1) Most of the organisms can not get energy from its main source (the sun). 2) Plant is the only ..... C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP. Reactants :.
BIOLOGY )Unit (I
Structure & function in living organisms
اٌزشو١ت ٚاٌٛظ١فخ ف ٟاٌىبئٕبد اٌؾ١خ
In plant
In man (دػبء لجً اٌّزاوشح)
ال اٌٗ إال اهلل اٌؾٍ ُ١اٌىش - ُ٠ال اٌٗ إال اهلل اٌؼٍ ٝاٌؼظ - ُ١ال اٌٗ إال اهلل سة اٌؼشش اٌؼظ ،ُ١اٌٍ ُٙأٝ اسبٌه ف ُٙإٌجٚ ،ٓ١١ؽفظ اٌّشسٍٚ ،ٓ١أٌٙبَ اٌّالئىخ اٌّمشثٚ ،ٓ١اْ رغؼً ٌسبٔ ٟػبِشاً ثزوشنٚ ،لٍجٟ ٍِ١ئ ًب ثخط١زهٚ ،أسشاسٔب ٌؽبػزه ،فأٔذ ؽسجٔٚ ٟؼُ اٌٛو ،ً١أه ػٍ ٝوً ضٕئ لذ٠ش.
(دّحء ذْذ ج٪٥زج١شز) ج٦٥ٲ ٨أ٭ٶ جعطٴدّط٩ ٠ح ٝشأش ،ٳ٩ح ٙٲ٪ص ،ٳ٩ح قَٚصٙ ،شدز ئ٥ٶ ّٮذ قحؾطٸ ئ٥ٺٰ، ج٭٦ّ ٠ٶ ٤١ؽة ٝذٹش ٳقغرٮح جهلل ٳ٭ْ ٨ج٥ٴ١ٺ.٤
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Chapter 3 Respiration in living organisms كٺس٥حتٮحش ج٢٥ٸ جٙ ٤ٞٮ٥ج
I - Concept of respiration . كٺس٥حتٮحش ج٢٥ٸ جٙ ظٚطٮ٥ ج٧ٲٴٚ٩ Definition. Function. Role of respiratory system in excretion process. ٺس جإلخشجؼ٦٪ّ ٸٙ غٸٚطٮ٥ؿٲحص ج٥دٳس ج Source of energy in living organisms. How living organisms obtain oxygen. Difference between gas exchange and cellular respiration The difference between respiration and combustion Respiratory process. Concept of cellular respiration ٴٷ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٧ٲٴٚ٩ II- Respiration in plants: Importance of cellular respiration for cell .ٴٷ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٪أٱ Methods of oxygen entry to vascular plants . ٴّحتٺس٥ٮرحضحش ج٦٥ ٬غؿٺ١ جأل٣ دخٴٛىش Methods of CO2 exit . ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ خشٳؼ غح٭ٸ أٛىش Link between photosynthesis and respiration in plants. ٮرحش٥ٸ جٙ ظٚطٮ٥نٴتٸ ٳج٥رٮحء ج٥ٺطٸ ج٦٪ّ ٬س ذٺْٝال٥ج III- Respiration in man: Structure of respiratory system in man. ٫ٸ جإل٭غحٙ غٸٚطٮ٥ؿٲحص ج٥ٺد ج١ضش Mechanism of respiration. )ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٢ح٭ٺ٢ٺ٩( ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٥آ
Concept of respiration And its importance to living organisms كٺس٥حتٮحش ج٢٦٥ ٺطس٪ظ ٳجٱٚطٮ٥ ج٧ٲٴٚ٩ Definition – Function – Role of respiratory system in excretion - Source - How – Difference - Respiratory process –cellular respiration
Definition: Respiration is the transport of O2 from atmosphere to cells and CO2 and H2O from cells to atmosphere.
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Function of respiration: 1- Supply O2 to tissues and removal of CO2 from them. O2 is used for oxidation of foodstuffs in the cells and release of energy. 2- Regulation of PH of blood. 3- Regulation of body temperature. 4- Supply air to the larynx for voice production. 5- Excretion of water vapour. ٨ٲ٩ The respiratory system in Man plays an important role in the excretion of water, as the expired air contains water vapor. Man usually loses daily about 500 cm3 of water through his lungs out of the 2500 cm3 of water that he loses daily (through lungs, skin and kidneys). This amount of water loss through lungs represents 20% or 1/5 of the total water loss which is about 2500 cm3 . This loss occurs due to evaporation of water. This is due to the evaporation of water that moistens the alveoli membranes. This water is necessary for : (1) Moisten the walls of the alveoli. (2) Prevent adhesion of the walls of the alveoli from the inside. (3) Dissolving Oxygen and Carbon dioxide, so that the exchange of gases between the air of the alveoli and the surrounding blood in the capillaries occurs easily. : حء٪٥ٸ ئخشجؼ جٙ غٸٚطٮ٥ؿٲحص ج٥♣ دٳسز ج زٷ ٹشىد ؾذس٥حء ج٪٥طرخش ج٥ ذ ٭طٺؿسٞٚ٥ ٱزج ج٨حء ٳٹط٩ ٶ فٴسز ذخحس٦ّ ٺشٙض٥ِ ٱٴجء ج٩ حء٪٥ٸ ئخشجؼ ذْل جٙ ٧غٸ دٳس ٱحٚطٮ٥ؿٲحص ج٦٥ . 3٨ ع0555 ٺح ٳٱٴ ٭كٴ٩ذٯ ٹٴٞٚزٷ ٹ٥حء ج٪٥ٴُ ج٪ؿ٩ ٬٩ ٬شتطٺ٥ ج٣حء خال٪٥ ج٬٩ 3٨ ع555 ٺح٩ذ ٹٴٞٚ ٹ٫حإل٭غحٙ.ٲٴجتٺس٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ج :ٲٴجتٺس٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ؿذس ج٥ حء٪٥حتذز جٙ ح٩ .ٲٴجتٺس٥كٴٹقالش ج٥) ٹشىد ؾذس ج1 . ٴٹس٩ذ٥ؾْٺشجش ج٥ٸ جٙ كٺو ذٲح٪٥ ج٧ذ٥س ٳج٦كٴٹق٥ ٱٴجء ج٬ٖحصجش ذٺ٥ ج٣ٺس ضرحد٦٪ّ ٨طط٥ O2 ، CO2 ٫زٳذح٥ ٧) الص0
6- Living organism needs to breathe because food is only energy material, stored energy in chemical bonds of molecules of these nutrients so living organism needs to breathe to supply oxygen needed to break chemical bonds and release energy required for its vital activities. ٴجد٪٥ؿضٹثحش ٱزٯ ج٥ ٺحتٺس٪ٺ٢٥شٳجذو ج٥ٶ جٙ سٝيح٥ ج٫س ٳضخطضٝٴجد ىح٩ ح ٱٶ جال٩ ٖزجتٺس٥ٴجد ج٪٥ ج٫ ال٠٥ظ ٳرٚطٮ٥ٶ ج٥كٶ ج٥ ج٬حت٢٥ٹكطحؼ ج كٺٴٹس٥ٰ ال٭ؾيطٰ ج٩الص٥س جٝيح٥ جٛٺحتٺس ٳئىال٪ٺ٢٥شٳجذو ج٥غش ٱزٯ ج٢٥ ٧الص٥ ج٬غؿٺ١ذجدٯ ذحال٩ظ الٚطٮ٦٥ كٶ ٹكطحؼ٥ ج٬حت٢٥حٙ ٠٥ز٥ ←ٖزجتٺس٥ج
Role of respiratory system in excretion: Respiratory system has an important role in excretion of the following: 1- Volatile spices. ٤طٴجذ٥ ج٬٩ طيحٹش٪٥ؿضء ج٥ج 2- CO2 produced from catabolism of organic molecules. 3- Water vapour with expired air. Q- How to explain: 1/5 of amount of water loss from human body occurs through the lungs? A- Because loss of water through the lungs occurs through evaporation of water. This water vapour moist the wall of alveoli which leads to 3
(1) prevent adhesion alveolar wall from inside. (2) Dissolving Oxygen and Carbon dioxide, so that the exchange of gases between the air of the alveoli and the surrounding blood in the capillaries occurs easily.
Source of energy in living organisms: 1) Most of the organisms can not get energy from its main source (the sun). 2) Plant is the only organism that can get energy from the sun directly and converted it to chemical energy, stored in food substances which are formed by the plant. Green plants absorb energy from sun light, and change it into chemical energy during photosynthesis. They store this chemical energy in high-energy compounds, the most important of which are carbohydrates, especially glucose. 3) Living organisms breaks down the chemical bonds of food molecules to release energy. Most organisms use glucose in cellular respiration more than any other food. :ٸٙ خـ٦ظ ضطٚطٮ٥ٶ ج٥كٸ ئ٥ ج٬حت٢٥قحؾس ج . ) ظ٪ؾ٥شتٺغٸ ( ج٥قذسٱح ج٩ ٬٩ سٝيح٥ٶ ج٦ّ ٣كقٴ٥ٮٲح ج٢٪كٺس ال ٹ٥حتٮحش ج٢٥ ج٨َْ٩ )1 ٸٙ سٝيح٥ ٱزٯ ج٫ٺحتٺس ضخض٪ٺ١ سٝٶ ىح٥ٲح ئ٦رحؽشز ٳضكٴٹ٩ ظ٪ؾ٥ ج٬٩ سٝيح٥ٶ ج٦ّ ٣كقٴ٥ٮٰ ج٢٪زٷ ٹ٥ٴقٺذ ج٥كٸ ج٥ ج٬حت٢٥ٮرحش ٳٱٴ ج٥) ج0 .شٹحش٢غ٥س خحفس جٚشذٴٱٺذسجش ٳذق٢٥ٴجد ٱٸ ج٪٥ ٱزٯ ج٨ ٳجٱ،نٴتٸ٥رٮحء ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٸٙ ٮرحش٥ٴ٭ٲح ج٢طٸ ٹ٥س جٝيح٥ٖٮٺس ذح٥ٖزجتٺس ج٥ٴجد ج٪٥ج .سٝيح٥طكشٹش ج٥ ٖزجء٥ؿضٹثحش ج٥ ٺحتٺس٪ٺ٢٥شٳجذو ج٥غٺش ج٢ ذط٧ٴٞكٸ ٹ٥ ج٬حت٢٥) ج3 ٖزجء ّحدز٥ ؾضب ج٬ّ ٹْرش٠٥ز٥ ٲح ألٷ ؾضب ٕزجء أخش٩ جعطخذج٬٩ ػش١ٴٷ أ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٸ جٙ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٧كٺس ضغطخذ٥حتٮحش ج٢٥د ج٦ٕ أ .ٴٷ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٴخ ٳخيٴجش ج٦ٴص ّٮذ ئٹنحـ أع١ٴ٦ؿ٥ٹؿضب ج
How living organisms obtain oxygen: Respiration process comprises the uptake of Oxygen and the release of CO2. 1- In case of unicellular: Oxygen diffuses directly into the cell, and CO2 passes out as a biproduct. 2- In case of multicellulars: the presence of a respiratory system is essential. :٬غؿٺ١ٶ جأل٦ّ كٸ٥ ج٬حت٢٥ ج٣ٺس ققٴٚٺ١ .ؿٴٵ٥ٲٴجء ج٥ ج٬٩ رحؽشز٩ ٬غؿٺ١ٶ جألٳ٦ّ كٸ٥ ج٬حت٢٥ ج٣ ققٴٜ ىشٹ٬ّ ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٨ ضط:)ٺس٦خ٥رغٺيس (ٳقٺذز ج٥حتٮحش ج٢٥أ) ج .ظٚطٮ٥ٸ جٙ ٮطؽ ٭ٲحتٸ٪١ ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١غٸ ٳٹخشؼ غح٭ٸ أٚطٮ٥ؿٲحص ج٥ جٜ ىشٹ٬ّ ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٨ ضط:خالٹح٥حتٮحش ّذٹذز ج٢٥ٸ جٙ )خ
Difference between gas exchange and cellular respiration
::ٴٷ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٖحصجش ٳج٥ ج٣ ضرحد٬ ذٺٛشٚ٥ج
Gaseous exchange: ٖحصٵ٥ ج٣طرحد٥♣ ج It is the process by which the living organism uptake Oxygen and release CO2 : 1- In unicellular animals: gaseous exchange occurs by direct diffusion to and from atmospheric air. 2- In multicellalar animals: Through respiratory system In which blood is in contact with respiratory medium within the lungs. It is called pulmonary ventilation, where blood takes oxygen from the respiratory medium and gives CO2 obtained from the tissues to the respiratory medium.
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Blood must be connected with respiratory medium because most of its cells living in the depths of the body far from the respiratory medium, so it is difficult for oxygen to reach to it . Communication of blood with respiratory medium allow blood to take oxygen and transferee it to cells , and release of carbon dioxide resulting from cell respiration to outside which is what is happens inside the lungs. .ٺٲح٥ ئ٬غؿٺ١ جأل٣رقْد ٳفٴٙ غٸٚطٮ٥ٴعو ج٥ ج٬ّ ذْٺذز٨ؿغ٥ جٛح٪ّٸ أٙ د خالٹحٱح ضْٺؼ٦ٕ أ٫غٶ ألٞطٮ٥ٴعو ج٥ ذح٧ذ٥ ج٤ ٹطق٫ أ٧ض٦ٹ خحسؼ٥ٶ ج٥خالٹح ئ٥ظ جٚ ضٮ٬٩ ٮحضؽ٥ ج٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ غح٭ٸ أٛ ئىال٠٥ز١خالٹح ٳ٥ ج٠٦ٶ ض٥س ئ٦طٴفٺ٥ ٬غؿٺ١ أخز جأل٧ذ٦٥ ٴعو ٹطٺف٥ ذح٧ذ٥ ج٣ٳجضقح .٬شتطٺ٥ ج٤ح ٹكذظ دجخ٩ ٳٱٴ Cellular respiration. ٴٷ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ جIt is the process by which cells of living organism
extracted energy from bonds in the food molecules (glucose) manufactured by the plant or eaten by the animal, and use this energy by the cell to perform its vital functions and generating molecules of ATP inside the cells of living organism. ٲح٥ٮرحش أٳ ٹطٮحٳ٥طٸ ٹقٮْٲح ج٥ ج٧يْح٥ؿضٹثحش ج٥ ٺحتٺس٪ٺ٢٥شٳجذو ج٥ٸ جٙ خض٭س٪٥س جٝيح٥ ج٬٩ سٝيح٦٥ كٸ٥ ج٬حت٢٥طٸ ضكشس ذٲح خالٹح ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ْ٥ ج . ATP ؾضٹثحش٬٩ ٰح صٳدش ذ٩ ٺذ٥س إلّحدز ضٴٝيح٥ ٱزٯ ج٧ٸ ضغطخذ٢٥ ٫كٺٴج٥ج
The cell breaks down of food molecules in order to release the energy which is used by the cell to perform its vital functions and activities and then release waste products: CO2 & Water. Cellular respiration Definition: It is the process by which cells of living organism extracted energy from bonds in the food molecules (glucose) manufactured by the plant or eaten by the animal, and use this energy by the cell to perform its vital functions and generating molecules of ATP inside the cells of living organism. Aim: release the energy and use by the cell to perform its vital functions and activities Waste products: - CO2 & Water. Site : Occurs within the cell Cells takes oxygen from blood and gives CO2 obtained from the cell resoiration to the blood.
Gas exchange It is the process by which the living organism uptake Oxygen and release CO2 : 1- In unicellular animals: it occurs by direct diffusion to and from atmospheric air. 2- In multicellalar animals: Through respiratory system uptake Oxygen and release CO2
Occurs at the lung alveoli blood takes oxygen from the respiratory medium and gives CO2 obtained from the tissues to the respiratory medium.
The difference between respiration and combustion: A- Respiration It is the process of oxidation of food within the cell, in which breaking of chemical bonds existing between the carbon atoms in the food occurs by special enzymes and co- enzymes that receives removed electrons and pass them to electrons carriers. During it liberation of chemical energy between organic molecules occurs gradually and slowly on stages within the cells. - Combustion:
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It is the process of oxidation outside the body where the oxidation of carbon atoms occurs by direct union with the oxygen of the air to form CO2 and releases energy in the form of heat. During it liberation of chemical energy from organic molecules to outside of cells occurs at once. ٛٺس جالقطشج٦٪ّ ٬ّ ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٘٦ضخط رسجش٬ٴؾٴدز ذٺ٪٥ٺحتٺس ج٪ٺ٢٥شٳجذو ج٥غش ج١ ٺٲحٙ ٨طٸ ٹط٥ٺس ٳج٦خ٥ ج٤ٖزجتٺس دجخ٥ٴجد ج٪٥غذز ج١ٺس أ٦٪ّ ح ٱٸ ئال٩ ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٫ أل٠٥ٳر .طشٳ٭حش٢٥الش جال٩ٶ قح٥شسٱح ئ٪س ٳض٥ضج٪٥طشٳ٭حش ج٢٥ جال٤رٞطٸ ضغط٥حش ج٪غحّذجش جإل٭ضٹ٩حش خحفس ٳ٪ ئ٭ضٹٜ ىشٹ٬ّ ٧يْح٥ٸ جٙ ٫شذٴ٢٥ج .خالٹح٥ ج٤ دجخ٤شجق٩ ٶ٦ّطذسٹؽ ٳذروء ٳ٥ْنٴٹس ذح٥ؿضٹثحش ج٥ ج٬ٺحتٺس ذٺ٪ٺ٢٥س جٝيح٥ ضكشٹش ج٨ٺٲح ٹطٙٳ ؿٴٵ٥ٲٴجء ج٥ ج٬غؿٺ١ِ أ٩ رحؽشز٩ ذٴجعيس جضكحدز٫شذٴ٢٥غذز رسجش ج١ أ٨ قٺع ٹط٨ؿغ٥غذز خحسؼ ج١ٺس أ٦٪ّ ح ٱٸ ئال٩ ٛٺس جالقطشج٦٪ّ ح٩ أ .ْس ٳجقذزٙخالٹح ٳد٥ْنٴٹس خحسؼ ج٥ؿضٹثحش ج٥ ج٬٩ ٺحتٺس٪ٺ٢٥س جٝيح٥ٺٲح ضكشٹش جٙ ٳ. ٸ فٴسز قشجسزٙ سٝيح٥ جٜ٦ ٳضٮيCO2٫ٴ٢ٺ٥
Site Need for O2
Respiration process خ اٌزٕفس١ٍّػ Occur within the celiving cells of the organismكٶ٥ ج٬حت٢٥ خالٹح ج٤ضكذظ دجخ Occurs in the presence of oxygen (aerobic) or absence of oxygen (anaerobic)
Temperature Occurs at the temperature of the body with the help of enzymes. Energy
Importance
Produced energy is stored in the ATP compounds and utilized for the activities of the cell Necessary for the organism to break the chemical bonds in molecules of food and liberation of energy required for its vital activities.
combustion process خ االؽزشاق١ٍّػ Occur in the air outside the body ٨ؿغ٥ضكذظ خحسؼ ج Occurs in the presence of oxygen, and does not need enzymes. Need for very high temperature The energy result is large and can not be saved. Not necessary for the organism كٶ٥ ج٬حت٢٦٥ ٺغص مشٳسٹس٥
٧يْح٥ٶ ؾضٹثحش جٙ ٺحتٺس٪ٺ٢٥شٳجذو ج٥غش ج٢٥ كٶ٥ ج٬حت٢٦٥ مشٳسٹس كٺٴٹس٥س ال٭ؾيطٰ ج٩الص٥س جٝيح٥ٳضكشٹش ج
Requirement need enzymes to complete the process of respiration ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٧ح٪حش الض٪ٵح٭ضٹ٥ضكطحؼ ج
need to co enzymes or cytochromes to complete the process of respiration ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٧ح٪حش الض٩شٳ١حش جٳ عٺطٴ٪غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ٩ ٶ٥ضكطحؼ ج
Output
need spark to start the process of combustion ٛٺس جالقطشج٦٪ّ رذأ٥ ٣ جؽْح٤٩ٶ ّح٥ضكطحؼ ج
Do not need to co enzymes or cytochromes to complete the combustion process. ٣ح٪٢حش العط٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥حش جٳ ج٪غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ٩ ٶ٥ال ضكطحؼ ج ٛٺس جالقطشج٦٪ّ
Release energy in the form of ATP Release energy in the form of heat ATPٶ فٴسزٙ سٝ ىحٜ٦ضٮي ٶ فٴسز قشجسزٙ سٝ ىحٜ٦ضٮي Liberate carbon dioxide Liberate carbon dioxide ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ غح٭ٶ جٜ٦ٹٮي ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ غح٭ٶ جٜ٦ٹٮي
Division of respiration (respiratory process) In high animals and man respiration occurs in 3 stages: 1- External respiration (mechanism of respiration): خحسؾٸ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ج It is the actual inflow and outflow of air to and out of the lungs during the process of inspiration and expiration (connects gases to the respiratory surfaces). ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٢ح٭ٺ٢ٺ٩ ٺس أٳ٥ آ٤ػ٪ٺس ض٦٪ْ٥ ٱزٯ ج٫ٺش أٷ أٙض٥ ٳجٜؾٲٺ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٲٴجء ٳخشٳؾس أغٮحء٥ ج٣ دخٴ٬ّ ٳٱٶ ّرحسز٬شتطٺ٥ٺٲح ضٲٴٹس جٙ ٨ٹط
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2- Gas exchange: It occurs at two sites: ٖحصجش٥ ج٣ضرحد A- In the lung alveoli: exchange of O2 and CO2 between alveolar air and blood of pulmonary capillaries (by simple diffusion). O2 diffuses from alveolar air into blood; while CO2 diffuse from blood into alveolar air. Then oxygenated blood is carried to left atrium left ventricle Aorta systemic capillaries to the tissues cells. B- At the tissues cells: oxygen diffuses from the blood through the wall of capillaries interstitial fluid tissues cells. Similarly CO2 (resulting from cellular respiration) diffuses from tissues cells to the interstitial fluid through the wall of the capillaries to the blood, كٴٹقالش٥كٺيس ذح٪٥ٴٹس ج٩ذ٥ؾْٺشجش ج٥ ج٧ٶ د٥ٲٴجتٺس ئ٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ ج٬٩ ٬غؿٺ١ أخز جأل٨ قٺع ٹط:ٲٴجتٺس٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ ج٤ (أ) دجخ:ح٪ ٱ٬غطٴٹٺ٩ ٶ٦ّ ٺس٦٪ْ٥ ٱزٯ ج٨ضط ٶ جألٳسىٶ٥ٮٰ ئ٩ جألٹغش ٳ٬ريٺ٥ٶ ج٥ٮٰ ئ٩ جألٹغش ٳ٬ٶ جألرٹ٥ ئ٬غؿٺ١ ذحأل٤٪ك٪٥ ج٧ذ٥ ٱزج ج٤ٞ ٭٨ غ.ٲٴجتٺس٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ٶ ج٥ ئ٧ذ٥ ج٬٩ ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ٲٴجتٺس ٳىشد غح٭ٸ أ٥ج ٨خالٹح ضط٥كٺيس ذح٪٥ٴٹس ج٩ذ٥ؾْٺشجش ج٦٥ ٬غؿٺ١ ذحأل٤٪ك٪٥ ج٧ذ٥ ج٣ ذْذ ٳفٴ:خالٹح٥غطٴٵ ج٩ ٶ٦ّ ) (خ. ٨ؿغ٥ خالٹح ج٬ٮطؾشز ذٺ٪٥ٴٹس ج٩ذ٥ؾْٺشجش ج٥س ج٢ٶ ؽر٥ٮس ئ٩ٳ .ٴٷ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٬٩ ٮحضؽ٥ ج٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ٺٰ غح٭ٸ أ٥ٴٹس ٳضيشد ئ٩ذ٥ؾْٺشجش ج٥ ج٧ د٬٩ ٬غؿٺ١ٺس قٺع ضأخز جأل٦خ٥غطٴٵ ج٩ ٶ٦ّ ٖحصجش٦٥ ٣ٺس ضرحد٦٪ّ
3- Internal respiration (cellular respiration): ٴٷ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ج Occurs within the cell, when blood carrying oxygen and high-energy food (especially glucose) reach into cells glucose is oxidized to liberate energy in the chemical bonds of food molecules. This energy is used by the cell to perform its vital activities and the product of oxidation (energy + carbon dioxide) carried by the venous blood to the heart lungs exit with expiration. ٸٙ ٮس٩ح٢٥س جٝيح٥طكشٹش ج٥ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥غذز ج١ أ٨خالٹح ٹط٥ٶ ج٥ٴص) ئ١ٴ٦ؿ٥س (خحفس جٝيح٥ٺس ج٥ٖزجتٺس ّح٥ٴجد ج٪٥ ٳج٬غؿٺ١ ذحأل٤٪ك٪٥ ج٧ذ٥ ج٤ح ٹق٩ٺس قٺع أ٭ٰ ّٮذ٦خ٥ ج٤ دجخ٨ضط جألٳسدز٣ خال٧ذ٥زٷ ٹأخزز ج٥ ج٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ غح٭ٸ أ+ سٝ ىح:غذز١ ٭حضؽ جأل٫ٴ٢كٺٴٹس ٳٹ٥ٺس ألدجء أ٭ؾيطٲح ج٦خ٥ٲح ج٩س ضغطخذٝيح٥ ٳٱزٯ ج.٧يْح٥ؿضٹثحش ج٥ ٺحتٺس٪ٺ٢٥شٳجذو ج٥ج .ٺشٙض٥ِ ج٩ ٹخشؼ ٬شتطٺ٥ ج شز أخشٵ٩ د٦ٞ٥ٶ ج٥ٮس ئ٩ٳ
O2 + CO2 O2
Arterial blood Lung capillaries Venous blood
CO2
O2 Tissue capillaries
CO2
CO2 + O2 Lungs
Carriage of O2 and CO2 by blood
External respiration
The cellular respiration:
Gas exchange
Tissues Cellular respiration
ٴٷ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥♣ ج
Definition – ATP – coenzymes – importance of glucose - Types After gas exchange in the lungs, blood transferee O2 from air, and glucose absorbed from
small intestine to the body cells, to start cellular respiration. ٺرذأ٥ ٠٥س ٳرٚ٦خط٪٥ ج٨ؿغ٥ٶ خالٹح ج٥ْحء ئ٩ جأل٬٩ طـ٪٪٥ٴص ج١ٴ٦ؿ٥ٲٴجء ٳج٥ ج٬غؿٺ١ أ٤ٞ ذٮ٧ذ٥ ج٧ٴٞ ٹ٬شتطٺ٥ٸ جٙ ٖحصجش٥ ج٣ٺس ضرحد٦٪ّ ذْذ .ٴٷ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ج
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Fate of glucose after absorption: Anabolic pathway
Catabolic pathway Aerobic
Aerobic cellular respiration producing CO2 + water + 38 ATP in yeast - Stored as glycogen in liver cells. - Stored as disaccharide or glycogen in pith of stem of plant
alcoholic fermentation producing ethyl alcohol + CO2 + 2 ATP
Anaerobic
in anaerobic bacteria Acid fermentation producing lactic acid + 2 ATP
Definition: Cellular respiration is the process by which cells of living organism extract energy
required for its activity from chemical bonds of food molecules manufactured by plants in the process of photosynthesis (carbohydrates - glucose) or eaten by animals. The energy released in respiration is used to synthesize ATP to store this energy. The energy stored in ATP can then be used to drive processes requiring energy, including biosynthesis, locomotion or transportation of molecules across cell membranes. طٸ٥ ج٧يْح٥ؿضٹثحش ج٥ ٺحتٺس٪ٺ٢٥شٳجذو ج٥ٸ جٙ خض٭س٪٥س جٝيح٥ ج٬٩ ٮؾحىٲح٥ س٩الص٥س جٝيح٥كٸ ج٥ ج٬حت٢٥طٸ ٹغطخشؼ ذٲح خالٹح ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ْ٥ ٱٴ ج .٫كٺٴج٥ٲح ج٥ش ) أٳ ضٮحٳ٢شذٴٱٺذسجش – ع١ ( نٴتٸ٥رٮحء ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٸٙ ٮرحش٥ٹقٮْٲح ج Cellular respiration is the set of the metabolic reactions that take place in the cells of
organisms to convert stored energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions that involve the redox reaction (oxidation of one molecule and the reduction of another). Nutrients commonly used by animal and plant cells in respiration include sugar, amino acids and fatty acids, and a common oxidizing agent (electron acceptor) is molecular oxygen (O2). ATP (Adenosine tri-phosphate) molecule: o It is the energy store in the cell. o It is the international energy currency of the cell because in most cases, all amount of energy need by the cell will be obtained in the form of ATP molecules. o It is considered as the small currency of energy because it can be easily spent and exchanged.
