CCHE-GUI

NATIONAL CENTER FOR COMPUTATIONAL HYDROSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

CCHE-GUI – Graphical Users Interface for NCCHE Models User’s Manual – Version 4.x Technical Report No. NCCHE-TR-2013-01

Yaoxin Zhang

School of Engineering The University of Mississippi University, MS 38677

January 2013 (1st version) Nov, 2017 (2nd version)

NATIONAL CENTER FOR COMPUTATIONAL HYDROSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Technical Report No. NCCHE-TR-2013-01

CCHE-GUI – Graphical Users Interface for NCCHE Model User’s Manual – Version 4.x

Yaoxin Zhang Senior Research Scientist

The University of Mississippi January 2013 (1st version) Nov. 28, 2017 (2nd version)

Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 OVERVIEW OF MODEL CAPABILITIES ..................................................................................... 1 1.2 INTEGRATED COMPONENTS.................................................................................................... 2 1.3 USING THIS MANUAL............................................................................................................. 3 1.4 DOCUMENTATION .................................................................................................................. 3 1.5 WHAT’S NEW ......................................................................................................................... 4 2 NUMERICAL MODELING ..................................................................................................... 5 2.1 NUMERICAL SIMULATION ...................................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 5 2.1.2 GENERAL PROCEDURE................................................................................................................. 6 2.1.2.1 Mesh Generation .................................................................................................................. 6 2.1.2.2 Boundary Conditions ........................................................................................................... 7 2.1.2.3 Parameter Setting ................................................................................................................. 7 2.1.2.4 Simulation ............................................................................................................................ 7 2.1.2.5 Results Interpretation ........................................................................................................... 7

2.2 CCHE2D MODEL .................................................................................................................. 8 2.2.1 GOVERNING EQUATIONS ............................................................................................................. 8 2.2.2 TURBULENCE CLOSURE ............................................................................................................... 9 2.2.2.1 Eddy Viscosity Model.......................................................................................................... 9 2.2.2.2 Two-dimensional k   Model ......................................................................................... 10 2.2.3 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT .............................................................................................................. 10 2.2.3.1 Total Load .......................................................................................................................... 11 2.2.3.2 Non-equilibrium Transport ................................................................................................ 11 2.2.3.3 Bed Material Sorting .......................................................................................................... 11 2.2.3.4 Initial Conditions ............................................................................................................... 12 2.2.3.5 Empirical Formulas ............................................................................................................ 12

3 WORKING WITH CCHE-GUI ............................................................................................. 13 3.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 13 3.2 INSTALLING CCHE-GUI...................................................................................................... 13 3.3 STARTING CCHE-GUI ......................................................................................................... 14

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3.4 TOOLBARS ........................................................................................................................... 15 3.4.1 FILE TOOLBAR ........................................................................................................................... 15 3.4.2 SIMULATION TOOLBAR .............................................................................................................. 15 3.4.3 EDIT TOOLBAR ........................................................................................................................... 17 3.4.4 IMAGE TOOLBAR ........................................................................................................................ 18 3.4.5 VIEW TOOLBAR .......................................................................................................................... 19 3.4.6 VIEW TOOL TOOLBAR ................................................................................................................ 20

3.5 MENUS ................................................................................................................................. 21 3.5.1 FILE ............................................................................................................................................ 21 3.5.2 MODEL ....................................................................................................................................... 22 3.5.3 VIEW .......................................................................................................................................... 23 3.5.4 SIMULATION .............................................................................................................................. 24 3.5.5 VISUALIZATION ......................................................................................................................... 26 3.5.6 DATA ......................................................................................................................................... 27 3.5.7 HELP .......................................................................................................................................... 28

4 RUN SIMULATIONS ............................................................................................................. 30 4.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 30 4.2 UNDERSTAND PROJECTS ...................................................................................................... 31 4.2.1 START A PROJECT ...................................................................................................................... 31 4.2.2 PROJECT VIEW ........................................................................................................................... 34 4.2.3 EDIT CASE ................................................................................................................................. 35

4.3 EDIT MESH ........................................................................................................................... 37 4.4 SET FLOW AND BED INITIAL CONDITIONS ............................................................................ 45 4.5 SET FLOW PARAMETERS ...................................................................................................... 58 4.5.1 SIMULATION PARAMETERS ....................................................................................................... 60 4.5.2 BED ROUGHNESS PARAMETERS ................................................................................................ 63 4.5.3 WIND PARAMETERS ................................................................................................................... 65 4.5.4 ADVANCED PARAMETERS ......................................................................................................... 68

4.6 SET SEDIMENT PARAMETERS ............................................................................................... 69 4.6.1 SEDIMENT SIZE CLASSES ........................................................................................................... 71 4.6.2 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PARAMETERS ....................................................................................... 73 4.6.3 SEDIMENT PARAMETERS ........................................................................................................... 74 4.6.4 BED ROUGHNESS PARAMETERS ................................................................................................ 77 4.6.5 BANK EROSION PARAMETERS ................................................................................................... 78 4.6.6 BED MATERIAL SAMPLES .......................................................................................................... 79 4.6.7 SEDIMENT BOUNDARY CONDITION FILES ................................................................................. 81

4.7 SET WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS .................................................................................... 86 4.7.1 SIMULATION OPTIONS ............................................................................................................... 86 4.7.2 CONSTANTS ............................................................................................................................... 90 4.7.3 INITIAL CONCENTRATIONS ...................................................................................................... 107 4.7.4 CLIMATE AND TEMPERATURE ................................................................................................. 108 4.7.5 TIME-SERIES PROFILES ............................................................................................................ 112 4.7.6 DIFFUSIVITY ............................................................................................................................ 114

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4.8 SET CHEMICAL PARAMETERS ............................................................................................ 115 4.8.1 OPTIONS ................................................................................................................................... 116 4.8.2 DISPERSION.............................................................................................................................. 118 4.8.3 CHEMICAL SAMPLES................................................................................................................ 119

4.9 SET COHESIVE SEDIMENT PARAMETERS ............................................................................ 122 4.9.1 SEDIMENT SIZE CLASSES ......................................................................................................... 123 4.9.2 COHESIVE BED SAMPLES ......................................................................................................... 125 4.9.3 CONSOLIDATION ...................................................................................................................... 127 4.9.4 PARAMETERS ........................................................................................................................... 128

4.10 SET COASTAL PARAMETERS ............................................................................................ 129 4.11 SET INLET/OUTLET BOUNDARY CONDITIONS .................................................................. 134 4.11.1 FLOW INLET BOUNDARY CONDITIONS .................................................................................. 135 4.11.2 SEDIMENT INLET BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ........................................................................... 138 4.11.3 WATER QUALITY, CHEMICALS AND COHESIVE SEDIMENT ................................................... 138 4.11.4 OUTLET BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ......................................................................................... 142 4.11.5 HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES ..................................................................................................... 146 4.11.5.1 One-Lined Dike Structures ............................................................................................ 147 4.11.5.2 Brink Line ...................................................................................................................... 149 4.11.5.3 Levee Breaching ............................................................................................................ 150 4.11.5.4 Bridge............................................................................................................................. 153 4.11.5.5 Weir ............................................................................................................................... 155 4.11.5.6 Turbine ........................................................................................................................... 157 4.11.5.7 Vertica; Sluice Gate ....................................................................................................... 159 4.11.5.8 Tainer Gate..................................................................................................................... 161 4.11.5.9 Small Culvert ................................................................................................................. 164 4.11.6 POINT-DISCHARGE STRUCTURES (PUMP AND CHEMICAL SPILL) ......................................... 167

4.12 SET MONITOR POINTS ...................................................................................................... 170 4.13 RUN CCHE2D/3D MODEL .............................................................................................. 172 4.13.1 RUN SIMULATION .................................................................................................................. 172 4.13.2 LAUNCH MULTIPLE RUNS FOR DIFFERENT CASES ................................................................ 185

5 VISUALIZE RESULTS ........................................................................................................ 187 5.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 187 5.2 VISUALIZE CASE RESULTS ................................................................................................. 187 5.2.1 LOAD A CASE ........................................................................................................................... 187 5.2.2 VISUALIZE HISTORY RESULTS................................................................................................. 192 5.2.3 ESTIMATION OF BED CHANGE ................................................................................................. 197

5.3 2D XY PLOT ...................................................................................................................... 204 5.4 VISUALIZE TABULAR DATA ............................................................................................... 214 5.5 PROBE AND EXTRACT DATA .............................................................................................. 216 5.6 VIEW TOOLS AND DISPLAY OPTIONS ................................................................................. 223 5.6.1 VIEW TOOLS ............................................................................................................................ 223 5.6.2 DISPLAY OPTIONS.................................................................................................................... 244 5.6.3 BACKGROUND IMAGE .............................................................................................................. 251

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6 APPENDIX: FILE FORMAT .............................................................................................. 256

1 Introduction

Welcome to use the integrated modeling analysis system (version 4.x) for free surface flows, sediment transport, morphological processes, water quality evaluation, chemical spill and pollutant transport, coastal and estuary processes developed by the National Center for Computational Hydro-science and Engineering (NCCHE).

1.1 Overview of Model Capabilities The NCCHE modeling system is a state of the art analysis system for 2D/3D, unsteady, turbulent river flow, sediment transport, water quality evaluation, chemical transport, and coastal and estuary processes. CCHE2D model is a general surface water flow model. It simulates dynamic processes of water flows and sediment transport, pollutant transport and water quality in rivers, lakes, estuaries and coasts. Key capabilities of CCHE2D model are as follows:             

Non-uniform sediment transport Non-equilibrium sediment transport Cohesive sediment transport Morphologic change Bank erosion Turbulence closure schemes Coastal storm and wave Dam break flows Hydraulic structures: bridges, pumps, intakes, gates and weirs Super and trans-critical flows Wet & dry capability Vegetation drag effect Wind effect

Chapter 1 Introduction  

2

Quadrilateral, triangular and hybrid mesh systems GPU accelerated models

CCHE3D is a software package for three-dimensional simulation and analysis of unsteady turbulent free surface flows in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and estuaries, etc. Key capabilities of CCHE3D model are:             

Dynamic pressure Multiple turbulence closure schemes Non-uniform sediment transport Non-equilibrium bed-load transport Morphologic change Local scouring Pollutant transport Water quality processes Thermal and salinity stratification Wall & slip boundary conditions Wet & dry capability Vegetation drag effect Wind forcing.

The model can be used for evaluating the effects of the hydraulic structures, such as grade control structures, dikes, etc. both on river morphology and water quality for riverine habitats. In addition, the model can help the engineers at least in preliminary design of new structures in a way that will be cost-effective and sustain, improve or provide for the riverine habitation.

1.2 Integrated Components The NCCHE modeling analysis system is an integrated system which is composed of a Graphical Users Interface (CCHE-GUI), multiple separate hydrodynamic numerical models (CCHE2D/3D models) and a mesh generator (CCHE-MESH) for both structured and unstructured mesh generation. 

CCHE-GUI: it provides file management, simulation management, results visualization, and data reporting etc.

Chapter 1 Introduction

3



CCHE2D/3D Models: they are the numerical engines for hydrodynamic simulations. In current version, a bunch of models/modules are included for a variety of water resources related problems.



CCHE-MESH: it is a necessary and useful tool for both structured and unstructured mesh generation in geometrically complex domains.

1.3 Using This Manual This manual provides necessary information for using the CCHE-GUI, an integrated Graphical Users Interface for NCCHE modeling system. It explains in detail how to prepare model files to run CCHE2D/3D model step by step and how to visualize the modeling results. This manual is organized as follows: 

Chapter 2 introduces the CCHE2D numerical model and the fundamentals on numerical simulation. Users new to numerical modeling are recommended to read this chapter carefully.



Chapter 3 gives an overview of CCHE-GUI to make we familiar with the interactive graphical environment.



Chapter 4 describes in detail the procedures to run the CCHE2D model through the GUI. We will learn how to set initial conditions, boundary conditions, model parameters, and run simulations.



Chapter 5 shows we how to visualize simulation results for flow and sediment transport, probe and extract data, set the flood properties and contour properties, edit the texts, set legend properties, and set the background color and background image.



The appendix gives we a quick reference to the formats of files the users must provide for the CCHE-GUI.

Readers of this manual may also need to read the users’ manual of CCHE-MESH, a separate program that generates the numerical meshes required to for CCHE2D/3D models.

1.4 Documentation The documentation of NCCHE modeling system is separated into several publications designed to fulfill the needs of different audiences. They are simply listed as follows:

Chapter 1 Introduction

4



“CCHE-GUI Quick Start Guide” is intended for the first-time users.



