CCIS 413 - A Mobile-Based Automation System for ...

A Mobile-Based Automation System for Maintenance Inspection and Lifesaving Support in a Smart ICT Building Abdelkader Dekdouk Computer Science Department, College of Arts and Applied Sciences Dhofar University, Salalah, Oman, P.O. Box: 2509, Postal Code 211. Laboratoire d’Informatique et de Technologie d’Information d‘Oran [email protected]

Abstract. With the ever increasing device count and the introduction of wireless pervasive computing in building automation, in order 1) to enhance people life comfort and safety and 2) to optimize the consumption cost of public utility services like energy and water; it is becoming more than crucial to automatically manage these commonly known smart buildings. Indeed, in this research work, we propose a platform that addresses the problem of energy management of different electric devices in a smart Information and Communication Technology (ICT) building and particularly high performance computing (HPC) data centers. This platform integrates the mobile technology as a means to facilitate the maintenance operations usually executed by the mobile workforce agents on smart building electric devices. Another important issue integrated in this proposed platform deals with the monitoring of a life safety plan in case of an emergency scenario due, for instance, to fire detection. The emergency rescue monitoring is eased by the use of mobile devices such as the tablets, usually handled by people in a smart ICT building. Keywords: Smart Building, Energy Management, Mobile Computing, Sensor Networks, Knowledge Management, Emergency Rescue and Risk management.

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Introduction

Managing a smart building is becoming so demanding that an ordinary human is not capable of keeping track of all the offered possibilities, and hence intelligent computing support becomes a mandatory requirement for public utility efficient services (such as energy and water) and yet comfort and life safety oriented operations. The information quality available in a management system plays a crucial role for efficient sensors administration and energy consumption controlling of different electric components in a smart building. In fact, designing sufficient and concise information to the management system allows it to define better decision solutions for some given tasks like switching off the lighting when we leave a room or automatically shutting off the water valve when detecting a flood or scheduling a heat pump to start once energy from renewable sources becomes available i.e. the sun is shining on a photovoltaic installation. M.J. O'Grady et al. (Eds.): AmI 2013 Workshops, CCIS 413, pp. 320–335, 2013. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2013

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In this research work, our first aim concerns the energy management in a smart building. In fact, a smart building is usually populated by multitude of sensors that cooperate in an intelligent way to particularly control the energy consumption of different devices such as lighting/shading or heating/ventilation/air-conditioning. While in functional automation, proven solution have already existed for a longer time, additional challenges arise for energy management systems that need to be tailored to some specific buildings such as academic, health-care, industrial and commercial buildings. Indeed some specific electric devices need particular energyefficient management policies in some specific smart buildings. For instance, in health care or commercial buildings, the heating and lighting infrastructure represent the most energy-consuming systems. In industrial building, the high power machines are the main electric equipment concerned by the energy efficient management process. In academic buildings, the computing devices like the data centers, HPC machines installed in ICT spaces represent one of the most energy consuming devices and hence specific management rules are established based on the knowledge combination of ICT and HPC management experts. The sophistication and complexity of sensor network infrastructure have made maintenance and asset management cumbersome and costly. Thus, a highly-effective mobile workforce is deemed as one of the mechanisms that can be exploited by a management system to ensure continuous and immediate services in order to meet the established requirements and standards. These operations which represent the second objective of this research work are implemented in mobile smart handhelds (such as mobile tablets) making thus this task very effective. Still based on mobile technology, the third objective of this contribution offers decision support mobile-based services that assist building occupants in monitoring their life rescue in case of situations like fire or flood detections. In this research contribution, the proposed management platform is built on an ontology-based model unifying in a single data structure all the information related to the sensors, the devices controlled by these sensors as well as the context of an ICT building occupant defined by 1) his position in the building, 2) the events that may arise in the building and which can be life-threatening to the occupant and 3) the time of event occurrences, etc. Representing this knowledge in a machine-processable description language like OWL ensures that information can be accessed and exploited by the management system which automatically performs logical reasoning and executes control strategies based on inference rules and decision making techniques that are developed by a group of ICT and HPC management experts. This paper is organized as follows: in Section 2, we present the architecture of our management platform. This platform is built of two main modules, namely the module of data acquisition and the module of logic reasoning and decision making. In Section 3, we present different mobile-based monitoring applications that are integrated in our management system. One of those applications is used by mobile workforce agents in order to tackle efficiently the problem of energy consumption

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management of the different smart building assets. Another mobile application used in this management system consists in assisting the building tenants, in case of an emergency rescue scenario. In Section 4, we investigate the HPC system monitoring (from an energy saving perspective) in an ICT building. Finally we conclude with some remarks and outline some future perspectives.

