

Soumaya Hamieha,c, Joumana Toufailya,b Bachar KOUBAISSYa*, Ludovic Pinardc, Patrick Magnouxc, Tayssir Hamieha.

A composite green waste constituted of straw (17 wt.%), wood (38 wt.%) and grass (45 wt.%) was fractionated in order to identify the most interesting fraction for catalytic hydro-liquefaction. Biomass is generally separated into cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin according to the Van Soest protocol. At the contrary, the International Humic Substance Society (IHSS) protocol is used to characterize organic matter from environmental samples (soil, sediment, water…). Total organic matter is thus fractionated into organosoluble (lipids), acido-soluble (fulvic acids), alcalino soluble (humic acids) and insoluble fractions (humin). The composite green wastes appeared to be composed of 80 wt.% humin, 16 wt.% humic acid and 2 wt.% fulvic acids. Each fraction was characterized in detail using analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS). Hydro-liquefaction of green wastes and of its different fractions were carried out at 385°C in the presence of a hydrogen donor solvent (tetralin), with a catalyst (1g Raney Ni) and under hydrogen (16 bar initial pressure). The hydro-liquefaction of humin and fulvic acids gave high oil yields (42.8 wt.% and 65.3 wt.% respectively). On the other hand, the hydro-liquefaction of humic acids yielded mainly gases such as CH4, which made the oil yield very                                                              a

Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA), Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon b School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Washington State University, Pullman, United States of America c Université de Poitiers, Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire de Catalyse en Chimie Organique, UMR CNRS 6503, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France. * Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected] phone : +96170680329, Fax : +9615461496

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low (2.3 wt.%). As expected, the sum of the oil yields of the humic substances, with respect to their amounts in the starting mixture, was close to the oil yield obtained from the green wastes (29.6 wt.%). Key words: Humin, Humic Acid, Fulvic Acid, BTL Biomass To Liquid, Ni Raney, Tetralin.

   

442

Phenols drifts removal mechanisms by adsorption: influence of natural organic matter concentration 1

Bachar KOUBAISSYa*,Joumana Toufailya, Walaa Diab Tayssir Hamieha, Guy Jolyb and Patrick Magnouxb.

The pollution of surface waters and groundwaters by aromatic pollutants has become an issue in recent years. Nitrophenol and Chlorophenol, as the important chemical materials, have been extensively used in agriculture, drugs, resins, marking inks, perfumes, shoe polishes, dyes, conducting polymers and many other chemicals of current domestic and industrial interest. They are known to be toxic water pollutants and their presence in wastewater even in very low concentration has been shown to be harmful to aquatic life. Conventional methods for the removal or destruction of aniline from wastewaters include solvent extraction, biodegradation, catalytic oxidation, membrane separation, supercritical water oxidation, electrochemical oxidation and adsorption over activated carbon. Activated carbon is the most widely used adsorbent for water treatment; however, regeneration is difficult and expensive. Therefore, inorganic materials, such as synthetic zeolites, have been widely investigated, to design efficient and recyclable adsorbents. The goals of this study are: (i) to determine the efficiency of Adsorption over zeolite in removing aromatic pollutant from polluted surface waters; (ii) to better understand the retention mechanisms of these molecules for various levels of natural organic matter.                                                              a

b

Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Campus Rafic Hariri, Beirut, Lebanon. Université de Poitiers, Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire de Catalyse en Chimie Organique, UMR CNRS 6503, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France. Corresponding authors. E-mail address: [email protected] phone : +96170680329, Fax : +9615461496

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During this work we demonstrated that the adsorption capacity is dependent on the acidity of the molecule and of the pollutant solubility in water. The lower the solubility of the compound, the more important is the adsorption. The binary competitive adsorption shows that in the presence of organic molecules, the adsorption of ortho- nitro phenol increases, most certainly because of the decrease in its solubilities in the presence of these acidic molecules, which are strongly soluble in water. Keywords: Phenols, adsorption, organic matter, zeolite.    

444

Study of material used in nanotechnology for the recycling of industrial waste water.