“CCHE-GUI – Graphical Users Interface for NCCHE Model - User’s Manual” describes in detail the capabilities and How-Tos of CCHE-GUI.



“CCHE2D: Two-dimensional Hydrodynamic and Sediment Transport Model for Unsteady Open Channel Flows Over Loose Bed” describes in detail the basic mathematics, numerical methods, hydraulics and sediment transport approaches of CCHE2D model.



“CCHE2D Sediment Transport Model” describes in detail the governing equations, boundary conditions, numerical methods and empirical formulas of 2D nonequilibrium non-uniform sediment transport model.



“CCHE-MESH - Users’ Manual” is aimed at how to generate computational meshes for the CCHE2D/3D model.

1.5 What’s New This is version 4.0 into which new modules and new capabilities have been integrated, such as: 

2D flood model;



2D dam/levee breaching model;



2D interactive breaching closure simulator;



2D Coastal model



3D model.

2 Numerical Modeling

2.1 Numerical Simulation 2.1.1 Introduction Modeling Free Surface Flows and Sediment Transport with numerical models are much easier and more efficient than conducting field study in natural waters. One needs only a computer, a numerical model and the data. However, we may soon find out it takes more than these to have realistic and meaningful numerical solutions. Numerical models are established based on the conservation laws and mathematics, it has to deal with many true physical and mathematical parameters. One has to understand all these parameters and make sure all the parameters prepared for the simulations are in correct range. A numerical model is an approximation of the real world physical processes, even for very simple physical problems, the accuracy for the simulated quantities such as flow velocities and water surface elevation is limited. One should understand and expect errors due to mathematical approximation (Reynolds average, depth-average, and truncation errors, etc) and physical approximations (vertical flow acceleration is negligible, turbulent closure schemes, etc) involving in formulating a numerical model. Although numerical model verification and validation procedures could eliminate possible errors in the computation code due to mistakes, the errors due to approximations are inevitable. When a model is applied to field study, one has to calibrate the model with field data. Because the resistance to the flow is represented by a roughness coefficient which varies with properties of sediment, bed form, channel geometry, and vegetation, etc., this information has to be characterized and fit to the model. Calibrating the model and identifying the mean or distribution of resistance to the flow is always necessary. Since the real world is very complicated, one normally would not have complete channel roughness information.

Chapter 2 Numerical Modeling

6

Numerical models approximate physical problems, it has however all the components to represent the physics to be simulated. Mesh or grid is used to represent channels and bathymetry; inflow and outflow are defined at inlet and outlet sections as boundary conditions. All the above and model parameters have to be defined before a simulation can start. To make setting up a simulation case efficiently, a mesh generator and a User Graphic Interface have been developed.

2.1.2 General Procedure The numerical modeling based on solving the Navier-Stokes equations is an initial-boundary value problem. Users must provide initial conditions and the boundary conditions. The general procedure of a numerical simulation can be simply listed as follows: 

Mesh generation



Specification of boundary condition



Parameters setting



Simulation



Results visualization and interpretation.

2.1.2.1 Mesh Generation A mesh represents a computational domain and the way the governing equations are discretized. To have a successful simulation, one has to prepare the mesh carefully, so that the following concerns are taken into consideration: 

The interested zones has sufficient resolution;



Transition between areas of different densities is smooth;



Inlet(s) and outlet(s) should be sufficiently far away from the zones of interest;



The mesh should be smooth and orthogonal as much as it allows.

Mesh generation particularly for practical problems is time-consuming, however, the time shall be paid off if good quality is achieved. In many cases, the simulation code will run with a low quality mesh but the results maybe less reliable.


7

2.1.2.2 Boundary Conditions Computations are conducted in a limited portion of free surface flows, boundary conditions are the driving mechanisms with which the flow in the simulated area behave. Therefore, one should set boundary conditions as close to true physics as possible. It is often the distributions of boundary conditions are unknown (distribution of velocity of discharge in a cross-section), in these cases, mean flow properties are specified and the inlet and outlet sections should be set distant from the interested zone.

2.1.2.3 Parameter Setting Numerical simulation is to reproduce true physics by solving mathematic equations, therefore, many physical parameters and numerical parameters are needed. Some physical parameters have been provided in the Graphic User Interface as default which should be treated as guidance only. Many have to be provided by users for their particular applications. Users must also provide the parameters that control the simulation processes. The sediment transport parameters (size distribution of bed materials and loads) often have higher level of uncertainty then those for the flow; bed roughness parameters are often identified through calibration which will match the energy slope of the numerical model to the studied physical subject.

2.1.2.4 Simulation When the mesh is ready, boundary conditions have specified, one is ready to start a round of simulation. Since the CCHE2D is a model using a time marching scheme, one should also reexam the initial condition. Because the initial condition for a water flow in natural condition is unknown, cares have to be taken to make sure the guessed initial condition is reasonable, particularly for unsteady problems. Stability is a problem the modeler must aware. When the time step is too large for a particular problem, the simulation will not continue or it may produce totally unreasonable results. In these situations, one should reduce the time step used and retry, until the solutions becomes stable. Although an implicit scheme is used in the CCHE2D model, time step can not be set arbitrarily.

2.1.2.5 Results Interpretation It is debatable how much one can trust the obtained numerical simulation results: “Is it reasonable?” The answer to this is yes and no.


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Numerical model is developed under certain assumptions, and the results should be reliable if the simulated flow satisfies these assumptions. However, the nature is always complicated, so these assumptions could never be satisfied one hundred percent. If the results are questioned, we recommend validating them by comparing with physical model measurements or field data. Once the model is validated with site specific data, it could be used to study the trend of the flow or sediment transport processes by varying concerned parameters

2.2 CCHE2D Model CCHE2D model is a two-dimensional hydrodynamic and sediment transport model for unsteady open channel flows over loose bed. Here a brief introduction of the CCHE2D model is presented, its details can be found in Jia and Wang (1999 and 2001).

2.2.1 Governing Equations The depth integrated two-dimensional equations are solved in CCHE2D model. Continuity Equation: Z (hu ) (hv )   0 t x y

(2.1)

Momentum Equations:

u u u Z 1 (h xx ) (h xy )  bx u v  g  [  ]  f Corv t x y x h x y h

(2.2)

v v v Z 1 (h yx ) (h yy )  by  u  v  g  [  ]  f Coru t x y y h x y h

(2.3)

where u and v are the depth-integrated velocity components in the x and y directions respectively; g is the gravitational acceleration; Z is the water surface elevation;  is water density; h is the local water depth; fCor is the Coriolis parameter;  xx , xy , yx and  yy are the depth integrated Reynolds stresses; and  bx and  by are shear stresses on the bed surface.


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2.2.2 Turbulence Closure In Equations (2.2) and (2.3), the Reynolds stresses are approximated based on Boussinesq’s assumption:

 xx  2 t

u x

(2.4a)

 xy   yx   t (  yy  2 t

u v  ) y x

v y

(2.4b) (2.4c)

2.2.2.1 Eddy Viscosity Model There are two zero-equation eddy viscosity models adopted in the CCHE2D model. The first one is the depth-integrated parabolic model, in which the eddy viscosity  t is calculated by the following formula:

t 

Axy 6

U * h

(2.5)

where Axy is an adjustable coefficient of eddy viscosity,  is the von Karman constant, and U * is the shear velocity.

The second eddy viscosity model is the depth-integrated Mixing Length model. The eddy viscosity  t is calculated by the following equation.

 t  l 2 2(

u 2 v u v U 2 )  2( ) 2  (  ) 2  ( ) x x x x z

(2.6a)

1

l 

1 z z (1  )dz  h   1   d  0.267h  h h 0

U U*  Cm z h

(2.6b)

(2.6c)

where C m is a coefficient with a value of 2.34375 so that Equation (2.6) will cover Equation (2.5) in the case of a uniform flow in which all the horizontal velocity gradients vanish.


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2.2.2.2 Two-dimensional k   Model In this model, differential equations are introduced for the turbulent kinetic energy k and the 1 u ' ui ' rate of dissipation of turbulent energy  , where k  ui ' ui ' and    t i . 2 x j x j The depth-integrated governing equations for k and  are:

k k k   k   k u v  [ t ] [ t ]  P    PkV t x y x  k x y  k y

(2.7)

     t      2 u v  [ ] [ t ]  c1 P  c2  PV t x y x   x y   y k k

(2.8)

where P  u ''i u 'j ui , j   t [2( PkV  C k

U *3 h

u 2 v u v )  2( ) 2  (  ) 2 ] x y x y

PV  C

U *4 h2

(2.10)

U *  c f (u 2  v 2 ) Ck 

1

(2.11)

C  3.6

cf

(2.9)

c 2 c 3f / 4

c

(2.12)

and c f is the friction coefficient. From the local values of k and  , a local eddy viscosity can be evaluated as

t 

c k 2



(2.13)

In the above equations, the following values are used for the empirical constants: c  0.09, c1  1.45, C2  1.90,  k  1.0,    1.3 .

2.2.3 Sediment Transport A brief introduction of CCHE2D sediment transport is presented here. For details, please refer to the technical report by Wu (2001).


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2.2.3.1 Total Load According to the conventional classification, moving sediment is divided into suspended load and bed load along the vertical direction. The bed load is the part of the sediment moving on or near the bed by rolling, saltating or sliding, while the suspended load moves in suspensions, which physically occupies the water column along the flow depth above the bed load layer. For a more general application, the total load sediment transport is simulated in CCHE2D model.

2.2.3.2 Non-equilibrium Transport Since the suspended load transport occurs mostly at a non-equilibrium state, it is usually simulated by non-equilibrium transport models. Different from most existing sediment transport models that assume a local equilibrium of the bed load transport, the CCHE2D model implements a full non-equilibrium transport model for both bed load and suspended load. The depth-integrated convection-diffusion equation of the suspended load transport and the continuity equation of bed load are solved in CCHE2D model.

2.2.3.3 Bed Material Sorting The bed material gradation usually varies along the vertical, so the bed material above the non-erodable layer is divided into several layers, as shown in Figure 2-1. The top layer is the mixing layer, and the second is the subsurface layer. The variation of bed material gradation in the mixing layer can be described by a partial differential equation, while in other layers under the mixing layer the bed material gradation can be determined by using the mass conservation law.

Figure 2-1


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2.2.3.4 Initial Conditions For a complete simulation of sediment transport, information on sediment properties, sediment transport capacity, non-equilibrium adaptation length and movable bed roughness should be given. The sediment properties include the sediment grain size, specific gravity (default value: 2.65), grain shape factor (default value: 0.7) and bed material porosity. The sediment transport capacity, non-equilibrium adaptation length and the movable roughness are determined by empirical formulas.

2.2.3.5 Empirical Formulas Dozens of formulas for the fractional non-cohesive sediment transport are available. CCHE2D model selects four formulas or module capable of accounting for the hiding and exposure effect. The sediment transport capacity is determined by van Rijn’s (1984) formula, Wu et al’s (2000) formula, SEDTRA module (Garbrecht et al., 1995), the modified Ackers and White’s formula (Proffit and Sutherland, 1983), or the modified Engelund and Hansen’s formula (Wu and Vieira, 2000). The effect of secondary flow on the main flow and sediment transport in curved channels has also been considered in current version of CCHE2D model.

Chapter 3 Overview of CCHE2D-GUI

3 Working With CCHE-GUI

3.1 Introduction This chapter explores the interface of the CCHE-GUI. It provides an overview of how to work with CCHE-GUI and help we get familiar with this software.

3.2 Installing CCHE-GUI Before we install CCHE-GUI, make sure that we computer meets the minimum hardware and software requirements which are listed as follows: 

Intel Based PC or compatible machine with Pentium III or equivalent processor (higher processor is recommended).



A hard disk at least 1 GB of free space (more is recommended)



A minimum 2 GB of RAM (more is recommended)



A minimum 256 MB graphic memory (higher is recommended)



MS Windows 9x, NT 4.0, 2000, XP, Vista, and 7.



Note that the 64-bit version of CCHE-GUI can installed only on 64-bit PCs.

Through the setup program, the CCHE-GUI will be installed into we computer. To start installing, double-click the setup program and then follow the setup instructions on the screen. The setup program will create a program group called CCHE-GUI which is listed under Programs group of Start menu.


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3.3 Starting CCHE-GUI To start CCHE-GUI, we may use either of the following ways: 

Go to the Start menu and select Programs, then select CCHE-GUI, and then CCHEGUI 4.0.



