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Noun, adjective and adverb. Laxmi Prasad Khatiwada. Nepali Computing project. MPP. 29 August 2007. 1. Inflection and derivation in Nepali ...
Inflection and derivation in Nepali Noun, adjective and adverb

Laxmi Prasad Khatiwada Nepali Computing project MPP 29 August 2007

Inflection and derivation in Nepali

1

Inheritance Indo-European language are inflected to a greater or lesser extent. In general, languages derive from Greek, Latin and Sanskrit still have carried their property. The distinction between inflection and derivation plays a vital role in linguistics and is very significant in Nepali 29 August 2007

Inflection and derivation in Nepali

2

Morphological point of view Inflectional morphology and derivational morphology are two traditionally distinct fields, attributed many types of differences such as the claim that derivation is pregrammatical, whereas inflection is part of the grammar itself.

29 August 2007

Inflection and derivation in Nepali

3

Entire morphology Morphology

Word formation

Inflection

Compounding

Derivation - class-changing

prefix 29 August 2007

Affixation

suffix

Other

2 free roots

redup conversion

+/- class-changing

Inflection and derivation in Nepali

4

Word formation process stem + affix = word forms infix

Not in Nepali

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prefix

अ + पढ / नि + डर

suffix

फराक + इलो

Inflection and derivation in Nepali

circumfix

Not in Nepali

5

Inflection      



Inflectional suffixes encode grammatical function, Inflection is syntactically relevant, Inflection has a regular, transparent function/meaning Inflectional suffixes are a closed set Inflection is fully productive Inflectional suffixes can be attached to all members of a class. Inflectional suffixes that attach outside derivational suffixes.

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Inflection and derivation in Nepali

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Derivation     



Derivational affixes are closer to the root Derivational affixes add lexical meaning Derivational affixes are especially the productive ones, Derivational affixes are large, open set Derivational affixes can and do occur inside other derivational affixes. Derivation may change the lexical category of the base, Most of them do, but some don't, e.g. class maintaining prefixes.

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Inflection and derivation in Nepali

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Example of Morphological phenomena विरनिलोपि रि (NN) | वि + रि (ADJ)

| वि + रि + इलो (ADJ) |

वि + रि + इलो +पि (NN) 29 August 2007

Inflection and derivation in Nepali

8

Morphology Parsing



Process of obtaining Labeled Bracketing or Tree Diagram for a word form is called Morphology Parsing

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Inflection and derivation in Nepali

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Sequential Breaking up घुमन्ते केटाले भेडा जुधायो

घुम ् + अन्ते + केट् + आ + ले + भेड् + आ + जुध ् + आ + य ् + ओ

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Inflection and derivation in Nepali

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Morphological Labeling घुमन्ते केटाले भेडा जुधायो घुम ् + अन्ते + केट् + आ + ले + भेड् + आ + जुध ् + आ + य ् + ओ

Stem sufx stem sufx marker stem sufx root sufx sufx sufx

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Inflection and derivation in Nepali

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Notations 

Two notations  

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Labeled Bracketing Tree Diagram

Inflection and derivation in Nepali

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Labeled Bracketing

[ [[[ ]] ] ]

NN

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ADJ

वि

NN

रि

इलो

Inflection and derivation in Nepali

पि

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Tree Parsing NN

ADJ ADJ

NN

वि 29 August 2007

रि

इलो

Inflection and derivation in Nepali

पि 14

Inflection 







Addition of suffixes that change meaning only slightly Lexeme and syntactic category stays the same Features such as gender, number and tense are modified Examples: 

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-आ, हरू to form plural nouns Inflection and derivation in Nepali

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Inflection +ओ

बाठ्

बाठो पु.वि.

बाठी

+ई

स्त्री. वि

(वि) + आ

रूपायि

बाठा

वि. बि

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Inflection and derivation in Nepali

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Distribution of inflectional suffixes

Nouns Plural –आ, हरू Gender – ओ, ई

केटा, छोराहरू छोरो, छोरी

Pronoun(case) Possessive (genitive) - (ए)रो, री Agreement१

मेरो भाइ, मेरी बहहिी

Noun and Adjective ओ Noun and Adjective ई

कालो केटो आयो

Noun and Adjective आ

काला केटा आए

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काली केटी आई

Inflection and derivation in Nepali

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Distribution of inflectional suffixes (Contd…..)

