Noun, adjective and adverb. Laxmi Prasad Khatiwada. Nepali Computing project. MPP. 29 August 2007. 1. Inflection and derivation in Nepali ...
Inflection and derivation in Nepali Noun, adjective and adverb
Laxmi Prasad Khatiwada Nepali Computing project MPP 29 August 2007
Inflection and derivation in Nepali
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Inheritance Indo-European language are inflected to a greater or lesser extent. In general, languages derive from Greek, Latin and Sanskrit still have carried their property. The distinction between inflection and derivation plays a vital role in linguistics and is very significant in Nepali 29 August 2007
Inflection and derivation in Nepali
2
Morphological point of view Inflectional morphology and derivational morphology are two traditionally distinct fields, attributed many types of differences such as the claim that derivation is pregrammatical, whereas inflection is part of the grammar itself.
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Inflection and derivation in Nepali
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Entire morphology Morphology
Word formation
Inflection
Compounding
Derivation - class-changing
prefix 29 August 2007
Affixation
suffix
Other
2 free roots
redup conversion
+/- class-changing
Inflection and derivation in Nepali
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Word formation process stem + affix = word forms infix
Not in Nepali
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prefix
अ + पढ / नि + डर
suffix
फराक + इलो
Inflection and derivation in Nepali
circumfix
Not in Nepali
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Inflection
Inflectional suffixes encode grammatical function, Inflection is syntactically relevant, Inflection has a regular, transparent function/meaning Inflectional suffixes are a closed set Inflection is fully productive Inflectional suffixes can be attached to all members of a class. Inflectional suffixes that attach outside derivational suffixes.
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Inflection and derivation in Nepali
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Derivation
Derivational affixes are closer to the root Derivational affixes add lexical meaning Derivational affixes are especially the productive ones, Derivational affixes are large, open set Derivational affixes can and do occur inside other derivational affixes. Derivation may change the lexical category of the base, Most of them do, but some don't, e.g. class maintaining prefixes.
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Inflection and derivation in Nepali
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Example of Morphological phenomena विरनिलोपि रि (NN) | वि + रि (ADJ)
| वि + रि + इलो (ADJ) |
वि + रि + इलो +पि (NN) 29 August 2007
Inflection and derivation in Nepali
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Morphology Parsing
Process of obtaining Labeled Bracketing or Tree Diagram for a word form is called Morphology Parsing
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Inflection and derivation in Nepali
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Sequential Breaking up घुमन्ते केटाले भेडा जुधायो
घुम ् + अन्ते + केट् + आ + ले + भेड् + आ + जुध ् + आ + य ् + ओ
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Inflection and derivation in Nepali
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Morphological Labeling घुमन्ते केटाले भेडा जुधायो घुम ् + अन्ते + केट् + आ + ले + भेड् + आ + जुध ् + आ + य ् + ओ
Stem sufx stem sufx marker stem sufx root sufx sufx sufx
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Inflection and derivation in Nepali
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Notations
Two notations
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Labeled Bracketing Tree Diagram
Inflection and derivation in Nepali
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Labeled Bracketing
[ [[[ ]] ] ]
NN
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ADJ
वि
NN
रि
इलो
Inflection and derivation in Nepali
पि
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Tree Parsing NN
ADJ ADJ
NN
वि 29 August 2007
रि
इलो
Inflection and derivation in Nepali
पि 14
Inflection
Addition of suffixes that change meaning only slightly Lexeme and syntactic category stays the same Features such as gender, number and tense are modified Examples:
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-आ, हरू to form plural nouns Inflection and derivation in Nepali
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Inflection +ओ
बाठ्
बाठो पु.वि.
बाठी
+ई
स्त्री. वि
(वि) + आ
रूपायि
बाठा
वि. बि
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Inflection and derivation in Nepali
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Distribution of inflectional suffixes
Nouns Plural –आ, हरू Gender – ओ, ई
केटा, छोराहरू छोरो, छोरी
Pronoun(case) Possessive (genitive) - (ए)रो, री Agreement१
मेरो भाइ, मेरी बहहिी
Noun and Adjective ओ Noun and Adjective ई
कालो केटो आयो
Noun and Adjective आ
काला केटा आए
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काली केटी आई
Inflection and derivation in Nepali
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Distribution of inflectional suffixes (Contd…..)