Fig. 1. Smart Building Knowledge Management System Architecture

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Smart Building Knowledge Management System

In this section, we give an overview of the general architecture of our proposed knowledge management system of a smart building, relying on data collected by ZigBee wireless sensor network. In the literature there exist different knowledge management systems of smart buildings [1, 2, 3]; however our knowledge management system differs from the aforementioned ones, by its ability to offer mobile-based services implemented on an Android mobile tablet. The mobile-based services helps any mobile workforce agent to perform on-site management operations in an effective way. In addition to that, our platform tackles the problem of emergency response scenarios by offering mobile-based rescue solutions made on decision techniques such as logic reasoning and Bayesian networks.

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Knowledge Management System Architecture

Abstract system architecture is presented here in Figure 1, based on ontology and inference engine. Sensors input data pertaining to parameters such as temperature, humidity, energy usage, carbon monoxide density, smoke density are collected and stored in sensors database. This data is filtered, summarized and converted to supply the ontology model. Based on inference rules and ontology instances we perform analysis procedures to achieve energy optimization, to avoid device degradation and to suggest solutions to some emergency rescue situations. The monitoring of HPC data centers is dealt with the help of a specific monitoring tool that is Nagios [4]. We should note by the way, that in the area of HPC data centers monitoring, there are other tools that do fairly the job (see [5, 6]). In the sequel we will discuss in more detail the HPC system monitoring. 2.2

Data Acquisition Model

This module permits to communicate with different sensors through a gateway. In building automation area, different communication protocols have been developed such as KNX, LonWorks, BACnet, Modbus, ZigBee SEP, Homeplug and 6LoWPAN [7, 8, 9]. In order to allow inter-communication between these heterogeneous technologies in a building automation system, we need to build a middleware on the top of them. However with the energy-saving purpose and for some practical reasons, regarding the installation cost of building area network (BAN), we chose to only focus on ZigBee technology for M2M communication [10] which can be easily and efficiently deployed in a BAN. In our management platform, the M2M communication network is connected to the internet through ConnectPort X2 [11] which is a small ZigBee to Ethernet/Wifi gateway providing low-cost IP networking of RF devices and sensor networks. ConnectPort X2 products feature an end-to-end development environment based on local customization via iDigi Dia framework allowing for rapid M2M-specific application development on the industry standard Python scripting engine. Recall that the objectives of this contribution, is to manage a smart building in order 1) to optimize the energy consumption of its electric assets, and 2) to monitor the lifesaving of building occupants in the case of an emergency rescue scenario. The inherent complexity of the knowledge domain makes it hard to sufficiently cover the whole domain in detail with conventional database techniques. Thus, the semantic representation of the environment of a smart ICT building can be seen as a prerequisite of an intelligent system operating on behalf of the user.

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Fig. 2. Ontology Description of Smart Building Assets

2.2.1 Ontology Modeling and Logical Reasoning To model dependencies of the different actors of a smart ICT building in an expressive way, the representation as ontology is proposed in Figure 2. Ontologies can be seen as means to describe important aspects of a knowledge domain on the basis of a formal semantic language. One possibility for an ontology representation is the Web Ontology Language OWL that can be automatically processed by a machine. Main constructs in OWL are concepts, individuals and properties. A concept denotes a construct that can have members belonging to that concept and also sub-concepts in order to form hierarchies. The concrete members of such concepts are individuals which represent entities in the modeled domain of discourse. The properties represent the attributes of these concepts. In addition to the hierarchy relationship (such as the inheritance usually defined by the “is_a” relationship), we can interconnect semantically the concepts by relations like “isLocatedIn(?x,?y)” (this relation means that a “Person” identified by the unknown parameter “?x” is located in a “Room” parameterized by “?y”). With the help of properties and relations, logical axioms can be phrased in a decidable fragment of first-order logic, that aid in describing concepts and members. By applying the defined inference rules and particularly the modus pones rule, we can deduce facts that can be added to enrich the knowledge base. Here below, we present some inference rules that are defined in our inference engine.