If we already created a shortcut for CCHE-GUI on desktop, double-click the CCHEGUI icon .



If we already have a CCHE2D mesh file (*.geo), double-click that mesh file.

When we first start CCHE-GUI, we will see the main window as the following figure except we don’t load any files.

Figure 3-1 The main window provides an interactive graphical environment for the users. As shown in Fig. 3-1, it contains all the functional components and the accesses to these components.


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3.4 Toolbars There are six toolbars, namely, File toolbar, Simulation toolbar, Edit toolbar, Image toolbar, View toolbar and View Tool toolbar.

3.4.1 File toolbar

New Open

: Use this button to clear the current data and create a new empty document. : Use this button to open a mesh file (*.geo”).

Save : Use this button to save a project file which contains the status parameters and drawing parameters. Print Help

: Use this button to print the current plot. : Use this button to get version information and contact information for help.

3.4.2 Simulation toolbar The Simulation toolbar is divided into several functional groups.

Run group: Wizard

: Use this button to follow the wizard to run a simulation.

Case Properties

: Use this button to view the properties of the current case.

Run Simulation

: Use this button to run a simulation for the current case.

Parameter group: Flow Parameter

: Use this button to set flow parameters.


Sediment Parameters

16

: Use this button to set sediment parameters.

Monitor group: Add Monitor Point

: Use this button to add a monitor point.

Delete Monitor Point

: Use this button to delete a monitor point.

Show/Hide Monitor Points

: Use this button to show/hide the monitor points.

Boundary Conditions group: Select Node String

: Use this button to select a boundary node string.

Add Node String conditions.

: Use this button to define a boundary node string and set boundary

Delete Node String

: Use this button to delete a boundary node string.

Modify Node String

: Use this button to modify a boundary node string.

Add Hydraulic Structure : Use this button to add a hydraulic structure (One-line dike, brink line, levee breaching, and bridge, etc). Delete Hydraulic Structure

: Use this button to delete a hydraulic structure.

Select Hydraulic Structure

: Use this button to select a hydraulic structure.

Add Point Discharge intake, etc).

: Use this button to add a point-discharge structure (Pump, water

Delete Point Discharge

: Use this button to delete a point-discharge structure.

Select Point Discharge

: Use this button to select a Point-Discharge structure.

Initial Condition group: Define Rectangular Region value for this region.

: Use this button to define a rectangular region and set a

Chapter 2 Numerical Modeling For Whole Domain

17

: Use this button to select the whole domain.

Interpolate in I Direction : Use this button to linearly interpolate values for specific rectangular region in I direction. Interpolate in J Direction : Use this button to linearly interpolate values for specific rectangular region in J direction. Define a Polygon : Use this button to define a polygon region and set a value for this region or get bed change information for this region. Select Polygon

: Use this button to select a polygon and view the bed change information.

Delete Polygon

: Use this button to delete a polygon.

Undo Polygon Point Save Polygon

: Use this button to undo a polygon point when defining a polygon.

: Use this button to save the bed change information to a file.

Show Polygon

: Use this button to show or hide polygons.

Levee Breaching Closure group: Sandbag Inventories Add Sandbag

: Use this button to create/edit sandbag inventories.

: Use this button to add/throw a sandbag into flow field.

Delete Sandbag

: Use this button to delete a sandbag.

Select Sandbag

: Use this button to select a sandbag.

Show/Hide Sandbag

: Use this button to show/hide sandbags.

3.4.3 Edit toolbar

Add I Line Delete I Line Add J Line

: Use this button to add a mesh line in I direction. : Use this button to delete a mesh line in I direction. : Use this button to add a mesh line in J direction.

Chapter 2 Numerical Modeling Delete J Line

18

: Use this button to delete a mesh line in J direction.

Adjust K Line

: Use this button to adjust vertical distribution for 3D mesh.

Move Mesh Node

: Use this button to move a mesh node.

Move I Line

: Use this button to move a mesh line in I direction.

Move J Line

: Use this button to move a mesh line in J direction.

Extend Mesh Upstream of the Starting J Line upstream of the starting J line.

: Use this button to extend mesh

Extend Mesh Downstream of the Ending J Line downstream of the ending J Line.

: Use this button to extend mesh

Undo

: Use this button to undo the previous actions.

Restore

: Use this button to restore the previous actions.

Save Changes

: Save the changes into the current data set.

Save Changes as Generate Mesh

: Save the changes into a new data set. : Generate rectangle mesh based on DEM data.

3.4.4 Image toolbar

Zoom In Zoom Out

: Use this button to zoom in the image. : Use this button to zoom out the image.

Rotate Anticlockwise Rotate Clockwise Move Left Move Right Move Up Move Down Pan

: Use this button to rotate the image anti-clockwise.

: Use this button to rotate the image clockwise.

: Use this button to move the image toward left. : Use this button to move the image toward right. : Use this button to move the image upward. : Use this button to move the image downward.

: Use this button to pan the image.


19

Coordinate Transformation coordinate system of the image. Image Mapping Settings

: Use this button to define two points to transform the

: Use this button to map the image onto mesh.

: Use this button to set the parameters of the transformation.

Delete Image

: Use this button to delete image.

3.4.5 View toolbar

Model View

: Use this button to show or hide run view.

Variable View

: Use this button to show or hide variable view.

XY Plot View

: Use this button to show or hide XY plot view.

Table View Probe

: Use this button to view tabular data.

: Use this button to probe the data.

Bank Erosion History

: Use this button to show or hide bank erosion history.

Boundary Node String

: Use this button to show or hide boundary node strings.

Boundary Mesh

: Use this button to show or hide boundary.

: Use this button to show or hide mesh.

Velocity Vector

: Use this button to show or hide vector field.

Uniform Velocity Vector Wave Direction

: Use this button to show or hide uniform vector field.

: Use this button to show or hide wave direction.

Shear Stress Vector

: Use this button to show or hide shear stress vector field.

Chapter 2 Numerical Modeling Animated Vector Field Projected Vector Streamline

: Use this button to show or hide animated vector field.

: Use this button to project 3D vector onto the plane.

: Use this button to show or hide streamline.

Animated Streamline Dry Area

20

: Use this button to show or hide animated streamline.

: Use this button to show or hide the dry area.

Contour Line

: Use this button to show or hide contour line.

Colored Contour Line Add Contour Label

: Use this button to show or hide colored contour line. : Use this button to add contour labels.

Delete Contour Label Flood Shading Contour Shading

: Use this button to delete contour label.

: Use this button to show or hide flood shading. : Use this button to show or hide contour shading.

Contour Shading + Contour Line lines. History Editor

: Use this button to show or hide contour with flood +

: Use this button to view and edit history files.

3.4.6 View Tool toolbar

Select 3d

: Use this button to select Title, Text, Time and Legend and move them. : Use this button to show 3D view.

Ruler

: Use this button to measure the distance between two points.

Zoom

: Use this button to zoom in.

Incremental Zoom In Incremental Zoom Out Pan

: Use this button to zoom in incrementally. : Use this button to zoom out incrementally.

: Use this button to pan.

Full Size Legend

: Use this button to restore to full size view. : Use this button to show or hide legend.

Chapter 2 Numerical Modeling Title

: Use this button to show or hide title.

Time

: Use this button to show or hide time information.

Axis

: Use this button to show or hide axis.

Text

: Use this button to add and edit the texts.

Rotate

: Use this button to rotate the view.

Increase Z

: Use this button to increase the scale in Z direction.

Decrease Z Light

21

: Use this button to decrease the scale in Z direction.

: Use this button to enable or disable light effects.

Frame

: Use this button to show or hide 3D frame.

Texture

: Use this button to enable or disable texture effects.

Options

: Use this button to set view options.

Image

: Use this button to show or hide the image.

Scatter Points

: Use this button to show or hide the scatter points.

3.5 Menus Each menu item is quite self-explained. Most of menus items have corresponding toolbar buttons for easy access.

3.5.1 File Please refer to File toolbar.


22

Figure 3-2

3.5.2 Model


23

Figure 3-3

3.5.3 View Please refer to View Tool toolbar.


24

Figure 3-4

3.5.4 Simulation Please refer to Simulation toolbar.


25


26

Figure 3-5

3.5.5 Visualization Please refer to View toolbar.


27

Figure 3-6

3.5.6 Data Please refer to View toolbar.


28

Figure 3-7

3.5.7 Help


29

Figure 3-8

4 Run Simulations

4.1 Introduction One main function of the CCHE-GUI is to run simulations using CCHE2D/3D numerical model. Basically, there are five steps to run a simulation for a project from scratch: 

Step-1: Mesh generation. A mesh file with a “.geo” extension is required by both the CCHE-GUI and the CCHE2D/3D numerical model. The CCHE modeling analysis system provides a both structured and unstructured mesh generator---CCHEMESH (CCHE-MESH) to help we to generate computational meshes. In this manual, we are assumed to already have a mesh. For details on mesh generation, please refer to CCHE-MESH---Users Manual.



Step-2: Set Initial Conditions. For flow, the initial conditions include the initial mesh, the initial bed elevation, the initial water surface and the bed roughness; and, for sediment, they include the initial bed erodibility, the initial bed layers, the initial bed samples.



Step-3: Set Boundary Conditions. We need to define inlets and outlets, hydraulic structures, and set the boundary conditions associated with them.



Step-4: Set Model Parameters. For flow simulation, only the flow parameters needs to be set, while for sediment transport simulation, we need to set both flow parameters and sediment parameters. For other simulations, such as water quality, chemical spill, cohesive sediment transport, and coastal processes, we need to set the corresponding parameters, respectively.



Step-5: Run Simulation. The final step is to run a simulation. The simulation will be performed on the same computer where we are running the CCHE-GUI. Before launching sediment transport simulation (bon-cohesive and cohesive), water quality simulation, and chemical transport simulation, a base flow simulation is required.

Chapter 4 Run Simulation

31

4.2 Understand Projects The CCHE-GUI has integrated a convenient file management system. In this system, the users are always working with a project (*.cche). A project contains all types of supported files and the view settings. In this version, the CCHE-GUI supports the following file types: the CCHE geometry file (*.geo), the image files (*.bmp, *.jpg, *.gif, *.wmf, *.emf, and *.ico), the topography database file (*.mesh_xyz), the measured cross section file (*.mesh_mcs), the Digital Elevation Model (ASCII) file (*.asc), and the Shape files (*.shp).

4.2.1 Start a Project The users can start to use the CCHE-GUI with three options as follows: 1. Create a new project by selecting New from File menu or from Standard toolbar, and then load the mesh file into the project. The CCHE-GUI will copy the mesh file we loaded into the directory where we project was created and rename it as the same name as the project name. In case we are working with an existing project, now we want to create a new one, the CCHE-GUI will ask for we confirmation. The name of the project will be displayed on the Title bar.


32

Figure 4-1 2. Open an existing project by selecting Open Project File…from File menu.


33

Figure 4-2 3. Directly load the mesh file by selecting Open Geometry File from File menu. In this case, a project with the same name of the mesh file we loaded will be created automatically. If a project file with the same name as the mesh file we are loading exists, this project file will be loaded as well.


34

Figure 4-3 NOTE: Please make sure that the mesh name and the project name contain NO SPACE.

4.2.2 Project View In the CCHE-GUI, as shown in Figure 4-4, a project is composed of the Simulation which is organized by the Cases and the Auxiliary Layers such as Bitmap image and scatter points. The CCHE-GUI provides the project management or case management capabilities. A Case is defined as an integration of multiple Runs which use a mesh with the same size (Imax * Jmax). For each Case, it includes mesh, boundary conditions, flow parameters, flow final results, flow history results, sediment parameters, sediment final results, and sediment history results, etc. To check or view the above components, simply select the desired item. Note that selecting any item of a Case will load the whole Case data.


35

To refresh or update a project, simply click the project name. For each Case, there is a specific directory with the name (ProjectName_Case-CaseNumber) created. All the Case components are located in that directory. This file system is automatically created and managed by the CCHE-GUI.

Figure 4-4

4.2.3 Edit Case As a part of the Case management capabilities, the editing functions include loading, creating, copying, deleting a case and checking properties of a case. To start editing a case, Right-Click the desired Case, a popup menu will appear as shown in Figure 4-5.


36

Figure 4-5 In the Case edit menu: 

Select Refresh to manually update the selected Case.



Select Load to load a whole Case dataset into the CCHE-GUI. The Case number of the dataset will be displayed at the right-bottom corner.

Figure 4-6 

Select New… to create a new Case. (This action needs the confirmation of the users.)



Select Clone… to copy a whole Case dataset into a new Case.