Noun and case ओ

मेरो भाइ,

Noun and case ई

मेरी बहहिी

Noun and case आ

मेरा भाइहरू

Noun and verb ओ

कान्छो आयो

Noun and verb ई

कान्छी आई

Classifier and noun ओ

एक कोिो केरा

Classifier and noun आ

तीि कोिा केरा (Pokhrel)

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Inflection and derivation in Nepali

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Distribution of inflectional suffixes Cat NN NN NN ADJ ADJ ADJ

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suffixes ओ

आ, हरू

Gender

आ ई

Case D

HM

Sg O

HM

Pl D

ई ओ

Number

HF D HM

NHN

Sg O

HM,HF,

NHN

Pl D

HF

NHN

Inflection and derivation in Nepali

Sg

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Derivation पूिि ग र्ग

Prefix

Affixation

वि+कल्प = विकल्प

िर्गपद्धनत Compound िमािपद्धनत लामो+खुट्टे =लामखुट्टे

Primary

लेख ्+ओट= लेखोट

Suffix परिर्ग

Duplication हित्िपद्धनत

Secondary

झल ्+झल ्+ई =झलझली 29 August 2007

कृ त्िर्ग

Inflection and derivation in Nepali

प्रानतिर्ग

िेपाल+ई =िेपाली 20

Derivational prefixes There is no inflectional prefix in Nepali. All prefixes are derivational. It effects in meaning and some time changes category too. So Prefixes are both class changing and class maintaining. Prefixes produces noun, adjective and adverb only.

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Inflection and derivation in Nepali

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Derivational prefixes (contd….) Nouns उप- अध्यक्ष बे- िास्ता वब- िुर िम ्- अपगण िु-हिि

Prefix

Adjectives अ-िाध्य िु-योग्य िा-लायक

िरु ्

बे उप

िु

Adverbs

अ- बेर आ-जन्म ि-पररिार 29 August 2007

आ ि

category noun इज्जत अध्यक्ष noun बल adjective योग्य noun जन्म पररिार

Inflection and derivation in Nepali

derived word noun बेइज्जत उपाध्यक्ष adjective िब ग ु ल adjective िुयोग्य adverb आजन्म िपररिार 22

Derivational suffixes Nouns -अिी -आइँ -अइँ -ए -एँटी -ली -एिो

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(मार् ्, मर्िी) (छुच्चो, छुच्च्याइँ ) (राज रजाइँ ) (अङ्कुि, अङ्कुिे) (नचप्लो, नचप्लँटी) (पाल्पा, पाल्पाली) (ि:ु ख, िख ु ेिो)

Adjectives -आडी -आलु -अक्कड -अडी -अरी -आहड

Inflection and derivation in Nepali

(र्फ् , र्फाडी) (बढ्, बढालु) (बुझ ्, बुझक्कड) (र्ाँजा, र्ँजडी)

Adverbs

(राम्रो, राम्ररी) (अनघ, अघाहड)

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Class changing Derivations   

More radical change in meaning Possible change in syntactic category Examples  -अरी transforms adjectives to adverbs (राम्रो, राम्ररी)  

    29 August 2007

-आउ transforms adjectives to verbs (कुप्रो, कुप्र्याउ) -आलु transforms verbs into adjectives (बढ्, बढालु) -अिी transforms verbs into nouns (मार् ्, मर्िी) -अक्कड transforms verbs into adjective(बुझ ्, बुझक्कड) -अडी transforms verbs into adjective(र्ाँजा, र्ँजडी) -आइँ transforms adjective into noun (छुच्चो, छुच्च्याइँ ) Inflection and derivation in Nepali

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Class maintaining Derivations

  

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-अइँ transforms noun to noun (राज रजाइँ ) -उिा transforms adjective into adjective(ठाडो, ठडु िा) -आहड transforms adverb into adverb(अनघ, अघाहड)