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o It is called the currency of energy in the cell, because when it breaks down to ADP; an amount of energy (7-12 kcal per mole) will release which promoting the chemical reactions that need energy. ٶ فٴسٯٙ ٺٲح٦ّ ٤ٺٲح ضكق٥ٺس ئ٦خ٥س ضكطحؼ جٝ ىح٤١ ٫ٺس أل٦خ٥ٸ جٙ سٝيح٦٥ ٺس٥ذٳ٥س ج٦٪ْ٥ٺس ٳٱٴ ج٦خ٥ٸ جٙ سٝيح٥ ج٫خحص٩ ٱٴATP ؾضب .٣طرحد٥قشٗ ٳج٥ ج٤س أ٭ٰ عٲٝيح٦٥ س٢ٚ٥س ج٦٪ْ٥ ٳٹْطرش جATP
o Role played by ATP molecules: Any energy required by the cell, will be obtained in the form of ATP molecules. It can be considered as the universal currency of energy in the cell. When an ATP transformed to ADP: an amount of energy released = 7:12 Kcal/mol This energy is used to activate biochemical reactions: ATP ADP + 7:12 Kcal حّالشٚط٥ٸ ضٮؾٺو جٙ سٝيح٥ ٱزٯ ج٤ٖ ٳضغط٣ٴ٩ ٤٢٥ / رٺش١ عْش قشجسٷ10 : 7 ٬ح ذٺ٩ ذسٞس ضٝ ىحٜ٦ ضٮي: ADP ٶ٥ ئATP ٣ ّٮذ ضكٴ ATP ADP + عْش قشجسٷ10 : 7 : ٺحتٺس٪ٺ١رٺٴ٥ج
During cellular reactions, only one of ATP bonds usually break down, i.e. only one phosphate group is removed by hydrolysis of an ATP molecule, which becomes ADP (Adenosine di-phosphate), and an amount of energy (which is about 7-12 K Cal/mole) is released. Adenosine Adenosine + A Phosphate + Energy tri-phosphate di-phosphate group (7-12 K Cal/mole) Adenosine – P ~ P ~ P
Adenosine – P ~ P
+
P +E
o The structure of ATP molecules: ATP molecule is built up of 3 subunits which are: 1. Adenine: Which is a nitrogenous base (has the properties of a base) 2. Ribose: This is a 5-Carbon sugar (a pentose sugar) 3. Chain of three phosphate groups linked together by two high energy bonds (~). ) غالظ3. ) ٫شذٴ٢٥حعٸ ج٪ش خ٢شٹرٴص ( ع٥) ج0 ) حّذز ٭ٺطشٳؾٺٮٺسٝ ( ٬) جألدٹٮٺ1: ٳقذجش ٱٸ3 ٬٩ ٫ٴ٢ ٹط : ATP ٺد١ ضش .حشٚٴعٙ ٴّحش٪ؿ٩
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Triphosphate
Adenosine
NB: Adenine and ribose is called together adenosine. Adenosine + one phosphate group is called together adenosine mono phosphate (AMP). Adenosine + 2 phosphate group is called together adenosine di phosphate (ADP). Adenosine + 3 phosphate group is called together adenosine tri phosphate (ATP). o The time of its formation: :ٴٹٮٲح٢ص ضٝٳ (A) In plants: molecules of ATP formed in the photochemical reactions of the process of photosynthesis are as follows: 1. When light falls on the chlorophyll , its electrons absorbs light energy and transmitted to higher energy levels i.e. chlorophyll turns light energy into chemical potential energy excited chlorophyll. 2. When electrons of chlorophyll return to their natural sites , it lose their chemical energy , part of this energy is used for splitting of water , while the main part is used in the formation of ATP molecules from ADP and phosphate groups: ADP + P energy ATP 3. This energy is used in reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates. (B) in the animal: ATP molecules are formed during the process of cellular respiration as follows: 1. When the electrons carried on the NADH and FADH2 moved to Cytochromes in electron transport series cytochromes carries electrons and descend it on different energy levels passage of electrons from Cytochromes molecule to another , release energy formation of ATP molecules from ADP molecules and phosphate groups . The process is called oxidative phosphorilation. ADP + P energy ATP :ٶ٦ح ٹ٪١ ٴٵ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ جغٮحءATP ؾضٹثحش٬ٴٹ٢ ض٨ ٹط:٫كٺٴج٥ٶ جٙ )(خ ٶ٦ّ ٲح ٳضٮكذس ذٲح٦٪ح٭ٲح ضكٙ ٫طشٳ٢٥ جال٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ٶ عٙ حش٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ٶ ج٥ جFADH2ٳNADHٶ٦ّ س٥ٴ٪ك٪٥طشٳ٭حش ج٢٥ جال٤ٞح ضٮط٩ّٮذ.1 ٬٩ATP ٬٩ ؾضٹثحش٫ٴ٢ط٥ سٝيح٥ جٜ٦حش ضٮي٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ ج٬٩ ؾضٵء الخش٬٩ طشٳ٭حش٢٥شٳس جال٩ ٶ ّٮذ٥طح٥س ٳذحٚ٦خط٩ سٝغطٴٹحش ىح٩ غذٹس١طأ٥شز جٚغٚ٥ٺس ذح٦٪ْ٥ٶ ٱزٯ ج٪حش ٳضغٚٴعٚ٥ٴّحش ج٪ؿ٩ٳADPؾضٹثحش
2. When ATP hydrolyzed to ADP, an amount of energy is released which help in chemical reactions that need energy (about 7 to 12 Kcal per mole). ATP ↔ ADP + P + 7-12 K cal
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10 ٶ٥ ج7 ٬٩ ٶ٥ذس ذكٴجٞس ٳضٝٶ ىح٥طٶ ضكطحؼ ج٥ٺحتٺس ج٪ٺ٢٥حّالش جٚط٥ٶ ج٦ّ س ٹغحّذٝيح٥ ج٬٩ ذجسٞ٩ ٜ٦ ٹٮيADP ٶ٥ جATP ٤٦ٳّٮذ ضك.0 ٣ٴ٩ ٤٢٥ رٺش١ عْش قشجسٵ
Coenzymes : 1- Hydrogen Carriers: Oxidation of organic substance occurs by removal of H atom from it by co enzyme FAD & NAD+ disturbance in its chemical structure liberation of CO2 molecule from it new compound with less one carbon atoms , with liberation of energy used in formation of ATP molecule, ٸ ذْلٙ ٹكذظ٠٥ز٥ ٳ٭طٺؿس، FAD & NAD+ حش٪غحّذجش جأل٭ضٹ٩ ٲح ذٴجعيس٦٪ٮٰ ٳق٩ ٬ ٭ضُ رسجش ٱٺذسٳؾٺ٨ ٹط٨ؿغ٥ ج٤د ّنٴٷ دجخ١ش٩ غذز١ أ٨ح ٹط٩ّٮذ ٺس٦٪ّ ٬٩ ٮحضؽ٥ؿذٹذ ج٥د ج١ش٪٥ ج٫ٴ٢ ٳٹ، د١ش٪٥ ج٬٩ ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ ٭طٺؿس خشٳؼ أٹنح ؾضب غح٭ٸ أ٫ٴ٢ذ ٹٝ د١ش٪٦٥ ٺحتٸ٪ٺ٢٥ٺد ج١طش٥ٸ جٙ ٤٦ْنٴٹس خ٥رحش ج١ش٪٥ج .زج٢ ٳٱ٫شذٴ١ ذ رسزٞٚغذز ض١ خيٴز أ٤١ ٸٙ ٫ أٷ أ، ٳجقذز٫شذٴ١ ٸ ذزسز٦د جألف١ش٪٥ ج٬٩ ٤ٝغذز أ١جأل
During Glycolysis (break down of glucose), and Krebs cycle, Hydrogen atoms are removed from the Carbon skeleton of the glucose molecule to pass to co-enzymes: NAD+ (Nicotinmide adenine dinucleotide) and FAD (Flavin adenine dinucleotide) which act as Hydrogen carriers: The two coenzymes (FAD & NAD+ ) are called Hydrogen carriers because they are reduced to FADH2 & NADH. NAD+
Reduction
+
H2
NADH + H+
Reduction
FAD + H2 FADH2 طٸ٥ ٳج٨غحّذجش جإل٭ضٹ٩ ٶ٥ش ئ٪ط٥ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ؿضب ج٥ شذٴ٭ٸ٢٥ ج٤٢ٲٺ٥ ج٬٩ ٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥ رسجش ج٣شذظ ضضج١ ٴص ٳدٳسز١ٴ٦ؿ٥ٸ ئ٭ؾيحس جٙ . FADH2 ٶ٥ ئ٣زٷ ٹخطض٥ جFAD ػح٭ٸ ٱٴ٥ ٳجNADH ٶ٥ ئ٣زٷ ٹخطض٥ جNAD+ ٲح ٱٴ٥ أٳ٫طشٳ٢٥الش جإل٩كح١ ٤٪ْض
2- Electron Carriers: Oxidation is loss of electron from the compound, associated with loss of hydrogen atoms. FADH2
Loss 2 electrons and 2 protons
FAD + 2H
In the form of 2 hydrogen atoms
Reduction is addition of electrons to the compound; associated with addition of hydrogen atoms. FAD Addition 2 electrons and 2 protons FADH2 In the form of 2 hydrogen atoms
1 - FAD : o Flavin adenine Dinucletide; it is a co enzyme which acts as electron carrier and receives two electron and two protons and is reduced to FADH2. . FADH2 ٶ٥ ئ٣ ٳٹخطض٬طشٳ٭ٺ٢٥ ٳئ٬ ذشٳضٴ٭ٺ٤رٞ ٳٹغط٫طشٳ٢٥ ئ٤٩كح١ ٤٪ْ ٳٹ٨غحّذ ئ٭ضٹ٩ ٴضٺذ ٳٱٴ٦١ٮٺٴ٥ غٮحتٸ ج٬ أدٹٮٺ٬ٺٙالٙ FAD -3
FAD is reduced into FADH2. FAD Addition 2 electrons and 2 protons In the form of 2 hydrogen atoms
FADH2
Krebs cycle for aerobic respiration: by NAD+ → citric acid is oxidized to Ketoglutaric acid, and then to Succinic acid and convert malic acid to oxaloacetic acid . By the help of FAD+ Succinic acid is converted to malic acid. o In
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2- NAD + : o Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucletide; it is co enzyme which acts as electrons carries and receive proton and two electrons and is reduced to NADH. ٶ٥ ئ٣ ٳٹخطض٬طشٳ٭ٺ٢٥ ٳئ٫ ذشٳضٴ٤رٞ ٳٹغط٫طشٳ٢٥ ئ٤٩كح١ ٤٪ْ ٹ٨غحّذ ئ٭ضٹ٩ ٴضٺذ ٳٱٴ٦١ٮٺٴ٥ غٮحتٸ ج٬ٺذأدٹطٺ٩ أ٬طٺ١ ٭ٺٴNAD + -0 . NADH
NAD+ is reduced into NADH NAD+
Addition 2 electrons and one protons
NADH + H+
In the form of 2 hydrogen atoms
o Absence of co- enzyme NAD+ from the mitochondria. Stop the process of cellular respiration (anaerobic and aerobic) because NAD+ plays an important role in carrying protons of hydrogen and electrons removed during: (a) transforms PGAL to pyruvic acid. (b) Transform pyruvic acid to acetyl group. (c) Through the Krebs cycle during transformation of three intermediate compounds. So transfer of protons and electrons to Cytochromes to declines through the levels of different energy to produce their own energy does not occur. ْد٦ ٹNAD+٫ أل٠٥ٲٴجتٶ) ٳر٥الٱٴجتٶ ٳج٥ٴٵ(ج٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٘ٝٶ ضٴ٥ٴ٭ذسٹح ٹإدٵ ج١ٺطٴ٪٥ ج٬٩ NAD+ حش٪غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ٩ ٕٺحخ ٶ٥ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣(خ)ضكٴ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ٶ ق٥جPGAL ٣س جغٮحء(أ)ضكٴ٥ضج٪٥طشٳ٭حش ج٢٥ ٳجال٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥ ذشٳضٴ٭حش ج٤٪ٶ قٙ ح٪ٲ٩ دٳسج حش٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ٶ ج٥طشٳ٭حش ج٢٥رشٳضٴ٭حش ٳجال٥ ٱزٯ ج٤ٞ ٭٨ٶ ال ٹط٥طح٥رحش ٳعيٺس ٳذح١ش٩ غالظ٣شذظ جغٮحء ضكٴ١ دٳسز٣(ؼ)خال٤ٴّس جعطٺ٪ؿ٩ سٝيح٥خحفس ذٲح ال٭طحؼ ج٥س جٚ٦خط٪٥س جٝيح٥غطٴٹحش ج٩ ٣طٮكذس خال٥
3- NADP : Point of comparison Importance
NADP
NAD+
Co enzyme (hydrogen carrier) )٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥ ج٤رٞغط٩(٨غحّذ ج٭ضٹ٩
Site
in the chloroplasts of plant cell ٮرحضٺس٥ٺس ج٦خ٦٥ خنشجء٥رالعطٺذجش ج٥ٶ جٙ
Function
Combine with hydrogen resulting from splitting of water molecule producing NADPH2 and thus (1) Prevent escape of hydrogen. (2) Does not combine with oxygen again to form water. (3) Allows exit of oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis.
Co enzyme (hydrogen carrier) )٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥ ج٤رٞغط٩(٨غحّذ ج٭ضٹ٩
in the mitochondria of living animal cells كٺس٥كٺٴج٭ٺس ج٥خالٹح ج٥ٴ٭ذسٹح ج١ٺطٴ٪٥ٶ جٙ
Plays an important role in carrying protons of hydrogen and electrons removed during: (a) transforms PGAL to pyruvic acid. (b) Transform pyruvic acid to acetyl group. د١ش٩ حء ٳٹٮطؽ٪٥ ج٭ؾيحس ؾضٵء ج٬٩ ٮحضؽ٥ ج٬ٲٺذٳسؾٺ٥ِ ج٩ ( ٹطكذc) Through the Krebs cycle شز غح٭ٺس٩ )ٳالٹطكذ0(٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥)الٹٲشخ ج1(٠٥ ٳذزNADPH2 during transformation of three ٮحضؽ١ ٬غؿٺ١ف ذخشٳؼ جال٪)ٹغ3(حء٪٥ ج٬ٴٹ٢ط٥ ٬غؿٺ١ِ جال٩ intermediate compounds. نٴتٶ٥رٮحء ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ْ٥ غح٭ٴٵ
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4- Cytocromes : o Cytochromes are sequence of co enzymes with sloping energy levels, found in the inner wall of the mitochondria; carry electrons at different energy levels. o Each cytochromes carrying two electrons received from NADH or FADH2 . They are chemical compounds with similar structures, but differ in carrying electrons on various energy levels. ٺحتٺس رجش ذٮحء٪ٺ١ رحش١ش٩ ٳٱٶFADH2 ، NADH ٬٩ ٨ٲ٦رٞ ضغط٬طشٳ٭ٺ٢٥ٮٲح ئ٩ ٤١ ٤٪ ضك٫طشٳ٢٥الش جإل٩س قح٦غ٦ ع: حش٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ ج-5 . سٞ٦خط٩ سٝغطٴٹحش ىح٩ ٶ٦ّ طشٳ٭حش٢٥ ئ٤٪ ق٬٩ ٺٮٲح٢٪ط٥ ٶٚ٢ح ٹ٪ٺٙ ٘٦ٮٲح ضخط٢٥طؾحذٰ ٳ٩
5 - COA : o It is co enzyme ; combined with acetyl group (2C) → compound (acetyl co - A) which enters the Krebs cycle to obtain energy. Then COA separated and repeated its work again. ٨س غٝيح٥ٶ ج٦ّ ٣كقٴ٦٥ شذظ١ دٳسز٠٥ ذْذ ر٤د ٹذخ١ش٩ ٫ٴ٢ ٳٹط2C ٤ٴّس جألعطٺ٪ؿ٩ ِ٩ ٹطكذ٨غحّذ ئ٭ضٹ٩ أ ٳٱٴ٨ٴئ٭ضٹ١ COA -4 . شز أخشٵ٩ ٰ٦٪ّ شس٢ ٳٹCOA ٤قٚٹٮ
The importance of glucose in cellular respiration: Carbohydrates, especially glucose is considered as a form of stored energy that can be transferred from one cell to another and from one living organism to another. The glucose molecule is considered as an excellent example to study the steps of breaking down the food molecules, as it is the molecule commonly used by the majority of living organisms to produce energy more than any molecule of available food. كٺس٥حتٮحش ج٢٥د خالٹح ج٦ٕ أ٫ ٭َشج أل٠٥) ٳر٤٦ّ( س٥ٴخ ٳخيٴجش ج٭كال٦ٴص ّٮذ ئٹنحـ أع١ٴ٦ؿ٥ٖزجء ٹؿضب ج٥ ؾضب ج٬ ّ طْرٺش٥ ج٨رح ٹط٥ٕح .شٙطٴ٩ ٲح ألٷ ؾضب ٕزجء آخش٩ جعطخذج٬٩ ػش١س أٝيح٥ٴص إل٭طحؼ ج١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٧ضغطخذ
Glucose and other charbohydrates store energy and transmit energy from cell to other and from living organism to other. The glucose molecule is used as an excellent example to study the steps of breakdown of food molecules because it is the most commonly used by the majority f living organism. .ٶ آخش٥ قٸ ئ٬حت١ ٬٩ٶ أخشٵ ٳ٥ٺس ئ٦ خ٬٩ سٝيح٥ٺٲح جٙ ٤ٞس ٳأٹنح فٴس ضٮطٝيح٦٥ خض٭س٩ شذٴٱٺذسجش جألخشٵ فٴس٢٥ٴص ٳج١ٴ٦ؿ٥ٹْطرش ج
Types of cellular respiration:
1- Aerobic respiration
2- Fermentation
3- Anaerobic Respiration
1- Glycolysis. 2- Krebs cycle. 3- Electron transport chain (Oxidative phosphorilation.) Organisms that use oxygen as a final electron acceptor in respiration are described as
aerobic, while those that do not are referred to as anaerobic.
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I- Aerobic cellular respiration (oxidation of glucose) ٲٴجتٸ٥ٴٷ ج٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ج Definition – reactants – products - Site – steps –calculation – importance of O2
Definition; The process of cellular respiration requires oxygen in order to generate energy (ATP). In
which oxygen is used as a final electron acceptor. It starts with glucose molecule. The product of this process is energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate). Oxidation of one mole of glucose by using oxygen to produce 38 ATP molecule as in the following equation: which indicates the amount of energy released from one mole of glucose : Respiratory enzymes
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP
ٲٴجتٸ٥ٴٷ ج٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ : س٥ْحد٪٥ٸ جٙ ح٪١ ATP 33 ٸٙ س٦ػ٪٩ سٝٴص ضٮطؽ ىح١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٬٩ ٳجقذ٣ٴ٩ غذز١ٴص ّٮذ أ١ٴ٦ؿ٥ٴٷ ٹؿضب ج٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ضرذأ C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
Reactants : Glucose, fats, proteins; and pyruvate breakdown in glycolysis Acetyl Co-enzyme – A
. enter the mitochondrion in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle). The raw materials required for the process of aerobic respiration of a cell is Glucose; oxygen, and 2 ATP molecules. Product : Product of this process is energy in the form of : (1) ATP (Adenosine triphosphate), (2)
NADH and (3) FADH2. Aerobic metabolism is 19 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism (which yields 2 mol ATP per 1 mol glucose). They share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Site in which it occurs: 1 – Glycolysis → takes place in cytosole (Non – organelle part of cytoplasm). 2 – Krebs cycle and electron transport → occurs in the Mitochondria: Structure of mitochondria : Mitochondria are rod-shaped structures that are enclosed within two membranes - the outer membrane and the inner membrane. The membranes are made up of phospholipids and proteins.
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The structure of the various components of mitochondria are as following: 1- Outer Membrane: o It is smooth, and completely permeable to nutrient molecules, ions, ATP and ADP molecules. 2- Inner Membrane: o It contains the complexes of the electron transport chain and the ATP synthetase complex (that play an important role in producing ATP). o It is permeable only to oxygen, carbon dioxide and water, and also helps in regulating transfer of metabolites across the membrane. o The inner membrane has infoldings called the cristae (shelves) that increase the surface area for the complexes and proteins that aid in the production of ATP molecules. 3- Matrix: o Condensed solution between the shelves contains the enzymes (that are important for the synthesis of ATP molecules) and coenzymes, water, phosphate and other molecules. o Special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNAs and the mitochondrial DNA. o Besides these, it has oxygen, carbon dioxide and other recyclable intermediates. Functions of mitochondria: Mitochondria is the field of chemical reactions in the cell. Produce energy: The food is broken into simpler molecules like carbohydrates, fats, etc., These are sent to the mitochondrion to produce charged molecules that combine with oxygen and produce ATP molecules. Maintain proper concentration of calcium ions within the various compartments of the cell: it acts as storage tanks of calcium ions. Helps in building of certain parts of blood, and hormones like testosterone and estrogen. Mitochondria in the liver cells have enzymes that detoxify ammonia. : ٮذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ٺد ج١♣ ضش .ؿضٹثحش٥د ج٦ٕز ألٚٮ٩ ٳ٨ّ) ٕؾحء خحسؾٸ ٭ح1 . ) ٗٴٙش٥( ج ٗٶ جألّشج٪ عيكٰ ضغ٬٩ طٴجءجش ضضٹذ٥و ٳذٰ ئٞٙ ْٺٮس٩ ؿضٹثحش٥ زٚٮ٩ ٸ٦) ٕؾحء دجخ0 .حش ٳؾضٹثحش أخشٵٚٴعٙحء ٳ٩غحّذز ٳ٪٥حش ج٪حش ٳجإل٭ضٹ٪ٶ ئ٭ضٹ٦ّ ٴٗ ٹكطٴٵٙش٥ ج٬ػ٘ ذٺ٢٩ ٣ٴ٦ك٩ حدز جألعحط٩ )3
Q- Explain the role of Mitochondria in respiration? A- In the inner membrane interactions of Krebs cycle and electron transfer reactions occurs where the enzymes and electron transport molecules are present. ظ ؟ٚطٮ٥ٸ جٙ ٮذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ط) ٳمف دٳس ج .٫طشٳ٢٥ جإل٤ٞحش ٳؾضٹثحش ٭٪ قٺع ضٴؾذ جإل٭ضٹ٫طشٳ٢٥ جإل٤ٞحّالش ٭ٚشذظ ٳض١ حّالش دٳسزٚٸ ضكذظ ذٰ ض٦ذجخ٥ٖؾحء ج٥ ج
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Steps of aerobic cellular respiration: Complete oxidation of a glucose molecule occurs in 3 major stages: : ٱٸ٤شجق٩ ٶ غالظ٦ّ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥غذز ؾضب ج١ أ٨ٴص ) ضط١ٴ٦ؿ٥غذز ؾضب ج١ أ٤شجق٩ ( :ٲٴجتٸ٥ٴٷ ج٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٤شجق٩ ♣
1. Glycolysis: o That takes place in the non organelle part of the cytoplasm (cytosole) of the cell. . ٣غٺطٴعٴ٥ْشٳٗ ذح٪٥ ٳج٧غطٴذالص٥ ج٬٩ ْنٶ٥ؿضء ٕٺش ج٥ٸ جٙ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ٹكذظ ئ٭ؾيحس ج: ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥أ ) ئ٭ؾيحس ج
2. Krebs cycle . شذظ١ ) دٳسز
3. Electron transport .٫طشٳ٢٥ جإل٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ؾـ) ع
o The two stages (Krebs cycle and electron transport) called together respiration. o Both Krebs cycle and Electron transport take place inside the mitochondria because it contains: (a) Respiratory enzymes, water, and phosphate. (b) Co- enzymes , the most important of it : NAD+ & FAD , which are reduced by hydrogen atoms (removed during reactions of Krebs cycle inside the mitochondria ) and converted to NADH & FADH2 : as follows: NAD+ + H2 → NADH + H+ FAD + H2 → FADH2 (c) Electrons carriers molecules (Cytochromes): which holds the electrons removed from the hydrogen carriers on various energy levels to pass slope on electron transport chain. ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ ج٤ دجخ٨ ضط٫طشٳ٢٥ جإل٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦شٹظ ٳع١ دٳسز٬٩ ٤١ خيٴجش ٲح ذٴجعيس رسجش٥ جخطضج٨ ٹط٬زٹ٥ جFAD+ & NAD+:ٲح٪غحّذز ٳأٱ٩ حش٪ئ٭ضٹ.حش خٚٴعٙحء ٳ٩ظ ٳٚحش ضٮ٪ئ٭ضٹ. أ:ٴؾٴد٥ ٭َشج٠٥ٳر :ٸ٦ح ٹ٪١ ٫ٴ٭ذسٹح ٳٹطكٴال١ٺطٴ٪٥ ج٤ دجخ٨طٸ ضط٥شذظ ٳج١ حّالش دٳسزٚ أغٮحء ض٣طٸ ضضج٥ ج٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥ج NAD+ + H2 → NADH+H+ FAD+H2→FADH2 سٝغطٴٹحش ىح٩ ٶ٦ّ ٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥الش ج٩ قح٬٩ س٥ضج٪٥طشٳ٭حش ج٢٥ جال٤٪طٸ ضك٥ ٳٱٶ ج:حش٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥طشٳ٭حش أٳ ج٢٥الش جال٩ؾضٹثحش قح.ؼ ٫طشٳ٢٥ جإل٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ٶ ع٦ّ ٮكذسز٩ ش٪ط٥ سٚ٦خط٩
1. Glycolysis: ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥س ئ٭ؾيحس ج٦شق٩ Def – Site – Aim – Steps – result – Equation Definition:
Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway occurs in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms. This pathway does not require oxygen, and can therefore function under anaerobic circumstances. The process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of (pyruvic acid), making energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP.