Select Delete to delete a whole Case dataset and its directory. (This action needs the confirmation of the users.)



Select Properties to check the properties of a Case. The Case Properties dialog window will display the Mesh information, Run information and the Notes/Comments of a Case. We can also view and edit the boundary conditions, the flow parameters and the sediment parameters of a selected run for this Case.


37

Figure 4-7

4.3 Edit Mesh The CCHE-GUI provides basic mesh editing functionalities that can be used for small modifications of the computational mesh. We should use the CCHE-MESH to create the best possible mesh, and then load it into the CCHE-GUI. After opening a mesh file, we can go to Edit toolbar for mesh editing as shown in Figure 4-8. The detailed explanations on each button of the toolbar can be found in Chapter 3. We can make some fine tunings of the mesh before running simulations, such as adding or deleting mesh lines, moving mesh node, and moving mesh lines. If we want to regenerate the mesh, we need to use the CCHE-MESH.


38

Figure 4-8 Note: Any changes on mesh will also correspondingly affect the results associated with this mesh. To Add or Delete J Line, 

Select on View Tool toolbar to show the xyz coordinates and IJ coordinates (on the left-top corner of the plotting area). (see Figure 4-9).

Figure 4-9


  

Select

or

39

to enter the editing status and the cursor will become

or

. Click the desired place (actually somewhere in between two existing J lines) to add a J line. Click the J line we want to delete.


40

Figure 4-10 To Add or Delete I Line, 

Select on View Tool toolbar to show the xyz coordinates and IJ coordinates (on the left-top corner of the plotting area). (see Figure 4-9).



Select



. Click the desired place (actually somewhere in between two existing I lines) to add an I line.

or

to enter the editing status and the cursor will become

or

Chapter 4 Run Simulation 

Click a I line we want to delete.

41


42

Figure 4-11 To adjust the vertical distribution of a 3D mesh, 

Select



In Vertical Distribution window, the users can not only add/delete a surface by clicking the vertical symbolic mesh but also adjust the vertical distribution using EDS stretching function

and the Vertical Distribution window will popup.

o To add/delete a surface, first select Add Surface or Delete Surface from Action group. o Then click the place between two lines (representing the surfaces) on the left plot area of this window to add a surface


43

o Or click the desired line to delete that surface.

Figure 4-12 

To adjust the vertical distribution, first set the E, D, and S parameters and then click preview. The vertical distribution on the plot area will be changed accordingly. Click OK to apply this distribution for the whole domain.

To Move Mesh Node, first select to enter editing status; then click the mesh node we want to move and hold it, and then drag it to the desired place and release the mouse button. To Move J line or I line, first select or to enter editing status; then click the J line or I line we want to move and hold the mouse button; and then drag it to the desired place and release the mouse button. To Extend J line upstream or downstream, first select or , and then in the Extend Mesh dialog window, set the Number of Lines to be extended and the Bed Slope. Select OK and then the specified number of J lines will be extended from the starting or ending J line.


44

The extended J Lines will have the same shape of the starting or ending J line and the bed elevation will be calculated according to the Bed Slope.

Figure 4-13


45

To Undo the previous actions, click . To Restore the previous actions, click . To Save the changes to the current Case, click changes to a new Case by clicking

. Another alternative is to save all the

.

Note that in the case that the mesh size (Imax * Jmax) is changed, it’s better for the users save the changes into a new Case, otherwise all the results in the current Case will be deleted.

Figure 4-14

4.4 Set Flow and Bed Initial Conditions The numerical simulations of flow and sediment transport based on solving Navier-Stokes Equations are initial-boundary value problems. The initial conditions and the boundary conditions must be specified before running the simulations. The initial conditions are very important, since inappropriate initial conditions may slow down the convergence process or even cause the simulation to fail. The initial conditions are divided into two groups: the flow initial conditions and the bed initial conditions. For the flow, the initial conditions include initial bed elevation, initial water surface, and the nodal boundary ID which identifies each node as Internal Node, External Node or Boundary Node. As for the bed, it includes bed roughness, bed erodibility, maximum deposition thickness, maximum erosion thickness, layer thickness, and layer sample number. These items are displayed and can be selected in the Variable view under Initial Conditions, as shown n Figure 4-14.


46

Figure 4-15 The CCHE-GUI provides we powerful tool (as shown in Figure 4-16) to set the initial conditions easily. Basically, there are two ways to set the initial conditions. The first way is to set the initial condition within a user-defined rectangle region and the second way is within a user-defined polygon region. In practice, we are recommended to use these two methods alternatively.

Figure 4-16 To Define a rectangle region, 

Select a variable from Variable view.


47

Figure 4-17



Select on Simulation toolbar or Define a Rectangular Region under Set Initial Conditions submenu of Simulation menu. We need to use two points on the mesh to define a rectangle region.


48

Figure 4-18 

Click the first point.


49

Figure 4-19 

Click the second the point and the Set Values dialogue will appear.



Input a desired value or select a value and then click OK.

To set constant value for the Whole Domain, 

Select a variable from Variable View.



Select on Simulation toolbar or For Whole Domain under Set Initial Conditions submenu of Simulation menu.



Input a desired value in the Set Values dialog window and then click OK.


50

Figure 4-20


51

Figure 4-21 To Define a Polygon, the procedure is quite similar to defining a rectangular region. 

Select a variable from Variable View.



Select on Simulation toolbar or Define a Polygon under Set Initial Conditions submenu of Simulation menu. We need to choose at least three points to define a polygon.



Add polygon points by clicking on the mesh. During this process, we can Undo a polygon point by clicking .


52

Figure 4- 22 

To finishing a polygon, Double-Click the last point.



In the Set Values window, input a value or select a value and then click OK.


53

Figure 4-23 The CCHE-GUI also provides the interpolation functions. The linear interpolation can be performed in both I direction and J direction. To Interpolate a variable, 

Select (I direction) or (J direction) or select the Interpolate in I Direction or Interpolate in J Direction under Set Initial Conditions submenu. We need to choose two points to define a rectangular region where the interpolation is performed.



Click two points.


54

Figure 4-24 For one variable, we can repeat the above procedures until a satisfied distribution is obtained. During this process, we can Undo or Restore the changes by clicking or on Edit toolbar. To Save we changes, 

Click

on Edit toolbar to save changes into the current Case; or



Click

on Edit toolbar to save changes into a new Case.


55

For CCHE2D-FVM flood model, it begins with a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) file. After checking out this model from Model menu, users can import a DEM file (*.asc) from File menu (see 4-25) based on which a computational mesh is generated.

Figure 4-25



To generate a computational mesh, first select from Mesh Editing toolbar, then define a quadrilateral by clicking its four corners on the DEM data. This quadrilateral will be automatically corrected and transformed into a rectangle (see Figure 4-26).



In the popup dialog window, input mesh size parameters and then a computational mesh will be generated (see Figure 4-27 and 4-28).


56

Figure 4-26 Define a rectangle


57

Figure 4-27 Mesh size parameters


58

Figure 4-28 Generate a rectangle mesh

4.5 Set Flow Parameters The flow parameters consist of Simulation parameters, Bed Roughness parameters, Wind parameters, and Advanced parameters. To Set Flow Parameters, there are four ways: 

Select

on Simulation toolbar.



Select Set Flow Parameters…in Simulation menu.



For the existing flow parameters, select Flow Parameters under the selected Case in Model View.


59

Figure 4-29 

In the Model view, Right-Click on the current Case and select Properties… in the popup menu or select on Simulation toolbar. In the Case properties dialog window, select the desired Run and then select View/Edit Flow Parameters. However, for the first time setting, we cannot use this method, because the Flow Parameters item will not be available.


60

Figure 4-30

4.5.1 Simulation Parameters In page Simulation Parameters, the parameters are divided into five groups. Each parameter is explained as follows: 

In group Time Step, o Simulation time (s): the total time period in seconds of the simulation. In case of steady flow, this time should be sufficient so that a steady solution could be achieved o Time step (s): the step for time marching of the simulation.


61



In group Time Step for Output, we can set the step intervals to output results into the Intermediate File, the History File, and for the Monitor Points, and set the step intervals for screen outputs indicating Convergence process.



In group Turbulence, there are five Turbulence Model Options:

o For Parabolic Eddy Viscosity Model and Mixing Length Model, we can set the Turbulence viscosity coefficient. This coefficient serves as a multiplier, i.e., a value of 10 means that the turbulent viscosity is 10 times that computed from the selected turbulence model. Although normally it equals 1, this coefficient has been tested in a range of [0.1, 1000]. o The fourth option is For Wind-Driven Flow only o The fifth option is Smagorinski Model. 

In group Unsteady Flow Computation, we can choose to Compute as quasi-steady flow instead of the real unsteady flow. If the flow boundary condition at any of the inlet section is unsteady, i.e., discharge hydrograph is specified, both the sediment and flow time steps are the same and the flow and sediment transport simulations are performed for each time step. However, for long-term simulation the computation time may be quite long. To increase the computation efficiency, the user has the choice to turn on the option that computes the unsteady flow as quasi-steady flow. In this case, the discharge hydrograph provided by the user must be a step function. The discharge during each step is considered as constant and the flow and sediment simulations are performed as for steady flow. Suppose (Ti, Qi) and (Ti+1, Qi+1) represents two consecutive hydrograph ordinates then for quasi-steady computation the discharge Qi is assumed to be valid for the duration between T i and Ti+1. In case of unsteady flow computation, the discharge is interpolated for any time between Ti and Ti+1. We can set the Time steps to reach steady state during each step. Note that the time series in the hydrograph files of the inlets and outlets must be the same. The quasi-steady simulation cannot start from rest and must run from some base result.



In group Numerical, o Wall slipness coefficient: It is used to specify the wall boundary condition at no-flow boundaries. A value of 0.0 means no slip condition and a value of 1.0 means total slip, i.e., tangential velocity at no flow boundaries is allowed. A value between 0.0 and 1.0 would mean partial slip. A value greater than 1.0


62

signals the application of log-law. The log-law boundary condition allows partial slip, however, the shear stress is accurately predicted. o Depth to consider dry (m): It is used to determine the wet and dry nodes. The minimum water depth above it used to consider a node to be wet, while the water depth below that value would make a node dry. o Time Iteration Method: This parameter provides information about the number of internal interations per time step. The Method 1, Method 2 and Method 3 mean small, medium, and large number of iterations per time step. The actual number is set by the computational model. The value should be based on the time step size, i.e., if the time step size is large the iteration control flag should be set to a higher value.


63

Figure 4-31

4.5.2 Bed Roughness Parameters In page Bed Roughness, the parameters are divided into two groups: For Flow Simulation Only and For Sediment Transport Simulation. 

For flow simulation, we can choose to either Use Values in .geo File or Use Bed Roughness Formula. The roughness value in Geo file can be either Manning’s n or Roughness height Ks. We must specify if the roughness values in the .geo file are Manning’s n or roughness height.


64

o Two bed roughness formulas are available for calculation: Wu and Wang (1999); and van Rijn (1986). If we choose roughness formula for flow, the selected formula will be also used in the bed roughness calculation for sediment. We also need to specify the formula parameters, such as D16, D50, D90 and Calibration Factor. The Calibration Factor is within the range of [0.2, 5.0] and its default value is 1.0



For sediment transport simulation, there are five methods to calculate the bed roughness. We can Use the value in *.geo file, or calculate bed roughness according to the sediment diameter size of D90 or D50, or use Wu and Wang (1999)’s formula and van Rijn (1986)’s formula.



The options Wu and Wang (1999) and van Rijn (1986) can be set in either group For Flow Simulation Only or For Sediment Transport Simulation. Setting them in one group equals to setting them in both groups at the same time.


65

Figure 4-32

4.5.3 Wind Parameters In page Wind, there are six parameters, namely, Wind Drag Coefficient, Air Density, Air Eddy Viscosity, Air U(x) Velocity, Air V(y) Velocity, and Eddy Viscosity Parameter. There are two types of wind, Steady - Constant Distribution and Unsteady – Constant Distribution.


66

Figure 4-33 For Steady - Constant Distribution, the wind field is constant not only for the whole domain but for the whole hydrograph period, the users need to input the wind velocity (Air U(x) Velocity and Air V(y) Velocity).


67

As for Unsteady - Constant Distribution, the wind field is constant for the whole domain at a particular time but will change with the hydrograph. The users need to provide a time series data for wind velocity by selecting View/Edit U Time Series… and View/Edit V Time Series… To edit a unsteady wind time series, 

First input the Number of Time Ordinate, and then select View/Edit U Time Series…



In the popup X Velocity window, a default time series template is already created. The users can either input the time series by modifying the data in the template, or copy data from other sources, such as Excel, into the table.