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________________________________________________________________ 1. Person(?x) and isLeaving(?x,?y) implies raiseEvent(?y,LIGHT_OFF). 2. Person(?x) and isEntring(?x,?y) implies raiseEvent(?y, LIGHT_ON). 3. Sensor(?x) and and typeSens(?x, TEMPERATURE) and valueSens(?x) >THRESHOLD and isLocatedIn(?x,?y) implies raiseEvent(FIRE_ALARM, ?y). 4. Sensor(?x) and residualEnergy(?x) = TRESHOLD implies raiseEvent(ALERT_CONTROL, ?y). 6. Device(?x) and iscontrolledBy(?x,?y) and typeDev(?x, UPS) and typeSens(?y,TEMPERATURE) and valueSens(?y) > TRESHOLD implies controls(?y,?x,SHUTDOWN). 7. Device(?x) and isControlledBy(?x,?y) and typeSens(?y, HUMIDITY) and valueSens(?y) < MIN and valueSens(?y) > MAX implies raiseEvent(ALERT_HUMIDITY). 8. Person(?x) and isLocatedIn(?x,?y) and eventCheck(FIRE_ALARM) and detectSafeRoad(?y,exit,?list) implies raiseEvent(?x, MOVE, ?list). ________________________________________________________________ Rule1 means that, when a person leaves a room, the system arises an event object with a constant value LIGHT_OFF. Rule3 means that if the temperature sensor exceeds a threshold in a given room “y”, then the system arises an event object with the constant value FIRE_ALARM and the location value of this event is set to “y”. Rule8 means that if a person “x” is located in a given position and a fire alarm is detected, then the systems automatically arises a MOVE event corresponding to the person “x”, along with the path in the building, that “x” needs to follow in order to save his life. 2.2.2 Decision Making Using Bayesian Networks Bayesian networks (BN), also known as belief networks belong to the family of probabilistic graphical models (GM). These graphical structures are used to represent knowledge about an uncertain domain. In particular, each node in the graph represents a random variable, while the edges between the nodes represent probabilistic dependencies among the corresponding random variables. These conditional dependencies in the graph are often estimated by using known statistical and

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computational methods. In Figure 3, we present the BN that illustrates a situation of a decision making in case of an alarm detection. We apply this technique to make a decision for a scenario where a building tenant is initially at position “Corridor A”. For that, we evaluate the probability of safety event in corridor A, defined by the variable safety_at_A. The variable mov_safely_to_B represents the event of moving safely to corridor B. In order to decide about the safest path that leads to the exit point. We need to compute the following join probability: probability(safety_at_A, mov_safely_to_E, mov_safely_to_G, mov_safely_to_G, mov_safely_to_H, mov_safely_to_Exit) = prob(safety_at_A) * prob(mov_safely_to_E | safety_at_A) * prob(mov_safely_to_G | mov_safely_to_E) * prob(mov_safely_to_H | mov_safely_to_G) * prob(mov_safely_to_Exit | mov_safely_to_H)

Fig. 3. Bayesian Networks Decision Making in case of an Emergency Rescue Scenario

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Fig. 4. Mobile Tool Interface for Energy Management in a Smart ICT Building

Based on an estimation evaluation carried out by a building safety and security expert, we can determine that the probability “y1” is greater than the probabilities “y2” and “y3” and hence we conclude that the path A-E-G-H-Exit1 is the safest one. 2.3

Mobile-Based Workforce Management Service

The sophistication and complexity of the smart buildings particularly smart ICT buildings have made maintenance and asset management cumbersome and costly. Thus, a highly-productive mobile workforce is deemed as one of the mechanisms that can be exploited by the ICT building manager to ensure that they can deliver continuous services satisfying the policies stated for the ICT building administration related to the energy consumption optimization and the comfort and safety enhancement of the ICT building occupants. Confronted by increased costs, competitive pressures, an aging workforce and today’s economic challenges, many ICT buildings are looking for opportunities to reduce their costs, and improve service levels. Integrating a mobile and wireless solution that empowers employees with the information they need, to improve their job performance, is becoming inevitable [12]. Indeed a field-based employee is able to realize shorter resolution times to provide the management services. In Figure 4, we present the mobile-based tool interface that

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visualizes graphically the 2D-architecture design of our smart ICT building. The employee can get the necessary information about the building assets (sensor, appliance) by just touching their corresponding positions on the screen that displays the architecture design of the building. The interface offers a text input field for request acquisition. The request is expressed in a natural language with a simple grammar, as presented here: 1. Request ::= Concept {SP} [REL Concept {SP}]* 2. Concept ::= | | .. 3. SP ::= simple_logic_function(params) 4. REL ::= | | | .. __________________________________________________________________ The request is then translated into SPARQL which is automatically executed on the Ontology knowledge base. Next we present a query that searches for ON/OFF light devices whose energy consumption is greater than 3.5KHW during one month period.