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Site : o Glycolysis takes place in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration o It occurs in cytosole of the cell (non organellises protein cytoplasmic material). o All these reactions occur in the absence or lack of Oxygen, so it occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aim : To produce energy. In Glycolysis one molecule of glucose breaks down forming two molecules of pyruvic acid (3-carbon), two molecules of ATP, and two molecules of NADH + H+ ال ٹٴؾذ ذٲح٧غٺطٴذالص٥حدز ج٩ ، حدز ذشٳضٺٮٺس٩ ( ٳٱٴ٣غٺطٴعٴ٥ٸ جٙ الٱٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٲٴجتٸ ٳج٥ظ جٚطٮ٥طٸ ج٥ٸ قحٙ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ئ٭ؾيحس ج٨) ٹط1 . سٝيح٥ٴص ذٖشك ئ٭طحؼ ج١ٴ٦ؿ٥س ئ٭ؾيحس ج٦شق٩ ٨) ضط0. ) ٺس٦خ٥ّنٺحش ج
Steps of glycolysis : Glucose breaks into two molecules of pyruvic acid (3 Carbon compound) passing through a group of reactions in which : 1. Initial phosphorylation : A- Glucose is transformed into Glucose 6-phosphate (6-carbon) : the phosphate group (P) (taken from ATP which is transformed to ADP) combined with 6 th carbon atom of glucose → with liberation of H instead of P → C6H11O6 – P . Then B- Glucose 6-phosphate is transformed into Fructose 6-phosphate (6-carbon) → C6H11O6 – P . (As glucose but differs in arrangement of OH group). Then
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C. Fructose 6-phosphate transformed into Fructose 1-6-diphosphate (6-carbon). P~C6 H10O6~P ( the carbon atom number 1 & 6 combined with two groups of P coming from ATP which is transformed to ADP with liberation of H instead of p . 2. Spliting of hexoses (6C) into trioses (3) : Fructose 1-6-diphosphate split into two molecules of PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehyde) (3-carbon) C3H9O3 (from it fat and proteins are formed and stored or fat and proteins may enter to Kreps cycle instead of glucose as a source of energy ). 3. Oxidative step: Two molecules of phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) is oxidized into two molecules of pyruvic acid (3 C). During these reaction two molecules of co enzyme NAD+ are reduced to NADH, and releasing two molecules of ATP in cytosole of cell. Glycolysis takes place in absence of oxygen, it is called anaerobic oxidation. :ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ خيٴجش ئ٭ؾيحس ج :حّالش جٻضٺسٚط٥ ج٬٩ ٴّس٪ؿ٪حسج ذ٩ ) ٫شذٴ٢٥ ( غالغٸ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ٬ٶ ؾضٹثٺ٥ٴص ئ١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ٹٮؾيش ج ٫شذٴ١ ِ رسز٩ أضكذشP حشٚٴعٚ٥ٴّس ج٪ؿ٩ ٫ْٮحٱح أ٩ ) ٫شذٴ٢٥د عذجعٸ ج١ش٩ حش ( ٳٱٴٚٴعٙ 6 ٴص١ٴ٦ٶ ؾ٥ٴص ئ١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٣) ٹطكٴ1 . C6 H11 O6 – P أفرفٙ P ٣ ذذH ) ٳٹخشؼADP ٶ٥ ئ٣ٺطكٴ٥ ATP ٬٩ ( ضأخزٱح6 ٨ٝس ضشضٺدٛشٚ٥ٴص ج١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٤ػ٩ ( C6 H11O6 – P حشٚٴعٙ 6 طٴص١شٙ ٱٴ٫شذٴ٢٥د عذجعٸ ج١ش٩ ٶ٥حش ئٚٴعٙ 6 ٴص١ٴ٦ ؾ٣) ٹطكٴ0 ) OH ٴّحش٪ؿ٩ ٴّطٸ٪ؿ٪ ذ6 ،1 ٨ٝ س٫شذٴ٢٥ ( ئضكحد رسز جP~C6 H10-O6~P أٹنح٫شذٴ٢٥د عذجعٸ ج١ش٩ حش ٳٱٴٚٴعٚ٥ غحتٸ ج6 – 1 طٴص١شجٙ ٨ غ- )3 . ) H ٳٹخشؼP ٤ ٹذخADP ٶ٥ ئATP ٣ ضكٴ٬٩ ٤حش ٹذخٚٴعٙ P ٶ٥ٮؾحه ٹكطحؼ ئ٥حش ٱزج جٚٴعٙ ٫ٴ٢ٮٰ ٹط٩ ( C3 H9 O3 ٫شذٴ٢٥د غالغٸ ج١ش٩ ٳٱٴPGAL ذٱٺذ٥ٺغشج٦ٴ ؾٚٴعٙ ٬٩ ٬حش ؾضأٹٚٴعٚ٥ غٮحتٸ ج6 -1 طٴص١شجٙ ٫ٴ٢) ٹ4 . ) ٬طخضٹ٥ ج٨ ٳٹط٫ٴ٢ أٳ ال ٹط، سٝيح٦٥ قذس٪١ ، ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٦٥ ٤شذظ ٳٱٴ ذذٹ١ رشٳضٺٮحش دٳسز٥ ٳج٫ذٱٴ٥ ج٣ دخٴ٨ٮٰ ٹط٩ ٳذشٳضٺٮحش ٳ٫دٱٴ ٨غحّذ جإل٭ضٹ٩ ٬٩ ٬ ؾضتٺٺ٣ ٹخطض٠٥ ) ٳأغٮحء ر3C ٫شذٴ٢٥ ( غالغٸ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ٬ٶ ؾضتٺٺ٥ذٱٺذ ئ٥ٺغشج٦ٴؾٚغٚ٥غذ ج١) ٹطأ5 . ٺس٦خ٥ ج٣ٸ عٺطٴعٴٙ ATP ٬٩ ٬ ٳٹٮطؽ ؾضتٺٺNADH ٶ٥ ئNAD+
Results: 1- 2 ATP molecules are lost for phosphorilation processes: (1) Phosphorilation of glucose to glucose – 6- phosphate. (2) Phosphorilation of fructose – 6- phosphate to fructose - 1– 6di phosphate. 2- Four molecules of ATP per glucose are produced from convertion of PGAL into pyruvic acid. with Reduction of 2 molecules of NAD+ into 2 molecules NADH + H+ 3- So the net result of Glycolysis (the oxidation of the glucose molecule into 2 pyruvic acid molecules) is: (a) Two pyruvic acid molecules (3 C) . (b) Reduction of 2 molecules of NAD+ into 2 molecules NADH + H+ (b) Production of 2 molecules of ATP in the cytosole of the cell. Equation of glycolysis: The overall reaction can be expressed this way: Anaerobic respiration 2C3H4O3 + 2ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+
C6H12O6 Respiratory enzymes
Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H+ + 2 H2O
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The energy resulted from glycolysis is not enough to perform all the vital activities of living organisms. Therefore, in the presence of Oxygen, pyruvic acid molecules pass into the mitochondria to produce more energy. This takes place in two consecutive stages: Krebs cycle, and electron transport. ٮذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ٶ ج٥ ئ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٤ ٹذخ٠٥ز٥ ، كٺس٥حتٮحش ج٢٥ٸ جٙ كٺٴٹس٥ٴٍحت٘ ج٥ٺس ألدجء جٙح١ ٴص ٕٺش١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ئ٭ؾيحس ج٬٩ ٮحضؿس٥س جٝيح٥ ج . ) ٫طشٳ٢٥ جإل٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦شذظ – ٳع١ ( دٳسز: ٬ٸ خيٴضٺٙ ٠٥ ر٨رش ٳٹط١س أٝ إل٭طحؼ ىح٬غؿٺ١ٸ ٳؾٴد جألٳٙ
PGAL in both plants and animals: Structure Formation
Importance
in plant in animal Phosphogluceraldehyde is a compound consisting of three carbon atoms During the process of During the process of cellular respiration (oxidation photosynthesis, where it is the first of glucose) where glucose molecule split to 2 fixed chemical compound produced molecule of PGAL. during the process of photosynthesis 1. Used in construction of glucose, Used as High-energy compound, because : starch, proteins and fats in the plant. (a) when oxidized, PGAL turn to pyruvic acid , with 2. Used as High-energy compound liberation of 2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of in cellular respiration. NADH for each molecule of PGAL. (b) In aerobic respiration: pyruvic acid enters to the mitochondria to complete oxidized and release of energy in Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. (c) in absence of oxygen : pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid or ethyl alcohol and CO2
2. Krebs (citric acid) (tricarboxylic acid) cycle: Definition – Site – Stage – results -
Discovered by Hanz Krebs 1937. : شذظ١ ٳمْٲح ٱح٭ض٬٩ ٣ أٳ:شذظ١ دٳسز
Definition: When oxygen is present, acetyl-CoA is produced from the pyruvate molecules (created from glycolysis). Once acetyl-CoA is formed, two processes can occur, aerobic or anaerobic respiration: 1- If oxygen is not present, fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur. 2- When oxygen is present, the mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle inside the mitochondrial matrix, and gets oxidized to CO2 while at the same time reducing NAD to NADH. NADH can be used by the electron transport chain to create further ATP as part of oxidative phosphorylation. To fully oxidize one glucose molecule, two acetyl-CoA must be metabolized by the Krebs cycle. Two waste products, H2O and CO2, are created during this cycle. Thus, the total energy yield from one glucose molecule (2 pyruvate molecules) is 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP.
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Site : mitochondria : some reactions of krebs cycle occurs in matrix ; while other reactions of krebs cycle and electron transferee occurs in the inner membrane of mitochondria where enzymes and cytochromes are present on the shelves . ٶ قٺع٦ذجخ٥ٖؾحء ج٥ٸ جٙ ضكذظ٫طشٳ٢٥ جإل٤ٞشذظ ٳ٭١ ذٳسز٥ حّالش جألخشٵٚط٥ح ج٩حدز جألعحط أ٩ ٸٙ شذظ١ حّالش دٳسزٚ ضكذظ ذْل ض . ) ٫طشٳ٢٥ جإل٤ٞحّالش ٭ٚٶ جألّشجٗ ( ض٦ّ حش٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥حش ٳج٪ضٴؾذ جإل٭ضٹ
Stages: Krebs cycle takes place in two stages: : شذظ١ خيٴجش دٳسز
A- Stage 1: (Oxidative decarboxilation of pyruvic acid and formation of acetyl co- A) Each molecule of the two pyruvic acid molecules (3-carbon) is oxidized in the presence of Co-enzyme-A into acetyl Co-A (2-carbon) that join Krebs cycle. In this reaction: Two molecules of NADH + H+ + Two molecules of CO2 are produced. 2NAD+
2NADH + H+
2 Pyruvic acid + 2 Co-A (3-carbon)
2 Acetyl Co-A + 2 CO2 (2-carbon)
٨غحّذ جإل٭ضٹ٩ ٸ ٳؾٴدٙ ٠٥ ٳر٫شذٴ٢٥د غٮحتٸ ج١ش٩ ( ٳٱٴCOA ٤ ( أعطٺ٨غحّذ جإل٭ضٹ٩ ٤ٶ أعطٺ٥ ئ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ؾضب٤١ ٣ٹطكٴ . CO2 ٬ ٳؾضٹثٺNADH ٬ ؾضٹثٺ٠٥ ر٬٩ قٺع ٹٮطؽ، ) COA (
Acetyl groups that are produced from breaking down of fat molecules or protein molecules can be joined with Co-A forming acetyl co – A and then they join to Krebs cycle.
) COA ( ) P( ٨غحّذ جإل٭ضٹ٩ ِ٩ ضطكذ٫ أ٬٩ ٮٲح٢٪ٺٮٺس قٺع ٹ٩حك جأل٪ ٳجألق٫ذٱٴ٥غٺش ج٢ ض٬٩ ضٮطؽ٫ أ٬٢٪ ٹ٤ٴّسجألعطٺ٪ؿ٩ . شذظ١ ذذٳسزٜك٦ط٥
This step is also known as the link reaction, as it links glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Two krebs cycles occurs for each glucose molecule. B- Stage 2: Krebs cycle: Each molecule of Acetyl Co-A joins Krebs cycle where its Co-A splits off to repeat its role. . ٸ دٳسز أخشٵٙ س٦٪ّ شس٢ٺ٥ ) (أ٨غحّذ جأل٭ضٹ٩ ٰ ّٮ٤قٚشذظ قٺع ٹٮ١ ٶ دٳسز٥ جCOA ) ( أ٨غحّذ جإل٭ضٹ٩ ٤ ؾضب أعطٺ٤ٹذخ
Acetyl group (2-carbon) combines with Oxaloacetic acid (4-carbon) to form Citric acid (6-carbon compound): Acetyl Co-A + Oxaloacetic acid Citric acid + Co-A (2-carbon) (4-carbon) (6-carbon)
6C ( ٫شذٴ٢٥د عذجعٸ ج١ش٩ ٺٮطؽ٥ ٠ٴجعطٺ٥غح١ل جأل٪ ٳٱٴ ق٫شذٴ٢٥د سذحّٸ ج١ش٩ ِ٩ ) 2C ( ٫شذٴ٢٥ غٮحتٸ ج٤ٴّس جألعطٺ٪ؿ٩ ) ضطكذ3 . ) ٫ٴ٪ٺ٦٥ٸ جٙ ( ٹٴؾذ٠غطشٹ٥ل ج٪) ٳٱٴ ق
During Krebs cycle, Citric acid oxidizes passes through three intermediate compounds to form Oxaloacetic acid once more. These compounds are: - Ketoglutaric acid (5-carbon) ( first intermediate compounds ). - Succinic acid (4-carbon) - Malic acid (4-carbon) At the end of the reactions citric acid is formed again, so Krebs cycle is called Citric acid cycle.
) سذحّٸ4C ( ٠غٺط١ل جالعح٪ ق٨ ) غ5C ( ٫شذٴ٢٥حعٸ ج٪ خ٠ٴضحسٹ٦ٺطٴؾ٢٥ل ج٪رحش ٳعٺيس ضرذأ ذك١ش٩ ذػالظ٠غطشٹ٥ل ج٪ش ق٪) ٹ4 ل٪شذظ ذذٳسز ق١ ٶ دٳسز٪ذ ضغٝ ٠٥ز٥ شز أخشٵ٩ ٠غطشٹ٥ل ج٪حّالش ذكٚط٥طٮطٲٸ ج٥ ) 4C ٫شذٴ٢٥ ( سذحّٸ ج٠ٺ٥ح٪٥ل ج٪ ق٨ غ٫شذٴ٢٥ج . ) ٤٦ّ ( ٠غطشٹ٥ج
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NB - One acetyl group consumed in Krebs cycle, while Oxalo-acetic acid enters Krebs cycle and exit from it as it is to start the cycle again. Cytosole
Glucose (6 C)
Glycolysis 2 NAD 2 ADP +
Protein
Fat 2 NADH
2 ATP
2 Pyruvic Acid (3C) Mitochondria
2 NAD+
2 Co - A
2 NADH
2 CO2
COA Amino acids
COA 2 Acetyl co - A (2 C)
Fatty acids
Acetyl group
Acetyl group
Co - A
Oxalo- acetic acid (4 C)
Citric Acid (6 C) NAD+ NADH
NADH NAD+ Malic acid (4 C)
ketoglutaric acid (5 C) NAD+ NADH
ADP FADH2 FAD
CO2
CO2
ATP Succinic acid (4 C)
Q – G.R. Formation of intermediate compounds in the Krebs cycle. ? - A- to release energy in stages during the transition between these intermediate compounds, where citric acid pass by 3 intermediate compounds ( ketoglutaric acid – then succinic acid – then malic acid) → outcome of each Krebs cycle between these three components = :
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- 1 ATP + 1 FADH2 + 2 NADH → 1 ATP + 2 ATP + 6 ATP → 9 ATP The final outcome of each glucose molecule (two rolls of Kreps cycle) = 18ATP. ٴعيٺس٥رحش ج١ش٪٥ ٱزٯ ج٬ ذٺ٣طكٴ٥طذسؾس أغٮحء ج٩ ٤شجق٩ ٶ٦ّ سٝيح٥ ج٬٩ ٺس٪١ ٜ٦ٸ ضٮي٢٥ سح وشثسٚ دٟخ ف١سؽٚ ٓ ِشوجبد٠ٛرى س٦كق٪٥ ج٫ٴ٢طٙ ٠ٺ٥ح٪٥ل ج٪ ق٨ غ٠غٮٺ١غح٥ل ج٪ ق٨ غ٠ٴضحسٹ٦ٺطٴؾ٢٥ل ج٪رحش ٳعيٺس ضرذأ ذك١ش٩ ذػالظ٠غٺطشٹ٥ل ج٪ش ق٪قٺع ٹ ٬٩ ٫طحٚ٥( ٴص١ٴ٦ ؾضب ؾ٤١ ٬٩ ٮٲحتٺس٥س ج٦كق٪٥ ج٫ٴ٢طٙ 9 ATP :و ٱٸٞٙ ػالغس٥رحش ج١ش٪٥ ٱزٯ ج٬شذظ ذٺ١ دٳسز٬٩ س ٳجقذزٚ٥ ٤٢٥ . 18ATP = شذظ ) ٱٸ١
Krebs cycle is also called Citric acid cycle, because Citric acid (6-carbon) is the first compound formed during this cycle due to the combination of Acetyl Co-A (2-carbon) with Oxaloacetic acid (4-carbon) to form Citric acid (6-carbon). The result of Krebs cycle ; In each Krebs cycle : - 1 molecule of acetyl group (COA): - 2 molecules of CO2 are released. - 1 molecule of ATP is produced. - 3 molecules of NADH + 3 H+ are produced. - 1 molecule of FADH2 are produced. So , each cycle can be expressed by the following equation: Oxaloacetic acid + Actyle CoA + ADP + P + 3 NAD+ + FAD Oxaloacetic acid + CoA + 2 CO2 + ATP + 3 NADH + 3 H+ + FADH2 Krebs cycle is repeated twice for each glucose molecule, once for each molecule of acetyl group. Because one glucose molecule produce two acetyl groups. : شذظ١ س دٳسز٦كق٩ . ATP ؾضب، CO2 ٬٩ ٫ذٳسز ؾضٹثح٥) ٹطكشس أغٮحء ج1 ٴّس٪ؿ٩ ٬٩ ؾضب٤٢٥ شز٩ ( ٬شضٺ٩ ذٳسز٥شس ج٢ دٳسز قٺع ضط٤١ ٸٙ ٠٥ ٳرFADH2 ٬٩ ٳؾضب ٳجقذNADH ٬٩ ) ٹٮطؽ غالظ ؾضٹثحش0 . ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ٬ذٳسز ؾضٹثٺ٥ ج٤ ) أل٭ٰ ٹذخ٬ ؾضٹثٺ٨ أل٭ٲ٤جألعطٺ
The products of two Krebs cycle (one glucose molecule): - 2 COA - 4 CO2 - 2 ATP is produced. - 6 NADH + 6 H+ are produced. - 2 FADH2 are produced. NB CO2 not liberated during glycolysis.ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥س ج٭ؾيحس ج٦شق٩ أغٮحء٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ال ٹخشؼ غح٭ٸ أ Oxidation during Krebs cycle doesn’t need Oxygen, because oxidation in krebs cycle, occurs by loss of electrons where all electrons and protons which are removed from the carbon skeleton during oxidation of carbon atoms and received by NAD+ and FAD molecules that are reduced into NADH + H+ and FADH2.
٤١ ٫طشٳ٭حش قٺع أ٢٥ذ جإلٞٙ كذٹع ٳٱٴ٥ٲح ج٩ٲٴٚ٪ ذ٨ٺٲح ضطٙ غذز١ جأل٫ ) أل٤٦ّ ( ٬غؿٺ١د ٳؾٴد جألٳ٦شذظ ال ضطي١ دٳسز٫ ٹالقٌ أ . NAD+, FAD ذٴجعيس٤رٞحّالش ضغطٚط٥ أغٮحء ج٫شذٴ٢٥غذز رسجش ج١ٸ أٙ ٣طٶ ضضج٥طشٳ٭حش ج٢٥جإل
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Q - When (in any interactions) carbon dioxide librated on oxidation of glucose (i.e. on oxidation of 2 molecules of pyruvic acid)? What are there number? A – Number: 6 molecules. All librated inside the mitochondria as following: (1) After entry of 2 molecules of pyruvic acid into the mitochondria both are oxidized to two molecules of co enzyme Acetyl Co- A, and 2 molecules of (NADH) , 2 molecules of (CO2) exit. (2) On conversion of citric acid to ketoglutaric acid 2 molecules of carbon dioxide exit. (3) On conversion of ketoglutaric acid to salicylic acid 2 molecules of CO2 exit.
؟٨ح ّذدٱ٩) ؟ ٳ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ؾضب ق0 غذٯ١ٴص (جٵ ّٮذ أ١ٴ٦ؿ٥غذز ج١ ّٮذ أ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١حّالش) ٹخشؼ غح٭ٸ أٚط٥ٸ جٵ جٙ( طٶ٩ -ط :ٸ٦ح ٹ٪١ ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ ج٤ٸ دجخٙ ٫ ٹخشؾٴ٨ٲ٦١ ؾضٹثحش – ٳ6 :ْذد٥ ج-ؾـ ؾضب0 ٳٹخشؼ، – أ٨غحّذ ئ٭ضٹ٩ ٤ أعطٺ٬ٶ ؾضٹثٺ٥ح ئ٪غذضٲ١ أ٨ٴ٭ذسٹح ٹط١ٺطٴ٪٥ ج٤ٶ دجخ٥ ئ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ؾضٹثح ق٣) ذْذ دخٴ1( .)CO2( ؾضب0 ) ٳNADH( . ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ ؾضبء غح٭ٸ أ0 ٹخشؼٟٴضحس٦ٺطٴؾ٢٥ل ج٪ٶ ق٥ ئ٠غطشٹ٥ل ج٪ ق٤) ّٮذ ضكٴٹ0( . ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ ؾضب غح٭ٸ أ0 ٹخشؼ٠غٺٮ١غح٥ل ج٪ٶ ق٥ ئٟٴضحس٦ٺطٴؾ٢٥ل ج٪ ق٤) ّٮذ ضكٴٹ3(
Q - How many molecules of (NADH) produced from oxidation of glucose Aerobic? A - 10 molecules - made up as following: (1) 2 molecules produced in cytosole during glycolysis, especially on oxidation of (PGAL) to pyruvic acid. (2) 8 molecules produced in the mitochondria (2 molecules on oxidation of pyruvic acid to acetyl groups + 6 molecules produced from Krebs cycle). ٴص ٱٴجتٺحً؟١ٴ٦غذز ؾضب ؾ١ أ٬٩ ) ٹٮطؽNADH( ؾضب٨١ -ط : ٸ٦ح ٹ٪١ ٫ٴ٢ ؾضٹثحش – ٳضط15 :ْذد٥ ج-ؾـ .٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ٶ ق٥) جPGAL( غذز١ٴص خحفس ّٮذ أ١ٴ٦ؿ٥س أذؾيحس ج٦شق٩ أغٮحء٣غٺطٴصٳ٥ٸ جٙ ؾضب ضٮطؽ0 )1( .) شذظ١ دٳسز٬٩ ؾضٹثحش ضٮطؽ6 + ٤ٴّس أعطٺ٪ؿ٩ ٶ٥ ئ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪غذٯ ق١ ؾضب ّٮذ أ0 ( ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ٸ جٙ ؾضٹثحش ضٮطؽ3 )0(
Q - How may (FADH2) molecules produced from oxidation of molecule of glucose? And where they are produced? A – Number: 2 molecule - and formed in the mitochondria. ٹٮطؽ ً؟٬ٴص ٳأٹ١ٴ٦غذز ؾضب ؾ١ أ٬٩ ) ٹٮطؽFADH2( ؾضب٨١ -ط .ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ٸ جٙ ٫ٴ٢ ؾضٷء – ٳضط0 :ْذد٥ ج-ؾـ
Q - How many (FADH2) molecules produced from one Krebs cycle? A - Number: one molecule - and formed in the mitochondria. شذظ ٳجقذز ً؟١ دٳسز٬٩ ) ٹٮطؽFADH2( ؾضب٨١ -ط . ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ٸ جٙ ٫ٴ٢ ؾضٷء ٳجقذ – ٳضط: ْذد٥ ج-ؾـ
Q - How many (ATP) molecules formed from the moment of entry and one molecule of pyruvic acid into Krebs cycle? (How many ATP molecules produced from Krebs cycle?) A - Number: one molecule - and formed in the mitochondria. )شذظ١ دٳسز٬٩ ٹٮطؽATP ؾضب٨١( شذظ ً؟١ ٶ دٳسز٥ ئ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ؾضب ٳجقذ٣كَس دخٴ٥ ٬٩ ) ٹخشؼATP( ؾضب٨١ -ط .ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ٸ جٙ ٫ٴ٢ ؾضٷء ٳجقذ – ٳضط:ْذد٥ ج-ؾـ
Q – What is the final outcome to enter of one molecule of the pyruvic acid to the mitochondria? A - (1) Liberation of 3 molecules of carbon dioxide.(2) liberation of 4 molecules NADH. (3) Liberation of one molecule FADH2. (4) Liberation of one molecule of ATP. ٴ٭ذسٹح ؟١ٺطٴ٪٥ٶ ج٥ ئ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ؾضب ٳجقذ٣ذخٴ٥ ٮٲحتٺس٥س ج٦كق٪٥ش ج١ط – أر ) خشٳؼ4(. FADH2 ) خشٳؼ ؾضٷء ٳجقذ3( .NADH ؾضٹثحش4 ) خشٳؼ0( .٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ ؾضٹثحش غح٭ٸ أ3 ) خشٳؼ1( - ؾـ .ATP ؾضٷء ٳجقذ
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Q – What are the products of entry of one molecule of acetyl to Krebs cycle? A - (1) exit of 2 molecules of carbon dioxide. (2) Exit of 3 molecules of NADH. (3) Exit of one molecule FADH2. (3) Exit of one molecule ATP. (As the previous question minus one molecule of NADH and one molecule of CO2)
شذظ ؟١ ذٳسز٥ ٤ ؾضب أعطٺ٣ش ٭ٴجضؽ دخٴ١ط – أر ) خشٳؼ3( . FADH2 ) خشٳؼ ؾضٷء ٳجقذ3( .NADH ؾضٹثحش3 ) خشٳؼ0( . ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ ؾضٹثحش غح٭ٸ أ0 ) خشٳؼ1( - ؾـ )CO2 ٳؾضبNADH ؾضبٜغحذ٥ ج٣غإج٥ ج٬٩ (٭يشـ.ATP ؾضٷء ٳجقذ
Q – What is the final outcome to enter of 2 molecules of pyruvic acid to the mitochondria? A - (1) exit of 6 molecules of carbon dioxide. (2) Exit of 8 molecules NADH. (3) Exit of 2 molecule out FADH2. (4) Exit of 2 molecule ATP. ٴ٭ذسٹح ؟١ٺطٴ٪٥ٶ ج٥ ئ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ؾضب0 ٣ذخٴ٥ ٮٲحتٺس٥س ج٦كق٪٥ش ج١ط – أر 0 ) خشٳؼ4( .FADH2 ؾضٷء0 ) خشٳؼ3( .NADH ؾضٹثحش3 ) خشٳؼ0( .٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ ؾضٹثحش غح٭ٸ أ6 ) خشٳؼ1( - ؾـ .ATP ؾضٷء
Q – What are the products of enter of one molecule of acetyl to Krebs cycle? A - (1) exit of 4 molecules of carbon dioxide. (2) Exit of 6 molecules NADH. (3) Exit of 2 molecule out FADH2. (3) Exit of 2 molecule ATP. (As the previous question minus 2 molecules NADH and 2 molecules CO2).
شذظ ؟١ ذٳسز٥ ٤ ؾضب أعطٺ٣ش ٭ٴجضؽ دخٴ١ط – أر 0 ) خشٳؼ3( .FADH2 ؾضٷء0 ) خشٳؼ3( .NADH ؾضٹثحش6 ) خشٳؼ0( . ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ ؾضٹثحش غح٭ٸ أ4 ) خشٳؼ1( - ؾـ )CO2 ؾضب0 ٳNADH ؾضب0 ٜغحذ٥ ج٣غإج٥ ج٬٩ (٭يشـ.ATP ؾضٷء
Q – What is the final outcome of oxidation of one molecule of glucose aerobic? A– (1) As a result of glycolysis phase: 2 molecules of ATP + 2 molecules of NADH + 2 molecules pyruvic acid. (2) Two molecules of pyruvic acid enter the mitochondria oxidized to acetyl co enzyme – A, which enter Krebs cycle to be completed oxidized and produces: (a) Six molecules of carbon dioxide. (b) 8 molecules of NADH. (c) 2 molecule of FADH2. (d) 2 molecule of ATP. (3) By summation of the outputs of glycolysis + products of Krebs cycle the final outcome is the following: (a) Six molecules of carbon dioxide. (b) 10 molecules NADH. (c) 2 molecules of FADH2. (d) 4 molecules of ATP.
ٴص ٱٴجتٺح ؟١ٴ٦غذز ؾضب ؾ١ٮٲحتٺس أل٥س ج٦كق٪٥ش ج١ط – أر . ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ؾضب ق0 + NADH ؾضب0 + ATP ؾضب0 : س جأل٭ؾيحس٦شق٩ ) ٭طٺؿس1( - ؾـ غذضس١ أ٤٪٢ٺغط٥ شذظ١ دٳسز٤زٷ ٹذخ٥ – أ ج٨غحّذ جأل٭ضٹ٩ ٤ٶ جعطٺ٥غذ ئ١ ٹطأ ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ٶ ج٥ ئ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ؾضب ق0 ٤) ٹذخ0( 0 (د) خشٳؼ.FADH2 ؾضٷء0 (ؾـ) خشٳؼ.NADH ؾضٹثحش3 (خ) خشٳؼ.٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ ؾضٹثحش غح٭ٸ أ6 (أ) خشٳؼ:ٳٹٮطؽ .ATP ؾضٷء :ٶ٦حٹ٩ س٦كق٪٥ ج٫ٴ٢شذظ ض١ طٸ جأل٭ؾيحس ٳدٳسز٦شق٩ ٮٴجضؽ٥ ِ٪ؿ٥) ذح3( ؾضٷء4 (د) خشٳؼ.FADH2 ؾضٷء0 (ؾـ) خشٳؼ.NADH ؾضٹثحش15 (خ) خشٳؼ.٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ ؾضٹثحش غح٭ٸ أ6 (أ) خشٳؼ .ATP
Q – G.R.: Krebs cycle does not require the presence of oxygen? A - Because the process of oxidation, in the Krebs cycle means loss of electrons. All the electrons and protons, which removed in oxidation of carbon atoms, are received by Coenzyme (FAD & NAD+) according to the following equations: NAD+ + H2 NADH + H+ FAD + H2 FADH2
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؟٬غؿٺ١د ٳؾٴد جأل٦شذظ ال ضطي١ دٳسز: ٤٦ّ -ط غذز رسجش١ص أغٮحء أ٦طٸ أصٹ٥رشٳضٴ٭حش ج٥طشٳ٭حش ٳج٢٥ ٳٱزٯ جال، طشٳ٭حش٢٥ذ جٞٙ شذظ ضْٮٶ١ ٸ دٳسزٙ ٨طٸ ضط٥غذز ج١ٺس جأل٦٪ّ ٫ أل-ؼ :ْٰحدالش جألضٺ٪٦٥ حٞ) ىرFAD & NAD+( ٨غحّذ جأل٭ضٹ٩ ٲح ذٴجعيس٥رحٞ جعط٨ ٹط٫شذٴ٢٥ج
3. Electron transport chain (Oxidative phosphorylation cycle)
:سلسلة نقل اإللكترون
Definition – steps
Definition: Electron transfer chain is a sequence of co- enzymes called Cytochromes or electrons carriers, situated in the inner membrane of mitochondria; it is the final stage of aerobic respiration, start at the end of kreps cycle, in which ATP molecules are formed from ADP and phosphate group in a process called oxydetative phosphorylation. ٸٙ ٴؾٴدز٪٥طشٳ٭حش) ٳج٢٥الش جال٩حش (أٳ قح٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ٶ ذح٪طٸ ضغ٥حش ٳج٪غحّذجش جإل٭ضٹ٩ ٬٩ ِ ضطحذ٬ّ ٱٸ ّرحسز٫طشٳ٢٥ جإل٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ع ٫ٴ٢ٺٲح ٳذٴجعيطٲح ضطٙشذظ ٳ١ ِ ٭ٲحٹس دٳسز٩ ٲٴجتٸ ٳضرذأ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٬٩ س جألخٺشز٦شق٪٥ٴ٭ذسٹح ٳضْطرش ج١ٺطٴ٪٦٥ ٸ٦ذجخ٥ٖؾحء ج٥ج غذٹس١طأ٥شز جٚغ٥ٶ ج٪ٺس ضغ٦٪ّ ٸٙ حشٚٴعٚ٥ٴّس ج٪ؿ٩ ٳADP٬٩ATPؾضٹثحش
It is composed of a series of proteins that transfer NADH from protein to protein. With each transfer to a new protein some of the energy in the NADH is released to form ATP by oxidative phosphorylation of ADP. At the end of the electron transport system electrons are used to combine hydrogen with oxygen to form water. If there is no oxygen present the electron transport system cannot operate therefore the organism will die as a result of the lack of energy (ATP) production.
