TEXT BOOK OF
PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY As Per New PCI Regulations
FIRST YEAR B. PHARM Semester I
Dr. Jyoti Gupta
Mr. Mohit Sanduja
M. Pharm., Ph. D. Dean and Prof. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MVN University, 74 km Stone, NH-2, Delhi Highway (NCR), Palwal Haryana - 121105
M. Pharm., Asstt. Prof. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MVN University, 74 km Stone, NH-2, Delhi Highway (NCR), Palwal Haryana - 121105
Ms. Madhuri Grover M. Pharm., Asstt. Prof. of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MVN University, 74 km Stone, NH-2, Delhi Highway (NCR), Palwal Haryana - 121105
Price ` 275.00
N007 Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry First Edition ©
ISBN 978-
: July 2017 : Authors
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Preface The Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry book has been written, keeping in view the needs and interest of pharmacy students. This book might for some appears to be unusual blend of definition, terminologies and disciplines related to an array of compounds being used therapeutically. It also includes their sources, preparation, chemical structure identification tests, limit tests and uses in ample details to serve the purpose of pharmacy and general chemistry courses. The prime aim of the authors have always been to keep purity in the subject matter, the various terms which have been introduced and defined in an exact, accurate & lucid manner. Beside this, the entire text has been duly substantiated with figures, tables, classic text, modern presentation and application to appraise the students with relevant and easy-to-grasp content. The present book has been written according to the latest syllabus by PCI 2017, Delhi for B. Pharmacy I Semester students. The Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry book has been divided into five units, each unit containing chapters as mentioned in the syllabus. Every attempt has made to make each chapter independent & self containing. The aim & objective of this book is solely focused upon the basic knowledge of inorganic chemistry, to the pharmacy students engaged in the professional programme. The book is visually beautiful and the authors communicate their enthusiasm of the subject in every chapter. Any constructive criticism, comments and suggestion for further improvement from the readers are always welcome. We wish to thank the publisher for the sustained interest shown by them during the entire work. The authors acknowledge the unstinted help and excellent co-operation from Mr Amit & Ms Roshan Khan of Nirali Publication, for bringing out this book in a record time frame. Dr. Jyoti Gupta, Mr. Mohit Sanduja & Mrs. Madhuri Grover
Syllabus Unit I
10 Hours
Impurities in Pharmaceutical Substances: History of Pharmacopoeia, Sources and types of impurities, principle involved in the limit test for Chloride, Sulphate, Iron, Arsenic, Lead and Heavy metals, modified limit test for Chloride and Sulphate. General Methods of Preparation: Assay for the compounds superscripted with asterisk (*), properties and medicinal uses of inorganic compounds belonging to the following classes. Unit II
10 Hours
Acids, Bases and Buffers: Buffer equations and buffer capacity in general, buffers in pharmaceutical systems, preparation, stability, buffered isotonic solutions, measurements of tonicity, calculations and methods of adjusting isotonicity. Major extra and intracellular electrolytes: Functions of major physiological ions. Electrolytes used in the replacement therapy: Sodium chloride*. Potassium chloride, Calcium gluconate* and Oral Rehydration Salt (ORS), Physiological acid base balance. Dental Products: Dentrifices, role of fluoride in the treatment of dental caries, Desensitizing agents, Calcium carbonate, Sodium fluoride and Zinc eugenol cement. Unit III
10 Hours
Gastrointestinal Agents Acidifiers: Ammonium chloride* and Dil. HCl Antacid:
Ideal
properties
of
antacids,
combinations
of
antacids,
Sodium
Bicarbonate*, Aluminium hydroxide gel, Magnesium hydroxide mixture. Carthartics: Magnesium sulphate, Sodium orthophosphate, Kaolin and Bentonite. Antimicrobials: Mechanism, classification, Potassium permanganate, Boric acid, Hydrogen peroxide*, Chlorinated lime*, Iodine and its preparations. Unit IV Miscellaneous Compounds Expectorants: Potassium iodide, Ammonium chloride*. Emetics: Copper sulphate*, Sodium potassium tartarate.
08 Hours
Haematinics: Ferrous sulphate*, Ferrous gluconate. Poison and Antidote: Sodium thiosulphate*, Activated charcoal, Sodium nitrite 333. Astringents: Zinc Sulphate, Potash Alum Unit V
07 Hours
Radiopharmaceuticals: Radio activity, Measurement of radioactivity, Properties of , , radiations, Half-life, radio isotopes and study of radio isotopes - Sodium iodide I131, Storage conditions, precautions and pharmaceutical application of radioactive substances.
Contents 1.
2.
Impurities in Pharmaceutical Substances
1.1 - 1.44
1.1
Introduction to Pharmaceutical Chemistry
1.
