Challenges and Opportunities of Cloud-Based E-Learning Systems

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering Vol:10, No:2, 2016

&KDOOHQJHVDQG2SSRUWXQLWLHVRI&ORXG%DVHG (/HDUQLQJ6\VWHPV .DVKLI/DHHT=XEDLU$6KDLNK

International Science Index, Educational and Pedagogical Sciences Vol:10, No:2, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10006858

Abstract²7KH SDUDGLJP RI HGXFDWLRQ LV GUDVWLFDOO\ FKDQJLQJ IURPFRQYHQWLRQDOWRHOHDUQLQJPRGHO'XHWRHDVHRIOHDUQLQJZLWK YDULRXV RWKHU EHQHILWV VHYHUDO HGXFDWLRQDO LQVWLWXWLRQV DUH DGRSWLQJ WKHHOHDUQLQJPRGHOV6RPHLQVWLWXWLRQVDUHVWLOOZLOOLQJWRWUDQVIRUP WKHLU HGXFDWLRQDO V\VWHP RQ WR HOHDUQLQJ EXW GXH WR OLPLWHG UHVRXUFHVWKH\DUHVWLOOFRPSURPLVLQJRQWKHROGWUDGLWLRQDOV\VWHP 7KHFORXGFRPSXWLQJFRXOGEHRQHRIWKHEHVWVROXWLRQVWRRYHUFRPH WKLV SUREOHP E\ SURYLGLQJ KDUGZDUH VRIWZDUH DQG LQIUDVWUXFWXUH UHVRXUFHV ZLWK FRVW HIILFLHQW PDQQHU 7KH DGRSWLRQ RI FORXG FRPSXWLQJ LQ HGXFDWLRQ ZLOO EULQJ UHYROXWLRQ LQ WKLV SDUDGLJP 7KLV SDSHULQWURGXFHVYDULRXVSRVLWLYHIHDWXUHVRIHOHDUQLQJDQGSUHVHQWVD ZD\KRZFORXGFRPSXWLQJWHFKQRORJ\FDQEHSURYLVLRQHGHOHDUQLQJ PRGHO 7KLV SDSHU DOVR LQYHVWLJDWHV WKH QXPHURXV FKDOOHQJHV DQG RSSRUWXQLWLHVWKDWZRXOGEHREVHUYHGLQFORXGFRPSXWLQJDGRSWLRQLQ HOHDUQLQJGRPDLQ7KHFRQFHSWDQGNQRZOHGJHSUHVHQWLQWKLVSDSHU PD\FUHDWHDQHZGLUHFWLRQRIUHVHDUFKLQWKHGRPDLQRIFORXGEDVHG HOHDUQLQJ

Keywords—&ORXGEDVHGHOHDUQLQJHOHDUQLQJFORXGFRPSXWLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQVPDUWOHDUQLQJ

:

, ,1752'8&7,21

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

International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(2) 2016

7R VXUYLYH LQ WRGD\¶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¶VH OHDUQLQJPRGHO" 7KH UHVW RI SDSHU LV RUJDQL]HG DV IROORZV 6HFWLRQ ,, SURYLGHVDEULHIRYHUYLHZRIHOHDUQLQJ6HFWLRQ,,,GHILQHVDQ LQWURGXFWLRQ RI FORXG FRPSXWLQJ 6HFWLRQ ,9 GHVFULEHV FORXG DGRSWLRQ LQ HOHDUQLQJ ILQDOO\ FRQFOXGH WKH SDSHU LQ 6HFWLRQ 9 ,, (/($51,1*)81'$0(17$/6 7KH ,QWHUQHW KDV D VLJQLILFDQW LPSDFW RQ HGXFDWLRQ WRGD\¶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¶WKDYHHQRXJKWLPHWRVLWLQ DFODVVURRPDQGOHDUQ>@6RPHFRPPRQHOHDUQLQJHOHPHQWV DUHWH[WSLFWXUHLPDJHDQLPDWLRQDXGLRDQGYLGHRWKDWKDYH D JUHDW LPSDFW RQ OHDUQLQJ LI WKHVH HOHPHQWV PLVXVH WKH H OHDUQLQJPD\ORVHLWVXVDELOLW\>@ 0DQ\H[SHUWVVWDUWHGEHOLHYLQJWKDWHOHDUQLQJFRXOGEHRQH RIWKHIDVWHVWULVLQJLQGXVWU\LQWKHQHDUIXWXUHDQGWKDWLVWKH