Steps: It is the terminal stage of aerobic respiration, start at the end of Krebs cycle, in which: ٺٲحٙشذظ ٳ١ ِ ٭ٲحٹس دٳسٯ٩ ٲٴجتٸ ٳضرذأ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٬٩ س جألخٺشز٦شق٪٥ضْطرش ج
1- FADH2 & NADH loss hydrogen. 2- H2 molecule split to two electrons (e’) + two protons (H+).
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3- Electrons and protons are transported over descending sequence of cytochromes Coenzymes (electron carriers which are present inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria). . ٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥ جADH & FADH2 ذٞٚ) ٹ1 . ٫ ذشٳضٴ0 ٳ٫طشٳ٢٥ ئ0 ٶ٥ ئ٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥ ٹٮؾيش ؾضب ج-0 ) ٗٶ جألّشج٦ّ ( ٮذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٦٥ ٸ٦ذجخ٥ٖؾحء ج٥ٸ جٙ طٸ ضٴؾذ٥حش ج٪غحّذجش جأل٭ضٹ٩ ٬٩ ِططحذ٩ ٮكذس٩ غحس٩ ٸٙ طشٳ٭حش٢٥شٳس جال٪ ض-3 . )طشٳ٭حش٢٥الش جال٩حش (قح٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ٳضْشٗ ذح
4- These cytochromes carry electrons at different energy levels. So when high-energy electrons passed from one cytochrome to another, they descend from higher energy levels to lower ones → release of energy form ATP from ADP + phosphate group, according to the following equation: This process is called Oxidative phosphorylation: ADP + P + Energy ATP ٜ٦حش ضٮي٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ ج٬٩ ؾضب ٻخش٬٩ طشٳ٭حش٢٥شٳس جال٩ ٸ ّٮذ٥طح٥س ٳذحٚ٦خط٩ سٝغطٴٹحش ىح٩ ٶ٦ّ طشٳ٭حش٢٥ جال٤٪حش ضك٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥) ج4 .غذٹس١طأ٥شز جٚغٚ٥ٺس ذح٦٪ْ٥ٶ ٱزٯ ج٪ ٳضغ:ْحدالش جٻضٺس٪٦٥ حٞحش ىرٚٴعٚ٥ٴّحش ج٪ؿ٩ ٳADP ؾضٹثحش٬٩ ATP ؾضٹثحش٫ٴ٢ط٥ سٝيح٥ج
5- Oxygen is the last receptor of Hydrogen in the electron transport chain, where each two electrons combine with the two protons (H+) and one Oxygen atom to form a water molecule. As following: 2 e- + 2 H+ + ½ O2 H2O + 4 e- + 4 H + O2 2 H2O Most of the energy liberated from aerobic respiration is produced when electrons carried on NADPH and FADH2 moved to O2 who works as a final recipient in electrons transport chain. سٞٙشج٪٥رشٳضٴ٭حش ج ج٥ ج٬٩ ِ صٳؼ٩ طشٳ٭حش ضطكذ٢٥ جال٬٩ صٳؼ٫طشٳ٭حش قٺع أ٢٥ جال٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ٸ عٙ جألخٺش٤رٞغط٪٥ ٱٴ ج٬غؿٺ١) ٹْطرش جأل5 2E- + 2H+ + 1/2O2 H2O: س جٻضٺس٥ْحد٪٥ٸ جٙ ح٪١ حء٪٥ ج٬ٴٹ٢ط٥ ٬غؿٺ١ِ رسز أٳ٩ ٨ ) غH+ ( ٲح٥
6- Although all cytochromes (electron transport chain) have similar structure; it differs in its ability to carry electrons on different energy levels. - Each NADH molecule releases energy enough to form 3 ATP molecules. - While each FADH2 molecule releases energy enough to form 2 ATP molecules.
ؾضب ٳجقذ٤١ .سٚ٦خط٪٥س جٝيح٥غطٴٹحش ج٩ ٶ٦ّ طشٳ٭حش٢٥إل٥ ٲح٦٪ذٵ ق٩ ٸٙ ٘٦ا٭ٲح ضخطٙ ٰطؾحذ٩ ٲح رجش ذٮحء٦١ حش٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ ج٫ أ٨ٕش٥) ذح6 ATP ٬٩ ٬ ٹْيٶ ؾضتٺٺFADH2 ٬٩ ؾضب ٳجقذ٤١ .ATP ؾضٹثحش3 ٹْيٶNADH ٬٩ 7- Efficiency of respiration ظٚطاٮ٥احءز جٚ١: during aerobic respiration, each molecule of glucose
produces 38 ATP molecules, two of which are produced in the cytoplasm of the cell during glycolysis, and 36 ATP molecules are produced inside the mitochondria (the respiratory stage). ٬٩ ٺس٦خ٥ ج٧ٸ عٺطٴذالصٙ 0 ٮٲح٩ ATP ؾضٹثح33 ٲٴجتٸ ٹٮطؽ٥ٴٷ ج٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٴص أغٮحء ج١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٬٩ غذ ؾضب ٳجقذ١ ضأ٫اٙ ٠٥ٶ ر٦ّ) ٳ7 . ٮذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ ج٤ دجخATP ٬٩ ؾضب36 ٳ،ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ئ٭ؾيحس ج
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Q- G.R. Electron transfer reactions does not occur during in the cytoplasm ? A- This is because electrons liberated during the oxidation process has high energy and need to pass on co – enzymes with sloping energy levels called cytochromes, which only exist in the inner membrane of mitochondrial and not in the cytoplasm . ٧غٺطٴذالص٥ٶ جٙ ٫طشٳ٢٥ جال٤ٞحّالش ٭ٚظ ال ضكذظ ضٚطٮ٥جغٮحء ج سٝغطٴٹحش ىح٩ حش رجش٪غحّذجش ج٭ضٹ٩ ٶ٦ّ ش٪ط٥ ٺس ٳضكطحؼ٥س ّحٝ رجش ىح٫ٴ٢غذز ض١ٺس جال٦٪ّ طكشسز جغٮحء٪٥طشٳ٭حش ج٢٥ جال٫ ال٠٥ٳر ٧غٺطٴذالص٥ٶ جٙ ٺظ٥ٴ٭ذسٹح ٳ١ٺطٴ٪٦٥ ٶ٦ذجخ٥ٖؾحء ج٥و ذحٞٙ طٶ ضٴؾذ٥حش ٳج٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ٶ ذح٪ٮكذسز ضغ٩
Oxidative phosphorylation: غذٹس١طأ٥شز جٚغٚ٥ج o The process of formation of ATP molecules from ADP molecules and P, by using energy released during the passage of electrons from one cytochrome molecule to another along the electron transport chain (descend of electrons from high-energy level to lower energy level). ADP + P + Energy ATP . P ، ADP ٬٩ ATP ٸ ذٮحءٙ سٞ٦ٮي٪٥س جٝيح٥ ج٧نس ٳجعطخذجٚٮخ٩ سٝغطٴٹحش ىح٩ ٶ٥ٺس ئ٥س ّحٝغطٴٹحش ىح٩ ٬٩ طشٳ٭حش٢٥ ٱٸ ٱرٴه جإل
o Oxidative phosphorylation is necessary for vital activity because it is a process to store energy in ATP molecule from oxidation of ADP molecule during its combination with a phosphate group, and any vital activity need ATP molecules, where ATP is converted to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and liberate amount of energy between 7-12 k-calories per mole. o Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in stage of electron transfer and result in 2 molecules of water and energy stored in ATP. . ATP ٸٙ ذخشز٩ سٝحء ٳىح٪٥ ج٬٩ ٫ ٳٹٮطؽ ّٮٲح ؾضٹثح٫طشٳ٢٥ جإل٤ٞس ٭٦شق٩ ٸٙ غذٹس١طأ٥شز جٚغٚ٥ ضكذظ ج
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Q – G.R. Oxygen is considered the last receiver in electrons transfer chains ? A- Because a pair of electrons combine with a pair of protons H+ ; then with oxygen atom to form water, as in the following equation: 2e- + 2 H + + 1 / 2 O2 → H2O Number of ATP molecules produced from a series of electron transfer at the oxidation of one glucose molecule? ٴٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٯ٦ق A- Electron transport chain does not work except in case of aerobic respiration . Aerobic oxidation of one glucose molecule produce: 1- 10 molecules of NADH: (including 2 molecule at the stage of glycolysis +2 molecule on oxidation of pyruvic acid to acetyl group + 6 molecules from Krebs cycle) . 2- 2 molecules of FADH2. * Since each molecule of NADH gives 3 molecules of ATP when it pass in electron transport chain, while FADH2 molecule gives 2 ATP the total ATP molecules produced from electron transport series on oxidation of one molecule of glucose oxidation = 10 × 3 +2 × 2 = 34 ATP. ٴص ٳجقذ؟١ٴ٦غذز ؾضٵء ؾ١ ّٮذ ج٫طشٳ٢٥ جال٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ ع٬٩ ٹٮطؽATP ؾضٵء٨١ :ٲٴجتٶ ٳقٺع ج٭ٰ ٹخشؼ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥س ج٥ٶ قحٙ جال٤٪ْ ال ض٫طشٳ٢٥ جال٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ ع٫ ج٨٦ْ ض٫ الذذ ٳج٠ ٱٴ ج٭٣غإج٥شز ٱزج ج٢ٙ ٶ٥ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪غذز ق١ ج٬٩ ؾضٵء0+س جال٭ؾيحس٦شق٩ ٶٙ ؾضٵء0 ٨ٮٲ٩(ٴص ٱٴجتٺح١ٴ٦غذز ؾضٵء ٳجقذ ؾ١ ج٬٩ NADHؾضٹثحش15* )شذظ١ ٬ؾضٹثحش جغٮحء دٳسضٺ6+٤ٴّس جعطٺ٪ؿ٩ FADH2ؾضٵء0 ٹخشؼ٠٥ٶ ر٥س جٙ*ذحالمح ٫ جرATP ٹخشؼFADH2ح ؾضٵء٩طشٳ٭ٶ ج٢٥ جال٤ٞٮ٥س ج٦غ٦ٶ عٙ شٳسٯ٩ ّٮذATP ؾضٹثحش3 ٹْيٶNADH ؾضٵء٤١ ٫* ٳقٺع ج 34=0×0+3×15=ٴص١ٴ٦ ؾ٣ٴ٩ غذز١و ّٮذ جٞٙ طشٳ٭ٶ٢٥ جال٤ٞٮ٥س ج٦غ٦ ع٬٩ طٶ ضخشؼ٥ جATPٴُ ؾضٹثحش٪ؿ٩
Calculation of ATP produced from complete zerobic oxidation of one mole glucose: :ٴص ٱٴجتٺح١ٴ٦ؿ٥ؿضب ج٥ س٦٩ح٢٥غذز ج١ جأل٬٩ ٮحضؿس٥ جATP كغحخ ؾضٹثحش٥ ٤٢ؽ
M I T O C H O N D R A
2 Acetyl co - a
2 38 ATP molecules
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The table : total yield from complete oxidation of one glucose molecule to carbon dioxide and oxidation of all the reduced coenzymes. Site Glycolysis
Source of ATP
direct
Formed directly from conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid Oxidation of 2 molecules of pyruvic acid to two acetyl groups
2
Electron transport
ATP yield
2 NADH
6
8
2 NADH
6
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Krebs cycle
One ATP formed directly. 2 9 ATP from 3 molecules of NADH 6 NADH 2 ATP from one molecule of FADH2 2 FADH2 Total yield From the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule to carbon dioxide and oxidation of all the reduced coenzymes. Stages Glycolysis : Split of glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid Conversion of 2 molecules of pyruvic acid to acetyl 2 krebs cycle
NADH molecules 2 x 3 = 6 ATP (each NADH gives to 3 ATP through electron transport chain ) 2 x 3 = 6 ATP
Total
10 x 3 = 30ATP
6 x 3 = 18ATP
FAD H2 molecules
ATP 2
18 4 38 ATP Total ATP 6+2= 8
6
2 x 2 = APT (each FADH2 gives 2 ATP through electron transport chain ) 2 x 2= 4ATP
2
18 + 4 + 2 = 24
4
30 + 4 + 4 = 38
NB - Complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose produce 38 ATP ( 30 during krebs cycle and 8 from glycolysis). - In krebs cycle only: o Each glucose molecule gives 30 ATP. o Each Active acetate (acetyl Co - A) gives 12 ATP o Each pyruvic acid gives 15 ATP - Glycolysis produce 2 ATP in cytosole. - Creb’s cycle directly produce 2 ATP in mitochondria during respiration. - Electron transport produce 34 ATP in mitochondria . - Number of ATP produced in mitochondria 36 ATP. - Number of ATP produced in cell from molecule of glucose 38 ATP . - Number of ATP produced from complete aerobic oxidation of one molecule of lactic acid is:18 ATP. 29
- Although there is a theoretical yield of 38 ATP molecules per glucose during cellular respiration, such conditions are generally not realized due to losses such as the cost of moving pyruvate (from glycolysis), phosphate, and ADP (substrates for ATP synthesis) into the mitochondria. - The number of CO2 molecules that result from complete oxidation of molecule of acetyl group is: Two molecules. - The number of CO2 molecules that result from the complete oxidation of one molecule of pyruvic acid is: three molecules. - The number of CO2 molecules produced in Cytoplasm from complete aerobic oxidation of molecule of glucose is: zero. - The number of CO2 molecules produced in mitochondria from complete aerobic oxidation of glucose molecule is: Six molecules. - Number of co - enzymes that reduced on aerobic oxidation of glucose molecule : 12. - Number of co - enzymes reduced on aerobic oxidation of one molecule pyruvic acid: 5 . - Number of co - enzymes reduced on aerobic oxidation of one molecule of acetyl group: 4. - Number of co - enzymes reduced on aerobic oxidation of one molecule of lactic acid is: 6. - Number of co - enzymes NAD+, reduced to NADH on aerobic oxidation of one glucose molecule is : 10 . - Number of co - enzymes FAD+, reduced to FADH2 on aerobic oxidation of one glucose molecule is : 2. Importance of oxygen in aerobic respiration: 1. Oxygen is necessary to enter the pyruvic acid to the mitochondria to complete oxidized in the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. 2- Oxygen is the final recipient, of the electrons emerged from the electron transport chain to form water molecules and release of energy (O2 +2 H + + 2 e - → 2H2O). So without oxygen no energy liberated from transmission of electrons in the electron transport chain. ٫طشٳ٢٥ جإل٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦شذظ ٳع١ ٸ دٳسزٙ ٰغذض١ أ٣ح٪٢ٴ٭ذسٹح العط١ٺطٴ٪٥ٶ ج٥ ئ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣ذخٴ٥ مشٳسٷ٬غؿٺ١جأل O2+2H+2e--(سٝيح٥ جٛحء ٳج٭يال٪٥ ؾضٹثحش ج٬ٴٹ٢ط٥ ٫طشٳ٢٥ جإل٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ ع٬٩ ٮكذسز٪٥طشٳ٭حش ج٢٥ال٥ جألخٺش٤رٞغط٪٥ ٹْطرش ج٬غؿٺ١جأل ٫طشٳ٢٥ جإل٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ٸ عٙ طشٳ٭حش٢٥ جال٣حٞ ج٭ط٬٩ ٮحضؿس٥س جٝيح٥ ضطكشس ج٬٥ ٬غؿٺ١ جأل٫) جٵ ج٭ٰ ذذٳ2H2O
CO2 transported to the lungs then to the outside of the body? ٴٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٳؾذججججججججج٦ق
٨ؿغ٥ٶ خحسؼ ج٥ٮٲح ج٩ ٳ٬شتطٺ٥ٶ ج٥ ج٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ غح٭ٶ ج٤ٞٺ٘ ٭١
1- When 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (produced from glycolysis) enter to mitochondria , each molecule of them is oxidized in the presence of co - enzyme A, the products of oxidation process includes : (a) formation of 2 molecules of acetyl co enzyme – A , which enter krebs cycle to complete oxidation process. (b) Liberation of 2 molecules of CO2. (c) Liberation of 2 molecules of NADH. 2. In each Krebs cycle oxidation of two compounds occurs , resulting in exit of 2 molecule of CO2 and as Krebs cycle is repeated twice for each glucose molecule, the output of two Krebs cycle = 4 molecules of CO2 per glucose molecule.
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3. By summation of the two steps, the total CO2 molecules resulting from oxidation of glucose molecule = 2 molecules (at oxidation of pyruvic acid) +4 molecules from Krebs cycle = 6 molecules of CO2. 4- Transfer of CO2 to the lungs then to the outside of the body: A. at the body cells: The network of capillaries scattered among all the cells of the body gas exchange occurs at the level of cell: CO2 (output of the process of cellular respiration) come out of the cell to blood capillaries by diffusion. B. Blood carrying carbon dioxide is collected in the veins of the body - which pour in the superior or inferior vena cava right atrium right ventricle pulmonary artery capillaries surrounding the lungs alveoli C. In the alveoli which are surrounded by blood capillaries, gas exchange occurs where CO2 comes out of the blood capillaries to the alveoli and it to outside the body through expired air.
2- Anaerobic respiration and fermentation: :)ش٪طخ٥الٱٴجتٶ ( أٳ ج٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ج Definition – site – steps – results - advantages
- When oxygen is not available, living organism resorts to anaerobic respiration to get an amount of energy required to maintain its vital activity. . كٺٴٹس٥شجس أ٭ؾيطٰ ج٪س العط٩الص٥س جٝيح٥ ج٬٩ ذجسٞ٩ ٶ٦ّ ٣كقٴ٦٥ الٱٴجتٸ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٶ ج٥ؿأ ئ٦ا٭ٰ ٹٙ ٬غؿٺ١ش جألٙح ال ٹطٴج٩ّٮذ
Definition: 1- Anaerobic respiration: Process in which living organisms obtaining energy when Oxygen is missing or in lower quantity. It does not need oxygen but it is completed by a special group of enzymes. the final electron acceptor is inorganic material. The amount of produced energy is small. It is used by some microorganisms in which neither oxygen (aerobic respiration) nor pyruvate (fermentation) is the final electron acceptor. Rather, an inorganic acceptor (for example, Sulfur) is used. سٝيح٥ٺس ج٪١ ٫ٴ٢ ٳض،حش٪ جإل٭ضٹ٬٩ ٴّس٪ؿ٩ غحّذز٪ ذ٨ ٳضط٬غؿٺ١س ٳؾٴد جألٳ٦ٝ ٳؾٴد أٳ٧س ّذ٥ٸ قحٙ سٝيح٥ٶ ج٦ّ ٣كقٴ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٱٸ .س٦ٮحضؿس مثٺ٥ج
This reactions occurs in absence of O2 so called Anaerobic respiration as in the equation: C6H12O6
Anaerobic respiration Resp enz
2C3H4O3 +
2NADH+2ATP
:س٥ْحد٪٥ٸ جٙ ح٪١ ) الٱٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥الٱٴجتٺس ( ج٥غذز ج١ ضْشٗ ذحأل٠٥ز٥ ٬غؿٺ١ٸ ٕٺحخ جألٳٙ حّالش ضكذظٚط٥ ٱزٯ ج C6 H12 O6 2C3 H4 O3 )٠ٺٙل ذٺشٳ٪ (ق+ 2 ATP
2- Fermentation: It is a type of anaerobic respiration in which living organisms obtaining energy when Oxygen is not available. It does not need oxygen but it is completed by a special group of enzymes. the final electron acceptor is pyruvate. The amount of produced energy is small.
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Without oxygen, pyruvate (pyruvic acid) is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation. The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion, but remains in the cytoplasm, where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell. This waste product varies depending on the organism. 1- In skeletal muscles, the waste product is lactic acid. This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. 2- In yeast, the waste products are ethanol and carbon dioxide. This type of fermentation is known as alcoholic or ethanol fermentation. The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate-level phosphorylation, which does not require oxygen. Fermentation is less efficient since 2 ATP are produced per glucose, compared to the 38 ATP per glucose produced by aerobic respiration. This is because the waste products of fermentation still contain plenty of energy. For multicellular organisms, during short strenuous activity, muscle cells use fermentation to supplement the ATP production from the slower aerobic respiration, so fermentation may be used by a cell even before the oxygen levels are depleted.
Comparison between alcoholic fermentation and acid fermentation : Point of comparison Site End product
Alcoholic fermentation
Acid fermentation
Some fungi as yeast Ethyl alcohol + CO2
Muscles and some types of bacteria Lactic acid
Sites of anaerobic respiration: primitive organisms as bacteria and fungi and in muscle tissue during severe muscular exercise. Steps of Anaerobic respiration in yeast and plant cells: Anaerobic respiration in yeast occurs in lower or missing of O2, while in the plant cells occurs during insufficient of O2. Steps: 1- Glycolysis: Anaerobic respiration starts with the same beginning of the aerobic respiration by decomposition of a Glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvic acid, with the formation of two molecules of NADH + H+ and a small quantity of energy (2 ATP molecules) released. Anaerobic respiration C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 (pyruvic acid) + 2ATP + 2 NADH
:الٱٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٤شجق٩ ♣ .سٝيح٥ ج٬٩ س٦ٺس مثٺ٪١ ٛ ٳج٭يال٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ) 2ATP ( ٬ٶ ؾضتٺٺ٥ٴص ئ١ٴ٦ؿ٥) ئ٭ؾيحس ؾضب ج1
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2- Each Pyruvic acid is reduced into ethyl alcohol and CO2 and two molecules of NADH as following.
This process is called alcoholic fermentation and it is used in the industry of some products. .قٮحّس٥ٸ جٙ ٠٥ ر٧ٸ ) ٳٹغطخذ٥كٴ١ ش٪ ( ضخ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ٶ ٳغح٭ٸ أ٦ ئغٺ٣كٴ١ ٶ٥ ئ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣ٮرحش ٹطكٴ٥ أ٭غؿس ج:ٺشز٪خ٥ٸ جٙ
Q- What happen with lack of oxygen on pyruvic acid in the yeast fungus? A- In the yeast fungus in the absence of oxygen Alcohol fermentation of pyruvic acid occurs by reducing it to ethyl alcohol and CO2 ٺشٯ؟٪خ٥يش جٙ ٸٙ ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ٶ ق٦ّ ٬غؿٺ١ـ جالٞٸ قحالش ٭ٙ حرج ٹكذظ٩ -ط .CO2 ٶ ٳ٦ جٹػٺ٣كٴ١ ٶ٥ٰ ئ٥ جخطضجٜ ىشٹ٬ّ ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ك٥ ٸ٥كٴ١ ش٪ ٹكذظ ضخ٬غؿٺ١ٶ ٕٺحخ جألٙٺشز ٳ٪خ٥يش جٙ ٸٙ -ؼ
Steps of Anaerobic respiration in bacteria and muscle cells: Anaerobic respiration in some bacteria in lower or missing of O2 , while in the muscle cells occurs during insufficient of O2. Steps: 1- Glycolysis: by decomposition of Glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvic acid, 2 NADH + H+ and a small quantity of energy (2 ATP molecules) released. Anaerobic respiration C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 (pyruvic acid) + 2ATP + 2 NADH 2- Each Pyruvic acid is reduced into lactic acid and two molecules of NADH as following. A – In case of animal cells, especially muscle fibers: when the muscles exert vigorous efforts or exercises, they consume all the Oxygen in their cells so cells convert an amount of glycogen to glucose which is converted to Pyruvic acid which is reduced by combination with hydrogen on NADH + H+ and transformed into Lactic acid (acidic fermentation). Which cause Muscular Fatigue i.e. accumulation of lactic acid in muscle cells. At rest → if Oxygen is available → Lactic acid is converted into Pyruvic acid again and then into Acetyl Co-A→ kreb's cycle to produce larger energy. ٺس٪١ خالٹح٥ ج٣ ضكٴ٠٥ز٥ ٴؾٴد ذٲح٪٥ ج٬غؿٺ١ جألٳ٤١ زٚذ ضغطٮٝ ْنالش٥ خالٹح ج٫اٙ رٺش١ ؿٲٴد٩ ٣ ّٮذ ذز:ْنالش٥كٺٴج٭ٺس ٳخحفس خالٹح ج٥خالٹح ج٥ٸ جٙ ٶ٦ّ طٸ٥طشٳ٭حش ج٢٥ِ جإل٩ ( ذاضكحدٯ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣ ٹخطض، ٠ٺٙ ل ذٺشٳ٪ٶ ق٥ ئ٣زٷ ٹطكٴ٥ٴص ج١ٴ٦ٶ ؾ٥كٺٴج٭ٸ ) ئ٥ٮؾح ج٥ ( ج٬ٴؾٺ٢ٺ٦ؿ٥ ج٬٩ ٸ خالٹحٙ ٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪ ق٨١ أٷ ضشج، ٸ٦ْن٥طْد ج٥ح ٹْشٗ ذح٩ ٠٥نٶ ) ٳٹغرد ر٪ش ق٪ ( ضخC3H6O3 ٠طٺ١ل ال٪ٶ ق٥ ئ٣ ) ٳٹطكٴNADH شذظ إل٭طحؼ١ دٳسز٤زٷ ٹذخ٥ ( أ ) ج٨غحّذ جإل٭ضٹ٩ ٤ أعطٺ٨ غ٠ٺٙل ذٺشٳ٪ٶ ق٥شز أخشٵ ئ٩ ٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪ ق٣ ٹطكٴ٬غؿٺ١ش جألٙ ئرج ضٴج، ْنالش٥ج . رش١س أٝىح
Q- G.R. Increased lactic acid in muscle tissue after performing strenuous exercises? A - Because the oxygen available in these cells is not enough to get big energy need by the cell , therefore it convert a quantity of glycogen store in it to lactic acid (deposited in the muscles to get more energy in what is known as acid fermentation ).
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B- In case of Bacteria (acid fermentation) : Pyruvic acid converts into Lactic acid.
. ٬غؿٺ١ ٳؾٴد جألٳ٧ٸ ّذٙ ٠طٺ١ل ال٪ٶ ق٥ٴص ئ١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ذْذ ئ٭ؾيحس ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣ ٹطكٴ: ) نٶ٪ش ق٪طٺشٹح ( ضخ٢ر٥س ج٥ٸ قحٙ
2 NADH
2 NADH
+ 2 NAD
+ 2 NAD
Energy produced from it: form 2 ATP molecules. NB - Pyruvic acid is transformed in anaerobic respiration to either Lactic acid Or to ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide according to the type of cells. – Anaerobic respiration in muscle tissue produce Lactic acid, While anaerobic respiration in plant cells produce ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide. - Anaerobic respiration in yeast is called Alcohol fermentation. While anaerobic respiration in the muscles of the body is called acidic fermentation. - Acid fermentation: Production of lactic acid from glucose. It is the type of fermentation carried out by several types of bacteria, resulting in acid instead of alcohol. Q- Difference between Anaerobic respiration and fermentation? Anaerobic respiration and fermentation are two distinct forms of oxygen-independent energy metabolism.
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1- Anaerobic respiration: occurs in membrane, involve an electron transport chain in the membrane; and the final electron acceptor is an inorganic electron acceptor (for example, Sulfur). 2- Fermentation: occurs in the cytosol, not the membrane. ATP is directly synthesized from phosphorylated intermediates of metabolized compounds without the involvement of an electron transport chain. the final electron acceptor is pyruvate.