68 Figure 4-34



Select View/Edit V Time Series…and repeat the same procedure as U time series.

Figure 4-35

4.5.4 Advanced Parameters In page Advanced, there are four parameters, namely, Coriolis force coefficient, gravitational acceleration, von Karman constant, and kinematic viscosity of fluid, with default values that suffice for most cases, however, if needed we can change the default values.


69

Figure 4-36

4.6 Set Sediment Parameters To run sediment transport simulation, we must specify the sediment parameters and the sediment initial and boundary conditions. Similarly, there are also three ways to start Setting Sediment Parameters. 

Select




Select Set Sediment Parameters…in Simulation menu.


70

Figure 4-37 

In the Model view, Right-Click on the current Case and select Properties… in the popup menu or select on Simulation toolbar. In the Case properties dialog window, select the desired Run and then select View/Edit Sediment Parameters. However, for the first time setting, we cannot use this method, because the Sediment Parameters item will not be available.


71

Figure 4-38 There are seven pages, Sediment Size Classes, Sediment Transport, Sediment, Bed Roughness, Bank Erosion, Bed Samples, and Boundary Condition File.

4.6.1 Sediment Size Classes In page Sediment Size Classes, 

Number of Bed Layers: is used to define the bed configurations in vertical direction. The default value is 3. The first top layer is the mixing layer where the exchanges between sediments in water and on bed occur. Note that there must be at least 3 bed layers.



Minimum Mixing Layer Thickness: is a numerical parameter used to confine the bed erosion process.



In group Define Size Class, o To add a size class, input the sediment size diameter one at a time and click Add Size Class.


72

o To delete a size class, select a sediment size in Mean diameter (m) of each size class and click Delete Size Class. o To delete all size classes, click Clear All. o Notes: The maximum number of sediment size classes is 8. Practically this number should not be more than 5, otherwise the computational efficiency will be reduced significantly.

Figure 4-39


73

4.6.2 Sediment Transport Parameters In page Sediment Transport, five groups of parameters need to be specified.

Figure 4-40 

In the first group, we can set the Transport Mode and the Transport Capacity Formula. There are five transport modes and four capacity formulas available.


74

o Total Load as Bed Load Plus Suspended Load Model is for simulation of both the bed load and the suspended load (total load). o Total Load as Bed Load Model is for simulation of both the bed load and the suspended load but with the bed load dominant. o Total Load as Suspended Load Model is for simulation of both the bed load and the suspended load but with the suspended load dominant. o If we select Total Load as Bed Load Model or Total Load as Suspended Load Model, we need to choose appropriate sediment transport capacity formula. 

In group Sediment Simulation Mode, two simulation modes are available. The first option Slow Bed Change can be selected only if the flow is steady, while the option Fast Bed Change is for both steady and unsteady flow. Note that if we choose to Compute as quasi-steady flow in page Simulation Parameters of Set Flow Parameters (please refer to section 4.5 for details), it implies the simulation mode of Fast Bed Change for sediment transport and we will not be able to set other simulation mode.



In group Adaptation Length for Bedload, we can choose appropriate option to calculate adaptation length for bed load for non-equilibrium sediment transport.



In group Adaptation Length Factor for Suspended Load, similarly, we can choose appropriate option to calculate the adaptation length factor for suspended.



The non-equilibrium adaptation length characterizes the distance for sediment to adjust from a non-equilibrium state to an equilibrium state. It is a length scale for the river bed to respond the disturbance of the environment, such as hydraulic structures, channel geometry changes and incoming sediment variation.



In group Diffusivity, the users can set the Schmidt Number. This Schmidt number will be added by a Background value and input into the model.

4.6.3 Sediment Parameters In page Sediment,


75



The Sediment specific gravity has a default value of 2.65 that suffices for most applications.



The Curvature Effects can be included into the sediment transport simulation if the domain has the curved reaches. We need to set the Average channel width accordingly.



In group Steady Flow Computation, o The Time steps to adjust flow are used to adjust the flow after the bed changes. The flow will be recalculated for the number of time steps specified by the user. o The Erosion/Deposition limit (0.01-0.05 of depth) is used to restrict the maximum amount of erosion/deposition in the domain within a time step. If erosion/deposition at any node within a time step exceeds the limit specified by the user, the time step is reduced and computations are repeated. o The above parameters are effective only if steady flow boundary conditions are prescribed at all the inlets.


76

Figure 4-41 

For soft rock erosion simulation, the users can set the Rock Erosion Coefficient in Bed Rock group.



In the last group, the users can set the Repose Angle of sediment and include the Slope Effect on Critical Stresses of Sediment Incipient Motion and the Sliding Effect on a Slope Higher than Repose Angle. For 3D local scour simulation, the users can turn on the module of Bridge Scour Simulation.


77

4.6.4 Bed Roughness Parameters The page Bed Roughness is the same as the page Bed Roughness in Set Flow Parameters. Please refer to section 4.5 for details.

Figure 4-42


78

4.6.5 Bank Erosion Parameters In the page Bank Erosion, we can set the parameters for bank erosion simulation. 

At group Bank Erodibility, 

Four banks, namely, I = 1, I = Imax, J = 1, and J = Jmax, can be set as erodiable. At most two banks can be erodiable at the same time and these two banks should be opposite (both either on I line or J line). That is, I = 1 and I = Imax, or J = 1 and J = Jmax can be set as erodiable at the same time. Otherwise, an error message will be given.



Two methods are available for bank erosion simulation: Osman and Thorne’s method (1988), and Hanson and Simon’s method (2001)



In the current version, the erodiable bank is assumed to have uniform bank height and bank slope.



At group Bank Properties, we can set the bank material properties (Critical Shear Stress, Specific Weight, Friction Angle, Crack Depth, Cohesion, D50, and Safety Factor) and the simulation properties (Time Step, Time Interval for History Output).



Note that we must make sure to set Time Interval for History Output, otherwise the bank erosion simulation results will not be available.


79

Figure 4-43

4.6.6 Bed Material Samples In the page Bed Samples, we can define the bed samples for sediment transport simulation. The bed material samples will be used to define the initial bed material compositions in both horizontal and vertical directions for the entire domain. The bed material samples are essential for the sediment transport simulation. Note: Please make sure we already define the sediment size classes. If not, go to page Sediment Size Classes to define the sediment groups and then click Apply; and then go back to page Bed Samples.


80



If the sediment samples are already defined, the defined bed samples will be displayed, and otherwise a blank sheet is displayed. We need to set the Porosity and the fractions of each sample.



To create a new sample, click Add Sample. A sample with default porosity and equaldistributed factions will be added at the end of the records.



To edit a sample, select the desired cell and type the desired value. Note: Please make sure the sum of the factions of each sample be 1, otherwise an error message will appear.



To delete all samples, click Reset.



To save the samples, click OK or Apply. The defined bed samples will be saved into the memory.


81

Figure 4-44

4.6.7 Sediment Boundary Condition Files The information of sediment boundary conditions are contained in the suspended sediment boundary condition file (*.sbc) and the bedload boundary condition file (*.bbc). In the page Boundary Condition Files, we can edit the sediment boundary condition files. Note: Please make sure we already define the sediment size classes. If not, go to page Sediment Size Classes to define the sediment groups and then click Apply; and then go back to page Boundary Condition Files.


82

We can create (New), Import, Load and Save the sediment boundary conditions file selected from the File Selector.

Figure 4-45 

To import an existing selected file, click Import.



To save the changes to a selected file, click Save.


83

Figure 4-46


84



To create a template for the selected file, click New. The sbc and bbc template is created based on the Number of Size Classes and Number of Data Points. The Number of Size Classes is a predefined value and we cannot set it here. The Number of Data Points defines the number of time series points. The sbc and bbc files have the same format. The unit of Sediment Discharge in sbc is kg / m 3 while in bbc is kg / m / s .



To edit the cell value, click the active cell and then type the desired values. The cells in gray color are inactive. We can Cut, Copy, Paste and Delete by right clicking the selected cells to invoke the popup edit menu.

Figure 4-47




85

Note that once the Number of Data Points is set, we cannot add more data points by directly inputting values into cells. The sum of the factions of the size classes at each time series should be 1, other wise an error message will appear.

Figure 4-48


86

4.7 Set Water Quality Parameters The water quality parameters are grouped into six categories: Simulation Options, Constants, Initial Concentration, Climate and Temperature, Time-series Profiles, and Diffusivity. Similarly, there are also two ways to start Setting Water Quality Parameters. 

Select Set Water Quality Parameters…in Simulation menu.



Select Water Quality Parameters in Model view.

Figure 4-49

4.7.1 Simulation Options To run water quality simulation, first we need to select a simulation cycle. On Simulation Options page, there are two Simulation Cycles available: DO Cycle and Eutrophication Cycle.


87

In DO Cycle,

Figure 4-50


88



Implementation Levels: There are four levels to choose from.



Sediment Oxygen Demand (SOD): can be either calculated By Formula or Specified By User.



Reaeration Rate Coefficient: can be either calculated By Formula or Specified By User.



Flow and Sediment Conditions: 

For Flow: Three options are available: Steady non-uniform flow which requires flow result; Unsteady flow which requires flow history file; and, Steady and uniform flow.



For Sediment: Three options are available: Steady non-uniform sediment which requires sediment result; Unsteady sediment which requires sediment history; and, User-specified time-series sediment concentration profile.

In Eutrophication Cycle,


89

Figure 4-51 

Methods: Two methods are available.



Options: Seven cycles or processes can be simulated.


90



Diffusive Flux Options: the diffusive flux can be calculated By Formula or Specified By User.



Adsorption/desorption Options: Users can simulate adsorption/desorption process either using linear isotherm or Languir Equation.



Flow and Sediment Conditions: 

For Flow: Three options are available: Steady non-uniform flow which requires flow result; Unsteady flow which requires flow history file; and, Steady and uniform flow.



For Sediment: Three options are available: Steady non-uniform sediment which requires sediment result; Unsteady sediment which requires sediment history; and, User-specified time-series sediment concentration profile.

4.7.2 Constants There are 16 groups of Constants which can be either user-specified or evaluated by default. To set these constants, first we need to select a group, and then put the value in corresponding place in the “Use Value” column.


91

(a) Constant-Ammonia


92

(b) Constant-Nitrate


93

(c) Constant-Phosphate


94

(d) Constant-Phytoplankton-1


95

(e) Constant-Phytoplankton-2


96

(f)

Constant-CBOD


97

(g) Constant-DO-1


98

(h) Constant-DO-2


99

(i)

Constant-Organic N


100

(j)

Constant-Organic P


101

(k) Constant-Ratios


102

(l)

Constant-Settling Velocity


103

(m) Constant-Bed Release-1


104

(n) Constant-Bed Release-2


105

(o) Constant-Bed Release-3


106

(p) Constant-Adsorption/Desorption Figure 4-52 For Phytoplankton group, we also need to set the Phytoplankton Growth Profile. 

Select View/Edit Profile…first.



In the popup editor window, 

To create a new hydrograph, specify the Number of Ordinates of the hydrograph first and then select Create.


107



We can also Copy and Paste the hydrograph data from other sources, such as Excel or NotePad, etc.



To graphically display the hydrograph, select Plot >>.



To save the hydrograph data, select OK.



Figure 4-53

4.7.3 Initial Concentrations The Initial Concentrations can be either Uniform Distribution or Varied Distribution for the whole domain. In current version, only Uniform Distribution is available. Then we need to set the initial concentrations for the corresponding variables in Concentration group.


108

Figure 4-54 The Beginning Day (day) is the starting time for hot-start of water quality simulation.

4.7.4 Climate and Temperature The climate parameters include the light parameters and the wind parameters.


109

Figure 4-55 We can View/Edit Profile… of the Daily Light Intensity and the Temperature.


110

Figure 4-56


111

Figure 4-57 The editing procedure of the above profiles is similar, which is listed as follows: 

Select View/Edit Profile…first.



In the popup editor window, 












112

4.7.5 Time-Series Profiles In Eutrophication cycle, not all variables will be always simulated and it depends on the Options we selected. For certain options, some variables are selected to be simulated and the others are still required and considered as inputs during simulation, so we need to provide the profile---time series of the known values of these variables.


113

Figure 4-58 For Phytoplankton simulation, the suspended sediment is also considered as an input and we need to View/Edit Profile of it.


114

Figure 4-59

4.7.6 Diffusivity The Diffusivity parameters are related to the calculation of diffusivity. We can set the Calculation Method and the dispersion parameters.