693

scholar.waset.org/1999.10/10006858



UHDVRQYDULRXVODUJHHGXFDWLRQDOLQVWLWXWLRQVDUHPDSSLQJWKHLU HGXFDWLRQDOV\VWHPIURPWUDGLWLRQDOWRHOHDUQLQJV\VWHP $V LQ >@ WKH HOHDUQLQJ HQYLURQPHQW GHPDQGLQJ YDULRXV QHZWHFKQRORJLHVDQGKLJKHTXLSSHGV\VWHPIHZRIWKHPDUH OLVWHGEHORZ x 9LGHR&RQIHUHQFLQJWHFKQRORJLHV x 8QEOHPLVKHGDXGLRDQGYLGHRVWUHDPLQJ x (QRUPRXVGDWDVWRUDJHFDSDFLW\ x 1RFRPSURPLVHRQEDQGZLGWKFRQVLVWHQWO\DYDLODEOHKLJK EDQGZLGWK x &URVV SODWIRUP LH FRXUVHV FDQ EH DFFHVVLEOH E\ DQ\ RSHUDWLQJV\VWHP x $V\QFKURQRXV HQYLURQPHQW LH V\VWHP FDQ SURYLGH OHDUQLQJPDWHULDODWDQ\WLPHZLWKRXWOLYHLQVWUXFWRU x 6\QFKURQRXV HQYLURQPHQW WKH LH V\VWHP PXVW HTXLS WR GHOLYHUFRXUVHVLQUHDOWLPHZLWKWKHOLYHLQVWUXFWRU :LWKDOOEHQHILWVHOHDUQLQJKDVVRPHSRWHQWLDOFKDOOHQJLQJ LVVXHVWKDWUHTXLUHDFRQFUHWHVROXWLRQIRUHQKDQFHGHOHDUQLQJ HQYLURQPHQW )HZ PRUH SHULORXV FKDOOHQJHV WKDW HOHDUQLQJ PD\IDFHDUHOLVWHGEHORZ>@>@ x +DQGOLQJRIFRS\ULJKWVWXII x (OHDUQLQJPD\FUHDWHGLJLWDOGLYLGHLVVXH x (OHDUQLQJGLPLQLVKHVVRFLDOFROODERUDWLRQDPRQJVWXGHQWV x 7HDFKHURULQVWUXFWRUOHYHONQRZOHGJHDERXWWKHFRXUVH x 7LPHO\&KHFNDQGEDODQFHRQVWXGHQW x 7RDYRLGFKHDWLQJWUDQVSDUHQWH[DPLQDWLRQSURFHVV x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dvantages of Cloud-Based E-Learning 7KURXJK FORXG FRPSXWLQJ WHFKQRORJ\ DQ\ HGXFDWLRQDO LQVWLWXWLRQ SDUWLFXODUO\ ORZ EXGJHW LQVWLWXWLRQV FDQ HDVLO\ EH HVWDEOLVKHGHOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWZLWKFRVWHIIHFWLYHPDQQHU