Q- Calculate the amount of energy produced from oxidation of one molecule of lactic acid when oxygen is available? A- Lactic acid is oxidized into pyruvic acid again → then to acetyl co – A → kreb's cycle Advantages of anaerobic respiration: A- This type of respiration produces ATP energy necessary for vital activities in absence of oxygen, so these organisms make this type of respiration in case of shortage or a lack of oxygen in spite of small energy formed. ظٚطٮ٥ ج٬٩ ُٮٴ٥ٶ ٱزج ج٥حتٮحش ج٢٥ؿح ٱزٯ ج٦ ض٠٥ز٥ ٳ٬غؿٺ١ ٳؾٴد جال٧ٶ ّذٙ كٺٴٹس٥س ال٭ؾيطٲح ج٩الص٥ جATPسٝيح٥ظ ٹٮطؽ جٚطٮ٥ ج٬٩ ُٮٴ٥ٱزج ج ٴ٭س٢ط٪٥س جٝيح٥س ج٥ مح٬٩ ٨ٕش٥ ذح٬غؿٺ١ـ جٳ ٕٺحخ جالٞس ٭٥ٶ قحٙ
Q- G.R.. The fermentation process (anaerobic respiration) does not require oxygen? A - because it take place in the presence of a group of enzymes and co- enzyme, and the final outcome of the process of anaerobic respiration are: 1. Glycolysis (as in the aerobic respiration) → 2 molecule of pyruvic acid +2 molecule of NADH + 2 molecule of ATP. 2. Reduction of pyruvic acid to lactic acid (as in bacteria and animal cells, especially muscle) or to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide (as in yeast). ٬غؿٺ١د ج٦الٱٴجتٶ) ال ضطي٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ش(ج٪طخ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ :الٱٴجتٶ ٱٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ْ٥ ٮٲحتٺس٥س ج٦كق٪٥ ج٫ٴ٢حش ٳض٪غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ٩حش ٳ٪ جال٭ضٹ٬٩ ٴّس٪ؿ٩ ٶ ٳؾٴدٙ ٨ ال٭ٲح ضط٠٥ٳر ؾضٵء0 ذسٱحٝ س٦س مثٺٝ ىحٜ٦ضٮي+NADH ٬٩ ؾضٵء0+٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ؾضٵء0 ٶ٥ٲٴجتٶ) ج٥ٶ جٙ ح٪١(ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ج٭ؾيحس ج.1 ATP٬٩ ٶ٦ جٹػٺ٣كٴ١ ٶ٥ْنالش جٳ ج٥كٺٴج٭ٺس ٳخحفس ج٥خالٹح ج٥طشٹح ٳج٢ر٥ٶ جٙ ح٪١ ٠طٺ١ل ال٪ٶ ق٥ح ج٩ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣ جخطضج٨ ٹط٠٥ ذْذ ر٨غ.0
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Q- G.R. In Anaerobic respiration the estimated amount of energy released by oxidation of glucose molecule is 2 ATP despite the release of 2 NADH2 molecules which stores 6 molecules of ATP. A- Because: * In anaerobic respiration the glucose molecule splits into two molecules of pyruvic acid + two molecules ATP + 2 NADH molecules * As a result of the absence of oxygen→ pyruvic acid not to enters the Krebs cycle to complete its oxidation. * Also O2 is the final recipient of the electrons in the electron transport series, so absence of oxygen, leads to lack of access to resulting molecules of NADH. * But instead of this electrons are removed from NADH to reduce pyruvic acid and convert it into lactic acid or ethyl alcohol, which remain a great amount of energy. ٫طٶ ضخطض٥جNADH2 ؾضٵء0 خشٳؼ٬٩ ٨ٕش٥ ذحATP٬ٴص ذؿضٹثٺ١ٴ٦غذز ؾضٵء ؾ١ ج٬٩ سٞ٦ٮي٪٥س جٝيح٥ٺس ج٪١ ذسٞالٱٴجتٶ ض٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٶ جٙ : ٫ ألATPؾضٹثحش6 NADH٬ؾضٹثٺ+ATP٬ؾضٹثٺ+٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ٬ٶ ؾضٹثٺ٥ٴص ج١ٴ٦ؿ٥الٱٴجتٶ ٹٮؾيش ؾضٵء ج٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٶ جٙ* شذظ١ دٳسٯ٣غذضٰ خال١ ج٣ح٪٢ العط٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٤ ال ٹذخ٬غؿٺ١ٖٺحخ جال٥ *ٳ٭طٺؿس ٬٩ حدزٚ جالعط٧ٶ ّذ٥ ٹإدٵ ج٬غؿٺ١ ٕٺحخ جال٫حٙ ٶ٥طح٥طشٳ٭ٶ ذح٢٥ جال٤ٞٮ٥س ج٦غ٦ٶ عٙ طشٳ٭حش٢٥ال٥ جالخٺش٤رٞغط٪٥ ٹْطرش جO2٫ح ج٪١* ٮحضؿس٥ جNADHؾضٹثحش ٫ٺحٞ ٹر٬زٹ٦٥ٶ ج٦ جٹػٺ٣كٴ١ جٳ٠طٺ١ل ال٪ٶ ق٥س ج٦ ٳضكٴٹ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣الخطضجNADHطشٳ٭حش٢٥ ٭ضُ ج٨ ٹط٠٥ ر٬٩ ذذال٬٢٥*ٳ سٝيح٥ ج٬٩ رٺش١ ذسٞ ذ٫َحٚطك٩
Q- G.R. Pyruvic acid does not turn to acetyl Co- enzyme- A in case of anaerobic respiration? A- This is because pyruvic acid can not enter the mitochondria in absence of oxygen, → so it is reduced by hydrogen carried on NADH to lactic acid as in animal tissue and bacteria, or ethyl alcohol and CO2, as in yeast. الٱٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥س ج٥ٶ قحٙ )(أ٨غحّذ جال٭ضٹ٩ ٤ٴّس جعطٺ٪ؿ٩ ٶ٥ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣ال ٹطكٴ ٣ٴ٪ك٪٥ ج٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥ٰ ذٴجعيس ج٥ جخطضج٨ٶ ٹط٥طح٥ ٳذح٬غؿٺ١ٶ ٕٺحخ جالٙ ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ ج٣ ال ٹغطيٺِ دخٴ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٫ ال٠٥ٳر ٺشز٪خ٥ٶ جٙ ح٪١ CO2ٶ ٳ٦ جٹػٺ٣كٴ١ طشٹح جٳ٢ر٥ ٳج٫كٺٴج٥ٶ ج٭غؿس جٙ ح٪١ ٠طٺ١ل ال٪ٶ ق٥ جNADHٶ٦ّ
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Comparison between aerobic and anaerobic respiration (fermentation): Point of comparison
Site of glycolysis End products of glycolysis Site of pyruic acid reaction Products of pyruvic acid reaction
In cytosol of the cell 2 pyruvic acid + 2 NADH + 2 ATP
Anaerobic Respiration (fermentation) Occur in absence of oxygen and presence of certain enzymes. Pyruvic acid turn into ethyl alcohol or lactic acid, depending on the type of cell. In cytoplasm Oxygen is not required , but completed by enzymes In cytoplasm The same products
Mitochondria
In cytoplasm
Oxidized into acetyl Co – A + NADH + CO2
Break down of glucose End products for one glucose molecule
Complete break down
Reduced into : 1- in yeast: alcoholic fermentation ethyl alcohol + CO2. 2- In muscles: Lactic fermentation lactic acid. Incomplete break down
Time of application No of ATP released Production of CO2 Kind of organisms
Occurs all the time High : 38 ATP Always is one from end products All air – respiration organisms
Time of occurrence
Most of the energy in the glucose molecule liberated. at any time
Site of process Needing of oxygen
Aerobic Respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen Pyruvic acid turns into an acetyl coenzyme – A which enters the Krebs cycle Inside the cell, mainly in mitochondria Oxygen is required
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP
لذٚ ٜ اٝف
Type of organisms.
All living organisms and some types of bacteriaطشٹح٢ر٥حتٮحش ٳذْل ج٭ٴجُ ج٢٥ٺِ ج٪ؾ Site of its occurrence Glycolysis stage occurs in the in the cell cytoplasm while respiration stage ٺس٦خ٥ٶ جٙ ٰ قذٳغ٫ح٢٩ occurs in mitochondria
Need for O2 Decomposition of glucose
ٶٙ ظٚطٮ٥س ج٦شق٩ ح٩ ج٧غٺطٴذالص٥ٶ جٙ س جال٭ؾيحس ضكذظ٦شق٩ ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ج needs oxygen ٓ١ اوسغٌٝؾزبط ا٠
Completely decomposes
1- In yeast: 2 ethyl alcohol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP. 2- In muscle : 2 lactic acid + 2 ATP. Lower or missing of O2. Low : 2 ATP Produced only in alcoholic fermentation. Yeast, plant cells, muscles and some bacteria. Energy in the glucose molecule is partially liberated Decrease or absence of oxygen ٬غؿٺ١ ٳؾٴد ج٧س جٳ ّذ٦ٝ ٶٙ
Yeast (Alcoholic fermentation) - muscle and bacteria. طشٹح٢ر٥ْنالش ٳج٥ج-)ٶ٥كٴ١ ش٪ٺشز (ضخ٪خ٥ج Occurs in the cytoplasm only وٞٙ ٧غٺطٴذالص٥ٶ جٙ ٹكذظ
does not need oxygen ٓ١ اوسغٌٝؾزبط ا٠ ال Partially decomposes
زؾًٍ وبِال٠
ب١زؾًٍ عضئ٠
صٛوٍٛرؾًٍ اٌغ
Products of glycolysis
Same outputs
(a) 2 molecule of pyruvic acid (b) 2 molecule of ATP (c) 2 molecule of NADH
صٛوٍٛارظ أطؽبس اٌغٛٔ
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Fate of pyruvic acid ه١فٚش١ش ؽّط اٌج١ِص
Doesn’t enter the mitochondria, one molecule of pyruvic acid is reduced to: (a) in case of acid fermentation (muscle): produce 2 molecule of lactic acid. (b) In case of alcoholic fermentation (yeast): produce 2 molecules of ethyl alcohol, and 2 molecules of carbon ل٪ ق٬٩ ؾضٵء0 غذ١ٴ٭ذسٹح ٳٹطأ١ٺطٴ٪٥ٶ ج٥ ج٤ ٹذخdioxide.
Enters the mitochondria where 2 molecule of pyruvic acid oxidized into: (a) Acetyl co enzyme A, which enters the acetyl group to Krebs cycle. (b) One molecule of NADH (c) One molecule of carbon dioxide.
:ٶ٥ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ج ٣ ذحدخح٧ٴٞزٵ ٹ٥(أ)ج٨غحّذ جال٭ضٹ٩ ٤ٴّس جعطٺ٪ؿ٩)(أ شذظ١ ٶ دٳسز٥ ج٤ٴّس جالعطٺ٪ؿ٩ NADH(خ)ؾضٵء ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١(ؼ)ؾضٵء غح٭ٶ ج
Number of produced ATP molecules
Production of CO2
38 molecules of ATP produced (including 2 molecule in the cytoplasm +36 2 molecule in the mitochondria) produce 6 molecules ئبد٠ عض6 ٕزظ٠
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0٣ جخطضج٨ٴ٭ذسٹح ٳٹط١ٺطٴ٪٥ٶ ج٥ ج٤الٹذخ :ٶ٥ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ؾضٵء ل٪ؾضٵء ق0:ْنالش)ٹٮطؽ٥نٶ(ج٪ك٥ش ج٪طخ٥س ج٥ٶ قحٙ )(أ ٠طٺ١ال ٣كٴ١ ؾضٵء0:ٺشز) ٹٮطؽ٪خ٥ٶ(ج٥كٴ٢٥شج٪طخ٥س ج٥ٶ قحٙ )(خ ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ؾضٵء غح٭ٶ ج0+ٶ٦جغٺ
2 molecule in the cytoplasm َثالصٛز١ اٌسٝء فٜعض2
produced only in the alcoholic fermentation 2 molecule
1- Respiration in plant ٺسٝشج٥ٮرحضحش ج٥ٸ جٙ ظٚطٮ٥ج Definition – Aim - Types – Aerobic respiration – Relation with photosynthesis - Experiments
Definition of Process of respiration in plants: It is a process in which the plant obtains its needs energy (to carry out its vital activities) by releasing energy stored in its high energy organic food (formed by green plant by absorbs light energy from the Sun and transforms it into chemical energy through photosynthesis process) slowly in a chain of reactions which includes breaking down of carbon bonds of the high energy organic substances during aerobic or anaerobic respiration. :ٮرحش٥ٸ جٙ ظٚطٮ٥قذ ذحٞ♣ ٹ ٬٩ س٦غ٦نٴتٸ ذغ٥رٮحء ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ْظ ذ٪ؾ٥ ج٬٩ ٺٲح٦ّ ٤طٸ قق٥س ٳجٝيح٥ٖٮٶ ذح٥ْنٴٷ ج٥ٸ ٕزجتٰ جٙ خضٳ٭س٪٥س جٝيح٥ٶ ج٦ّ ٰ٥ ققٴ .ْنٴٹس٥حدز ج٪٥ٸ جٙ ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺش سٳجذو ج٢ٲح ض٥ خال٬٩ ٨حّالش ٹطٚط٥ج
The green plant absorbs light energy from the Sun and transforms it into chemical energy through photosynthesis process to store as high energy complex organic molecules (glucose). Aim of respiration: Obtain the energy needed to carry out vital activities of plant, by oxidation of organic food (by breaking down of carbon bonds of the organic substances). Types of respiration in plants: Aerobic respiration: by use of oxygen, in which energy is released by oxidation is presence of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration (fermentation): in absence of oxygen in which energy is released in absence of oxygen. It occurs in some bacteria – fungi – seeds. :ٮرحش٥ٸ جٙ ظٚطٮ٥♣ أ٭ٴجُ ج .٬غؿٺ١ٸ ٳؾٴد جألٳٙ غذز١ٺس أ٦٪ّس ٳٝيح٥ٺٰ ضكشٹش جٙ ٨ ٹط:ظ ٱٴجتٸٚأ ) ضٮ .٬غؿٺ١ٸ ٕٺحخ جألٳٙ سٝيح٥ ضكشٹش ج٨ٺٰ ٹطٙ ٳ:ظ ال ٱٴجتٸٚخ) ضٮ
1- Aerobic respiration in plants: o Each living cell in the plant is in direct contact with the external environment and therefore gaseous exchange is easy. Oxygen gas diffuses inside, while Carbon dioxide is released outside the cell. o Most of the plants characterized by aerobic respiration, i.e. its cells need O2 for oxidation of food stuff and expel of CO2. ♣ ٮرحش٥ٸ جٙ ٲٴجتٸ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥♣ ج .ظٚطٮ٥ٸ جٙ ٖحصجش٥ ج٣ٺس ضرحد٦٪ّ ئ٭ؿحص٤ح ٹغٲ٪٩ رٺثس٥رحؽش ذح٩ ٣ٶ جضقح٦ّ ٫ٴ٢ٮرحش ض٥ٸ جٙ ٺس٦ خ٤١ :٠٥ ر٨ٺ٘ ٹط٢ٙ CO2 ٬٩ ـ٦طخ٥ٖزجتٺس ٳج٥حدز ج٪٥غذز ج١ أل٬غؿٺ١ٶ جألٳ٥ خالٹحٱح ضكطحؼ ئ٫غح ٱٴجتٺح ٹْٮٶ أٚٮرحضحش ضٮ٥د ج٦ٕظ أٚ ضطٮ
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o Gas exchange in respiration of most of the plants occurs by direct method because most of living plant tissues is in direct contact with the external environment. While in deep cells gaseous exchange occurs by mutual diffusion and in limited amount, as CO2 pass to xylem and phloem tissues which passes in return to stomata, then to the external atmosphere. رحؽش٩ ٣ٶ جضقح٦ّ ٫ٴ٢كٺس ض٥ٮرحضحش ج٥د أ٭غؿس ج٦ٕ أ٫ أل٠٥ ) ٳر٤٦ّ ( رحؽشز٪٥س جٞيشٹ٥رح ذح٥ ٕح٨ٮرحش ٹط٦٥ ظٚطٮ٥ٸ جٙ ٖحصجش٥ ج٣ ضرحد طٸ٥كحء ج٦٥خؾد ٳج٥ٶ أ٭غؿس ج٥ ئ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ش غح٭ٸ أ٪ٺٙ كذٳدز٩ ٺس٪٢ٖحصجش ذٲح ذحال٭طؾحس ٳذ٥ ج٣ ضرحد٨ٺطٙ ٜ٪ْ٥ح خالٹح ج٩خحسؾٺس أ٥رٺثس ج٥ذح .خحسؾٸ٥ؿٴ ج٦٥ ٮٲح٩ػٖٴس ٳ٥ٶ ج٥شسٯ ذذٳسٱح ئ٪ض
How plants get O2: :ٮرحضحش٥ٸ جٙ ٬غؿٺ١ جألٳ٣ دخٴٛ ىش
1- In most plants, where each living cell is in direct contact with the external environment, in this case O2 gas diffuses inside the cell and CO2 outside the cell. 2. In vascular plants: That are complicated in structure, Oxygen reaches the cells through various passage ways: a. Through the stomata of leaves: when stomata open, air (O2) enters to the air chambers and then diffuses through the intercellular spaces spreading to various parts of the plant. Oxygen then diffuses through the cell membranes and dissolves in the water of the cell. ٺس ٳٹزٳخ٦خ٥ أعيف ج٣س ٳٹٮطؾش خالٚ٦خط٪٥ٮرحش ج٥ أّنحء ج٤٦طٸ ضطخ٥رٺٮٺس ج٥حش جٙغح٪٥ٸ جٙ ٳٹٮطؾشٛ غٖٴس جألٳسجٜ ىشٹ٬ّ ٲٴجء٥ ج٤) ٹذخ1 .ٺس٦خ٥حء ج٩ ٸٙ
b. Some of the Oxygen is carried to the phloem passage way, dissolved in water, and finally reaches the tissues of the stem and the root. . ؿزس٥ ٳجٛغح٥ٶ أ٭غؿس ج٥ٲح ئٞ ىشٹ٬ّ ٤ ٳٹق، كحء٦٥شجش ج٪٩ ٸٙ حء٪٥ِ ج٩ ٬غؿٺ١ ذْل جألٳ٤٪) ٹك0
c. Oxygen may enter the plant through the roots: some of O2 soluble in water of the soil solution when water is absorbed by the root hairs or imbibed by the cell walls and finally by helping of xylem tissues, water reaches the tissues of the stem and leaves. .طشذس٥حء ج٩ ٸٙ زجذح٩ ؿزٳس٥ ج٣ خال٬٩ ٬غؿٺ١ جألٳ٤ذ ٹذخٝ )3
d. Through the stomata that spread on the surface of the green stems of some plants, acts as an entrance for air (O2 – CO2) . خنشجء٥ ج٫حٞغٺ٥ٸ جٙ ػٖٴس٥ جٜ ىشٹ٬ّ ٬غؿٺ١ جألٳ٤) ٹذخ4
e. Through the lenticels (holes in the cork layer that covers the stems of woody trees) or any cracks in the bark of woody stems. .خؾرٺس٥ ج٫حٞغٺ٥ٸ جٙ ، ٜ٦ٚ٥ٸ جٙ حشٞٞطؾ٥ْذٹغحش أٳ ج٥ جٜ ىشٹ٬ّ ٬غؿٺ١ جألٳ٤) ٹذخ5
f. In green tissues, part of O2 produced from the process of photosynthesis used in cellular respiration, and also CO2 is resulted as a product of respiration is used in photosynthesis. .ٴٷ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٸ جٙ ٮرحش٥س ج٩نٴتٸ ٹغطخذ٥رٮحء ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٬٩ ٮحضؽ٥ ج٬غؿٺ١ جأل٬٩ ) ؾضء6
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O2
How plants get red of CO2 produced from respiration: : ظٚطٮ٥ ج٬٩ ٮحضؽ٥ جCO2 ٬٩ ٮرحش٥ـ ج٦ ضخٛ ىش
Plant get red of CO2 through : (1) Direct diffusion: In case of the plant cells that are exposed directly to the environment or the soil: CO2 expelled to the external environment by direct diffusion. (2) Through phloem and xylem passages: In case of the deep plant cells, CO2 diffuses to xylem vessels or phloem tissue which passes CO2 in return to stomata then to the external atmosphere. (3) Stomata. (4) Part of CO2 produced from respiration consumed in Photosynthesis. From superficial –seated cells: Carbon dioxide resulting from respiration of the plant is expelled to the external environment by direct diffusion from plant cells that are directly exposed to the external environment. From deep-seated cells, gaseous exchange occurs by mutual diffusion of CO2 to xylem vessels or phloem tissues which pass CO2 to stomata, then to the external atmosphere. .خحسؾٺس٥رٺثس ج٥ٶ ج٥طشذس ئ٥ٲٴجء أٳ ج٦٥ رحؽشز٩ ْشمس٪٥ٮرحش ج٥ خالٹح ج٣ خال٬٩ رحؽش٪٥) جال٭طؾحس ج1 .خحسؾٸ٥ؿٴ ج٥حٙ ػٖٴس٥ٶ ج٥ٮٲح ئ٩كحء ٳ٦٥خؾد ٳج٥ٶ أ٭غؿس ج٥ ئ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١شس غح٭ٸ أ٪ٮرحش ض٥ٸ جٙ سٞٺ٪ْ٥خالٹح ج٥) ج0
2- Anaerobic respiration in plants : Economic benefit from anaerobic respiration of some types of bacteria: When some types of bacteria breath anaerobically produced lactic acid instead of alcohol this type called acid fermentation. Man benefit from this in many industries such as milk, cheese, butter and yogurt. طشٹح٢ر٥رْل أ٭ٴجُ ج٥ الٱٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٬٩ طقحدٹحٝحتذز جألٚ٥ج ٺذٚ ٳٹغط،نٸ٪ك٥ش ج٪طخ٥ٮٴُ ج٥ٶ ٱزج ج٦ّ ٜ٦ ٳٹي،٣كٴ٢٥ ج٬٩ ذذال٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪طٺشٹح ال ٱٴجتٺح ٹٮطؽ ق٢ر٥ظ ذْل أ٭ٴجُ جٚح ضطٮ٩ ّٮذ.ضذحدٷ٥ضذذ ٳج٥ ٳج٬ؿر٥ ٳج٫رح٥ جأل٤ػ٩ قٮحّحش٥ ج٬٩ ػٺش١ ٸٙ ٠٥ ر٬٩ ٫جإل٭غح
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The relation between photosynthesis and respiration in plants: :ٮرحش٥ٸ جٙ ظٚطٮ٥نٴتٸ ذح٥رٮحء ج٥س جّٝال
Photosynthesis and respiration are 2 vital processes for energy handling (or) plant is considered producer and consumer of food. (or) Photosynthesis and respiration are associated with each other. A- This is because: 1. what happed in the green plastid is building of energy-rich materials from simple raw materials in the process of photosynthesis. 6 CO2 + 12 H2O Light + Chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2. 2. What happed in the mitochondria is opposite to what is happening in green plastid, where the process of respiration occur i.e. breakdown of energy-rich substances such as glucose through its oxidation and liberation of energy stored in chemical bonds as in the following equation, which describes the aerobic respiration: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 aerobic respiration 6 CO2 + 6 H2O = 38 ATP . The following figure shows this relationship in the form of cycle between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. خ اٌجٕبء١ٍّشرجػ ػ٠ )ٚاؽذ(أٚ ْ أٍٟىب ٌٍغزاء فِٙسزٚ ) اػزجبس إٌجبد ِٕزغبٚي اٌؽبلخ(أٚزبْ ٌزذا٠ٛ١زبْ ؽ١ٍّاٌزٕفس ػٚ ٟئٛاٌجٕبء اٌع إٌجبدٟخ اٌزٕفس ف١ٍّ ثؼٟئٛاٌع :ْرٌه الٚ ٟئٛخ اٌجٕبء اٌع١ٍّ ػٟرٌه فٚ ؽخ١خ ثس١ٌٚاد أِٛ ِٓ خ ثبٌؽبلخ١ٕاد غِٛ خ ثٕبء١ٍّ إال ػٛ٘ ذح اٌخعشاء ِب١ اٌجالسزٟزُ ف٠ ِب.1 6CO2+12H2O------------------C6H12O6+6H2O+6O2 ًخ ثبٌؽبلخ ِض١ٕاد اٌغٌٍّٛ َخ ٘ذ١ٍّ ػٜخ رٕفس ا١ٍّش رؾذس ػ١ذح اٌخعشاء ؽ١ اٌجالسزٟؾذس ف٠ ػىس ِبٛٙب ف٠ٔذسٛوٛز١ٌّزُ ا٠ أِب ِب.2 :ٟائٌٛٙظؼ ٍِخص اٌزٕفس اٛ رٟخ اٌز١ر٢ اٌّؼبدٌخ اٟخ وّب ف١بئ١ّ١اثؽٗ اٌىٚ سٟٔخ فٚش اٌؽبلخ اٌّخض٠رؾشٚ ٗك أوسذر٠ص ػٓ ؼشٛوٍٛاٌغ C6H12O6+6O2---------6CO2+6H2O+38ATP ٍٞٛاٌزٕفس اٌخٚ ٟئٛٓ اٌجٕبء اٌع١سح رزُ ثٚسح دٛ صٟظؼ رٍه اٌؼاللخ فٛ٠ اٌطىً إِبِهٚ
With the photosynthesis, the solar energy is cumulated by the chloroplasts as sugar molecules. With the glycolysis and the respiration , made by mitochondria, the energy is liberated and supplied to the cell for its biochemical processes.
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Comparison between respiration and photosynthesis: The process of cellular respiration
The process of photosynthesis
ٍٜٛخ اٌزٕفس اٌخ١ٍّػ
Definition
ٝئٛخ اٌجٕبء اٌع١ٍّػ
It is a catabolic process; in which cells of living organism extract energy required for its activity from the energy stored in chemical bonds of food molecules, which are made by plants or eaten by animals. اٌؽبلخٝب اٌىبئٓ اٌؾ٠ب خالٙش رسزخشط ث١خ ٘ذَ ؽ١ٍّ ػٝ٘ خ١بئ١ّ١اثػ اٌىٚ اٌشٝاٌالصِخ ٌٕطبؼٗ ِٓ اٌؽبلخ اٌّخضٔخ ف ْاٛ١ب اٌؾٌٙٚزٕب٠ ٚب إٌجبد اٙصٕؼ٠ ٝئبد اٌؽؼبَ اٌز٠ٌغض
Types of living organism: ٗ١ رزُ فٜ اٌزٝاٌىبئٓ اٌؾ
Site at the level of the cell:
It is done in all living organisms (plant animal - bacteria)
It is an anabolic (building) process: in which high-energy organic materials is formed in green leaf from raw materials such as CO2 and water using light energy. خ اٌؽبلخ١ٌخ ػب٠ٛاد ػعِٛ ب ثٕبءٙ١زُ ف٠ : خ ثٕبء١ٍّ ػٝ٘ اٌّبءٚ CO2 ًخ ِض١ٌٚاد اِٛ ِٓ سلخ إٌجبد االخعشٚ ٝف خ١ئٛثبسزخذاَ اٌؽبلخ اٌع
It is done in green plants and some types of bacteria.
)ب٠ثىزش-ْاٛ١ؽ-خ(ٔجبد١غ اٌىبئٕبد اٌؾ١ّ عٝرزُ ف
In the mitochondria
ب٠اع اٌجىزشٛٔثؼط اٚ إٌجبربد اٌخعشاءٝرزُ ف
In the chloroplasts ب٠ٔذسٛوٛز١ٌّا
ذاد اٌخعشاء١اٌجالسز
ٜٛ ِسزٍٝب ػٙصِٚىبْ ؽذ خ١ٍاٌخ
Raw materials required:
O2 + glucose صٛوٍٛع+O2
اد اٌخبَ اٌالصِخٌّٛا
CO2 + water + light + chlorophyll + as well as the presence of some salts such as nitrate, magnesium, iron, phosphorus. د ثؼطٛعٚ ٓفعال ػ+ً١فٚسٍٛو+ءٛظ+ِبء+CO2 سٛسفٛذ اٌف٠َ اٌؾذٛ١االِالػ ِضً إٌزشاد اٌّغٕس
The final products: خ١بئٌٕٙارظ إٌٛا
CO2 + water + energy
carbohydrate + oxygen أؽالق ؼبلخ+ِبء+CO2
Types of reactions
Aerobic respiration (glycolsis + Krebs اع اٌزفبػالدٛٔ اcycle + electron transport chain)
ٓ١اوسغ+خ١ذسار١٘ٛاد وشثِٛ
light reactions + dark reactions َرفبػالد ظال+خ١ئٛرفبػالد ظ
)ْٚسٍسٍخ ٔمً االٌىزش+سح وشثسٚد+ (أطؽبسٝائٛ٘ رٕفس
Co enzymes
NAD+ and FAD and cytochromes uses food releases energy produces water produces carbon dioxide uses oxygen occurs in the dark as well as light
NADP
produces food stores energy uses water uses carbon dioxide releases oxygen occurs in sunlight
(1) Photosynthesis store energy as chemical energy (carbohydrates, proteins, etc.). Respiration is an oxidative process that converts sugars and starches into energy using oxygen. (2) Photosynthesis creates and stores energy and respiration releases it (3) Photosynthesis use water, while respiration produces water. (4) Photosynthesis use CO2, while respiration produces CO2. (5) Photosynthesis produce O2, Respiration uses oxygen, but plants simply create more than they use. (6) Photosynthesis occurs in sunlight while respiration does not depend on light, so it occurs at night as well as during the day. 43
(7) Respiration occurs in all life forms and in all cells. (8) This equation is essentially the opposite of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a building process, while respiration is a breaking-down process: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 => 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
Experiments on Respiration
Experiment 1: To illustrate the evolution of CO2 gas during aerobic respiration: :ٲٴجتٸ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٣ خال٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ غح٭ٸ أٛ♣ ضؿحسخ إلٹنحـ ج٭يال
A. In non-green parts of the plant (seeds): : ) رزٳس٥خنشجء ( ج٥ٮرحضٺس ٕٺش ج٥ٸ جألؾضجء جٙ
The Apparatus: as the diagram.