115

Figure 4-60

4.8 Set Chemical Parameters The chemical parameters are grouped into four categories: Options, Dispersion, and Chemical Samples. Similarly, there are also two ways to start Setting Chemical Parameters. 

Select Set Chemical Parameters…in Simulation menu.

Chapter 4 Run Simulation 

116

Select Chemical Parameters in Model view.

Figure 4-61

4.8.1 Options The Options parameters are related to the chemical simulation options and the associated parameters.


117

Figure 4-62 

Simulation Options: Currently there are three options available: Steady flow with constant sediment concentration, unsteady flow with constant sediment concentration, and unsteady flow with unsteady sediment concentration. Each option is associated different initial and boundary conditions, and the parameters. 

Vertical Diffusion Rate (m/s)



Exchange Rate due to Sedimentation (m/s)



Suspended sediment concentration (mg/l)



Decay Rate in Water (/s)



Decay Rate in Sediment (/s)



Partition Coefficient (L/kg)



Gas Phase Transfer Rate (m/s)

Chapter 4 Run Simulation 

Molecular Weight (g/mol)



Henry’s Constant atm m^3/mol)

118



Steady flow with constant sediment concentration: This option starts with a flow result, therefore a steady flow simulation must be performed before chemical spill and transport simulation.



Unsteady flow with constant sediment concentration: This option starts with a flow history file, therefore an unsteady flow simulation with history output must be performed before chemical spill and transport simulation



Unsteady flow with unsteady sediment concentration: This option starts with both flow and sediment history results, therefore an unsteady flow simulation with sediment transport and history output must be performed before chemical spill and transport simulation.

4.8.2 Dispersion The Dispersion parameters are related to the diffusivity or dispersion calculation. We can select a Calculation Method and the Dispersion Coefficients.


119

Figure 4-63 The Dispersion Coefficients are self-explained and simply listed below. 

Ratio of Dispersion Coefficient in Longitudinal and Transversal Directions



Schmidt Number



Minimum Dispersion Coefficient

4.8.3 Chemical Samples There are two types of chemical samples: chemical bed samples and chemical water samples.


120

Figure 4-64


121 Figure 4-65

For chemical bed samples, in current version only one layer is allowed; while for chemical water samples, for 2D simulation, the whole water column is not divided into layers. For chemical spill and transport simulation, the chemical bed samples and water samples are required and considered as initial conditions. On Chemical Samples page, 

To Add a Sample: 

Click “Add Sample” and then a template with default values will be created. The users can modify the template sample as needed.



Click Reset to clear the whole samples and re-edit the samples as needed.



Click Save to save the samples into memory.



After the chemical samples are defined, users can set the initial concentrations for the whole domain. To set Chemical Bed Samples, 

Select Layer from the Chemical Bed Sample group at the Initial Conditions panel.



Select



In the popup dialog window, select the sample.

or

to define a rectangle area or polygon area.


122

Figure 4-67 Similar procedure can be used to define the chemical water sample, and the Chemical Water Sample must be selected first from the Initial Conditions panel.

4.9 Set Cohesive Sediment Parameters The cohesive sediment parameters are grouped into four categories: Sediment Size Classes, Cohesive Bed Samples, Consolidation, and Parameters. Similarly, there are also two ways to start Setting Cohesive Sediment Parameters. 

Select Set Cohesive Sediment Parameters…in Simulation menu.



Select Cohesive Sediment Parameters in Model view.


123

Figure 4-67

4.9.1 Sediment Size Classes To simulate cohesive sediment transport, first we need to define the cohesive Sediment Size Classes.


124

Figure 4-68 The procedure of defining cohesive sediment size classes is similar to that of the noncohesive sediment (please refer to section 4.6.1). 

Number of Bed Layers: is used to define the bed configurations in vertical direction. The default value is 8 for cohesive sediment.



Minimum Mixing Layer Thickness: This parameter is not available for cohesive sediment transport.


125

In group Define Size Class, o To add a size class, input the sediment size diameter one at a time and click Add Size Class. o To delete a size class, select a sediment size in Mean diameter (m) of each size class and click Delete Size Class. o To delete all size classes, click Clear All.

4.9.2 Cohesive Bed Samples The Cohesive Bed Samples are more complicated than the non-cohesive bed samples. NOTE: For one cohesive bed sample, we need to set the related parameters and compositions for EACH LAYER.


126

Figure 4-69 To define a sample, 

First select Add Sample.



Set the The First Layer No., Critical Deposition for Deposition, Initial Total Suspended Sediment Concentration, and composition (fractions for each size class) for this sample.



In Sediment Fraction in Bed group, 

First select the sample we just added.

Chapter 4 Run Simulation 

127

Set Cohesive Sediment Dry Density, Cohesive Sediment Shear Strength, Age of Cohesive Sediment Layer, Thickness of Cohesive Sediment Layer, and the composition (fractions of each size class) for each layer.

4.9.3 Consolidation The Consolidation process is calculated by the formula displayed in Figure 4-70, and we can set the parameters used in this formula.

Figure 4-70


128

4.9.4 Parameters The Parameters are related to the coefficients used in the empirical formula as shown in Figure 4-71.

Figure 4-71


129

Method for Determine Bed Strength using Dry Density: Three methods are available. If we select Owen’s Formula or Thom and Parson’s Formula, we need to set the parameters below.

4.10 Set Coastal Parameters The Users can set the coastal parameters by selecting Set Coastal Parameters… from Simulation menu. In the window Set Coastal Parameters, the coastal parameters are grouped into four pages, namely, Tidal, Storm, Wave, and Sediment parameters. In page Tidal, the users can set parameters related to tidal flow simulation, such as wavecurrent interaction parameters, incident wave parameters, and etc.


130

Figure 4-72 In page Storm, the users can set parameters related to storm surge simulation, such as track data, hurricane parameters, and parameters of Holland’s model.


131

Figure 4-73 In page Wave, the users can set parameters related to wave simulation, such as offshore wave parameters, radiation stress parameters, and etc.


132

Figure 4-74 In page Sediment, the users can set parameters related to coast sediment simulation.


133

Figure 4-75


134

4.11 Set Inlet/Outlet Boundary Conditions Basically there are two steps to set an inlet or outlet boundary conditions. 

First define a boundary node string.



Then attach the boundary conditions to this boundary node string.

The Set Boundary Conditions submenu on Simulations menu and the buttons on Simulation toolbar will help we to set the inlet/outlet boundary conditions. There are two kinds of boundary node strings, the inlet boundary node string (denoted by an arrow entering the domain), and the outlet boundary node string (denoted by an arrow going out of the domain).

Figure 4-76 

To add a boundary node string: click and then click two different points along a constant boundary I line or boundary J line. Make sure the node string is at least three nodes wide.



To delete a boundary node string: click to delete.



To modify a boundary node string: click and then click a point on the I line or J line on which the node string is located. The length of the node string will be

and then click the node string we want


135

changed. We also need to make sure the modified node string is at least three nodes wide. 

To select a boundary node string: click and then click the desired node string. If it is inlet boundary node string, we need to attach the Inlet Boundary Conditions; if it is an outlet boundary node string, we need to attach the Outlet Flow Boundary Conditions; and if it is a newly added node string, we need to determine its boundary type in Select Inlet/Outlet Boundary.

Figure 4-77

4.11.1 Flow Inlet Boundary Conditions For the Inlet Boundary Conditions, we need to set the flow, the sediment, the water quality, the chemical and the cohesive sediment inlet boundary conditions. 

On page Flow and Sediment in Flow group o If we select Total Discharge, we need to input a value. This option for steady flow simulation.


136

Figure 4-78 o If the Discharge hydrograph is selected, we need to provide a discharge hydrograph file (*.dhg) whose format can be found in Appendix. Note that the hydrograph must start from t = 0. Then this file will be displayed in the Discharge Hydrograph dialog window. o If the Discharge + Water Surface hydrograph is selected, we need to provide a discharge hydrograph+WS file (*.dsg) whose format can be found in Appendix. Note that the hydrograph must start from t = 0. Then this file will be displayed in the Discharge Hydrograph dialog window o In Discharge Hydrograph, we can view this hydrograph by clicking Plot >> and the window will expand with a XY plot to show the hydrograph. To shrink the window, click Close Plot to view the rating curve.


144

Figure 4-85 

If we select Stage hydrograph, we need to provide a stage hydrograph file (*.shg) with time-stage relationship. Note that the stage hydrograph must start from t = 0. We can also view the hydrograph by selecting Plot>>.


145

Figure 4-86 There is an alternative way to view and edit the inlet/outlet boundary conditions. 

Right-Click a Case in the Model view and then select Properties….or select on Simulation toolbar. In the Case properties dialog window, select a Run and then select


146

Edit/View B.C. In the Boundary Conditions window, select a boundary node string, we can edit, delete and save it

Figure 4-87

4.11.5 Hydraulic Structures The CCHE2D model is capable of simulating ten kinds of hydraulic structures: One-line dike, Brink Line, Levee Breaching, Bridge, Weir, Turbine, Vertical Sluice Gate, Tainer Gate, Small Culvert Inlet, and Small Culvert Outlet.


147

4.11.5.1 One-Lined Dike Structures The one-line dike structures have the same functions as the two-line or multiple-line dikes, the differences lies in two aspects: 1) it is composed of only one mesh line, so it’s easier and more convenient to define it; and 2) it is always a spur dike and will never be overtopped. To define a one-lined dike structure, please follow the instructions below: 

Select

from Simulation toolbar.

Figure 4-89 

Click two different points along one mesh line (either I line or J line) to locate this onelined dike. NOTE that it must be along one mesh line otherwise an error message will be given.


148

Figure 4-90


149



Repeat the second step to define more one-lined dikes if desired.



Select

to delete a existing one-lined dike.

Figure 4-91

4.11.5.2 Brink Line The brink line is defined as a line where a free-fall caused supercritical flow exists. To define a brink line, please follow the instructions below: 

Select




Click two different points along one mesh line (either I line or J line) to locate this onelined dike. NOTE that it must be along one mesh line otherwise an error message will be given.



Select Brink Line from dropdown list in Define a Structure window;


150

Figure 4-92 

Repeat the second step to define more brink lines if desired.



Select

to delete an existing brink line.

4.11.5.3 Levee Breaching To simulate levee breaching process, the Levee Breaching structures need to be defined. To define a Levee Breaching structure, please follow the instructions below: 

Select




Click two different points to define a rectangle area.


151

Figure 4-93 

Select Levee Breaching from dropdown list in Define a Structure window;



Set the Structure Orientation. Along I Line means breaching will develop along I direction. Similarly, Along J Line denotes the breaching developing along J direction.



Set the Breaching Model: either Constant incision Model or WinDam Model. Note that for Constant Incision Model, levees must be two-lined wide.



Set Breaching Parameters: 

For Constant Incision Model,


152

Figure 4-94 

For WinDam model, users need to define Dam Layout and Model Parameters


153

Figure 4-95 

Repeat the second step to define more Levee Breaching if desired.



Select

to delete an existing levee breaching.

4.11.5.4 Bridge For flow simulation with bridges across the channel, the flow may become pressure flow, weir flow, or open channel flow, which depends on the water surface elevation at upstream of bridge. Therefore special treatments are required to correctly simulate flow across a bridge.. To define a Bridge structure, please follow the instructions below: 

Select






154

Figure 4-96 

Select Bridge from dropdown list in Define a Structure window;



Set the Structure Orientation. Along I Line means water flows along I direction. Similarly, Along J Line denotes the flow along J direction.



Select OK and in Bridge window, the users can set the bridge properties in Bridge Info group, such as Top Elevation, Low Chard Elevation, Wet Width, and Length.



If Along I Line was selected in Define a Structure window, by default it’s assumed that the water flows along +I direction. The uses can flip the direction by check the option Flow in negative direction. It is similar to Along J Direction.



The users need to set the Coefficients of weir function to calculate the flow across bridge. Calibration may be needed for those parameters.


155

Figure 4-97 

Click OK to finishing adding a bridge. An arrow will denote the flow direction of the bridge.



Repeat the above steps to define more bridges if desired.



Select

to select an existing bridge and view/edit its’ properties.



Select

to delete an existing bridge.

4.11.5.5 Weir To define a Weir structure, please follow the instructions below: 

Select






156

Figure 4-98 

Select Weir from dropdown list in Define a Structure window



Set the Weir Info for current Weir structure.