695




>@ >@ 7KH VWXGHQW WHDFKHU UHVHDUFKHU DQG RWKHU DFDGHPLFVWDIIFDQJHWHTXDORSSRUWXQLWLHVLQWKLVV\VWHP7KH LQFOXVLRQ RI FORXG FRPSXWLQJ ZLWK HGXFDWLRQ EULQJV WUHPHQGRXVEHQHILWVVRPHRIWKHPDUHOLVWHGEHORZ x 7KHPDLQLQIUDVWUXFWXUHIRUHOHDUQLQJLVSURYLGHG x ,QVWLWXWLRQV DUH IUHH IRU DQ\ KDUGZDUH DQG RWKHU PDLQWHQDQFH x *XDUDQWHHGUHVRXUFHDYDLODELOLW\ x 1R VWXG\ PDWHULDOV ORVW HYHQ LI LQVWLWXWLRQ PDLQ VHUYHU FRUUXSWHGEXWWKHGDWDRQFORXGUHPDLQVWRVDYH x ,W UHGXFHV WKH FRVW RI VRIWZDUH KDUGZDUH VWRUDJH LQIUDVWUXFWXUH SRZHU FRROLQJ DGPLQLVWUDWRU VRIWZDUH OLFHQVHRUXSJUDGHVVHFXULW\VFKHPHVDQGSK\VLFDOVSDFH x /HDUQLQJVWXIIFDQEHDFFHVVHGDWDQ\WLPHDQ\ZKHUHDQG IURPDQ\V\VWHP x /HDUQLQJPDWHULDOVDUH PRUHVDIHDQGVHFXUHRQFORXGQR QHHGWRZRUU\DERXWEDFNXSRUGDWDORVV x 7KH VWRUDJH FDSDFLW\ DQG RWKHU UHVRXUFHV FDQ EH XVHG E\ LQVWLWXWLRQXQUHVWULFWHGRQO\SD\IRUVHUYLFHVXVHG x 0DQ\ VWXGHQWV FDQ EH DFFHVVHG OHDUQLQJ PDWHULDOV VLPXOWDQHRXVO\IURPYDULRXVORFDWLRQVHYHQZLWKGLIIHUHQW PDFKLQHV x 6WXGHQWV FDQ HVWDEOLVK D UHSRVLWRU\ RI OHDUQLQJ VWXII DQG DGG PRUH DQG PRUH WKH FORXG ZLOO SURYLGH VSDFH DQG PDLQWDLQWKHP x &ORXGEDVHGHOHDUQLQJLVXELTXLWRXVLWLVLQGHSHQGHQWRI WLPHVSDFHDQGORFDWLRQ x 5HDG\WRXVHVRIWZDUHSRVVLEOH x 1R RQH NQRZV DERXW WKH ORFDWLRQ RI GDWD VWRUDJH RQ WKH FORXGWKLVIHDWXUHFDQUHGXFHWKHFKDQFHVRISK\VLFDOWKHIW RIH[DPLQDWLRQSDSHUVRURWKHUVWXII x 7KH YDULRXV IHDWXUHV RI FORXG FRPSXWLQJ ZLOO GHILDQWO\ LQFUHDVHWKHOHDUQLQJSHUIRUPDQFH $SDUWIURPDOOWKHVHDGYDQWDJHVWKHFORXGEDVHGHOHDUQLQJ ZLOO UHFHLYH PRUH EHQHILWV LQ WKH IRUP RI SHUIRUPDQFH HQKDQFHGWKHOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQW B. Issues and Challenges of Cloud-Based E-Learning $SDUWIURPWKHVHDOODGYDQWDJHVWKHFORXGEDVHGHOHDUQLQJ V\VWHP GHSOR\PHQW ZLOO UHFHLYH YDULRXV LVVXHV DQG FKDOOHQJHV >@7KHVHFKDOOHQJHVDQGLVVXHVZRXOGEHWKHELJJHVWEDUULHU WR FORXG FRPSXWLQJ DGRSWLRQ LQ HOHDUQLQJ 7KH IHZ PRVW FKDOOHQJLQJLVVXHVDUHGLVFXVVHGEHORZ x ,Q FORXGEDVHG HOHDUQLQJ WKH KLJK GDWD UDWH IRU GDWD FRPPXQLFDWLRQLVUHTXLUHG'XHWRWKHROGLQIUDVWUXFWXUHRI WKH LQWHUQHW WKH GHPDQG IRU KLJKVSHHG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ VRPH WLPH FRPSURPLVHV 7KLV FKDOOHQJH FRXOG EH RYHUFRPH E\ XWLOL]LQJ WKH IHDWXUHV RI EURDGEDQG WHFKQRORJLHVDQGILEHURSWLFVLQSODFHRIFRSSHUZLUHV x 0RVWRIWKHHOHDUQLQJGDWDUHTXLUHDKLJKOHYHORIVHFXULW\ EXW LQ WKH FDVH RI FORXGEDVHG HOHDUQLQJ GDWD LV DW WKH PHUF\RIFORXGSURYLGHUV7KHGDWDOHDNDJHDQGPDOLFLRXV DFWLYLWLHV RQ GDWD FRXOG EH RQH RI WKH FKDOOHQJHV IRU WKLV V\VWHP$Q\PLVFKLHYRXVDFWLYLW\FRXOGHDVLO\EHODXQFKHG DQGPDQLSXODWHWKHVWRUHGPDWHULDOV7RDYRLGWKLVW\SHRI SRVVLEOH PDOLFLRXV DFWLYLWLHV WKH FULWLFDO GDWD VKRXOG EH VWRUHGE\XWLOL]LQJHQFU\SWLRQWHFKQRORJLHV