1. search devices that satisfy condition {energy consumption > 3.5} of profile lighting that satisfy condition {typeDev = “on-off light”} in time that satisfy condition {interval = [01/01/2013, 01/02/2013]}. This query is translated into SPARQL as follows: _______________________________________________________________ PREFIX rdf: PREFIX owl: PREFIX xsd: PREFIX

foaf:



SELECT ?device WHERE { ?device rdf:type foaf:Device . ?device foaf: energy_consum ?var1 . Filter( ?var > 3.5) lighting rdf:type foaf:Lighting . ?device foaf:of_profile ?lighting .

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?lighting foaf:typeDev

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“on/off light” .

?time rdf:type foaf:Time . ?device foaf:in_time ?time . ?time foaf:interval ?var2 . FILTER (?var2 > "2013-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) AND (?var2 < "2012-02-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime> ) } _________________________________________________________________ The following query consists in identifying the temperature sensors whose the residual energy is equal to 50% of its battery life duration. __________________________________________________________________ 2. search location of sensors that satisfy condition {typeSens = temperature and residual_energy = 50%} Its equivalent SPARQL query is: __________________________________________________________________ PREFIX rdf: PREFIX owl: PREFIX xsd: PREFIX

foaf:



SELECT ?location WHERE { ?location rdf:type foaf:Location . ?sensor rdf:type foaf:Sensor . ?location foaf:of ?sensor . ?sensor foaf:typeSens “temperature” . ?sensor foaf:residual_energy ?var1 . FILTER(var1 =

50)

_________________________________________________________________ 2.4

Mobile-Based Emergency Rescue Management Service

Indoor emergency response scenarios in case of an urban fire, earthquakes, gas leaks or hostage situations are in continuous enhancement particularly with the help of sensors. In fact different sensor-based intelligent emergency rescue evacuation systems have been developed [13, 14, 15, 16]. In this research work we use the mobile tablet as an asset to enhance the emergency rescue support techniques. In fact nowadays nearly most of the people have mobile smart handhelds and in the near

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future we predict that every student will have a mobile tablet particularly used for learning activity. Actually the mobile smart handheld includes high processing capabilities, large memory, multiple connectivity options GSM, GPRS, UMTS, LTE, WiFi. This communication stack will be enriched with low power M2M communication protocols like ZigBee Pro, BLE, in order to directly communicate with smart building sensors. In Figure 5, we present a simulation of a fire detection event in a smart ICT building. We assume an emergency scenario where the smoke has started to fill the building and spread around its rooms. In such situation, we suppose that the visibility has been reduced and hence the panic feeling has increased. The emergency rescue monitoring service offered by our management system uses the information collected from smoke sensors, movement sensors as well as mobile integrated sensors like the GPS, the accelerometer and the direction sensors. Based on this data and the Bayesian networks technique, we compute the safety probabilities of any person “P” trapped inside a building in fire at position “X” and also determine the probability to move safely from position “X” to position “Y” and hence identify the safest path to rescue that person “P” (see Figure 3).

Fig. 5. Mobile Tool Interface for Monitoring Emergency Rescue Scenario

3

HPC Data Centers Energy Management in an ICT Building

HPC data centers run at their peak performance to efficiently execute scientific applications. Therefore, these HPC systems consume enormous amount of power that

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results in increased operational cost. The high power consumption translates into high temperature of the physical HPC systems, which in turn results in high failure rate and decreased reliability. In fact according to Arrhenius equation when applied to HPC hardware, each 10 degree increase in system’s temperature doubles the system failure rate [19]. Employing an aggressive cooling system does not improve the situation, because it involves additional power consumptions and infrastructure cost. In this section we discuss the monitoring of data centers from a green energy perspective. With the emergence of Petaflops HPC systems, we are anticipated to draw enormous amounts of electrical power. Concerns over total cost of ownership have moved the focus of the HPC system architecture from concern over peak performance towards concern over improving power efficiency [17, 18]. The increase in power consumption can be illustrated by comparing typical top 500 HPC systems. A new metric of performance in computing taking into account energy consumption has been defined representing the number of Teraflop or Petaflop execution per Watt unit. Hence based on this metric a new ranking HPC machines has been defined by the Green500 list [18]. In fact with this metric, the things changed, we notice that the IBM BlueGene which is the highest 500 top HPC machine, performs 2.1 TeraFlops/Watt, consumes 82 KWatt and hence falls to the eight rank surpassed by Appro GreenBlade taking the first rank in the Green500 list with a performance of 2.5 Teraflops/Watt. The HPC system (named “Haytham”) of our ICT Building is a BULL Cluster (Bullx R423) that is equipped with 32 nodes. Each node has 2 processor of type Intel Nehalem Ex (2.93GHz) composed of 6 cores. For every computing cycle, it can perform 4 Flops. Hence the peak performance of this supercomputer is 32*2*6*4*2.93 = 4.5 TeraFlops. This HPC machine consumes 16KW dedicated for computing and 20KW for cooling. We can hence estimate the green performance of this machine in extreme case by 4.5 TFlops/36KW = 0.125 GFlops/Watt. In the domain of HPC system monitoring, there exists some general networking tools, such as Nagios [4], Cacti [5] and Ganglia[6] that are usually exploited to manage HPC environments. In our management framework, we particularly use Nagios to monitor Haytham HPC system. We particularly enriched Nagios tool with some monitoring shell scripts, notably the script that controls the shutting off of the nodes of the supercomputer in case of alarms detection such as the battery power is low to support the load or the maximum temperature has been violated (see appendix A).