157

Figure 4-99 

Repeat to define more Weir structures

4.11.5.6 Turbine To define a Turbine structure, please follow the instructions below: 

Select






158

Figure 4-100 

Select Turbine from dropdown list in Define a Structure window;



Set Turbine Info for current Turbine


159

Figure 4-101 

Repeat to define more Turbine structures.

4.11.5.7 Vertica; Sluice Gate To define a Vertical Sluice Gate structure, please follow the instructions below: 

Select






160

Figure 4-102


161



Select Vertical Sluice Gate from dropdown list in Define a Structure window;



Set Sluice Gate Info for current Vertical Sluice Gate

Figure 4-103 Repeat to define more Vertical Sluice Gate structures

4.11.5.8 Tainer Gate To define a Tainer Gate structure, please follow the instructions below: 

Select






162


163

Figure 4-104 

Select Tainer Gate from dropdown list in Define a Structure window;



Set Tainer Gate Info for current Tainer Gate


164

Figure 4-105 

Repeat to define more Tainer Gate structures

4.11.5.9 Small Culvert For each Small Culvert structure, the inlet and outlet Small Culvert structure, please follow the instructions below: 

Select





must be paired To define a


165

Figure 4-106 

Select Small Culvert Inlet or Outlet from dropdown list in Define a Structure window;



Set Small Culvert Inlet or Outlet Info for current small culvert


166

Figure 4-107 

Repeat to define more Turbine structures;


167

4.11.6 Point-Discharge Structures (Pump and Chemical Spill) The point-discharge structures can be water intakes or chemical spill etc. The point-discharge structures are always associated with a hydrograph, so to define a point-discharge we need to not only specify the location but also the associated hydrograph. To define a point-discharge structure, we need to follow the following procedure: 

Select

on Simulation toolbar to enter the editing status.



Select two points (could be overlapped) on the mesh as the location of this pointdischarge structure.



Select the type of the structure. There are three types, namely, Water Intake Only, Chemical Injection Flow, and Chemical Spill Only. For water intakes, it can be as small as only one mesh node; and, for chemical spill, it should be at least 3 mesh nodes wide.

Figure 4-108 

Input the Number of Ordinates and then select Discharge Profile… and/or Concentration Profile… to edit the time series data associated with this structure.




168

In the View/Edit Profiles dialog window, 

To create a new hydrograph, specify the Number of Ordinates of the hydrograph first and then select View/Edit Profiles….



To edit the existing associated hydrograph or create a new hydrograph, directly select View/Edit Profiles…

In the Profile dialog window, 











Figure 4-109


169



Select Exit in the View/Edit Profiles dialog window to complete the definition of a point-discharge structure.



To edit an existing point-discharge structure, select on Simulation toolbar first and then select the desired point-discharge structure; and the View/Edit Profiles dialog window will appear. Select View/Edit Profile…to view and edit the associated hydrograph.



To delete a point-discharge, select first and then select the desired point-discharge structure, after this action is confirmed the selected point-discharge will be deleted.

Figure 4-110 

We can repeat the above steps to define more point-discharge structures.


170

4.12 Set Monitor Points The monitor points are used to get the history results at the selected mesh nodes. As the CCHE2D model is an unsteady flow model, even the steady state is attained through forward marching in time. Thus the monitor points are valid both for the steady and unsteady flow simulation. The CCHE-GUI provides we the editing tool for the monitor points. We can either go to Edit Monitor Points in Simulation menu or 


To add a monitor point, first select or Add Monitor Point under Edit Monitor Points menu to enter the editing status, and then click points on the mesh.


171 Figure 4-111



To delete a monitor point, first select or Delete Monitor Point under Edit Monitor Points menu to enter the editing status, and then click the monitor point we want to delete.

Figure 4-112



Select

to show/hide the monitor points.


172

4.13 Run CCHE2D/3D Model After all the initial conditions, the boundary conditions, and the model parameters are set, the simulation can be performed.

4.13.1 Run Simulation To run a CCHE2D model, first select a model from Model menu. In current version, there are eight models/modules available as shown in Figure 4-101.

Figure 4-113 

CCHE2D Model: this is the general 2D model for turbulent flow with sediment transport, water quality and chemical spill simulation.



CCHE2D Model (Conservative): it’s the same as CCHE2D model except the governing equations are solved in conservative forms.



CCHE2D Model (Explicit): this version of CCHE2D model solves governing equations explicitly.



CCHE2D Flood Model (FEM): it’s 2D flood model based on non-uniform and nonorthogonal structured mesh system using FEM.



CCHE2D Flood Model (FVM): it’s 2D flood model based on rectangle mesh or DEM using FVM.



CCHE3D Model: it’s 3D model for flow with sediment transport.


173



CCHE2D Hybrid Model: it’s FVM-based 2D model for both general flow and flood flow using a hybrid unstructured mesh system.



CCHE2D Coast Model: it’s a 2D model for coastal and estuary processes (wave, storm surges, and sediment transport)

Then select Run Simulation… in menu Simulation or to select the simulation option.

in Simulation toolbar. We need

Figure 4-114 In the Run Simulation window, 

A Run Number will be given. This Run Number will be used to name the corresponding results file. The flow result file has the extension “flw”, while the sediment result file has the extension “sdm”. The name of the result file has the following generic form: CaseName_Run-Current Run Number (Start Run Number).flw (or sdm) For example, if the CaseName is “try”, the Current Run Number is 4, and the Start Run Number is 1, the result file will be: “try_Run-4(1).flw” or “try_Run-4(1).sdm”. The Start Run Number represents the results from the corresponding run. If it is 0, it means the simulation will begin from rest.


174

Select an option to run simulation. There are 14 options:





Start Flow Simulation from Rest: It is also called “cold start” for the flow simulation. The flow simulation will begin with the initial water surface specified as in section 4.8 and the initial velocity field (velocities are set to zero by default)

.

Figure 4-115


175

Continue Flow Simulation from Flow Filed at Time: It is also called “hot start” for the flow simulation. The flow simulation will begin with the computed flow field at a selected time. We can select the flow field from the corresponding flow filed selector.

Figure 4-116 

Start Sediment Transport using Flow Field at Time: It is also called “cold start” for the sediment transport simulation. The sediment transport will begin with the initial bed and the computed flow field at a selected time. We can select the flow field from the corresponding flow field selector.


176

Figure 4-117 

Start Sediment Transport from a Flow History Result: This is for 2D sediment transport simulation in a sub-domain which defined a big mesh.

Figure 4-118


177

Continue Sediment Transport from Results at Time: It is also called “hot start” for the sediment transport simulation. The sediment transport will begin with the computed bed and flow field at a selected time. We can select it from the sediment results file selector. Use this option to continue a sediment transport simulation.

Figure 4-119 

Start Bank Erosion from Flow Results at Time: It is also called “hot start” for the bank erosion simulation. The bank erosion simulation will begin with the computed bed and flow field at the selected time.


178

Figure 4-120 

Start Water Quality Simulation from Flow History Result: It is also called “cold start” for the water quality simulation. The water quality simulation will begin with the existing flow history result.


179

Figure 4-121 

Start Chemical Transport Simulation from Flow Result: It is also called “cold start” for the chemical transport simulation. The chemical transport simulation will begin with the computed flow field at the selected time.


180 Figure 4-122



Start Levee Closure Simulation from Flow Result: It is also called “cold start” for the levee breaching closure simulation. The interactive flow simulation will begin with the selected bed and flow field.

Figure 4-123 

Start 3D Flow Simulation from a 2D Flow Filed: It is also called “cold start” for the 3D flow simulation. The 3D flow simulation will begin with the computed flow field at a selected time. We can select the flow field from the corresponding flow filed selector.


181

4-124 

Continue 3D Flow simulation from 3D Flow Result: It is also called “hot start” for the 3D flow simulation. The 3D flow simulation will begin with the selected 3D bed and flow field.


182

Figure 4-125 

Continue 3D Sediment Simulation from 3D Flow Result: It is also called “cold start” for the 3D sediment simulation. The 3D sediment simulation will begin with the computed 3D flow field at a selected time. We can select the flow field from the corresponding flow filed selector.


183

Figure 4-126 

Start 3D Flow simulation from Flow History: This is for 3D sub-domain method, where 3D flow simulation is carried out locally in a sub-domain based on the 2D flow history of the whole domain.


184

Figure 4-127 

Start 3D Sediment Simulation from Flow History: This is for 3D sub-domain method, where 3D sediment simulation is carried out locally in a sub-domain based on the 2D flow history of the whole domain.



To actually start the simulation, finally click Start Simulation. The CCHE-GUI will check all the model parameters, and the initial and boundary conditions. If there are errors, they will be displayed in the Checking Status; otherwise, the simulation will be carried out in a console window and the hydrograph will be displayed at the same time. The red line on the hydrograph shows the current marching time step. Progress of the run is displayed in this window. We can close the CCHE-GUI while the model is running. Closing the console window will interrupt the simulation. During the simulation, we can visualize the intermediate results. To display the progress of the hydrograph, we need to refresh the results by selecting the Flow intermediate result or the Sediment intermediate result from Visualization menu.


185

Figure 4-128

4.13.2 Launch Multiple Runs for Different Cases With the project and case management capabilities, the CCHE-GUI allows the users to launch multiple runs for different cases simultaneously. For one case, the users can still launch only one run. It is assumed that we have one simulation running in one Case. To launch multiple runs, 

Right-Click the current Case from Model view.



From the popup menu, select Clone…. Then a new Case will be created with all the initial conditions, boundary conditions, and the parameters cloned.



Right-Click the cloned Case, and select Load from the popup menu.


186



Make necessary adjustments for the initial conditions, the boundary conditions, and the parameters and save we changes.



Launch a simulation run for this cloned Case.



Repeat the above steps to launch more simulation runs.

5 Visualize Results

5.1 Introduction Visualization of modeling results is another main function of the CCHE-GUI. Compared with the previous version, the CCHE-GUI 4.x enhanced its results reporting capabilities, such as contour, color shading, points, vector, tables and 2D XY plot, etc.

5.2 Visualize Case Results Since all the results are associated with a specific Case, we need to load a Case before visualizing the results.

5.2.1 Load a Case To load a specific Case, as described in section 4.2, there are three ways: 

In the Model view, Right-Click the desired Case, in the popup menu choose Load.

Chapter 5 Visualize Results

188

Figure 5-1 

Select any item under the desired Case.


189

Figure 5-2 After a Case is loaded, we can choose to load the final results by selecting the desired Run from the Flow Final Results or Sediment Final Results in the model view (see Figure 53), or go to Visualization menu and select Flow Final Results or Sediment Final Results. Then select the desired Run from the selector and click OK (see Figure 5-4).


190

Figure 5-3


191

Figure 5-4 And then we can select a variable from Variable view to view the distribution.

Figure 5-5 After the results are loaded, we can select a variable from Variable view to view the distribution.


192

5.2.2 Visualize History Results The history results file is usually large because it contains instant results at tens or even hundreds time steps. Note: Please make sure we set the time interval for outputting the history file; otherwise there is no history results for the run. Please refer to refer to section 4.5 for details.

Figure 5-6 Similar to the final results, there are also three ways to load a history result.

Chapter 5 Visualize Results 

193

Select the Flow History Results or Sediment History Results item under the desired Case. If the history file is incompatible with the current Case, an error message will be given.

Figure 5-7 

Go to Visualization menu and select Flow History File or Sediment History File, and the history file of the current Case will be loaded.


194

If the history file is loaded successfully, the history file editor will appear. After closing this window, we can select on View toolbar or File History File Editor… or Sediment History File Editor… to reactivate this window.


195

Figure 5-8 In the history editor, 

shows the current frame number.



shows the total number of frames.



: Select this button to play the frames from the frame set in From Frame to the frame set in the To Frame with the interval set in Skip and the delay time set in Delay.



: Select this button to show the next frame.



: Select this button to show the last frame.



: Select this button to show the previous frame.



: Select this button to show the first frame.




196

: Select this button to extract the current frame data into a file.

Figure 5-9



: Select this button to export the data into a bitmap image file from the frame set in From Frame to the frame set in the To Frame with the interval set in Skip.



: Select this button to create an AVI animation file from the frame set in From Frame to the frame set in the To Frame with the interval set in Skip and the delay time set in Delay. Note: According to the tests, for some Graphical Card AVI file would NOT be created successfully.


197

Figure 5-10 

In the Min and Max Values group, if the option Local is selected, the minimum and maximum values of the current variable displayed will be based on the current frame data; and if we select the Global option, the minimum and maximum values of the current variable displayed will be based on the whole frames data.