x

x

x

x

x

3ULYDF\LVRQHRIWKHELJJHVWFKDOOHQJHVIRUDOOFORXGEDVHG DSSOLFDWLRQV ,Q FORXGEDVHG HOHDUQLQJ V\VWHP WKH GDWD SUHVHQWVRQWKHFORXGDUHWKHPHUF\RIFORXGSURYLGHU7KH FORXG SURYLGHUV FDQ HDVLO\ VHH DQ\ SDUW RI GDWD HYHQ WKH PRVW SULYDWH GDWD SLFWXUH RU DQ\ PDWHULDOV FDQ HDVLO\ EH REVHUYHG E\ SURYLGHUV DQG WKH\ FDQ JHW DOO SRVVLEOH EHQHILWV HVSHFLDOO\ LQ D FORXGEDVHG HOHDUQLQJ V\VWHP 7KLVVLWXDWLRQZRXOGLQFUHDVHWKHSULYDF\LVVXHVLQDFORXG EDVHGHOHDUQLQJV\VWHP7R RYHUFRPHWKLVLVVXHZHKDYH WR LQWURGXFH VRPH VFKHPHV WKDW VKRXOG UHGXFH WKH DFFHVV ULJKWRIFORXGSURYLGHUVDQGWKLUGSDUWLHV>@ 7R DFKLHYH KLJK SHUIRUPDQFH LQ FORXGEDVHG DSSOLFDWLRQV LV VWLOO D FKDOOHQJH 7KH PRUH FRPSOH[ VLWXDWLRQ FRXOG RFFXU ZKHQ ZH WU\ WR LPSOHPHQW KLJKVHFXULW\ VFKHPHV DQGIXOOSULYDF\PD\DIIHFWWKHSHUIRUPDQFH,WLVREYLRXV WKH PRUH VHFXULW\ FKHFNV SULYDF\ DQG VWURQJ DXWKHQWLFDWLRQPXVWEHGLVWXUEHGWKHSHUIRUPDQFH 0RVWO\ IRU WKH PDQDJHPHQW RI HOHDUQLQJ V\VWHP ZH SUDFWLFH DQ\ VXLWDEOH /HDUQLQJ 0DQDJHPHQW 6\VWHP /06 EXW DFFRUGLQJ WR >@ LQ FORXGEDVHG HOHDUQLQJ WKH PDQDJHPHQW FRXOG EH RQH RI WKH FRPSOH[ DQG FKDOOHQJLQJ WDVNV 7R KDQGOH OHDUQLQJ PDWHULDOV IHH FKDUJLQJ H[DP FRQGXFW UHVXOW GLVSOD\ FHUWLILFDWHV GLVSDWFKLQJ HWF GHPDQG H[WHQVLYH PDQDJHPHQW 7R KDQGOHWKLVFKDOOHQJHWKHWUDGLWLRQDOW\SHVRI/06VKRXOG GHVLJQIRUFORXGEDVHGHOHDUQLQJV\VWHPV 0RVWO\ LW LV REVHUYHG WKDW WKH FORXGEDVHG DSSOLFDWLRQV FKDUJH IRU WKHLU VHUYLFHV YLD FUHGLW FDUGV RU LQ DQ\ HOHFWURQLF IRUP WKURXJK WKH LQWHUQHW 7KH VWXGHQWV JHQHUDOO\KDYHQRFUHGLWFDUGVDQGLQPDQ\FRXQWULHVWKH 1DWLRQDO ,GHQWLW\ &DUG 1,& LV PDQGDWRU\ IRU D FUHGLW FDUG7KHSDUWLFXODUDJHOLPLWLVUHTXLUHGIRU1,&VRKRZ WKHORZHUDJHOLPLWVWXGHQWVDUHDEOHWRSD\WKHLUIHH2QH RI WKH VROXWLRQV IRU WKLV FKDOOHQJH FRXOG EH WKH SDUHQWVJXDUGLDQVDUHOLDEOHWRSD\DIHHEXWLIWKH\KDYHQR FUHGLWFDUGKRZFDQWKH\SD\WKHLUFKLOGUHQIHH3D\PHQWRU IHH VXEPLVVLRQ LQ FORXGEDVHG HOHDUQLQJ GHPDQGV PRUH VWXGLHVIRUHVWDEOLVKLQJDQDSSURSULDWHPRGHORISD\PHQW 7KH FORXGEDVHG HOHDUQLQJ V\VWHP PD\ REVHUYH VRPH OHJDO LVVXHV 6LQFH WKH FRXQWU\ ZKHUH FORXG GDWD DUH KRVWLQJWKHLUODZVPD\SRVVLEO\JRYHUQFORXGGDWD>@ 9 &21&/86,21