Noun and case ओ
मेरो भाइ,
Noun and case ई
मेरी बहहिी
Noun and case आ
मेरा भाइहरू
Noun and verb ओ
कान्छो आयो
Noun and verb ई
कान्छी आई
Classifier and noun ओ
एक कोिो केरा
Classifier and noun आ
तीि कोिा केरा (Pokhrel)
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Inflection and derivation in Nepali
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Distribution of inflectional suffixes Cat NN NN NN ADJ ADJ ADJ
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suffixes ओ
आ, हरू
Gender
आ ई
Case D
HM
Sg O
HM
Pl D
ई ओ
Number
HF D HM
NHN
Sg O
HM,HF,
NHN
Pl D
HF
NHN
Inflection and derivation in Nepali
Sg
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Derivation पूिि ग र्ग
Prefix
Affixation
वि+कल्प = विकल्प
िर्गपद्धनत Compound िमािपद्धनत लामो+खुट्टे =लामखुट्टे
Primary
लेख ्+ओट= लेखोट
Suffix परिर्ग
Duplication हित्िपद्धनत
Secondary
झल ्+झल ्+ई =झलझली 29 August 2007
कृ त्िर्ग
Inflection and derivation in Nepali
प्रानतिर्ग
िेपाल+ई =िेपाली 20
Derivational prefixes There is no inflectional prefix in Nepali. All prefixes are derivational. It effects in meaning and some time changes category too. So Prefixes are both class changing and class maintaining. Prefixes produces noun, adjective and adverb only.
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Inflection and derivation in Nepali
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Derivational prefixes (contd….) Nouns उप- अध्यक्ष बे- िास्ता वब- िुर िम ्- अपगण िु-हिि
Prefix
Adjectives अ-िाध्य िु-योग्य िा-लायक
िरु ्
बे उप
िु
Adverbs
अ- बेर आ-जन्म ि-पररिार 29 August 2007
आ ि
category noun इज्जत अध्यक्ष noun बल adjective योग्य noun जन्म पररिार
Inflection and derivation in Nepali
derived word noun बेइज्जत उपाध्यक्ष adjective िब ग ु ल adjective िुयोग्य adverb आजन्म िपररिार 22
Derivational suffixes Nouns -अिी -आइँ -अइँ -ए -एँटी -ली -एिो
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(मार् ्, मर्िी) (छुच्चो, छुच्च्याइँ ) (राज रजाइँ ) (अङ्कुि, अङ्कुिे) (नचप्लो, नचप्लँटी) (पाल्पा, पाल्पाली) (ि:ु ख, िख ु ेिो)
Adjectives -आडी -आलु -अक्कड -अडी -अरी -आहड
Inflection and derivation in Nepali
(र्फ् , र्फाडी) (बढ्, बढालु) (बुझ ्, बुझक्कड) (र्ाँजा, र्ँजडी)
Adverbs
(राम्रो, राम्ररी) (अनघ, अघाहड)
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Class changing Derivations
More radical change in meaning Possible change in syntactic category Examples -अरी transforms adjectives to adverbs (राम्रो, राम्ररी)
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-आउ transforms adjectives to verbs (कुप्रो, कुप्र्याउ) -आलु transforms verbs into adjectives (बढ्, बढालु) -अिी transforms verbs into nouns (मार् ्, मर्िी) -अक्कड transforms verbs into adjective(बुझ ्, बुझक्कड) -अडी transforms verbs into adjective(र्ाँजा, र्ँजडी) -आइँ transforms adjective into noun (छुच्चो, छुच्च्याइँ ) Inflection and derivation in Nepali
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Class maintaining Derivations