(1)
(2)
(3)
Steps: 1. Put some Potassium hydroxide solution (KOH) in a beaker. Put some dry seeds (e.g. peas) in a glass retort, and dip the end of the retort stem in the Potassium hydroxide solution in the beaker number (1). 2. Put some Sodium chloride solution (NaCl) in another beaker. put some soaked (germinating) seeds in another retort, and dip the end of the retort stem in the Sodium chloride solution in that beaker, no. (2). 3. Put another quantity of Potassium hydroxide solution (KOH) in a third beaker. Putt some soaked seeds in a third glass retort, and dip the stem of that retort in the Potassium hydroxide solution in that third beaker. (Apparatus no. 3) 4. Leave the three retorts for some time.
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:خيٴجش٥ ج ْٴؾس٪٥ جٛش ىشٗ عح٪ٕ أ، ْٴؾس٩ ٸٙ ) س٦رغ٥ ج٬٢ط٥ ( سٙ ذزٳس ؾح٬٩ ٺال٦ٝ ٤ أدخ، أط١ ٸٙ ٧رٴضحعٺٴ٥غٺذ ج١ أٹذسٳ٣ٴ٦ك٩ ٬٩ ذجسٞ٩ ِ) م1 . أط٢٥ٸ جٙ ٧رٴضحعٺٴ٥غٺذ ج١ أٹذسٳ٣ٴ٦ك٩ ٸٙ ٸٙ ٧يْح٥ف ج٦٩ ٣ٴ٦ك٩ ٸٙ ْٴؾس٪٥ش ىشٗ ج٪ٕ أ، ْٴؾس أخشٵ٩ ٸٙ حء٪٥ٸ جٙ ٴّسٞٮ٩ ذزٳس٤ أدخ، أط أخش١ ٸٙ ٧يْح٥ف ج٦٩ ٣ٴ٦ك٩ ) ؾٲض0 . أط٢٥ج ٸٙ ْٴؾس٪٥ جٛش ىشٗ عح٪ٕ أ، ػس٥ْٴؾس غح٩ ٸٙ ٴّسٞٮ٩ ذزٳس٬٩ ّذدج٤ أدخ، ػس٥أط غح١ ٸٙ ٧رٴضحعٺٴ٥غٺذ ج١ أٹذسٳ٣ٴ٦ك٩ ٬٩ ) خز ذْنح3 .صٝٴ٥ ج٬٩ طشزٚ٥ ػالغس٥ْٴؾحش ج٪٥ جٟ أضش. أط٢٥ٸ جٙ ٧رٴضحعٺٴ٥غٺذ ج١ ٱٺذسٳ٣ٴ٦ك٩
Observation: No change occurs in beaker no. 1 and 2. Potassium hydroxide solution in beaker no. (3) : rises up in the stem of the retort. . ػح٭ٺس ال ٹكذظ ضٖٺٺش٥ٶ ٳج٥س جألٳ٥كح٥ٸ جٙ )1 .ْٴؾس٪٥ جٛٸ عحٙ ٧رٴضحعٺٴ٥غٺذ ج١ ٱٺذسٳ٣ٴ٦ك٩ ِٚػس ٹشض٥ػح٥س ج٥كح٥ٸ جٙ )0
Interpretation: 1- In case of beaker no. (1): Dry seeds do not respire actively, so the volume of air in retort no. (1) remains constant. . غٲحٚس ال ٹٮؾو ضٮٙؿح٥رزٳس ج٥ٶ ج٥س جألٳ٥كح٥ٸ جٙ )1
2- In case of beaker no. (2): Seeds soaked in water needed energy to germinate and grow; therefore they must respire actively to obtain energy. They absorb Oxygen from the surrounding air, and they release an equal volume of CO2. So, no change is observed in the volume of the air inside the retort. This is because the released CO2 is not absorbed by Sodium chloride solution in which the end of the retort stem is dipped. So, the components of the air inside the retort have changed, but the total volume remains constant. ٨كؿ٥ٸ جٙ غحٳٹح٩ ٫ٴ٢ٮحضؽ ٹ٥ ج٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ غح٭ٸ أ٫ظ ألٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٣طٖٺش خال٩ ٶ ٕٺشٞٲٴجء ٹر٥ ج٨ قؿ٫ ٳأ، غٲحٚٮحذطس ٭ؾو ضٮ٥رزٳس ج٥) ج0 ف٦٩ ٣ٴ٦ك٩ ٸٙ ٮحضؽ ال ٹزٳخ٥ ج٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ غح٭ٸ أ٫ أ٠٥ْٴؾس ر٪٥ ج٤ٲٴجء دجخ٥ ج٨ٸ قؿٙ ٍٲٴس أٷ ضٖٺش٧ ّذ٤ٺ٥طـ ذذ٪٪٥ ج٬غؿٺ١ألٳ٥ . غحذص٤َٰ ٹ٪ قؿ٬٢٥ذ ضٖٺشش ٳٝ ْٴؾس٪٥ٴ٭حش ٱٴجء ج٢٩ ٫ أ٠٥ْٴؾس ٳٹْٮٶ ر٪٥ جٛٺٰ ىشٗ عحٙ ش٪ٖزٷ ٹٮ٥ ج٧يْح٥ج
3- In case of beaker no. (3): The germinating seeds are actively respiring CO2 gas is released in a volume equal to that of the absorbed Oxygen. The released CO2 will be absorbed by Potassium hydroxide solution. So, the solution rises up the stem of the retort. This proves that CO2 gas is produced as a result of respiration in non-green parts of the plant (seeds). طـ٪٪٥ جO2 ذجسٞ٪٥ ٤حغ٪٩ ذجسٞ٪ ذ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١غٲح غح٭ٸ أٚ ضٮ٬٩ ٜ٦ا٭ٰ ٹٮيٙ ) ٮحذطس ( ٳٱٶ أؾضجء ٭رحضٺس ٕٺش خنشجء٥رزٳس ج٥ظ جٚ) ّٮذ ضٮ3 ح ٹٴمف٪٩ ْٴؾس٪٥ جٛٸ عحٙ ٴ٦ْ ٳٹ٣ٴ٦ك٪٥ِ جٙ ٹٮذ٠٥ز٥ ٳ٭طٺؿس٧رٴضحعٺٴ٥غٺذ ج١ ٱٺذسٳ٣ٴ٦ك٩ ٸٙ شز٪٥ ٹزٳخ ٱزٯ ج٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ غح٭ٸ أ٬٢٥ٳ . ) خنشجء٥رزٳس ( ٕٺش ج٥ٸ جٙ ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٬٩ ٜ٦ ٹٮي٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ غح٭ٸ أ٫أ
Conclusion: By comparing the 3 cases, it is clear that: 1. Dry seeds do not respire actively. So, the volume and the components of air remain without change. 2. Germinating seeds respire actively, and the volume of air remains constant during respiration because the released CO2 is equal in volume to the absorbed Oxygen. 3. When germinating seeds (which are non green parts of the plant) respire, they release Carbon dioxide gas.
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:خالفس٥ ج . غٲحٚس ال ٹٮؾو ضٮٙؿح٥رزٳس ج٥) ج1 .طـ٪٪٥ ج٬غؿٺ١ جألٳ٨كؿ٥ غحٳٹح٩ ٫ٴ٢ٮطؽ ٹ٪٥ جCO2 ٫ظ ألٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٣طٖٺش خال٩ ٶ ٕٺشٞٲٴجء ٹر٥ ج٨ ٳقؿ،غٲحٚٮحذطس ٭ؾو ضٮ٥رزٳس ج٥) ج0 . CO2 غٲحٚ ضٮ٬٩ ٜ٦ا٭ٰ ٹٮيٙ ٮحذطس ٳٱٶ أؾضجء ٭رحضٺس ٕٺش خنشجء٥رزٳس ج٥ظ جٚح ضطٮ٩) ّٮذ3
NB Seeds of angiosperms have the power to respire anaerobically if they are kept under anaerobic conditions and produce lactic acid.
B. Green parts of the plant: :خنشجء٥ٮرحضٺس ج٥ جألؾضجء ج
The Apparatus: as the diagram.
Steps: 1. Take a green potted plant, and place it on a glass plate together with a small beaker containing clear lime water. Invert a glass bell-jar over the two. Then cover the jar with a black piece of cloth to stop photosynthesis which will consume CO2. 2. Prepare a similar apparatus, with a pot empty of any cultivated plant. 3. Put some clear lime water in a small beaker between the previous two apparatus, and leave it exposed to the atmospheric air. 4. Leave the 3 apparatus for some time. ؿٺش٥حء ج٩ ٣ٴ٦ك٩ ٰٴخ فٖٺش ذ١ أط أٳ١ ٶ ؾٴجسٯ٥ٴـ صؾحؾٸ ٳمِ ئ٥ ٶ٦ّ ْٰٸ أفٺـ فٖٺش ٳمٙ ضسٳّح٩ ) خز ٭رحش أخنش1 ٠٦طٸ عٴٗ ضغطٲ٥نٴتٸ ج٥رٮحء ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٘ٝٴ٥ ٠٥ ) ٳر٤٦ّ ( حػ عٴدجء٪ٝ يْسٞٴط ذٝٮح٥ٴعح صؾحؾٺح ٳٕو جٝ ٭ح٬ جالغٮٺٛٴٙ ظ٢ ٳ٭ٜشجت٥ج .٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١غح٭ٸ أ .ٰٺٙ ُضسٳ٩ أٷ ٭رحش٬٩ ح٩ح٪ٺح ض٥ خح٫ٴ٢ جألفٺـ ٹ٬٢٥ح ٳ٩ح٪ ضٜغحذ٦٥ حغال٪٩ ) أّذ ؾٲحصج0 .٬٩ض٥ ج٬٩ طشزٙ ِٺ٪ؿ٥ جٟ ٳجضش،٬ٺٞغحذ٥ ج٬ؿٲحصٹ٥ ج٬أط فٖٺشز ذٺ١ ٸٙ حء ؾٺش٩ ٬٩ ) مِ ذْنح3
Observation: Lime water becomes turbid in beaker no. (1) Only. .وٞٙ )1( ٸٙ ؿٺش٥حء ج٩ ٸٙ ش٢ْ ٹؾحٱذ ض
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Interpretation (conclusion): o In (1), the green plant in the pot has respired and produced CO 2 gas, which causes the turbidity of lime water in the beaker. .أط٢٥ٸ جٙ ؿٺش٥حء ج٩ ش٢ّ زٷ٥ ج٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ظ ٳأخشؼ غح٭ٸ أٚذ ضٮٝ ٸ جألفٺـٙ ُضسٳ٪٥ٮرحش جألخنش ج٥) ج1( ٸٙ )1
o The bell-jar was covered with a black piece of cloth in order to keep light away from the green plant and to stop the process of photosynthesis (which uses up CO2 inside the bell-jar which has been released due to respiration). غح٭ٸ٠٦طٸ ضغطٲ٥نٴتٸ ج٥رٮحء ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٘ٞط٥ ٮرحش جألخنش٥ ج٬ّ نٴء٥حػ عٴدجء قطٶ ٹكؿد ج٪ٝ يْسٞضؾحؾٸ ذ٥ٴط جٝٮح٥ذ ٕيٶ جٝ .ظٚطٮ٥ ج٬٩ طقحّذ٪٥ٴط جٝٮح٥ ٱٴجء ج٬٩ ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١أ o In (2) and (3), the lime water shows no turbidity due to the small percentage of CO2
whether in the air of the bell-jar or in the atmospheric air. . ؿٴٵ٥ٲٴجء ج٥ٸ جٙ ٴط أٳٝٮح٥ٸ ٱٴجء جٙ عٴجء٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١قٖش ٭غرس غح٭ٸ أ٥ ؿٺش ٭َشج٥حء ج٩ ض٢ْ ٹط٨٥ ٓحسٚ٥ٴط جٝٮح٥) ج3( ، )0( ٸٙ )0
Conclusion: o Green plant respired and expel of CO2. :طؿشذس٥ ٱزٯ ج٬٩ ٳٹطنف .٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ظ ٳٹيشد غح٭ٸ أٚٮرحش جألخنش ٹطٮ٥ ج٫ أ
Experiment 2: To illustrate the process of alcoholic fermentation: ٺشز٪خ٥ٸ جٙ ٸ٥كٴ٢٥ش ج٪طخ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ♣ ضؿشذس ضٴمف
The Apparatus: as the diagram.
Procedures: 1. Put a sugary solution (or molasses diluted with double of its volume with water) in a conical flask. Add a piece of Yeast and mix it thoroughly. 2. Close the flask with a stopper of rubber through which a delivery tube passes. 3. Dip the free end of the tube into a beaker containing lime water. 4. Leave the apparatus in a warm place for several hours. :طؿشذس٥ خيٴجش ج .حء٩ ٰ٪٘ ذنْ٘ قؿٚخ٪٥ جألعٴد ج٤ْغ٥ش أٳ ج٢غ٥ ج٬٩ ٣ٴ٦ك٩ ٰٺٙ ِ م٤٢ؾ٥خشٳىٸ ج٩ ٛ) خز دٳس1 .٣ٴ٦ك٪٥ضؾٲح ؾٺذج ذح٩ٺشز ٳأ٪خ٥ ج٬٩ ذسٝ ٰٺ٥) أم٘ ئ0 .٤ٮٰ أ٭رٴذس ضٴفٺ٩ زٚ ذغذجد ضٮٛذٳس٥) عذ ج3 . حء ؾٺش٩ ٰأط ذ١ ٸٙ ـ٥خح٥ ج٤طٴفٺ٥ش ىشٗ أ٭رٴذس ج٪ٕ) أ4 . ةٙ دج٫ح٢٩ ٸٙ ؿٲحص ّذز عحّحش٥ جٟ) أضش5
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Observation: 1. Gas bubbles are seen on the surface of the solution in the flask. 2. Lime water has become turbid. . ؿٺش٥حء ج٩ ش٢ْح ضؾحٱذ أٹنح ض٪١ ٛذٳس٥كطٴٹحش ج٩ عيفٛٴٙ حّحش ٕحصٹسٞٙ ضؾحٱذ ضقحّذ
Conclusion: Turbidity of lime water is a proof that CO2 gas has been evolved, as a result of the anaerobic respiration of yeast. ٌ ضالق٠ا٭ٙ ٛذٳس٥كطٴٹحش ج٩ ص٪٪ ٳئرج ؽ، ٺشز٪خ٥ظ جٚ ضٮ٬٩ زٷ ٭طؽ٥ ٳج٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ٶ ضقحّذ ٕحص غح٭ٸ أ٦ّ ٣ؿٺش ٹذ٥حء ج٩ ش٢ْ ض . ) ٸ٥كٴ١ ش٪ٺشز ( ضخ٪خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ٴٹٮٰ أٹنح ٭طٺؿس٢ٶ ض٦ّ س٥ ذٲح دال٣كٴ٢٥سجتكس ج
N.B.: Acid fermentation is another kind of fermentation, carried out by several kinds of bacteria. It produces an acid instead of alcohol. Many milk products such as cheese, butter, and yoghurt are manufactured by this kind of fermentation. The equation of acid fermentation is : C6H12O6 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH + 2ATP ٬٩ ػٺش١ ٸٙ ٧ ٳٹغطخذ،٣كٴ٢٥ ج٬٩ ٣ل ذذ٪ٮٰ ق٩ طٺشٹح ٳٹٮطؽ٢ر٥ ج٬٩ ُ ذٰ ّذز أ٭ٴج٧ٴٞش ض٪طخ٥ ج٬٩ نٸ ٭ٴُ أخش٪ك٥ش ج٪طخ٥ ج . ) ٠طٺ١ل ال٪نٸ ) ق٪ش ق٪طٴص ( ضخ١ال٥ش ج٢ضذحدٷ ( ع٥ضذذ ٳج٥ ٳج٬ؿر٥ ج٤ػ٩ قٮحّحش٥ج
Seeds of Angiosperms too, have the power to respire anaerobic ally, if they are kept under anaerobic conditions. .ٸ ٍشٳٗ الٱٴجتٺسٙ الٱٴجتٶ ئرج ٳمْص٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٶ ج٦ّ ذسزٞ٥رزسٹس ج٥ٮرحضحش ج٥رزٳس ج٥
Experiment (3) : To prove that heat is released during cellular respiration: Tools: 1- Germinated seeds. 2- Dry seeds. 3- Thermometer. 4- Thermo bottle. 5- Rubber plug (wet cotton).
Thermo bottle
Procedure: 1. Soak pea seeds in water overnight. With oxygen and a suitable environment these seeds will germinate. 2. Kill half of the seeds by placing them in boiling water. 3. Sterilize the surface of the seeds with a sterilizing solution to kill all surface microorganisms. 48
4. Wash the insides of two vacuum flasks with a sterilizing solution to kill all microorganisms. 5. Place the live seeds in one flask (experiment) and the dead seeds in another (control). 6. Insert a thermometer into each flask, record the temperature and seal the flasks with cotton wool. 7. Record the temperature daily over the next five days.
Results: 1- Flask A that contains germinating seeds show rise in temperature; because heat is liberated during respiration. 2- Whereas flask B will not; because the seeds in B have been boiled; this destroys the enzymes Thus, respiration cannot take place. Conclusion: 1- Only the living seeds caused a temperature rise, therefore respiring organisms produces heat.
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2- Respiration in man التنفس فى اإلنسان
Structure - Mechanism – Respiratory cycle - Center - Respiratory Volumes
Structure of Respiratory System in Man 1. Nose and mouth: An air entrance: Air enters the body through the nose or the mouth. It is preferable for air to enter through the nose, from the hygienic point of view, because: a. This passage is warm, as nose is lined with numerous blood capillaries. b. This passage is moist, as it secretes mucous that moisten the air. c. This passage serves as a filter, as it contains hairs that act as a filter. Adaptation of the nose to its function : a. It is lined with numerous blood capillaries → warmth air. b. It secretes mucous → moisten the air. c. It contains hairs → that act as a filter → separate ducts and microbes. : ٨ٚ٥) جأل٭٘ ٳج1 :٫ أل٠٥ ) ٳر٤٦ّ ( ٨ٚ٥ جٜ ىشٹ٬ّ ٰ جأل٭٘ ّٮٜ ىشٹ٬ّ ٲٴجء٥ ج٣ دخٴ٤نٚ ٹ٬٢٥ ٳ٨ؿغ٦٥ ٲٴجء٥ ج٣ذخٴ٥ جألّنحء٣ أٳ .ػٺشز١ ٴٹس٩ة ٹريٮٰ ؽْٺشجش دٙش دج٪٩ ٘أ ) جأل٭ .خحه٪٥شجصٯ جٙخ) سىد إل .كؿض جألضشذس٥ خحه٩ٶ ؽْش ٳ٦ّ ٰح ٹكطٴٹ٪٥ شؽف٩ )ؾـ
Respiration through the mouth instead of nose lead to: A - defect in the process of gas exchange as a result of entry of cold, dry air into the lungs resulting in adhesion of the walls of the alveoli and decrease % of solubility of gases (O2 and CO2) in the cold water vapour, which in important in the process of gas exchange resulting in hypoxia (decrease O2 in blood). B - Inflammation of the airways as a result of entry of air cold and laden with foreign particles. :ٌٝ إٜؤد٠ اٌزٕفس ِٓ اٌفُ ثذال ِٓ األٔف خ١ائٌٛٙصالد ا٠ٕٛزظ اٌزصبق عذساْ اٌؾ٠ عبفخ← ِّبٚ سح ثبسدحٛٓ ثص١اء ٌٍشئزٌٛٙي اٛغخ دخ١خ رجبدي اٌغبصاد ٔز١ٍّ ػٟ خًٍ ف-أ ٕٕٗزظ ػ٠ خ رجبدي اٌغبصاد← ِّب١ٍّ ػٟ فٟس١ُ ثطىً سئٙ رسٟاٌزٚ ثخبس اٌّبء اٌجبسدٟ) فCO2 ٚ O2(ثبْ اٌغبصادٚأخفبض ٔسجخ رٚ َٓ اٌذ١ٔمص أوسغ جخ٠ِؾّال ثبٌذلبئك اٌغشٚ اء ثبسدٌٛٙي اٛغخ دخ١خ ٔز١ائٌٛٙبة اٌطؼت اٙ اٌز-ة
2. The Pharynx: Pharynx is a common passage for both air and food (common respiratory and digestive path). Because it is the path of air from the nose and mouth to the respiratory tract. At the
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same time it is the passage of food during swallowing from the mouth to the digestive system (eosophagus). ٖزجء٥شٳس ج٪٥ ٜص ىشٹٝٴ٥ظ جٚٸ ٭ٙ ٳٱٴ،٨ٚ٥ جأل٭٘ ٳج٬٩ غٸٚطٮ٥ؿٲحص ج٥ٶ ج٥ٲٴجء ئ٥ش ذس ج٪ ٹٜ أل٭س ىشٹٟؾطش٩ غٶٚؿشٵ ٕزجتٸ ضٮ٩ ٧ْٴ٦ر٥ج .٨ٚ٥ ج٬٩ ٸ٪ٲن٥ؿٲحص ج٥ٶ ج٥ئ
3. The Larynx: Cartilaginous organ lies below the pharynx; above the trachea. Larynx is also known as the voice box because it contains the vocal cord. It transmits air from pharynx to trachea. .ٲٴجتٺس٥قرس جٞ٥ٶ ج٥ٲٴجء ئ٥ ج٤ٞقٴش ضٮ٥ جٛ فٮذٳ:كٮؿشز٥) ج3
4. The Trachea: Air enters the trachea through the larynx. Adaptation of the trachea to its function : 1- The trachea wall supported by a series of cartilage ¾ rings which prevent the trachea wall from collapsing, thus maintaining an open passageway for air. Rings are incomplete from behind: (1) to remain it always open. (2) To allow for esophageal stretching at moment of passage of food bolus. 2- The inner surface of the trachea is lined with cilia which which move from the bottom to the upwards to create air and mucous currents; this impedes the entry of small foreign bodies and moves it to the pharynx, where it can swallow. :ٲٴجتٺس٥قرس جٞ٥) ج4 .ٲٴجء٥ ج٣ذخٴ٥ شجس٪طٴقس ذحعطٚ٩ ٲٴجتٺس٥قرس جٞ٥ ج٤ْ ) ضؿ٤٦ّ ( س جالعطذجسز٦٩ح١ ٺس ٕٺشٙحش ٕنشٳٞ٦ٶ ق٦ّ أ ) ضكطٴٵ ٧ْٴ٦ر٥ٶ ج٥ٲح ئ٢ٖشٹرس ذطكشٹ٥ جٜحتٝذ٥ جألضشذس ٳج٬٩ ٲٴجء٥ٺس جٞٶ ضٮ٦ّ ٤٪ْط٥ ) ٤٦ّ ( ) حرج٪٥ ( شجس٪ٶ ذحعط٦ّٶ أ٥س ئ١طكش٩ ذأٱذجخ٬خ) ضري .ِ٦ ضرط٫ أ٬٢٪قٺع ٹ ٬ٲٴجتٺطٺ٥ ج٬ؾْرطٺ٥ٶ ج٥ٶ ئ٦ٚغ٥ٲح جٙٲٴجتٺس ّٮذ ىش٥قرس جٞ٥شُ جٚؾـ) ضط
5. The two bronchi: The trachea is divided at its lower end into two bronchi. Each bronchus enters a lung, where it divides and sub-divides into progressively smaller and smaller bronchioles. Each bronchiole finally opens into one of the many alveoli (air sacs), of which there are about 600 millions per lung. ٔ٦ٲٴجتٺس ) ٹر٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ؿذس ضغٮٶ ( ج٥س جٞٺٝٺحط ٱٴجتٺس س١أفٖش ضٮطٲٸ ذأٙ ٶ ؽْٺرحش أفٖش٥ٲح ئ٦شُ ذذجخٚٶ ستس ٳضط٥ح ئ٪ٮٲ٩ ٤١ ٤ضذخ . ٴٹس٩ذ٥ؾْٺشجش ج٥ ج٬٩ س٢خحسؼ ذؾر٥ ج٬٩ كحىس٩س ٳ٦ قٴٹق٫ٺٴ٦٩ 655 ٴجقذز ٭كٴ٥شتس ج٥ٸ جٙ ّذدٱح
6. Bronchioles: Each bronchiole finally opens into one of the many alveoli. 7- Alveoli ٲٴجتٺس٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ج Alveoli (air sacs) are thin wall sacs present at the terminal part of bronchioles.