Inflection and derivation in Nepali

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Noun to other काख

Noun



Noun

काखी

कुल

Noun

ईि

Adjective

कुलीि

र्ुन्रक ु

Noun



Adjective

र्ुन्रक ु े

कच्कच

Noun



Adjective

कच्कचे

खर

Noun

एटो

Noun

खरे टो

िर्ग

Noun

एनि

Adverb

िर्ेनि

इन्र

Noun

एिी

Noun

इन्रे िी

पािी

Noun

एरो

Noun

पिेरो

पूिग

Noun

एली

Adjective

पुिल े ी

िख ु

Noun

एिो

Noun

िख ु ेिो

हात

Noun



Noun

हातो

धूप

Noun

औरो

Noun

धुपौरो

मािि

Noun

ता

Noun

माििता

व्यवि

Noun

त्ि

Noun

व्यवित्ि

मािि

Noun



Adjective

माििीय

ढु ङ्र्ो

Noun

याि

Noun

ढु ङ्ग्याि

हिि

Noun

हुँ

Adverb

हििहुँ

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र्ाँजा र्फ

खेल ् निर िाँत

भीख लेक

िे ि

नभर खेत हात पत्र

िख ु

रोज

खाट

जति हात धार धि

Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun

Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun

अडी

आडी आडी

आिी आर

आरी

आली

आली

आलो आलो आिो इका इत

इन्िा इया

इयाँ

इयार इलो ई

Inflection and derivation in Nepali

Adjective Adjective Noun Noun Noun Noun Adjective

Noun Adjective Noun Noun Noun Adjective Adverb Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Adjective

र्ँजडी

र्फाडी

खेलाडी

निरािी िँ तार

नभखारी लेकाली

िे िाली

नभरलो

खेतालो

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हतािो

पवत्रका िखु खत

रोखजन्िा खहटया

जतनियाँ हनतयार धाररलो धिी

26

Adjective to other

राम्रो

Adjective अरी

Adverb

राम्ररी

मोटो

Adjective आइ

Noun

मोटाइ

र्रीब

Adjective ई

Noun

र्रीबी

नचप्लो

Adjective ए

Adjective

नचप्ले

नततो

Adjective औरा

Noun

नततौरा

अनमलो

Adjective चो

Adjective

अनमल्चो

उच्च

Adjective तम

Adjective

उच्चतम

तीब्र

Adjective ता

Noun

नतब्रता

िोझो

Adjective पि

Noun

िोझोपि

तल्लो

Adjective लो

Adjective

तल्लो

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10

Inflection and derivation in Nepali

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Verb to other खेल ्

बोल ् बच ्

चल ् भर ्

काट् नभड्

लेख ्

उनिि ् भि ् बि ्

चुि ्

खेल ् उड्

नमल ् कि ्

निक् छे क् बढ्

पखाल ् कह

नचच्याउ चुि ् िुत ् िुत ्

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Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb



अक्कड अत

अि

अिा अिी

अन्त आ आ

आइ आइँ

आउ

आडी आि आप आर

आरु

आरो

आलु आले

आित आहट

Verb

आहा

Verb

इि ्/उि ् जेल

Verb

इन्जेल

Noun Adjective Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Adjective Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Noun Noun