4

Conclusion

In this paper, we propose a management system of a smart building and more specifically a smart ICT building. This system helps to manage the electric appliances of the smart building, namely the sensors and the different electric devices like the lights, HAVC equipment and particularly computing devices such as high performance computing data centers. The management process has the objectives to enhance the life comfort of the building occupants whilst also optimizing the energy consumption in the building. In order to increase the effectiveness of this management

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task, we developed mobile-based services that facilitate on-site interventions carried out by mobile workforce agents, in a timely and costly efficient manner. Another feature of this management system is its ability to monitor emergency response procedures based on mobile technology. In this research work, we implemented emergency rescue services based on mobile technology. In fact, these services use the mobile device features involving the Communication, the GPS positioning sensor, the accelerometer sensor and the direction sensor along with the smoke density sensors, and the flexible visual representation of 2D and 3D architecture of the building on the mobile display. Based on these features, the emergency rescue service can draw the safest path and assists a mobile user in his rescue action. An extension of this rescue technique based on mobile technology is to consider the case of persons that might be visually impaired and deaf persons [14, 15]. Hence the offered rescue service can exploit the tactile feedback capacity that semantically enhances the mobile interface [20, 21] based on the different patterns of vibration. The management system we presented here deals with energy optimization in a smart ICT building and particularly the energy management of an HPC data center. Actually, in this area we are lacking of management experts that collectively possess sufficient knowledge on energy management and HPC administration. In [22] some challenges of HPC monitoring are presented and one of these challenges consists in analyzing the execution of different jobs on the supercomputer nodes and extracts the correlation between the jobs with respect to the energy consumption. Hence, energy consuming jobs can be launched in times where the power price is cheap or the supercomputer is not overloaded.

Appendix: Bash Script to Manage the Battery Power of a Data Center #!/bin/bash alarm1="The battery power is too low to support" alarm2="The battery power is too low to continue to support the load" alarm3="On battery power in response to an input" alarm4="In bypass in response" alarm5="A high battery temperature exists" alarm6="The internal battery temperature no longer exceeds the critical threshold" alarm7="A maximum temperature threshold violation" clearing1="No longer on battery power" shutcluster() { echo "$(date) PowerShut: (Critical) Starting a Cluster Shutdown procedure..." >> /var/log/ups

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echo "$(date) PowerShut: (Critical) Stopping all running jobs" >> /var/log/ups /usr/bin/scancel -w haytham[1-32] echo "$(date) PowerShut: (Critical) Shutting down Computing Nodes" >> /var/log/ups /usr/sbin/nodectrl -F poweroff haytham[1-32] sleep 90 for ((i=1; i > /var/log/ups ssh haytham2 "shutdown -P +3" & echo "$(date) PowerShut (Critical) Management Node will halt now." >> /var/log/ups shutdown -P now } echo "$(date) PowerShut: (Info) Starting PowerShut process... " >> /var/log/ups while true do read event if [ -n "$event" ]; then echo $event >> /var/log/ups fi case $event in *"$alarm1"*|*"$alarm2"*|*"$alarm5"*|*"$alarm7"*) shutcluster;; *"$alarm3"*) status=-1 echo "$(date) PowerShut: (Alert) Starting a countdown timer of 6min for a Shutdown procedure..." >> /var/log/ups until (( $status==1 || $status==0 )) ; do TMOUT=360 read event; if [[ -z $event ]]; then status=0 else if echo $event | grep -q "$clearing1"; then echo $event >> /var/log/ups

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echo "$(date) PowerShut: (Clearing) Shutdown is canceled." >> /var/log/ups status=1 else echo $event >> /var/log/ups fi fi done if (( status==0 )); then shutcluster fi TMOUT=0;; esac done echo "$(date) PowerShut: (Alert) Inexpected exit from PowerShut process. " >> /var/log/ups _________________________________________________________________________

Special thanks go to Dr. Mejdi Kaddour for his help in the section of HPC data center monitoring.

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