Beskydy, 2009, 2 (2): 185–194 © Mendelova zemědělská a lesnická univerzita v Brně ISSN: 1803-2451
Changes in concentration of Cd and Pb in soil of Pieniński National Park T. Staszewski, P. Kubiesa, W. Łukasik, E. Zając Tomasz Staszewski, Piotr Kubiesa, Włodzimierz Łukasik, Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, 6 Kossutha Street, 40-844 Katowice, E-mail:
[email protected] Ewelina Zając, Pieniński National Park, 107B Jagiellońska, 34-450 Krościenko n/Dunajcem Abstract: Staszewski, T., Kubiesa, P., Łukasik, W., Zajac, E., 2009: Changes in concentration of Cd and Pb in soil of Pieniński National Park. – Beskydy, 2 (2): 185–194 In 2000 and 2007 research on soil contamination with lead and cadmium in a monitoring network of the Pieniński National Park was carried out. It was observed that the permissible levels of these heavy metals were exceeded in several sites. This refers mainly to forest areas located in the vicinity of Krościenko. No uniform trend of changes in lead and cadmium concentrations in the soil was observed for the period of 2000–2007. Keywords: soil contamination, lead, cadmium, national park
Introduction Based on physical, chemical and toxicological parameters lead and cadmium are classified as heavy metals. This fact, as well as the recorded cases of long-range transport of these metals with gases and aerosols (Pacyna et al. 1984, Nriagu, Pacyna 1988, Pacyna 1990) caused that in protocols developed under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution they are referred to as „priority metals”. Toxicologists agree that so far no case has been known that might indicate physiological demand for any of those metals (Hławiczka 1998). Lead and cadmium do not play any role in plants, either. They are typical pollutants, passively taken up by plants both from the subsoil (proportionally to the concentrations of soluble forms in a soil solution) and from polluted air with the dust fall. The increased acidity of forest soils has an impact on the increase of their availability. In Poland, where in the period of rapid industrialization one of the highest heavy metal emission levels were recorded – a uniform trend of continuous drop of lead and cadmium emission can be observed (Fig. 1, 2). Within the last
25 years lead emission level decreased by 78% whereas cadmium by 71% (Hławiczka 2006). The analysis of the key lead and cadmium emitters shows that burning processes in municipal and residential sector as well as combustion processes in industry contribute the most to the emission of these metals to the atmosphere (Tab. 1). During the long period of high emissions of lead and cadmium the air pollution with these metals was caused by local sources and longrange transport, whereas soil pollution resulted from atmospheric deposition, both dry and wet (Turner et. al. 1985, Zőttl 1985, Szarek and Braniewski 1996). This very difficult process of decreasing the volume of heavy metals in contaminated soils causes that in many areas heavy metals may be still accumulated by plants for many decades (Malzahn 1999). In this paper the results of research carried out in 2000 and 2007 on lead and cadmium load in a specially protected area, i.e. in a monitoring network of the Pieniński National Park (PNP) were presented.
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T. Staszewski, P. Kubiesa, W. Łukasik, E. Zając
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[Mg]
100
80
60
40
20
0 1980
1985 1987
1988
1989
1990 1991
1992
1993 1994
1995
1996 1997
1998
1999 2000
2002
2002
2003 2004
2005
Year
Fig. 1: Emission of cadmium into the air from the territory of Poland in 1980–2005 (Olendrzyński et al. 2007)
3000
2500
[Mg]
2000
1500
1000
500
0 1980 1985 1987 1988 1989 1990
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
1997 1998
1999 2000 2002
Year
Fig. 2: Emission of lead into the air from the territory of Poland in 1980–2005 (Olendrzyński et al. 2007)
2002 2003
2004 2005
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Changes in concentration of Cd and Pb in soil of Pieniński National Park
Tab. 1: Contribution of individual sources to total emission of cadmium and lead in Poland [%] (Olendrzyński et al. 2007) Emission source
Cd
Pb
3.4
2.8
Burning processes in municipal and residential sector
68.2
31.7
Combustion processes in industry
22.1
47.6
Production processes
4.9
14.3
Road transport
0.6
3.1
Other vehicles and devices
0.2
0.1
Waste disposal
0.6
0.6
Combustion processes in production and energy sector
Fig. 3: Monitoring network in the Pieniński National Park
Methods Samples were collected in 20 monitoring sites of the Pieniński National Park (Fig. 3). Their short characteristics were presented in Tab. 2. Soil classification was given according to (WRB, 2006). The sampling campaign was carried out in October 2000 and October 2007. Soil samples were collected from upper layers: 0–10 and 10–20 cm in 6 points in each of the monitoring sites, then the value in each site was averaged. After sieving and drying of the samples metal concentrations were determined according to
PB-08:1999 procedure, i.e. using atomic absorption with SpectrAA 300, Varian. The analyses were carried out in a certified laboratory of the Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Katowice (Certificate No AB 325). The statistical analysis was done using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results The obtained results concerning cadmium and lead concentrations in topsoil were presented in Fig. 4–7. In Poland there is a standard determining the permissible concentrations of heavy metals in soil, which was defined in the Ordinance
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Tab. 2: Description of soil sampling sites No of sampling site
Land cover
Soil type
1
Sycamore maple with sheart,s-tongue
Cambic Rendziz Leptosols
450
2
Abandoned fields
Cambic Fluvisols
420
3
Riparian montane alder wood/planted stand without index species
Typic Fluvisols
420
4
Thermophilous fir var. Typical
Cambic Rendziz Leptosols
620
Altitude [m]
5
Xerothermic grassland with meadow species
Calcaric Cambic Leptosols
470
6
Thermophilous beech var. typical
Lithic Redzic Leptosols
950
7
Thermophilous fir var. floristic poor
Calcaric Cambic Leptosols
670
8
Association of wild geranium and French flybane
Gleyic Eutric Cambisols
520
9
Meadow with spreading bellflower and trisetum/ meadow with cocks-foot and tussock
Calcaric Cambic Leptosols
710
10
Meadow with spreading bellflower and trisetum
Gleyic Eutric Cambisols
710
11
Carpathian fir var. typical
Eutric Gleysols
570
12
Carpathian fir var. typical
Eutric Cambisols
630
13
Forest nurseries, tree groups, plantings
Eutric Cambisols
670
14
Carpathian fir var. floristic poor
Cambic Fluvisols
570
15
Carpathian fir var. with satin-flower
Humic Rendzic Leptosols
690
16
Carpathian beech var. typical
Cambic Rendziz Leptosols
660
17
Carpathian fir var. typical
Lithic Redzic Leptosols
720
18
Carpathian fir var. typical
Cambic Rendziz Leptosols
590
19
Carpathian fir var. typical
Gleyic Eutric Cambisols
680
20
Carpathian beech var. typical
Redzic Leptosols
590
of the Minister of the Environment on soil and ground quality standards, dated 8 September 2002. (Official Journal of Laws/Dz. U.02.165.1359 dated 4 October 2002). The limit values of this standard for the analysed heavy metals were presented in Tab. 3. The limit value of 1,0 mg·kg−1 for cadmium was exceeded in both layers in monitoring sites 14, 15 and 17, and in one of the layers in site 16 and 18. According to the literature data the average cadmium concentration in uncontaminated soils is 0.2–1 mg·kg−1 (Kabata – Pendias 1989). The plant absorbability of cadmium depends on acid soil pH (pH