1.2
Introduction to Pharmacopoeia
1.
1.3
Other Pharmacopoeias
1.
1.4
Impurity
1.5
Sources of Impurities
1.
1.6
Limit Test
1.
•
Exercise
1.
Acids, Bases and Buffers, Major Extra and Intra Cellular Electrolytes, and Dental Products
1.
2.1 - 2.68
2.1
Introduction
2.
2.2
Theories of Acids and Bases
2.
2.2.1
Arrhenius Concepts of Acids and Bases
2.
2.2.2
Bronsted-Lowry Concepts of Acids and Bases
2.
2.2.3
Lewis Concepts of Acids and Bases
2.
2.3
2.3
Buffers
2.
2.3.1
Buffer Solutions
2.
2.3.2
Buffer Action
2.
2.3.3
Buffer Equations
2.
2.3.4
Buffer Capacity
2.
2.3.5
Factors Affecting pH of Buffer Solutions
2.
2.3.6
Importance of Buffer Solutions
2.
2.3.7
Role of Buffers in Pharmacy
2.
2.3.8
Buffers in Pharmaceutical System
2.
2.3.9
Preparation of Buffers
2.
2.3.10
Stability of Buffers
2.
2.3.11
Buffered Isotonic Solutions
2.
2.3.12
Measurement of Tonicity
2.
2.3.13
Methods of Adjusting Tonicity and pH
2.
Major Extra and Intracellular Electrolytes
2.
2.4.1
Introduction
2.
2.4.2
Functions of Electrolytes
2.
2.5
•
3.
2.4.3
Electrolytic Imbalance and its Causes
2.
2.4.4
Major Physiological Ions and their Functions
2.
2.4.5
Electrolytes Used for Replacement Therapy
2.
Dental Products
2.
2.5.1
Dental Products
2.
2.5.2
Dentifrices
2.
2.5.3
Calcium Carbonate
2.
2.5.4
Role of Fluorides
2.
2.5.5
Role of Phosphates
2.
2.5.6
Anti-caries Agents
2.
2.5.7
Desensitizing Agents
2.
2.5.8
Strontium Chloride
2.
2.5.9
Zinc Oxide Eugenol Cement
2.
Exercise
2.
Gastrointestinal Agents
3.1 - 3.38
3.1
Introduction
3.
3.2
Gastrointestinal Agents
3.
3.3
Acidifying Agents
3.
3.3.1
Ammonium Chloride
3.
3.3.2
Hydrochloric Acid
3.
3.3.3
Dilute Hydrochloric Acid
3.
3.4
Antacids
3.
3.4.1
Sodium Bicarbonate
3.
3.4.2
Aluminium Hydroxide Gel
3.
3.4.3
Magnesium Hydroxide Mixture
3.
3.5
Combinations of Antacids
3.
3.6
Cathartics
3.
3.6.1
Magnesium Sulphate
3.
3.6.2
Sodium Orthophosphate
3.
3.6.3
Kaolin
3.
3.6.4
Bentonite
3.
3.7
Anti-Microbial Agents
3.
3.7.1
Potassium Permanganate
3.
3.7.2
Boric Acid
3.
3.7.3
Hydrogen Peroxide
3.
•
4.
Chlorinated Lime
3.
3.7.5
Iodine
3.
3.7.6
Preparations of Iodine
3.
Exercise
3.
Miscellaneous Compounds 4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
•
5.
3.7.4
4.1 - 4.24
Expectorants
4.
4.1.1
Potassium Iodide
4.
4.1.2
Ammonium Chloride
4.
Emetics
4.
4.2.1
Copper Sulphate
4.
4.2.2
Sodium Potassium Tartarate
4.
Haematinics
4.
4.3.1
Ferrous Sulphate
4.
4.3.2
Ferrous Gluconate
4.
Poison and Antidotes
4.
4.4.1
Sodium Nitrite Injection
4.
4.4.2
Sodium Thiosulfate Injection
4.
4.4.3
Activated Charcoal
4.
Astringents
4.
4.5.1
Potash Alum
4.
4.5.2
Zinc Sulphate
4.
Exercise
4.
Radiopharmaceuticals
5.1 - 5.22
5.1
Introduction
5.
5.2
Radioactive Rays
5.
5.3
Radioactive Decay
5.
5.4
Measurement of Radioactivity
5.
5.5
Sodium Iodide (I131)
5.
5.6
Applications of Radioisotopes
5.
5.7
Hazards Associated with Radiopharmaceuticals
5.
5.8
Radio-opaque Contrast Media
5.
5.9
Barium Sulphate
5.
•
Exercise
5.