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-अइँ transforms noun to noun (राज रजाइँ ) -उिा transforms adjective into adjective(ठाडो, ठडु िा) -आहड transforms adverb into adverb(अनघ, अघाहड)
Inflection and derivation in Nepali
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Noun to other काख
Noun
ई
Noun
काखी
कुल
Noun
ईि
Adjective
कुलीि
र्ुन्रक ु
Noun
ए
Adjective
र्ुन्रक ु े
कच्कच
Noun
ए
Adjective
कच्कचे
खर
Noun
एटो
Noun
खरे टो
िर्ग
Noun
एनि
Adverb
िर्ेनि
इन्र
Noun
एिी
Noun
इन्रे िी
पािी
Noun
एरो
Noun
पिेरो
पूिग
Noun
एली
Adjective
पुिल े ी
िख ु
Noun
एिो
Noun
िख ु ेिो
हात
Noun
ओ
Noun
हातो
धूप
Noun
औरो
Noun
धुपौरो
मािि
Noun
ता
Noun
माििता
व्यवि
Noun
त्ि
Noun
व्यवित्ि
मािि
Noun
य
Adjective
माििीय
ढु ङ्र्ो
Noun
याि
Noun
ढु ङ्ग्याि
हिि
Noun
हुँ
Adverb
हििहुँ
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र्ाँजा र्फ
खेल ् निर िाँत
भीख लेक
िे ि
नभर खेत हात पत्र
िख ु
रोज
खाट
जति हात धार धि
Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun
Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun
अडी
आडी आडी
आिी आर
आरी
आली
आली
आलो आलो आिो इका इत
इन्िा इया
इयाँ
इयार इलो ई
Inflection and derivation in Nepali
Adjective Adjective Noun Noun Noun Noun Adjective
Noun Adjective Noun Noun Noun Adjective Adverb Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Adjective
र्ँजडी
र्फाडी
खेलाडी
निरािी िँ तार
नभखारी लेकाली
िे िाली
नभरलो
खेतालो
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हतािो
पवत्रका िखु खत
रोखजन्िा खहटया
जतनियाँ हनतयार धाररलो धिी
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Adjective to other
राम्रो
Adjective अरी
Adverb
राम्ररी
मोटो
Adjective आइ
Noun
मोटाइ
र्रीब
Adjective ई
Noun
र्रीबी
नचप्लो
Adjective ए
Adjective
नचप्ले
नततो
Adjective औरा
Noun
नततौरा
अनमलो
Adjective चो
Adjective
अनमल्चो
उच्च
Adjective तम
Adjective
उच्चतम
तीब्र
Adjective ता
Noun
नतब्रता
िोझो
Adjective पि
Noun
िोझोपि
तल्लो
Adjective लो
Adjective
तल्लो
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Inflection and derivation in Nepali
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Verb to other खेल ्
बोल ् बच ्
चल ् भर ्
काट् नभड्
लेख ्
उनिि ् भि ् बि ्
चुि ्
खेल ् उड्
नमल ् कि ्
निक् छे क् बढ्
पखाल ् कह
नचच्याउ चुि ् िुत ् िुत ्
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Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb
अ
अक्कड अत
अि
अिा अिी
अन्त आ आ
आइ आइँ
आउ
आडी आि आप आर
आरु
आरो
आलु आले
आित आहट
Verb
आहा
Verb
इि ्/उि ् जेल
Verb
इन्जेल
Noun Adjective Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Adjective Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Noun Noun
खेल
बोलक्कड बचत
चलि भिाग
कटिी
नभडन्त लेखा
उनििा भिाइ बिाइँ
चुिाउ
खेलाडी र्डाि
नमलाप किार
निकारु छे कारो बढालु
पखाले
कहाित
नचच्याहट
िुत ्
िाप ् पाक्
Verb
इन्जेल
Adverb
िुनतन्जेल
Verb
ई
Noun
िापी
Verb
उ
Noun
पक्कु
चुठ्
Verb
उिा
Noun
चुठुिा
ढु क्
Verb
उिा
Adjective
ढु कुिा
खा
Verb
एको
Adjective
खाएको
खा
Verb
एर
Adverb
खाएर
डढ्
Verb
एलो
Noun
डढे लो
अड्
Verb
एि
Noun
अडे िो
कोर ्
Verb
एिो
Noun
कोरे िो
Verb
ओ
Noun
खोपो
Verb
ओट
Noun
लेखोट
Verb
औती
Noun
कटौती
Verb
औिा
Noun