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

696



DQG WKDW PXVW EH UHVROYHG EHIRUH WKH GHSOR\PHQW RI FORXG EDVHGHOHDUQLQJPRGHO 7KLV SDSHU HOXFLGDWHG WKH YLWDO RSSRUWXQLW\ WR XWLOL]HV WKH FORXG FRPSXWLQJ WHFKQRORJ\ LQ HOHDUQLQJ V\VWHP WKH NQRZOHGJH SUHVHQW KHUH ZRXOG EH D JRRG OLWHUDWXUH IRU WKH UHVHDUFKHUVRIWKLVGRPDLQ$VDIXWXUHZRUNZHDUHLQWHUHVWHG LQ GHVLJQLQJ D FRPSUHKHQVLYH IUDPHZRUN IRU FORXGEDVHG H OHDUQLQJV\VWHP


5()(5(1&(6 >@ 3RFDWLOX3$OHFX) 9HUWLFL0 ³8VLQJ&ORXG&RPSXWLQJIRU (/HDUQLQJ 6\VWHPV´ 5HFHQW $GYDQFHV RQ 'DWD 1HWZRUNV &RPPXQLFDWLRQV&RPSXWHUV,6%1 >@ $+RVVDLQ0DVXG;+XDQJ³$Q(OHDUQLQJ6\VWHP$UFKLWHFWXUHEDVHG RQ &ORXG &RPSXWLQJ´ :RUOG $FDGHP\ RI 6FLHQFH (QJLQHHULQJ DQG 7HFKQRORJ\9RO >@ 8 - %RUD DQG 0 $KPHG ³(/HDUQLQJ XVLQJ &ORXG &RPSXWLQJ´ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI6FLHQFHDQG0RGHUQ(QJLQHHULQJYROQR SS >@ . 3DODQLYHO 6 .XSSXVZDPL ³$UFKLWHFWXUH 6ROXWLRQV WR (/HDUQLQJ 6\VWHPV 8VLQJ 6HUYLFH2ULHQWHG &ORXG &RPSXWLQJ 5HIHUHQFH $UFKLWHFWXUH´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±,QKLELWLQJ IDFWRUV IRU UHXVH RI RSHQ FRQWHQW LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV 7KH (OHFWURQLF -RXUQDO RI,QIRUPDWLRQ6\VWHPVLQ'HYHORSLQJ&RXQWULHV >@ /L\DQDJXQDZDUGHQD 7KDULQGX 5 ,QIRUPDWLRQ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WHFKQRORJLHV DQG GLVWDQFH HGXFDWLRQ LQ 6UL/DQND $ FDVH VWXG\RI WZR XQLYHUVLWLHV'LVV8QLYHUVLW\RI5HDGLQJ >@ 3HWHU 0HOO DQG 7LPRWK\ *UDQFH ³7KH 1,67 'HILQLWLRQ RI &ORXG &RPSXWLQJ´ 7HFKQLFDO 5HSRUW 63 'UDIW 1DWLRQDO ,QVWLWXWH RI 6WDQGDUGV DQG 7HFKQRORJ\ ,QIRUPDWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\ /DERUDWRU\ -DQXDU\ >@ .DVKLI /DHHT ³$ 6WXG\ RI 6HFXULW\ ,VVXHV 9XOQHUDELOLWLHV DQG &KDOOHQJHV LQ &ORXG &RPSXWLQJ´ VW ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ ,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG &RPPXQLFDWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\ 7UHQGV ,&,&77 .DUDFKL6HSWHPEHU >@ 7 'LOORQ ³&ORXG &RPSXWLQJ ,VVXHV DQG &KDOOHQJHV´ WK ,((( ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ $GYDQFHG ,QIRUPDWLRQ 1HWZRUNLQJ DQG $SSOLFDWLRQ >@ . =XQQXUKDLQ 6 9 9UEVN\ ³6HFXULW\ $WWDFNV DQG 6ROXWLRQV LQ &ORXGV´,(((FRPSXWHU6RFLHW\ >@ - 9LHJD ³&ORXG &RPSXWLQJ DQG WKH &RPPRQ 0DQ´ ,((( &RPSXWHU 6RFLHW\9ROXPH,VVXH3DJHV$XJXVW >@ %HKUHQG 7DUD 6 HW DO &ORXG FRPSXWLQJ DGRSWLRQ DQG XVDJH LQ FRPPXQLW\ FROOHJHV %HKDYLRXU ,QIRUPDWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\ >@ ( 7XQFD\ (IIHFWLYH XVH RI &ORXG FRPSXWLQJ LQ HGXFDWLRQDO LQVWLWXWLRQV3URFHGLD6RFLDO%HKDYLRUDO6FLHQFHVS± >@ 0DGDQ 'HHSDQVKX HW DO (OHDUQLQJ EDVHG RQ &ORXG &RPSXWLQJ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO MRXUQDO RI DGYDQFHG UHVHDUFK LQ FRPSXWHU VFLHQFH DQG VRIWZDUHHQJLQHHULQJ >@ 0DGKXPDWKL&*RSLQDWK*DQDSDWK\³$Q$FDGHPLF&ORXG)UDPHZRUN IRU $GDSWLQJ H/HDUQLQJ LQ 8QLYHUVLWLHV´ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI $GYDQFHG5HVHDUFKLQ&RPSXWHUDQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ(QJLQHHULQJ9RO ,VVXH1RYHPEHUSS >@ )HUQDQGH] $ HW DO $Q RYHUYLHZ RI HOHDUQLQJ LQ FORXG FRPSXWLQJ :RUNVKRSRQ/HDUQLQJ7HFKQRORJ\IRU(GXFDWLRQLQ&ORXG/7(& 6SULQJHU%HUOLQ+HLGHOEHUJ


>@ 00DVXGDQG;+XDQJ³$QRYHODSSURDFKIRUDGRSWLQJFORXGEDVHGH OHDUQLQJ V\VWHP´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

697