खेल

बोलक्कड बचत

चलि भिाग

कटिी

नभडन्त लेखा

उनििा भिाइ बिाइँ

चुिाउ

खेलाडी र्डाि

नमलाप किार

निकारु छे कारो बढालु

पखाले

कहाित

नचच्याहट

िुत ्

िाप ् पाक्

Verb

इन्जेल

Adverb

िुनतन्जेल

Verb



Noun

िापी

Verb



Noun

पक्कु

चुठ्

Verb

उिा

Noun

चुठुिा

ढु क्

Verb

उिा

Adjective

ढु कुिा

खा

Verb

एको

Adjective

खाएको

खा

Verb

एर

Adverb

खाएर

डढ्

Verb

एलो

Noun

डढे लो

अड्

Verb

एि

Noun

अडे िो

कोर ्

Verb

एिो

Noun

कोरे िो

Verb



Noun

खोपो

Verb

ओट

Noun

लेखोट

Verb

औती

Noun

कटौती

Verb

औिा

Noun

खेलौिा

Verb

को

Noun

चुठुिा

Verb

ता

Adverb

िुत्ता/िुन्िा

उठ्

Verb

ती

Noun

उठ्ती

िुत ्

Verb

तै

Adverb

िुत्तै

Verb

तै/िै

Adverb

िुत्तै/िुन्िै

Verb

िै

Adverb

भन्िै

Verb

ि

Adverb

िुत्न

खोप ् लेख ् काट्

खेल ्

चुि ्

िुत ्/िुि ्

िुत ्/िुि ् भि ् िुत ्

Adjective

चुिाहा

खा

Verb

ि

Adverb

खाि

बेल ्

Verb

िा

Noun

बेल्िा

Adverb

िुनतन्जेल/िुतु न्जेल

निउ

Verb

िी

Noun

निर्िी

मार् ्

Verb

िे

Adjective

माग्िे

Adverb

िुनतन्जेल

Inflection and derivation in Nepali

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Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival Adjectival

तम लो अडी आडी आली आलो इत इयाँ इलो ई ईि ए ए एली य अक्कड आ आरु आलु आहा उिा एको िे

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Adverbaial Adverbaial Adverbaial Adverbaial Adverbaial Adverbaial Adverbaial Adverbaial Adverbaial Adverbaial Adverbaial Adverbaial Adverbaial

आहड इन्िा एनि हुँ इि ्/उि ् जेल इन्जेल एर ता तै तै/िै िै ि ि

Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal

ई आइ ता पि आडी आिी आर आरी आली आलो आिो इका इया इयार ई एटो एिी एरो एिो ओ औरो ता त्ि याि अ अत अि अिा अिी

Inflection and derivation in Nepali

Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal

अन्त आ आइ आइँ आउ आडी आि आप आर आरो आले आित आहट ई उ उिा एलो एि एिो ओ ओट औती औिा को ती िा 29 िी

अक्कड अडी आलो आहा इत इयाँ इलो ए एली चो तम िे ईय लो इि ्/उि ् जेल इन्जेल इन्िा एनि एर तै तै/िै ि हुँ

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Only Adjective 14 Only Noun 29 Only Adverb 8 Noun and Adjective 6 Adjective Adjective Adjective Adjective Adjective Adjective Adjective Adjective Adjective Adjective Adjective Adjective Adjective Adjective Adverb Adverb Adverb Adverb Adverb Adverb Adverb Adverb Adverb

आ आ

आडी आडी

आलो आलो ई ई

उिा उिा ता ता

Adjective Noun Adjective Noun

Adjective Noun Adjective

Noun Adjective Noun Adverb Noun

Inflection and derivation in Nepali

अ अत अि अिा अिी अन्त आि आिी आप आर आर आरी आली आित आिो आहट उ एिी एि एिो ओट औती औिा औरा औरो त्ि िा िी पि याि

Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun 30 Noun

Mixing up of inflection and derivation 

Inflectional system is that morphological structure which is relevant to syntax



Whereas derivational and compounding deals with Word formation



But in Nepali there seems a unique feature that inflections are embedded with derivation. Such inflectional derivations are embed Especially in Noun and adjectival formation

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Inflection and derivation in Nepali

31

Inflectional derivations Base बात बात बात जाँड जाँड आँट आँट आँट िाँत िाँत िाँत अनघ अनघ अनघ काम काम काम 29 August 2007

Derivation और ् और ् और ् आह आह इल ् इल ् इल ् उल ् उल ् उल ् इल्ल ् इल्ल ् इल्ल ् आर ् आर ् आर ्

Inflection ओ आ ई आ ई ओ आ ई ओ आ ई ओ आ ई ओ आ ओ

Built word बतौरो बतौरा बतौरी जँड्याहा जँड्याही आँहटलो आँहटला आँहटली िँ तुलो िँ तुला िँ तुली अनघल्लो अनघल्ला अनघल्ली कमारो कमारा कमारी

Inflection and derivation in Nepali

32

Thank you

धन्यिाि

29 August 2007

Inflection and derivation in Nepali

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