5.2.3 Estimation of Bed Change If the sediment results are loaded, we can estimate the bed change in a user-defined polygon region. The CCHE-GUI provides the estimation tool for we as shown in Figure 5-14.

Figure 5-11 To estimate the bed change, please follow the below steps: 

First select the Bed Change variable in Variable View.


198

Figure 5-12



Select on Simulation toolbar to enter the editing status, and then Add polygon points one by one by clicking the desired places on the mesh. To Finish the polygon, Double-Click the last point. During defining process, we can use to Undo the previous polygon point, and then reselect to redefine the point. After finishing the polygon, the estimation will be displayed. It will present we the estimated deposition, erosion, total change in volume and the average change in depth.


199

Figure 5-13


200

Repeat the previous step to define more polygons and the estimation of each polygon region will be given.

Figure 5-14 

If we have defined multiple polygons, the current active polygon is always in red color. We can use to select a polygon to view the estimation results by clicking within the polygon.


201

Figure 5-15



To delete a polygon, select

first, and then select the polygon we want to delete.


202

Figure 5-16



If we don’t want to show the polygons, we can use



Finally we can select to Save all the estimation information for all the polygons into a file with the same name as we CaseName and the extension “txt” in we working directory. Figure 5-17 shows an example of this file.

to show or hide them.


203

Figure 5-17


204

5.3 2D XY Plot After we load the results into the CCHE-GUI, we can view the 2D XY plot. To activate the XY plot, select on View toolbar or 2D XY Plot from Visualization menu. We can make the 2D XY Plot View float by Double-Clicking the header of the view. The XY Plot toolbar will be shown at the same time.


205

Figure 5-18 In the XY Plot toolbar, : Select the plot type from this selector. There are 12 kinds of



data type:


206

Figure 5-19 

If the option Cross Section is selected, the distribution of the selected variable in I direction or J direction will be displayed. 

We can use the slider to change the I cross section or J cross section.



We can view multiple cross sections at the same time. To add a cross section, first slide to the desired location, then click ; and similarly, to delete a cross section, slide to the desired location and then click .



We can switch the X axis from I/J number to the distance by selecting

.


207

Figure 5-20 

To export the current plot to a bitmap image, first Right-Click the XY plot, then in the popup menu choose Export as Image….


208

Figure 5-21 

If the option Flow Hydrograph is selected, the inlet discharge hydrograph and the outlet stage hydrograph will be displayed.


209

Figure 5-22 

If the option Flow Rating Curve is selected, the rating curve imposed on the outlet will be displayed.


210

Figure 5-23 

For all other options for chemical and water quality hydrographs, the corresponding hydrograph at the inlets will be displayed. If no hydrograph is available, an error message will be given.


211

Figure 5-24 The XY plot can show not only the Run data but also the user-defined data independent of the current Run. For example, the XY plot can import the data as shown in Figure 5-25. To import the user-defined data, first Right-Click the XY plot, then in the popup menu choose Import XY Data….


212

Figure 5-25


213

Figure 5-26 We can Probe, Pan, Zoom the plot and set the curve properties. To set the plot properties, first Right-Click the plot, then in the popup menu choose Settings….


214

Figure 5-27

5.4 Visualize Tabular Data After the results data is successfully loaded into the CCHE-GUI, we can visualize the data not only graphically but also in tabular form. To view the tabular data, select

on View toolbar or Table… on Data menu.


215

Figure 5-28 In the Tabular Data window, we can not only view six types of data, such as the Initial Conditions, the Flow Results, the Sediment Results, the Water Quality Results, the Chemical Results, and the Cohesive Sediment Results, but also Export the selected data into a Txt file with the format exactly the same as the table. Then we can use other software such as MS Excel or Techplot to load and edit the data.


216

Figure 5-29 Note: We are not allowed to edit the data inside the table. The CCHE-GUI adopts the Grid control developed by Chris Maunder to show the tabular data.

5.5 Probe and Extract Data The CCHE-GUI also provides the data probe and extraction capabilities. To start to probe or extract data, select on View toolbar or select Probe… or Extract from Polyline… from Data menu.


217

Figure 5-30 In the Data Probe window, 

First we need Select Data Source. An error message will be given if there is no available data.


218

Figure 5-31 

There are two tables: the top one displays the scalar variables while the other one shows the vector variables.


219

Figure 5-32



To probe the data from a point, first select mesh node.

, then click on the desired location or


220

Figure 5-33



: Select these two buttons to navigate in I direction.



: Select this button to extract the data from the current I line to a file.


221

Figure 5-34



: Select these two buttons to navigate in J direction



: Select this button to extract the data from the current J line to a file.

Figure 5-35




222

: Select this button to start to Extract the data from a user-defined polyline, then add the point of the polyline by clicking on the mesh. Between two points, we need to determine the number of points for the data extraction.

Figure 5-36

: After finishing one polyline, select this button to save the extracted



data into a file.


223

Figure 5-37

5.6 View Tools and Display Options The CCHE-GUI provides multiple view tools and the display options to customize we own graphics.

5.6.1 View Tools There are two toolbars related to the graphical view: one is a part of View toolbar and the other is View Tool toolbar. Please refer to Chapter 3 for details of the functions of them.

Figure 5-38 In the View toolbar, we can show/hide Time, Boundary, Boundary Node String, Mesh, Vector, Contours, Image and Scatter Points 

Time

: Select this button to show or hide time information.


224

Figure 5-39



Ruler

: Select this button to measure the distance between two points.

Figure 5-40



Boundary Node String

: Select this button to show or hide boundary node strings.

Figure 5-41 

Boundary

: Select this button to show or hide boundary.


225

Figure 5-42



Mesh

: Select this button to show or hide mesh.

Figure 5-43 

Colored Mesh

: Select this button to show or hide colored mesh.

Figure 5-44 

Vector

: Select this button to show or hide vector field.


226

Figure 5-45 

Uniform Vector

: Select this button to show or hide uniform vector field.

Figure 5-46 

Colored Vector

: Select this button to show or hide colored vector field.


227

Figure 5-47



Dry Area

: Select this button to show or hide dry area.


228


229

Figure 5-48



Contour Line

: Select this button to show or hide contour line.


230

Figure 5-49 

Colored Contour Line

: Select this button to show or hide colored contour line.

Figure 5-50 

Add Contour Label : Select this button to add contour labels. We need to click on a contour line, then the label of this selected contour line will be displayed.


231

Figure 5-51 

Delete Contour Label : Select this button to delete contour label. We need to click the label we want to delete. If we change the variable to be displayed, all the labels will be deleted automatically.


232

Figure 5-52



Flood Shading

: Select this button to show or hide flood shading.


233

Figure 5-53



Contour Shading

: Select this button to show or hide contour shading.

Figure 5-54



Contour Shading + Contour Line with flood + lines.

: Select this button to show or hide contour

Figure 5-55


234

Image : Select this button to show or hide the image. Please make sure we already imported a bitmap image. Note: Only 24-bit bitmap image can be imported. The image editing functions will be covered in later section.

Figure 5-56 

Scatter Points : Select this button to show or hide the scatter points. Please make sure the scatter points are imported into the CCHE-GUI.


235

Figure 5-57 . In the View Tool toolbar, we can view 3D, Zoom, Pan, Rotate the plot, add Light, Texture effects. 

Select



2d

: Select this button to select Title, Text, Time and Legend and move them.

: Select this button to show 2D view.


236

Figure 5-58 

3d

: Select this button to show 3D view.

Figure 5-59


Zoom



Incremental Zoom In



Incremental Zoom Out



Pan



Full Size



Legend

237

: Select this button to zoom in. : Select this button to zoom in incrementally. : Select this button to zoom out incrementally.

: Select this button to pan. : Select this button to restore to full size view. : Select this button to show or hide legend.

Figure 5-60 

Title

: Select this button to show or hide title.

Figure 5-61



Axis

: Select this button to show or hide axis.


238

Figure 5-62



Text 

: Select this button to add the texts.

To add a text, first select , and then click the desired place where we want to put the text. In the Add Text window, input the text and set the text properties. There are two types of texts: 2D and 3D. The former is the flat 2D text and cannot be rotated and the latter is 3D text and can be rotated. If we select the Local Coordinates System, the text cannot be moved with the mesh; and, if we select World Coordinates System, the text can be moved with the mesh.


239

Figure 5-63 

To delete a text, first select “Del” key on the keyboard.

, then select the text we want to delete, and then press

Figure 5-64


240



Rotate : Select this button to rotate the view using the mouse. When rotating, press the Left-Button and Hold, and then move the mouse.



Increase Z

: Select this button to increase the scale in Z direction.

Figure 5-65



Decrease Z

: Select this button to decrease the scale in Z direction.


241

Figure 5-66



Light

: Select this button to enable or disable light effects.


242

Figure 5-67


Frame

243

: Select this button to show or hide 3D frame.

Figure 5-68



Texture : Select this button to enable or disable texture effects. Figures 5-65 and 5-66 shows the plot with and without texture effects, respectively.


244

Figure 5-69

5.6.2 Display Options The CCHE-GUI allows we to customize we own drawing by setting the display options. To set the display options, select Options…in View menu or on View Tool toolbar. As shown in Figure 5-70, there are six pages in the Display Options window.


245

Figure 5-70 On the first page, we can show/hide different plotting by checking or unchecking the corresponding item, such as Mesh, Boundary, etc. We can also enable or disable the Texture and Light effects. To set the Color Transparency, we need to specify a ratio for transparency.


246

Figure 5-71


247

On the Mesh and Boundary page, we can set the properties for the mesh and boundary, such as Line Width, Line Color, Frame Color, etc.

Figure 5-72 On the Contour page, we can set the properties for the contour. These properties are divided into three groups. 

Contour Levels: In this group, we can set the current Minimum and Maximum values for the current selected variable; and, we can also set the contour type: plotting by the number of levels or by the interval. If we check Keep current min


248

and max when loading new results, the current settings will not be changed when loading the new result file.

Figure 5-73 

Contour Display: This group allows we to set the display properties, such as Plot Type, Line Width, Line Color, etc.



Labels: In this group, we can set the Label Color, the Background Color, and the Digit Number for the contour labels.


249

On the Vector page, we can customize the velocity vectors. We can set the vector Type, the vector Color, the Arrow Head, and the Skipping lines.

Figure 5-74 On the Legend page, we can set the properties for the legend including the Orientation, the Color Type, the Width and Height, the digit Precision, and the Font Size.


250

Figure 5-75 On the last page, the 3D Rotation properties can be set. Only if the 3D view is active will this page enabled. We can set the rotation angles in x, y, z direction. We can also view the specific planes, such as XY, -XY, YZ, -YZ, XZ, and -XZ planes.


251

Figure 5-76

5.6.3 Background Image The CCHE-GUI provides the functions to import and edit the background image. To import a background image, select Bitmap Image (*.bmp) from Import submenu on File menu.


252

Figure 5-77 After we import a bitmap image successfully, we can use the following Image toolbar to edit it.

Figure 5-78 In the Image toolbar, 

First select to set the transformation parameters. In the Transformation Settings window, we can set the Scaling Step, Rotation Step and Translation Step.

Figure 5-79


253



Set Appropriate Scale: Click or to zoom in or zoom out the background image incrementally at a Scaling Step set in the Transformation Settings.



Set Appropriate Angle: Select to rotate the background image clockwise or anticlockwise at a Rotate Step set previously.



Set Appropriate Translation: Select



to move the background image

leftward, rightward, upward or downward; or, Select to move background image toward any direction. Save Transformation Information: Select save the transformation information into a geometrically referenced file (*.grm) in the same directory where the background image is located. Next time when importing this image, the background image will be transformed according to the settings in that file.

Figure 5-80 We can follow the above steps to manually transform a bitmap image to make it match we mesh. An alternative way to transform the image is to do the coordinates transformation. We need to define two reference points on the image. 

First select

to enter the editing status.



Define the first reference point.


254

Figure 5-81 

Define the second reference point.


255

Figure 5-82

6 APPENDIX: FILE FORMAT

File Name

Mesh File (*.geo)

Discharge Hydrograph File (*.dhg)

File Format Description (Pseudo-Fortran Code)

File Name

File Format Description (Pseudo-Fortran Code)

Imax, Jmax Do j = 1, Jmax Do i = 1, Imax x (x or east coordinate), y (y or north coordinate), wsl (initial water surface), bed (initial bed elevation), lsl (nodal type), roughness Enddo Enddo Number of Ordinates Do i =1, Number of Ordinates Time (second), Discharge 3 (m /s) Enddo

Monitor Points File (*.mon)

Number of Monitor Points (