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Each lung contains about 600 millions alveoli; surrounded by a large network of blood capillaries. Water moist its inner wall. The alveolar walls are considered the actual respiratory surface, because : (1) It is very thin and surrounded with a large network of blood capillaries; where gas exchange takes place between the alveoli and capillaries, blood in capillaries receives oxygen from the alveolar air and carries it to the rest of the body, while the alveoli receive CO2 from blood capillaries to get rid off. (2) the walls is thin to facilitate exchange of gases. (3) Walls are moist to facilitate dissolution of oxygen and carbon dioxide during gas exchange. (4) Wall surrounding by a huge network of capillaries its blood picks up oxygen from the air sacs and transmitted it to the body cells. (5) The number of alveoli in the lung about 600 million per lung, which increases the respiratory surface area. وٞط٦ٴٹس قٺع ٹ٩ذ٥ؾْٺشجش ج٥ ج٬٩ س٪س مخ٢ ؽر٬٩ ح ٹكٺو ذٲح٪٥ ) ٤٦ّ ( ٺس٦ْٙ غٺسٚٲٴجتٺس أعيف ضٮ٥كٴٹقالش ج٦٥ سٞٺٝش٥ؿذس ج٥ ضْطرش ج .ٰٮ٩ ـ٦طخ٦٥ كٴٹقالش٥ٶ ج٥ ئ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ غح٭ٸ أ٧ذ٥ ٳٹيشد ج٨ؿغ٥ٸ جٝٶ ذح٥ٲح ئ٦ٞكٴٹقالش ٳٹٮ٥ ٱٴجء ج٬٩ ٬غؿٺ١ٲح جألٳ٩د
Blood in the capillaries receives Oxygen from the alveolar air and carries it to the rest of the body. It gives out CO2 to the alveoli in return, so that it may get rid of it. Adaptation of air alveoli to its function: 1 – It number are very large (up to 600 million alveolus per lung) and this works to increase the respiratory surface area→ provide the body with O2 needed. 2 - Its walls are characterized by: (a) It is moist by water vapor and the moisture is necessary for dissolution of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases making gas exchange between the moist air and blood capillaries surrounding the alveoli easy. (b) It is thin and surrounded from outside by a huge network of capillaries and these speeds up the process of gas exchange. So alveoli is actual respiratory surfaces where both oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolves in the water vapor mounting the walls of the alveoli, then the exchange of gases occurs by diffusion through the thin walls as follows: oxygen move from the alveoli to blood capillaries while carbon dioxide moves from the blood capillaries into the alveoli . .غٺسٚطٮ٥غحقس جألعيف ج٩ ٶ صٹحدز٦ّ ٤٪ْ ستس ٳٱزج ٹ٤٢٥ س٦ قٴٹق٫ٺٴ٦٩ 655 ٶ٥ ئ٤رٺش ٹق١ ّذدٱح-1 ٤ح ٹغٲ٪٩ ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ ٳ غح٭ٸ أ٬غؿٺ١ ٕحصٷ جأل٫ٺس رٳذح٦٪ْ٥ شىٴذس مشٳسٹس٥حء ٳٱزٯ ج٪٥ ذخحس ج٤ْٚ (أ) سىرس ذ: ٺض ؾذسج٭ٲح ذأ٭ٲح٪ ضط-0 .كٴٹقالش٥كٺيس ذح٪٥ؾْٺشجش ج٥ ج٧شىد ٳد٥ٲٴجء ج٥ ج٬ٖحصجش ذٺ٥ ج٣ٺس ضرحد٦٪ّ ٬٩ . ٖحصجش٥ ج٣ٺس ضرحد٦٪ّ ٬٩ ُٴٹس ٳٱزج ٹغش٩ذ٥ؾْٺشجش ج٥ ج٬٩ س٪س مخ٢خحسؼ ذؾر٥ ج٬٩ كحىس٩س ٳٞٺٝ(خ) س طٲحٚٴٍٺ٥ ٲٴجتٺس٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ ج٨ٺس أٳ ضالت٦ْٙ غٺسٚٲٴجتٺس أعيف ضٮ٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ضْطرش ج ؿذس٥ شىد٪٥حء ج٪٥ٸ ذخحس جٙ ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ ٳغح٭ٸ أ٬غؿٺ١ جأل٬٩ ٤١ ٺس قٺع ٹزٳخ٦ْٙ ظٚٲٴجتٺس أعيف ضٮ٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ ضْطرش ج٠٥ز٥ ح٪ؾْٺشجش ذٺٮ٥ ج٧ٶ د٥كٴٹقالش ئ٥ ج٬٩ ٬غؿٺ١ جأل٤ٞ ٹٮط:حالضٶ١ سٞٺٝش٥ؿذس ج٥ ج٣ خال٬٩ ٖحصجش ذحال٭طؾحس٥ ج٣ٺس ضرحد٦٪ّ ٨ ضط٨كٴٹقالش غ٥ج كٴٹقالش٥ٶ ج٥ؾْٺشجش ئ٥ ج٧ د٬٩ ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ غح٭ٸ أ٤ٞٹٮط
8- The two lungs: Each animal, and also Man possesses two lungs, a right lung, and a left lung. Each Lung formed of spongy, expandable, elastic tissues, consists of alveoli, and bronchioles together with a huge network of capillaries. Alveoli together with the huge network of capillaries surrounding them is the structural and functional unit of a lung; at which exchange of gases takes place The right lung divided into 3 lobes while the left lung divided into two lobes. 52
Function of the lungs: (1) Gas exchange between blood and air. (2) Excretion of excess water. (3) Excretion of CO2 produced from metabolism. . ٮٶ ٳٹغشٵ٪ ٹ٫ ستطح٫إل٭غح٥ٴٹس ٳ٩ ؽْٺشجش د٬٩ ذٲح٤ح ٹطق٩ٲٴجتٺس ٳ٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ ج٬٩ ٴّس٪ؿ٩ ٬٩ ٫ٴ٢ ضط
Adaptation of lung to its function: Its tissue is elastic to facilitate its expansion during inspiration. The human lungs are characterized by having a large surface area through which gas exchange occurs. .ٖحصجش٥ ج٣ٰ ضرحد٥ خال٬٩ ٨رٺشج ٹط١ غٺحٚح عيف ضٮ٪ٲ٥ ٫ ذأ٫ٸ جإل٭غحٙ ٫شتطح٥ٺض ج٪ ضط
Its alveoli adapted to its function …..etc Lung ventilation (aeration): During each respiratory cycle (inspiration and expiration), the aeration of the lungs does not exceed 10% from the whole volume of lungs (its capacity). This ratio varies according to: a. The state of the individual between rest and exhaustion. b. The depth of the inspiration. So changes in the rate and depth of respiration are accompanied with similar changes in heart beats. This is regulated by respiratory center in medulla oblongata of brain. ضٹحدز٥ـ أٳ ذحٞٮ٥ٮغرس ذح٥حٳش ٱزٯ جٚذ ضطٝغٺس ٳٚ دٳسز ضٮ٤١ ٣ٲح خال٥ ٺس٦٢٥غْس ج٥ ج٬٩ وٞٙ % 15 ٬شتطٺ٥تس ج.ظٚطٮ٥ ال ضطح:٬شتطٺ٥♣ ضٲٴٹس ج ٣ْذ٩ ٸٙ طٖٺشجش٥ ج٫يرٺْٸ ئ٥ ج٬٩ أ٭سٙ ٠٥ز٥ .ظٚطٮ٥ ّٮذ جٜؾٲٺ٥ جٜ٪ّ ذٵ٩ )0.طْد٥شجقس أٳ ج٥ قٺع ج٬٩ ٫س جإل٭غح٥) قح1 :ٸ٦ح ٹ٩ قغد .خ٪٥ٸ جٙ ٤غطيٺ٪٥ٮخحُ ج٥ٸ جٙ ظٚطٮ٥ض ج١ش٩ ٠٥ ر٨َد ٳٹٮ٦ٞ٥ مشذحش ج٣ْذ٩ ٸٙ س٦حغ٪٩ ٹقحقرٲح ضٖٺشجش٫ظ ال ذذ أٚطٮ٥ جٜ٪ّ ٳ٫عشٹح
At the end of expiration, a part of air is always left in the lungs. Because air always left in the is lungs characterized by: (1) warm. (2) Rich in water vapour. So its presence leads to : (1) Warm the new air coming to the lungs rapidly, because air always left in the lungs is warm. (2) Prevent the adhesion of the internal alveoli membranes from the inside because air always left in the lungs is rich in water vapour (moist). (3) Keep the wall of the alveoli moist which it important to dissolve oxygen and CO2 during gas exchange between alveoli and blood in the surrounding capillaries. حء٪٥ة ٳٕٮٶ ذرخحس جٙٺض ذأ٭س دج٪ٸ ٹطٞطر٪٥ٲٴجء ج٥ ٳٱزج ج،شز٪غط٩ سٚٲٴجء ذق٥ ج٬٩ ؾضء٬شتطٺ٥ٸ جٙ ٘٦ا٭ٰ ٹطخٙ ٺشٙض٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٨ ضط٫ ذْذ أ :ٸ جألضٸٙ ٨ ٳؾٴدز ٹغٲ٫حٙ ٠٥ز٥ .ةٙ ذغشّس قٺع ج٭ٰ دج٬شتطٺ٥ٶ ج٥ ئ٤ذجخ٥ؿذٹذ ج٥ٲٴجء ج٥ثس جٙ) ضذ1 .)حء (سىد٪٥ قٺع ج٭ٰ ٕٮٶ ذرخحس ج٤ذجخ٥ ج٬٩ ٲٴجتٺس٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ ؾذس جٛطقح٥ ج٧ٶ ّذ٦ّ ٌٙ) ٹكح0 ٬٩ ٤١ ٫زٳذح٥ شىٴذس مشٳسٹس٥ٲٴجتٺس سىرس ٳٱزٯ ج٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ح ؾذجس ج٩ دج٤ْشىد ٹؿ٥ٲٴجء ج٥ ٱزج ج٫حٙ حء٪٥) ٳقٺع أ٭س ٕٮٶ ذرخحس ج3 .ٴٹس٩ذ٥ؾْٺشجش ج٥ٸ جٙ كٺو ذٲح٪٥ ج٧ذ٥كٴٹقالش ٳج٥ ج٬س ذٺ٥ٖحصجش ذغٲٴ٥ ج٣ٺس ضرحد٦٪ّ ٨ٸ ضط٥طح٥ ٳذح٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ ٳغح٭ٸ أ٬غؿٺ١جأل
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Nose Larynx Trachea
Bronchi
Rt lung Diaphragm Respiratory system in man
Q – How to explain: changes in the rate and depth of respiration are accompanied with similar changes in heart beats? A- Because respiratory center in the medulla oblongata of brain regulate this changes. This center coordinate between rate of respiration and rate of heart beat to make volume of air enter the alveoli proportional with the amount of blood passing in capillaries surrounding the alveoli so gas exchange occurs efficiently. د ؟٦ٞ٥ مشذحش ج٣ْذ٩ ٸٙ س٦حغ٪٩ ٹقحقرس ضٖٺشجش٫ظ الذذ ٳجٚطٮ٥ جٜ٪ّ عشّس ٳ٣ْذ٩ ٸٙ أٷ ضٖٺش: غشٚح ض٪ ذ-ط ٠٥د ٳر٦ٞ٥ظ ٳ٭رل جٚطٮ٥ عشّس ج٬ ذٺْٜقرٸ ٹٮغ٥ض ج١ش٪٥ ٳٱزج ج. خ٪٥ٵحٙ ٤غطيٺ٪٥ٮخحُ ج٥ٸ جٙ ظٚطٮ٥ض ج١ش٩ ٠٥ ر٨َزٵ ٹٮ٥ ج٫ أل٠٥ؼ – ٳر ٲٴجتٺس٥كٴٹقالش ج٥كٺيس ذح٪٥ٴٹس ج٩ذ٥ؾْٺشجش ج٥ٸ جٙ ش٪طٸ ض٥ ج٧ذ٥ٺس ج٪١ ِ٩ ٲٴجتٺس٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ ج٤زٷ ٹذخ٥ٲٴجء ج٥ ج٨ٸ ٹطٮحعد قؿ٢٥ . حءزٚ٢ٖحجش ذ٥ ج٣ٺس ضرحد٦٪ّ ٨ٸ ضط٥طح٥ٳذح
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Mechanism of respiration in Man : ) ٬شتطٺ٥ ( ضٲٴٹس ج٫ٸ جإل٭غحٙ ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٢ح٭ٺ٢ٺ٩ ♣
The mechanism that regularly move lungs during gases exchange. The inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli is brought about by the expansion of the chest during inspiration and contraction of the chest during expiration. The lungs follow passively the change in the chest size because between the visceral pleura of the lung and the parietal pleura of the chest there is a thin layer of serous fluid. The cohesive forces within this layer make lung follow chest. Mechanism of respiration in Man is the responsibility of: 1- The diaphragm: The main respiratory muscle; below the lungs, separating chest cavity from abdominal cavity, at rest the diaphragm is domes up. Paralysis of the diaphragm muscle leads to death, because diaphragm muscle is the main muscle of respiration mechanism. س٥ْحٙ ذقٴسز٨طٸ ضغٲ٥شتٺغٺس ج٥س ج٦ْن٥كحؾض ضْطرش ج٥كؿحخ ج٥س ج٦ ّن٫ ال٠٥ ٳرٜٞك٪٥ٴش ج٪٥ٶ ج٥كحؾض ٹإدٵ ئ٥كؿحخ ج٥س ج٦ٸ ّنٙ ٤٦ؽ ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٥ٸ ئٙ
2- The internal and external intercostals muscles: Two groups of internal and external chest muscles that move the ribs. .
NB - Respiratory tract of mammals is characterized by the presence of respiratory muscle called the diaphragm and intercostals muscles. :ٸ٦ح ٹ٪ػذٹٺحش ذ٥ ج٬٩ ٖٺشٯ١ ٫ٸ جإل٭غحٙ غٸٚطٮ٥ؿٲحص ج٥ٺض ج٪ ٹط .ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٥ٸ آٙ س أعحعٺسٚ ذق٨كحؾض ٳٱٶ ضغٲ٥كؿحخ ج٥ٶ ج٪غٺس ضغٚس ضٮ٦ ٳؾٴد ّن-1 ُٴ٦ن٥ ج٠ٶ ضكشٹ٦ّ ٫ال٪ْخحسؾٺس ض٥ٺس ٳج٦ذجخ٥قذسٹس ج٥ْنالش ج٥ ج٬٩ ٬ٴّطٺ٪ؿ٩ ٳؾٴد-0
Respiratory cycle: During rest a normal adult breathes 16 times (cycles) per minute. Each respiratory cycle consists of two processes: A- Inspiration (inhalation): taking in oxygen. A B- Expiration (exhalation): giving off carbon dioxide. C- Expiratory pause ….period of rest may be present. .ٺشٙض٥ ج-0
B C
ٜؾٲٺ٥ ج-1 :ح٪ ٱ٬ٺطٺ٦٪ّ ٶ٦ّ ٤٪ ضؾط :غٺسٚطٮ٥ذٳسز ج٥♣ ج
During inspiration: (active process) - The intercostals muscle contract, thus moving the ribs up and forward increase diameter of chest. - The diaphragm muscle contracts move downward (become flatten) increase the length of the chest. - Contraction of intercostals muscles & diaphragm lead to increase the size of chest cavity (thoracic cage).
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- Increase the size of chest cavity decrease pressure inside the chest cavity and lungs which become lower than the eternal pressure. - The outside air flows from the outside through the nose and downwards through the trachea and finally into the lungs. - The lungs expands and its size increase narrowing of pleural cavity (vacuum surrounding the lungs in the chest cavity). . لٚ ٳضٮخ٬شتطٺ٥ ج٤ٚكحؾض أع٥كؿحخ ج٥س ج٦رل ّنٞ) ضٮ0 ..لْٚٲح ٳضٮخٙطش٥ ُٴ٦ن٥ ج٬طٸ ذٺ٥ْنالش ج٥رل جٞ) ضٮ1 ٲٴجتٺس٥قرس جٞ٥ٶ ج٥ ئ٨ جأل٭٘ غ٤ٶ دجخ٥خحسؾٸ ئ٥ٲٴجء ج٥ِ جٙٺٮذٙ ٸ٦ذجخ٥ـ مٖيٰ جٞٸ ٹٮ٥طح٥ ٳذح،قذسٷ٥طؿٴٹ٘ ج٥شجٓ جٙ ٨ قؿ٠٥ٺضٹذ ذزٙ )3 .٬شتطٺ٥حٙ
During expiration (passive process): - The intercostals muscles relax, thus moving the ribs down decrease diameter of chest. - The diaphragm relaxes return to its resting position (domes up). - Relaxation of intercostals muscles & diaphragm lead to decrease the volume of the chest cavity. - The internal pressure increases to be much more than the external pressure. - Air is forced outside the lungs. - The lungs retract and its size decrease widening of pleural cavity. . ٶ٦ّٶ أ٥ِ ئٚكحؾض ٳضشض٥كؿحخ ج٥س ج٦) ٳضشضخٶ ّن0 .ُٴ٦ن٥) ضشضخٸ ّنالش ج1 .٬شتطٺ٥ٶ خحسؼ ج٥ٲٴجء ئ٥ِ جٙٺٮذٙ ٸ٦ذجخ٥نٖو ج٥قذسٷ ٳٹضٹذ ج٥طؿٴٹ٘ ج٥ ج٨ـ قؿٞٺٮ٥ ْشٞ) ٳضط3
Inspiration
Expiration
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Intercostals muscles Diaphragm Size of the chest cavity
Pressure inside the chest cavity and lungs Lungs size: The pleural cavity
Inhalation Contract to rise the ribs up.
Exhalation Relaxed, to descend the ribs down.
Contract to the bottom to be flat. As a result of contraction of the intercostals muscles and diaphragm muscle the size of the chest cavity increase. As a result of widening the size of the thoracic cage, the pressure inside the chest cavity and lungs decrease than outside pressure. This leads to a rush of air into the lungs causes it to expand and increase in size. The pleural cavity narrow.
Relax, so it return doomed up (concave). 3. As a result of relaxation of intercostals muscles and diaphragm the size of the chest cavity decrees. As a result of decreasing the size of the thoracic cage, the pressure inside the chest cavity and lungs increase than outside pressure. This leads to a rush of air out of the lungs and decrease in size. The pleural cavity expands.
Pleural cavity
Q- Explain the role of diaphragm and intercostals muscles in Mechanism of respiration in Man? With draw inspiration and expiration? ؾذجججججججججج٧ٱحجججججججججججججج ِAControl of respiration: (respiratory center) This is regulated by the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata in the brain. Respiratory centers control both respiratory rate and heart rate. So any changes in the rate of speed and depth of respiration must be accompanied by similar changes in heart rate, so that the amount of air entering the alveoli is proportional to the amount of blood in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli, so the process of gas exchange occurs efficiently. :ظٚطٮ٥ض ج١ش٩ ♣ .ظٚطٮ٥ جٜ٪ّ عشّطٰ ٳ٣ْذ٩ ٸٙ طٖٺش٥ح ٹٮحعد ج٪د ذ٦ٞ٥ مشذحش ج٣ْذ٩ ٨ ذطٮَٺ٧ٴٞخ ٳٹ٪٥ ذح٤غطيٺ٪٥ٮخحُ ج٥ٸ جٙ ٹٴؾذ
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٫ظ الذذ أٚطٮ٥ جٜ٪ّ عشّس ٳ٣ْذ٩ ٸٙ جٵ ضٖٺشجش٫ٴ٢ قطٶ ض٠٥د ٳر٦ٞ٥ مشذحش ج٣ْذ٩ظ ٳٚطٮ٥ عشّس ج٬٩ ٤١ ٸٙ ظٚطٮ٥ض ج١شج٩ ٨٢ضطك ٺس٪١ ِ٩ طٮحعرس٩ ٲٴجتٺس٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ ج٤طٸ ضذخ٥ٲٴجء ج٥ٺس ج٪١ ٫ٴ٢ مشٳسٷ قطٶ ض٠٥د ٳر٦ٞ٥ مشذحش ج٣ْذ٩ ٸٙ س٦حغ٪٩ ٹقحقرٲح ضٖٺشجش حءزٚ٢ٖحصجش ذ٥ ج٣ٺس ضرحد٦٪ّ ٨ططٙ كٴٹقالش٥كٺيس ذح٪٥ٴٹس ج٩ذ٥ؾْٺشجش ج٥طٸ ضشد ج٥ ج٧ذ٥ج
Respiratory Volumes
Tidal volume (TV) is the volume of air during each respiratory cycle. 500 ml. Inspiratory reserve volume (IR) is the additional volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled following a normal inspiration.3500 ml. Expiratory reserve volume (ER) is the additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled following a normal expiration. 1500 ml. Residual volume (RV) is that volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration. 1200 ml. Vital capacity (VC) is the maximal volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a maximal inspiration. VC = TV + IR + ER. 5500 ml. Functional residual volume (FRV) is the volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration. FRC = RV + ER. 2700 ml. Inspiratory Capacity: amount of air that can be inspired over FRC. 4000 ml. Total lung capacity (TLC) is the volume of air in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration. TLC = FRV + TV + IR = VC + RV . 6700 ml.
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BIOLOGY )Unit (I
Structure and function of living organisms
اٌزشو١ت ٚاٌٛظ١فخ ف ٟاٌىبئٕبد اٌؾ١خ
(دػبء لجً اٌّزاوشح) ال اٌٗ إال اهلل اٌؾٍ ُ١اٌىش - ُ٠ال اٌٗ إال اهلل اٌؼٍ ٝاٌؼظ - ُ١ال اٌٗ إال اهلل سة اٌؼشش اٌؼظ ،ُ١اٌٍ ُٙأٝ اسبٌه ف ُٙإٌجٚ ،ٓ١١ؽفظ اٌّشسٍٚ ،ٓ١أٌٙبَ اٌّالئىخ اٌّمشثٚ ،ٓ١اْ رغؼً ٌسبٔ ٟػبِشاً ثزوشنٚ ،لٍجٟ ٍِ١ئ ًب ثخط١زهٚ ،أسشاسٔب ٌؽبػزه ،فأٔذ ؽسجٔٚ ٟؼُ اٌٛو ،ً١أه ػٍ ٝوً ضٕئ لذ٠ش.
(دّحء ذْذ ج٪٥زج١شز) ج٦٥ٲ ٨أ٭ٶ جعطٴدّط٩ ٠ح ٝشأش ،ٳ٩ح ٙٲ٪ص ،ٳ٩ح قَٚصٙ ،شدز ئ٥ٶ ّٮذ قحؾطٸ ئ٥ٺٰ، ج٭٦ّ ٠ٶ ٤١ؽة ٝذٹش ٳقغرٮح جهلل ٳ٭ْ ٨ج٥ٴ١ٺ.٤
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بٕٙأسئٍخ ِغبة ػ ٣جألٳ 1 - G.R.: in large animals blood must be connected with respiratory medium? A - Because most of its cells living in the depths of the body far from the respiratory medium, so it is difficult for oxygen to reach to it . Communication of blood with respiratory medium allow blood to take oxygen and transferee it to cells , and release of carbon dioxide resulting from cell respiration to outside which is what is happens inside the lungs. غٶ ؟ٞطٮ٥ٴعو ج٥ ذح٧ذ٥ ج٤ ٹطق٫ أ٧ض٦ ٹ٨كؿ٥رٺشز ج١ كٺٴج٭حش٥ٸ جٙ : ٤٦ّ - 1 أخز٧ذ٦٥ ٴعو ٹطٺف٥ ذح٧ذ٥ ج٣ ٳجضقح.ٺٲح٥ ئ٬غؿٺ١ جأل٣رقْد ٳفٴٙ غٸٚطٮ٥ٴعو ج٥ ج٬ّ ذْٺذز٨ؿغ٥ جٛح٪ّٸ أٙ د خالٹحٱح ضْٺؼ٦ٕ أ٫ أل-ؼ .٬شتطٺ٥ ج٤ح ٹكذظ دجخ٩ خحسؼ ٳٱٴ٥ٶ ج٥خالٹح ئ٥ظ جٚ ضٮ٬٩ ٮحضؽ٥ ج٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ غح٭ٸ أٛ ئىال٠٥ز١خالٹح ٳ٥ ج٠٦ٶ ض٥س ئ٦طٴفٺ٥ ٬غؿٺ١جأل
2 - G.R.: pharynx is a common respiratory and digestive path? A - Because it is the path of air from the nose and mouth to the respiratory tract. At the same time it is the passage of food from the mouth to the digestive system. ؟ٟؾطش٩ غٶٚؿشٵ ٕزجتٸ ضٮ٩ ٧ْٴ٦ر٥ ج:٤٦ّ -0 .٨ٚ٥ ج٬٩ ٸ٪ٲن٥ؿٲحص ج٥ٶ ج٥ٖزجء ئ٥شٳس ج٪٥ ٜص ىشٹٝٴ٥ظ جٚٸ ٭ٙ ٳٱٴ،٨ٚ٥ جأل٭٘ ٳج٬٩ غٸٚطٮ٥ؿٲحص ج٥ٶ ج٥ٲٴجء ئ٥ش ذس ج٪ ٹٜ أل٭س ىشٹ-ؼ
3 - G.R.: the alveoli walls are actual respiratory surfaces? A - Because it is very thin and surrounded by a huge network of capillaries, which facilitate the exchange of gases. ٺس ؟٦ْٙ غٺسٚٲٴجتٺس ضْطرش أعيف ضٮ٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ ؾذس ج:٤٦ّ -3 . ٖحصجش٥ ج٣ٺس ضرحد٦٪ّ ٤ح ٹغٲ٪٩ ٴٹس٩ذ٥ؾْٺشجش ج٥ ج٬٩ س٪س مخ٢كحىس ذؾر٩س ؾذج ٳٞٺٝ أل٭ٲح س-ؼ
4 - G.R.: Man can get economic benefit from respiration of some types of bacteria? A - When some types of bacteria breath anaerobically produced lactic acid instead of alcohol this type called acid fermentation. Man benefit from this in many industries such as milk, cheese, butter and yogurt. طشٹح ؟٢ر٥ظ ذْل أ٭ٴجُ جٚ ضٮ٬٩ طقحدٹحٝ ج٫ٺذ جإل٭غحٚ ٹغط:٤٦ّ -4 ٺذٚ ٳٹغط،نٸ٪ك٥ش ج٪طخ٥ٮٴُ ج٥ٶ ٱزج ج٦ّ ٜ٦ ٳٹي،٣كٴ٢٥ ج٬٩ ذذال٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪طٺشٹح ال ٱٴجتٺح ٹٮطؽ ق٢ر٥ظ ذْل أ٭ٴجُ جٚح ضطٮ٩ ّٮذ-ؼ .ضذحدٷ٥ضذذ ٳج٥ ٳج٬ؿر٥ ٳج٫رح٥ جأل٤ػ٩ قٮحّحش٥ ج٬٩ ػٺش١ ٸٙ ٠٥ ر٬٩ ٫جإل٭غح
5 - Compare the alcoholic fermentation and acid fermentation ? Point of comparison Site End product
Alcoholic fermentation
نٸ ؟٪ك٥ش ج٪طخ٥ٸ ٳج٥كٴ٢٥ش ج٪طخ٥ ج٬ ذٺ٫حسٝ -5 Acid fermentation
Some fungi as yeast Ethyl alcohol + CO2
Muscles and some types of bacteria Lactic acid
6 - How do you prove by experiment that carbon dioxide evolved through respiration of green plants? خنشجء ؟٥ٮرحضحش ج٥ظ جٚ ضٮ٣ خال٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ غح٭ٸ أٛطؿشذس ج٭يال٥ٺ٘ ضػرص ذح١ -6
7 – Correct the error in the following statements with fixed what is above the line? A – Oxidation of one molecule Glucose in aerobic respiration produces 2 Molecules of ATP. (Answer: Produced 38 Molecules of ATP) 60
B - The first intermediate compound produced in Krebs cycle is citric acid. (Answer: ketoglutaric) ح ضكطس خو؟٩ ِ ضػرٺص٩ ْرحسجش جٻضٺس٥ٸ جٙ خيأ٥ فٴخ ج-7 )ATP ؾضب33 ؟ (ٹٮطؽATP ؾضب0 ٲٴجتٸ ٹٮطؽ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٸ جٙ ٴص٢ٺ٦ؿ٥غذز ؾضب ج١ ّٮذ أ-أ ) ٠ٴضشٹ٦ٺطٴؾ٢٥ (ج. ٠غطشٹ٥ل ج٪شذظ ٱٴ ق١ ٸ دٳسزٙ د ٳعيٶ ٹٮطؽ١ش٩ ٣ أٳ-خ
8 – Aerobic Oxidation of one molecule of glucose produces 38 Molecules of ATP. Explain this mathematically only? Stages Glycolysis : Split of glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid Conversion of 2 molecules of pyruvic acid to acetyl 2 krebs cycle
Total
و ؟ٞٙ قغحذٺح٠٥غش رٙ ..ATP. ؾضب33 ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٬٩ ؿضب ٳجقذ٥ ٲٴجتٺس٥غذز ج١ جأل٬ّ ٹٮطؽ-3 NADH molecules FAD H2 molecules ATP Total ATP molecules 2 x 3 = 6 ATP (each 2 6+2= 8 NADH gives to 3 ATP through electron transport chain ) 2 x 3 = 6 ATP 6
6 x 3 = 18ATP
10 x 3 = 30ATP
2 x 2 = APT (each FADH2 gives 2 ATP through electron transport chain ) 2 x 2= 4ATP
2
18 + 4 + 2 = 24
4
30 + 4 + 4 = 38
9 – What are the main stages of aerobic oxidation of one molecule of glucose? Its sites? A - (1) Glycolysis: occur in cytosole. (2) Krebs cycle: occurs in mitochondria. (3) Electron transport chain: occurs in mitochondria. قذٳغٲح؟٬١ح٩ قذد أ٨ٲٴجتٸ ؟ غ٥ٴٷ ج٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٴص أغٮحء ج١ٴ٦ؿ٥غذز ؾضب ج١ٸ أٙ ٨طٸ ضط٥ جألعحعٺس ج٤شجق٪٥ش ج١ أر-9 (ضكذظ٫طشٳ٢٥ جأل٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦) ع3( . )ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ٸ جٙ شذظ (ضكذظ١ ) دٳسز0( .)٣غٺطٴعٴ٥ٸ جٙ ٴص (ضكذظ١ٴ٦ؿ٥س أذؾيحس ج٦شق٩ )1( -ؼ . )ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ٸ جٙ
10 - Explain the difference between gas exchange and cellular respiration? ٴٷ ؟٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٖحصٷ ٳج٥ ج٣طرحد٥ ج٬ ذٺٛشٚ٥ ٳمف ج-15 ACellular respiration
Gas exchange Definition: It is the process by which the living organism It is the process by which cells of living organism uptake Oxygen and release CO2 : extracted energy from bonds in the food 1- In unicellular animals: it occurs by direct molecules (glucose) manufactured by the plant or diffusion to and from atmospheric air. eaten by the animal, and use this energy by the 2- In multicellalar animals: Through respiratory cell to perform its vital functions and generating system molecules of ATP inside the cells of living organism. Aim: uptake Oxygen and release CO2 release the energy and use by the cell to perform its vital functions and activities Waste products: - CO2 & Water. Site : Occurs within the cell Occurs at the lung alveoli Cells takes oxygen from blood and gives CO2 blood takes oxygen from the respiratory medium
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obtained from the cell resoiration to the blood.
and gives CO2 obtained from the tissues to the respiratory medium.
ٴٷ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ج ٮٲح٩ ططكشس٥ ٧يْح٥ؿضٹثحش ج٥ ٺس٦خ٥ ج٤ ضكذظ دجخ٧ٺس ٱذ٦٪ّ كٺٴٹس٥ٲح ٳأ٭ؾيطٲح جٚٸ ٳٍحتٙ ٧ ضغطخذ٫ أ٬٢٪طٸ ٹ٥س جٝيح٥ج .حء٪٥ ٳج٫شذٴ٢٥ غح٭ٸ أعٺذ ج٠٥ز٥ ٘٦ٳٹطخ
ٖحصٵ٥ ج٣طرحد٥ج ٺس٦ّ ٜ٦ ٳٹي٬شتطٺ٥ ج٤غٸ دجخٚطٮ٥ٴعو ج٥ ذح٧ذ٥ ج٣ٺس أ٭قح٦٪ّ غٸٚطٮ٥ٴعو ج٥ ج٬٩ ٬غؿٺ١ جأل٧ذ٥شتٴٹس قٺع ٹأخز ج٥طٲٴٹس ج٥ج أ٭غؿس٬٩ ٰٺ٦ّ ٤زٷ قق٥ ج٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ٺس غح٭ٸ أأ٥ ئٜ٦ٳٹي .٨ؿغ٥ج
11 – In the following figure in front of you: (a) Mention the final results of the change, which happens to a molecules of glucose in each case where the points. (b) What is called each of the processes (2.3, 4)? ٶ٦ّ ٜ٦حرج ٹي٩ ) (خ.وٞٮ٥ ج٫ح٢٩ س٥ قح٤١ ٸٙ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ؿضب ج٥ زٷ ٹكذظ٥طٖٺش ج٦٥ ٮٲحتٺس٥ٮطحتؽ ج٥ش ج١ (أ) أر:٠٩ح٩ أ٧شعٴ٪٥ ج٤٢ؾ٥ٸ جٙ -11 )؟4 ، 3 ، 0( ٺحش٦٪ْ٥ ج٬٩ ٤١
(3)
(2)
Answer (A) :
Answer (B) : 1- Process (2) → Alcoholic fermentation. 2- Process (3) → Aerobic cellular respiration. 3- Process (4) → Acidic fermentation.