खेलौिा
Verb
को
Noun
चुठुिा
Verb
ता
Adverb
िुत्ता/िुन्िा
उठ्
Verb
ती
Noun
उठ्ती
िुत ्
Verb
तै
Adverb
िुत्तै
Verb
तै/िै
Adverb
िुत्तै/िुन्िै
Verb
िै
Adverb
भन्िै
Verb
ि
Adverb
िुत्न
खोप ् लेख ् काट्
खेल ्
चुि ्
िुत ्/िुि ्
िुत ्/िुि ् भि ् िुत ्
Adjective
चुिाहा
खा
Verb
ि
Adverb
खाि
बेल ्
Verb
िा
Noun
बेल्िा
Adverb
िुनतन्जेल/िुतु न्जेल
निउ
Verb
िी
Noun
निर्िी
मार् ्
Verb
िे
Adjective
माग्िे
Adverb
िुनतन्जेल
Inflection and derivation in Nepali
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Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival
तम लो अडी आडी आली आलो इत इयाँ इलो ई ईि ए ए एली य अक्कड आ आरु आलु आहा उिा एको िे
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Adverbaial Adverbaial Adverbaial Adverbaial Adverbaial Adverbaial Adverbaial Adverbaial Adverbaial Adverbaial Adverbaial Adverbaial Adverbaial
आहड इन्िा एनि हुँ इि ्/उि ् जेल इन्जेल एर ता तै तै/िै िै ि ि
Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal
ई आइ ता पि आडी आिी आर आरी आली आलो आिो इका इया इयार ई एटो एिी एरो एिो ओ औरो ता त्ि याि अ अत अि अिा अिी
Inflection and derivation in Nepali
Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal
अन्त आ आइ आइँ आउ आडी आि आप आर आरो आले आित आहट ई उ उिा एलो एि एिो ओ ओट औती औिा को ती िा 29 िी
अक्कड अडी आलो आहा इत इयाँ इलो ए एली चो तम िे ईय लो इि ्/उि ् जेल इन्जेल इन्िा एनि एर तै तै/िै ि हुँ
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Only Adjective 14 Only Noun 29 Only Adverb 8 Noun and Adjective 6 Adjective Adjective Adjective Adjective Adjective Adjective Adjective Adjective Adjective Adjective Adjective Adjective Adjective Adjective Adverb Adverb Adverb Adverb Adverb Adverb Adverb Adverb Adverb
आ आ
आडी आडी
आलो आलो ई ई
उिा उिा ता ता
Adjective Noun Adjective Noun
Adjective Noun Adjective
Noun Adjective Noun Adverb Noun
Inflection and derivation in Nepali
अ अत अि अिा अिी अन्त आि आिी आप आर आर आरी आली आित आिो आहट उ एिी एि एिो ओट औती औिा औरा औरो त्ि िा िी पि याि
Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun 30 Noun
Mixing up of inflection and derivation
Inflectional system is that morphological structure which is relevant to syntax
Whereas derivational and compounding deals with Word formation
But in Nepali there seems a unique feature that inflections are embedded with derivation. Such inflectional derivations are embed Especially in Noun and adjectival formation
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Inflectional derivations Base बात बात बात जाँड जाँड आँट आँट आँट िाँत िाँत िाँत अनघ अनघ अनघ काम काम काम 29 August 2007
Derivation और ् और ् और ् आह आह इल ् इल ् इल ् उल ् उल ् उल ् इल्ल ् इल्ल ् इल्ल ् आर ् आर ् आर ्
Inflection ओ आ ई आ ई ओ आ ई ओ आ ई ओ आ ई ओ आ ओ
Built word बतौरो बतौरा बतौरी जँड्याहा जँड्याही आँहटलो आँहटला आँहटली िँ तुलो िँ तुला िँ तुली अनघल्लो अनघल्ला अनघल्ली कमारो कमारा कमारी
Inflection and derivation in Nepali
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Thank you
धन्यिाि
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