L.Larbi, M.Zerdaoui*

ABSTRACT The objective of our study is to recycle of industrial waste water of a Complex in study by treating them by the process MBR (membrane bioreactor). In order to produce the framework , water quality in question was first of all studied. In order to characterize it a series of analysis physicochemical was carried out according to standardized directives and methods The quality monitoring has focused on the flow and parameters(P) such as the potential of hydrogen (pH) ,total suspended solids(TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) ,biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) ,total nitrogen(NTK) and ammonia (NH4+) total phosphorus (Ptot) fluorine (F),oils and fats. The sampling frequency was determined by analysis of representative monitoring the quality of liquid waste, according to a confidence level of 95 %. Based on the values of standard deviations of each strength parameters can be seen that for NTK, Ptot, TSS, and COD, there is considerable fluctuation in discharge. So, these parameters can not follow normal distributions according to the test Shapiro, and therefore the study of fluctuation has been deepened. The analytical methods selected were validated by control charts and the number of test analysis was determined by the Cochran test.                                                             

*

Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, P.O.BOX.12.23000.Annaba. Algeria, Laboratory Environment; Email: [email protected]

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In our case of objective, concern for the standard setting is dimmed by recycling them for industrial purposes. The process adopted by MBR for their treatment is being studied, first in the development of the experimental characterizing the reactor and the membrane selected. This project is a major issue for recycling of water will reduce the impact of liquid waste on the environment and realize economy and autonomy to the complexe. Keywords: wastewater, quality of water, bioreactor , membrane.  

  446

Using Physicochemical and Microbial Parameters to Define the Quality of the Lower Litani River Bassin (LBL)   Nada Nehme1,2, Chaden Haydar1,2, Bachar Koubayssi1, Mohamad Fakih1, Sadek Awad1, Ali Yaacoub3, Joumana Toufaily1,4 , Frédéric Villieras5 and Tayssir Hamieh1,2 Abstract The Litani River is among the most important freshwater resources and the largest with 2170 Square Kilometer (20% of Lebanon Total Area) in Lebanon. The surface and groundwater resources in the river basin provide drinking water to approximately 350,000 people in 161 communities and serve as a fundamental component of the Bekaa Valley’s agricultural and industrial sectors. The Lower Litani basin located downstream to the Qaraoun Lake has a total surface area of 616 km2. Using the physicochemical and microbiological parameters to study the quality and the characteristics of water into six representative sites, which were investigated over three seasons (rainy, midrainy and dry seasons) of the year 2011. The water samples collected were analyzed, as per standard methods parameters such as T, pH, EC; TDS were measured in-situ and 18 chemicals and microbiological parameters . Raised values of physico-chemical parameters (table 1) indicate the pollution of river ecosystem due to domestic wastes, municipal sewage and agricultural run-off that influence the water quality. Potassium resulting from the alteration of potassium clays and the dissolution of Chemical fertilizers (NPK) which are heavily used by farmers.                                                              1- Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Campus Rafic Hariri, Beyrouth, Lebanon. 2- Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Medicine, Lebanese University Dekwaneh, Beirut, Lebanon. 3- Industrial Research Institute, IRI building, Lebanese University campus, Hadath (Baabda), Beirut, Lebanon 4- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States of America. 5- Laboratoires Environnement et Minéralurgie, LEM, Nancy, France, UMR756.

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The analysis of calcium of the samples analyzed have concentrations above the standard for drinking water set at 250 mg / l. Fe Its presence in high concentrations >0.3ppm especially in the dry season >8ppm is probably due to mill discharges and discharge housewife. Statistical analysis (table 2) evaluates Average values (AV), Standard Deviation (SD), Standard Variance (SV), Standard Error (SE) to assess the pollution load assessment. For the microbiological pollution, we note from the results obtained as mean in all sites in three seasons are for the TC (total coliforme) > 10000 bacteria/ml, FC (fecal coliforme) > 600 bacteria/ml, streptococcus > 700 bacteria/ml and we detect salmonella in high level in 3 sites > 100 bacteria/ml .this pollution are clearly visible and in all regions and it probably comes to domestic waste and wastewater and also to tourist activities clearly visible in the lower basin. Table 1: Physico-chemical characteristics of water in LBL. Average values (range) Parameter

Rainy season

PH T

8.4-7 17.8-16

Mid rainy season 8-7.7 23.3-17.4

EC

599-467

719-495

857-415

TDS NH4+ NO3+ NO2+ PO34+ K+ ClSO42CaCo3 Na+ Cr3+ Cu 2+ Fe 3+ Mg 2+ BOD5 COD Zn Pb Al Ba Ni Mn Cd

300-233 0.028-0.002 0.15-0.06 0.15-0.06 0.77-0 55.46-25.91 800-200 29.9-19.6 400-300 9-0 0.54-0.07 0.05 7.1-0.8 1.5-0.7 5 20 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

352-248 11.2-0 22.1-8.7 0.4-0.2 0 4.3-2.7 32-0.5 0.03-0 385-330 9.6-0 0.02-0 0.05 7.1-0.8 1.5-0.7 5 20 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

502-273 8-2 39-21 0.3-0 0 8-1 31-12 0.07-0.03 400-200 6-1 0.05 0.1-0.08 9-3 3-1 5 53-20 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

Dry season

WHO (2006)

Libnor ( 99)

9-8.5 27.5-19

6.5-8.5 15.57-21.10 Max 1500µs/cm