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س٦ؿ٪٥ج I- Complete: 1 – One molecule of ATP is formed of 3 units which are adenine .........&. .... (Ribose sugar three phosphate groups) )حشٚٴعٙ ٴّحش٪ؿ٩ شٹرٴص – غالظ٥ش ج٢ (ع.... ٳ.......... ٳ٬ ٳقذجش ٱٸ جألد٭ٺ3 ٬٩ ATPِ ٬٩ ٴجقذ٥ؿضء ج٥ ج٫ٴ٢ ٹط-1
2 - During anaerobic respiration in yeast Pyruvic acid is converted to............. (Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide). )٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ٶ ٳ غح٭ٸ أ٦ جغٺ٣كٴ١(.............ٶ٥ٺشز ئ٪خ٥ٸ ٭رحش جٙ الٱٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٸ أغٮحء جٙ ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣ ٹطكٴ-0
3 - If oxygen is available, lactic acid formed at anaerobic respiration is transformed into.......... Again, and then to............ (pyruvic acid - acetyl Co A.) – ٠ٺٙل ذٺشٳ٪ (ق............ٶ٥ ئ٨شز أخشٵ غ٩ ..........ٶ٥الٱٴجتٶ ئ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ّٮذ ج٫ٴ٢ط٪٥ ج٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪ ق٣ ٹطكٴ٬غؿٺ١ش جألٙ ئرج ضٴج-3 ) ٰٴ جٹ١ ٤أعطٺ
4 - Ventilation of the lungs during the respiratory cycle Do not exceed the ……......% of lungs capacity and in each lung there is ……alveoli......... (10% - 600 million). - %15(.س ٱٴجتٺس٦قٴٹق........ ستس ٭كٴ٤٢ٲح ٳٹٴؾذ ذ٥ ٺس٦٢٥غْس ج٥ ج٬٩ %........... غٺسٚطٮ٥ذٳسز ج٥ ج٣ خال٬شتطٺ٥ ال ضطؿحٳص ضٲٴٹس ج-4 .)٫ٺٴ٦٩ 655
5 - In the process of respiration citric acid produced from combination of............ With .......... (Acetyl group – Oxalo- asatic acid). .)٠ٴأعٺطٺ٥غح١ل أٳ٪ – ق٤ٴّس أعٺطٺ٪ؿ٩( .......... ِ٩ ............ جضكحد٬٩ ٠غطشٹ٥ل ج٪ظ ٹٮطؽ قٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٸٙ -5
6 – During oxidative phosphorylation the released energy is used to support the formation of ......... from ........( ATP from ADP). )ATP from ADP(........ ؾضب٬٩ ......... ؾضب٬ٴٹ٢ ض٨ّٸ دٙ سٞ٦ٮي٪٥س جٝيح٥ ج٧غذٹس ضغطخذ١طأ٥شز جٚغٚ٥ أغٮحء ج-6
7 - .......... called sound box. (Larynx) )كٮؿشز٥ (ج. قٴش٥ جٛ ذقٮذٳ.......... ٗ ضْش-7
8 - Respiratory tract of mammals is characterized by the presence of respiratory muscle called the …………..(diaphragm) )كحؾض٥كؿحخ ج٥(ج........... ٶ٪غٺس ضغٚس ضٮ٦ػذٹٺحش ذٴؾٴد ّن٦٥ غٸٚطٮ٥ؿٲحص ج٥ٺض ج٪ ٹط-3
9 - The number of alveoli in one-lung is about........... (600 million) )٫ٺٴ٦٩ 655( ...........ٸ٥ٲٴجتٺس قٴج٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ٔ ّذد ج٦ٴجقذز ٹر٥شتس ج٥ٸ جٙ -9
10 - Krebs cycle reactions do not require the presence of...........(oxygen) )٬غؿٺ١(أٳ...........شذظ ٳؾٴد١ حّالش دٳسزٚد ض٦ ال ضطي-15
11 - Union of the phosphate group with ADP leads to the formation.......... (ATP molecule). )ATP molecule(.......... ٬ٴٹ٢ٶ ض٥ ٹإدٵ ئADP
ِ ؾضب٩ حضٺسٚٴعٙ ٴّس٪ؿ٩ جضكحد-11
12 –………consumed in one Krebs cycle, while .......... enters Krebs cycle and exit from it as it is to start the cycle again. (Acetyl group - Oxalacetic acid) – ٤ٴّس أعطٺ٪ؿ٩(. شز أخشٵ٩ ٤غ٦طغ٥ٺرذأ ج٥ ح ٱٴ٪١ شذظ ٳٹخشؼ١ دٳسز.......... ٤ح ٹذخ٪ ذٺٮ، ٳجقذٯ.......... شذظ١ ٸ دٳسزٙ ٠٦ ضغطٲ-10 )٠ٴجعٺطٺ٥غح١ل أٳ٪ق
13 - Pyruvic acid is transformed in anaerobic respiration to either.......... Or to........ according to.......... (Lactic acid - ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide - the type of cell) ٶ٦ جٹػٺ٣كٴ١ – ٠طٺ١ل ال٪ (ق.......... قغد................ٶ٥ أٳ ئ..........ٶ٥ح ئ٩الٱٴجتٶ أ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٸٙ ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣ ٹطكٴ-13 ) ٺس٦خ٥ – ٭ٴُ ج٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ غح٭ٸ أ+
14 - Number of ATP molecules resulting from breakdown of molecule of glucose aerobically ..................( 38) )38(.................. ٴص ٱٴجتٺح١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ؾضب ج٧ ٱذ٬٩ ٮحضؿس٥ جATP ّذد ؾضٹثحش-14
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15 – Anaerobic respiration in muscle tissue produce ............, While anaerobic respiration in plant cells produce …….and .........(Lactic acid - ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide) .........ٳ...........ٮرحش٥ٸ خالٹح جٙ الٱٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٬ّ ٘٦ح ٹطخ٪ ذٺٮ............ْنالش٥ٸ أ٭غؿس جٙ الٱٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٬ّ ٘٦ ٹطخ-15 )٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ غح٭ٸ أ+ ٶ٦ جٹػٺ٣كٴ١ – ٠طٺ١ل ال٪(ق
16 - Anaerobic respiration in yeast is called.......... While anaerobic respiration in the muscles of the body is called.......... (Alcohol fermentation – acidic fermentation). – ٸ٥كٴ١ ش٪ (ضخ.......... ٨ؿغ٥ٸ ّنالش جٙ الٱٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٶ ج٦ّ ٜ٦ح ٹي٪ ذٺٮ.......... ٺشز٪خ٥ٸ جٙ الٱٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٶ ج٦ّ ٜ٦ ٹي-16 ) نٸ٩ش قح٪٭خ
17 - The process of oxidative phosphorylation leads to formation of ….molecules.
(ATP)
)ATP( ............ ؾضٹثحش٬ٴٹ٢غذٹس ٹٮؾأ ّٮٲح ض١طأ٥شز جٚغٚ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ -17
18 - Production of lactic acid from glucose known as ..........( acid fermentation) )ل٩كح٥ش ج٪طخ٥(ج.......... ٨ٴص ٹْشٗ ذحع١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٬٩ ٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪ أ٭طحؼ ق-13
19 – Complete burning of seven molecules of glucose requires …….. Krebs cycle.( 14 times) )شز٩ 14(........... شذظ١ ضذٳس دٳسز٫ أ٧ض٦س ٹغط٦٩ح١ ٴص ذقٴسز١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٬٩ عرِ ؾضٹثحشٛ جقطشج-19
20 - During oxidation of glucose in cytosol, hydrogen atoms stripped of receiving by …….compound.( NAD +). .)NAD+(...........د١ش٩ ذٴجعيس٤رٞٮضٳّس ضغط٪٥ ج٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥ رسجش ج٫حٙ ٣غٺطٴعٴ٥ٸ جٙ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥غذز ج١ أغٮحء أ-05
II- Select the correct answer: 1 - Most of the enzymes and coenzymes in the cell present in........... (Nucleus mitochondria - ribosome - Plastids). .) رالعطٺذز٥ ج- ٧شٹرٴعٴ٥ب – ج٠ٔذسٛوٛز١ٌّٮٴجز – ا٥(ج........… ٸٙ ٺس٦خ٥ٸ جٙ طٲح ضٴؾذٞٙشج٩حش ٳ٪ جأل٭ضٹ٨َْ٩ -1
2 – Complete combustion of glucose molecule requires that the rate of Krebs cycle .....(Twice - once - three times - five times). .) شجش٩ ظ٪شجش – خ٩ شز ٳجقذز – غالظ٩ – ٓ١(ِشر..... ٣ْذ٪شذظ ذ١ ضذٳس دٳسز٫ أ٧ض٦س ٹغط٦٩ح١ ٴص ذقٴسز١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ؾضب جٛ جقطشج-0
3 - The process of glycolysis of cellular respiration occurs in.......... (Nucleus - endoplasmic reticulum - cytosole - mitochondria). .) ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ ج-يٛسٛز١ٺس – اٌس٩س جأل٭ذٳذالص٢ؾر٥ٮٴجز – ج٥(ج..........ٸٙ ٲٴجتٸ٥ٴٷ ج٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٸ جٙ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ٺس ج٭ؾيحس ج٦٪ّ ضكذظ-3
4 – From the inner membrane of mitochondria rise folds called ........( Cytosole - Matrix Grana - shelves). .) األػشاف- ؿشج٭ح٥ظ – ج١حضش٪٥ – ج٣غٺطٴعٴ٥(ج........ٶ٪ٴ٭ذسٹح ج٭ػٮحءجش ضغ١ٺطٴ٪٦٥ ٸ٦ذجخ٥ٖؾحء ج٥ ج٬٩ ٹرشص-4
5 – Trachea is lined from inside by........ (Vocal cords - cartilage rings – mucous membrane – ciliated mucous membrane). .)ٲذخ٩ خحىٸ٩ – ٕؾحءٟٺٰ – غطبء ِخبؼٙحش ٕنشٳٞ٦ فٴضٺس – ق٣(أقرح........ ذٴجعيس٤ذجخ٥ ج٬٩ ٲٴجتٺس٥قرس جٞ٥ ج٬ ضري-5
6 - During the process of inspiration in humans, the diaphragm.............. (Rise - fall remains constant - fall and then rise). .)ِٚ ٹشض٨ل غٚٶ غحذطح – ٹٮخٕٞخفط – ٹر٠ – ِٚ(ٹشض.............. كحؾض٥كؿحخ ج٥ ج٫حٙ ٫ٸ جإل٭غحٙ ٜؾٲٺ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ أغٮحء-6
7 - The compounds FAD & NAD are...................... (Nitrogen base ring - enzymes – co enzymes - carbohydrates) )شٹحش٢ّبد ِسبػذح – ع٠حش – إٔض٪ٺٰ – ئ٭ضٹٞ٦ٴجّذ ٭ٺطشٳؾٺٮٺس قٝ( ...................... FAD & NED رحش١ش٩ ضْطرش-7
8 - During inspiration, the diaphragm of the man..... (Fall - rise - flattens - fluctuate remains static) )ٮح١ عح٤َِ – ٹٮرغو – ٹطزذزخ – ٹٕٚخفط – ٹشض٠(.....٫إل٭غح٥ كحؾض٥كؿحخ ج٥ ج٫حٙ ٜؾٲٺ٥ أغٮحء ج-3
9 - Material that can not provide energy for living cell............ (Fat - water - protein carbohydrates). )شذٴٱٺذسجش٢٥ ج- ٬رشٳضٺ٥ – اٌّبء – ج٫ذٱٴ٥(ج............ كٺس٥ٺس ج٦خ٦٥ سٝش ىحٙ ضٴ٫ٮٲح أ٢٪طٸ ال ٹ٥حدز ج٪٥ ج-9
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10 – On conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl Co enzyme A NAD + molecule undergo…. ........... (Split - decomposition - Oxidation - reduction). .)غذٯ – اخزضاي١ – أ٤٦ (أذؾيحس – ضك...........NAD+
ؿضب٥ أ ٹكذظ٨ٴ ئ٭ضٹ١ ٤ٶ أعطٺ٥ ئ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣ ّٮذ ضكٴ-15
11 - During cellular respiration the process of glycolysis occurs in........... (Stroma cytoplasm - matrix - cell sap) )ٴٷ٦خ٥ْقٺش ج٥حدز جألعحط – ج٩ – َثالصٛز١ح – اٌس٩غطشٳ٥(ج...........ٸٙ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ٺس أذؾيحس ج٦٪ّ ٴٷ ضكذظ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ أغٮحء ج-11
12 - Organisms that can convert pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide........ (Amoeba - milk bacteria - yaglina - yeast - paramecium) – ٬ر٦٥طشٹح ج٢ٺرح – ذ٩ (جأل........٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ٶ ٳغح٭ٸ أ٦ جٹػٺ٣كٴ١ ٶ٥ ئ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٤طٸ ضغطيٺِ ضكٴٹ٥كٺس ج٥حتٮحش ج٢٥ ج٬٩ -10 ) ٧ٺغٺٴ٩رشج٥شح – ج١ّٺٮح – اٌخ٦ٺٴؾ٥ج
13 – Two molecules of ATP liberated in anaerobic respiration during............ (Glycolysis reduction of pyruvic acid - pyruvic acid oxidation). .)٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪غذز ق١ – أ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣ص – جخطضجٛوٍٛ(أثطؽبس اٌغ............ الٱٴجتٶ ّٮذ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٸ جٙ ATP ٫ ٹطكشس ؾضٹثح-13
14 - Ventilation of the lungs not exceed.......... Of its capacity. (5% - 10% - 15% - 20% 40%) )%45 - %05 - %15 - %11 - %5( . ٲح٥ ٺس٦٢٥غْس ج٥ ج٬٩ ..........٬ّ ٬شتطٺ٥. ٰ ال ضطؿحٳص ضٲٴٹ-14
15 – Lowering of the ribs caused by.......... Intercostals muscle. (Contraction – relaxation decomposition) )٤٦ ضك- رحك – أجسبغٞ (ج٭. ُٴ٦ن٥ ج٬ْنالش ذٺ٥ ج..........دظ ذغرد.ُٴ٦ن٥حك ججٚ ج٭خ-15
16 - Through both lungs man lose amount of water about ......... cm 3 per day. (200 - 500 1500 to 2500 - 3500) )3555 -0555 -1555 – 511 – 055( .ًٺح٩ٹٴ.ًٺح٩ٹٴ...... ٶ٥ذس ذكٴجٞحء ض٪٥ ج٬٩ ٺس٪١ ٫ذ جإل٭غحٞٚ ٹ٬شتطٺ٥ جٜ ىشٹ٬ّ -16
III- What is the scientific term of each of the following: 1 - The process by which the cells of the organism extracting stored energy in chemical bonds of food molecules, which are made by plants or eaten by animals . (Cellular respiration) .٫كٺٴج٥ٲح ج٥ٮرحش أٳ ٹطٮحٳ٥طٸ ٹقٮْٲح ج٥ ج٧يْح٥ؿضٹثحش ج٥ ٺحتٺس٪ٺ٢٥شٳجذو ج٥ٸ جٙ خطض٭س٪٥س جٝيح٥كٸ ج٥ ج٬حت٢٥ٺس ضغطخشؼ ذٲح خالٹح ج٦٪ّ -1 )ٴٷ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥(ج
2 - Carriers carry electrons in a specific path at the end of the process of respiration (cytochromes) )حش٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ظ (جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٸ ٭ٲحٹسٙ كذد٩ غحس٩ ٸٙ طشٳ٭حش٢٥ جال٤٪الش ضك٩ قح-0
3 - Respiratory muscle contributes mainly in the mechanism of respiration. (Diaphragm) )كحؾض٥كؿحخ ج٥ (ج. ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٥ٸ آٙ س أعحعٺسٚ ذق٨غٺس ضغٲٚس ضٮ٦ ّن-3
4 - The mechanism that regularly movement lungs during gases exchange. (Mechanism of respiration). .)ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٢ح٭ٺ٢ٺ٩( ٖحصجش٥ ج٣ أغٮحء ضرحد٧ ذح٭طَح٬شتطٺ٥س ج١ٶ قش٦ّ ٤٪ْطٸ ض٥ٺس ج٥ جٻ-4
5 - The process of anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid. (Acid fermentation) )نٸ٪ك٥ش ج٪طخ٥ (ج. ٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪ظ ال ٱٴجتٶ ٹٮطؽ ّٮٲح قٚٺس ضٮ٦٪ّ -5
6 – Zone of cytoplasm in which glycolysis occurs. (cytosole). .)٣غٺطٴصٳ٥ٴص (ج١ٴ٦ؿ٥ٺٲح ج٭ؾيحس جٙ ٨ ٹط٧غٺطٴذالص٥ٸ جٙ سٞٮي٩ -6
7 – Compound stored energy and generated by cellular respiration. (ATP) )ATP( .ٴٷ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٬ّ ٮحضؿس٥س جٝيح٥ٺس جٙ ٫د ٹخطض١ش٩ -7
8 – Condensed solution fills the mitochondria. (Matrix) )حدٯ جألعحط٩( .ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٦٥ ٺس٦ذجخ٥كؾٴز ج٥أل ج٪ػ٘ ٹ٢٩ ٣ٴ٦ك٩ -3
9 - Organic acid produced from glycolysis during cellular respiration. (Pyruvic acid) 65
)٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ (ق.ٴٷ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٴص أغٮحء ج١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٭ؾيحس ج٬٩ ل ّنٴٷ ٹٮطؽ٪ ق-9
10 - Organic acid produced from anaerobic respiratory in muscles. (Lactic acid) )٠طٺ١ل ال٪ (ق. ْنالش٥ال ٱٴجتٶ ذح٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٬٩ ل ّنٴٷ ٹٮطؽ٪ ق-15
11 – Process by which the cells of the organism extracting energy stored in chemical bonds of food molecules (cellular respiration) )ٴٷ٦ظ خٚ (ضٮ٧يْح٥ؿضٹثحش ج٥ ٺحتٺس٪ٺ٢٥شٳجذو ج٥ٸ جٙ خضٳ٭س٪٥س جٝيح٦٥ كٸ٥ ج٬حت٢٥ٺس جعطخشجؼ خالٹح ج٦٪ّ -11
12 - A type of fermentation carried out by several types of bacteria, resulting in acid instead of alcohol. (Acidic fermentation) )نٸ٩ش قح٪ (ضخ.٣كٴ٢٥ ج٬٩ ل ذذال٪طٺشٹح ٳٹٮطؽ ّٮس ق٢ر٥ ج٬٩ ُ ذٰ ّذز أ٭ٴج٧ٴٞش ض٪طخ٥ ج٬٩ ُ ٭ٴ-10
13 - Drop of electrons from high energy levels to low energy levels with release of energy which is used in building of ATP molecules from ADP molecules (oxidative phosphorilation). ؾضٹثحش٬٩ATP ٶ ذٮحء ؾضٹثحشٙ سٞ٦ٮي٪٥س جٝيح٥ ج٧نس ٳجعطخذجٚٮخ٩ سٝغطٴٹحش ىح٪٥ ٺس٥س ّحٝغطٴٹحش ىح٩ ٬٩ طشٳ٭حش٢٥ ٱرٴه جال-13 .)ٰغذٹ١شٯ ضأٚغٙ( ADP
IV- Correct words above the line: ح ضكطس خو٩ فكف 1 - The number of alveoli in the lung is approximately 200 million per vesicle. (600) 2 – Complete combustion of glucose need Krebs cycle at rate of one time. (Twice) 3 - Man loss 250 cm3 of water through the lungs. (500 cm3) 4 - The first step in oxidation of glucose molecule is transfer of electrons. (Glycolysis) )655( .س٦ قٴٹق٫ٺٴ٦٩ 055 ٴجقذز ٭كٴ٥شتس ج٥ٸ جٙ ٲٴجتٺس٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ ّذد ج٤ ٹق-1 )٬شضٺ٩( . شٯ ٳجقذٯ٩ ٣ْذ٪شذظ ذ١ ضذٳس دٳسز٫ أ٧ض٦س ٹغط٦٩ح١ ٴص ذقٴسز١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ؾضب جٛ جقطشج-0 )3 ٨ ع555( .٬شتطٺ٥ ج٣حء خال٪٥ ج٬٩ 3 ٨ ع055 ٺح٩ ٹٴ٫ذ جإل٭غحٞٚ ٹ-3 )ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ (أذؾيحس ج.طشٳ٭حش٢٥ جال٤ٞٴص ٱٸ ٭١ٴ٦ؿ٥غذز ؾضب ج١ٶ أل٥خيٴز جألٳ٥ ج-4
V- G.R. 1 - Krebs cycle does not require the presence of oxygen? A - Because all the electrons and protons, which removed in oxidation of carbon received by FAD & NAD + as oxidation is loss of electrons. ؟٬غؿٺ١د ٳؾٴد جأل٦شذظ ال ضطي١ دٳسز-1 .طشٳ٭حش٢٥ذ جالٞٙ غذز ٱٸ١حألٙ FAD & NAD+ ذٴجعيس٤رٞ ضغط٫شذٴ٢٥غذز ج١ٸ أٙ ٣طٸ ضضج٥رشٳضٴ٭حش ج٥طشٳ٭حش ٳج٢٥ جال٤١ ٫ أل- ؾـ
2 - Increased lactic acid in muscle tissue after performing strenuous exercises? A - Because the oxygen available in these cells is not enough to get big energy need by the cell , therefore it convert a quantity of glycogen store in it to lactic acid (deposited in the muscles to get more energy in what is known as acid fermentation ). س ؟ْٝنالش ذْذ أدجء ضذسٹرحش ؽح٥ٸ أ٭غؿس جٙ ٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪ ضضجٹذ ق-0 ٬٩ ٺس٪١ ٤ٶ ضكٴٹ٥ؿأ ئ٦ ض٠٥ز٥ٺس ٳ٦خ٥طٸ ضكطحؾٲح ج٥رٺشز ج٢٥س جٝيح٥ٶ ج٦ّ ٣كقٴ٦٥ ٺحٙح١ ٫ٴ٢خالٹح ال ٹ٥ ج٠٦ٸ ضٙ شٙطٴج٪٥ ج٬غؿٺ١ جأل٫ أل-ؾـ ش٪طخ٥ح ٹْشٗ ذح٪ٺٙ سٝيح٥ ج٬٩ ضٹذ٩ ٶ٦ّ ٤طكق٥ ْنالش٥ٸ جٙ (ٹطشعد٠طٺ١ل ال٪ٶ ق٥ ئ٨ٴص غ١ٴ٦ٶ ؾ٥ٺٲح ئٙ ٫خض٪٥ ج٬ٴؾٺ٢ٺ٦ك٥ج .)نٸ٪ك٥ج
3 - Breathe through the nose is preferable than respiration from the mouth? A - (1) the presence of blood capillaries worming the air. (2) Mucosa lining of the nose moisten the air. (3) The hairs prevent dusts and microbes and filtrate air. ؟٨ٚ٥ ج٬٩ ظٚطٮ٥ ج٬ّ ٘ جأل٭٬٩ ظٚطٮ٥ ج٤نٚ ٹ-3 ؾْٺشجش٥ ج٤٪ْ) ض3( .ٲٴجء٥ٶ ضشىٺد ج٦ّ ٘أل٭٥ ٬ري٪٥خحىٸ ج٪٥ٖؾحء ج٥ ج٤٪ْ) ٹ0( .ٲٴجء٥س جٙٶ ضذ٦ّ ٤٪ْٴٹس ض٩) ٳؾٴد ؽْٺشجش د1( -ؾـ .ٲٴجء٥ٶ ضشؽٺف ج٦ّشٳذحش ٳ٢ٺ٪٥طشذس ٳج٥ٶ قؿض ج٦ّ
4 - Part of air remains in the lungs after expiration? A- To worm the new air inside the lungs quickly. To prevent adhesion wall of the alveoli. ٺش؟ٙض٥ ذْذ ج٬شتطٺ٥ٸ جٙ ٲٴجء٥ ج٬٩ شجس ؾضء٪٘ ذحعط٦ ٹطخ-4 . ٲٴجتٺس٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ ؾذجس جٛطقح٥ ج٧ٶ ّذ٦ّ ٌٙٺكح٥ ٳ.٬شتطٺ٥ٶ ج٥.ٲٴجتٺس٥ؿذٹح٥ٲٴجء ج٥ثس جٙٶ عشّس ضذ٦ّ ٤٪ْٺ٥ - ؾـ
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5 - The wall of alveoli similar to actual respiratory surface? A - (1) the walls is thin to facilitate exchange of gases. (2) Walls are moist to facilitate dissolution of oxygen and carbon dioxide during gas exchange. (3) Wall surrounding by a huge network of capillaries its blood picks up oxygen from the air sacs and transmitted it to the body cells. (4) The number of alveoli in the lung about 600 million per lung, which increases the respiratory surface area. ٺس؟٦ْٙ غٺسٚ أعيف ضٮ٤حغ٪ٲٴجتٺس ض٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ ؾذجس ج-5 )3( .ٖحصجش٥ ج٣ أغٮحء ضرحد٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ ٳغح٭ٸ أ٬غؿٺ١ جأل٫ رٳذح٤ٺغٲ٥ ؿذس سىرس٥) ج0( . ٖحصجش٥ ج٣ ضرحد٤ٺغٲ٥ سٞٺٝؿذس س٥ ج٠٦) ض1( - ؾـ ٶ خالٹح٥س ئ٦ٞٺٮ٥ كٴٹقالش٥ ٱٴجء ج٬٩ ٬غؿٺ١ٲح جأل٩و دٞط٦طٸ ٹ٥ٴٹس ٳج٩ذ٥ؾْٺشجش ج٥ ج٬٩ س٪س مخ٢ٲٴجتٺس ؽر٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ٹكٺو ذؿذجس ج .غٸٚطٮ٥غيف ج٥غحقس ج٩ ٬٩ ح ٹضٹذ٪٩ س٦ قٴٹق٫ٺٴ٦٩ 655 ٸ٥ٴجقذز قٴج٥شتس ج٥ٸ جٙ كٴٹقالش٥ٔ ّذد ج٦) ٹر4( .٨ؿغ٥ج
6 - Trachea is supported by cartilage rings incomplete from behind? A - (1) to remain it always open. (2) To allow for esophageal stretching at moment of passage of food bolus. ٘ ؟٦خ٥ ج٬٩ قس جالعطذجسزٝٺس ٭حٙحش ٕنشٳٞ٦ٲٴجتٺس ق٥قرس جٞ٥ ج٨ّ ٹذ-6 .شب٪٥ٖزجتٺس ذح٥ْس ج٦ر٥شٳس ج٩ َٰك٥ ذد٪ط٥شبء ذح٪٦٥ ف٪ٸ ضغ١ )0( .ح٪طٴـ دجتٚ٩ ش ٱٴجتٸ٪٩ ٤َٶ ض١ )1( - ؾـ
7 - Respiration from the nose better than the health? A- Because the nasal passage (1) warm: by capillaries in its lining. (2) Wet: by mucous produced by mucosa. (3) Filter: by its hair which works as filter and mucus on it dust and microbes stick. قكٺس؟٥ٮحقٺس ج٥ ج٬٩ ٤نٙ جأل٭٘ أ٬٩ ظٚطٮ٥ ج-7 ؽْش٬٩ ح ٹكطٴٷ٪ ذ:شؽف٩ )3( .خحه٩ ٬٩ ٺسٙ شصزٚح ٹ٪ ذ:) سىد0( .ػٺشز١ ٴٹس٩ ؽْٺشجش د٬٩ ح ٹريٮس٪ ذ:ةٙ) دج1( ش٪٩ ٘ جأل٭٫ أل- ؾـ .شٳذحش٢ٺ٪٥ٺس جألضشذس ٳج٦ّ ٜطق٦خحه ض٩حز ٳٚق٪١ ٤٪ْٹ
8 - ATP molecule is called the currency of energy in the cell? A - Because when it breaks down to ADP; an amount of energy (7-12 kcal per mole) will release which promoting the chemical reactions that need energy. ٺس ؟٦خ٥ٸ جٙ سٝيح٥س ج٦٪ْ ذATP د ؾضبٞ٦ ٹ-3 ٺحتٺس٪ٺ٢٥حّالش جٚط٥ِ جٙٸ دٙ ٨) ٹغٲ٣ٴ٩ ٤٢٥ رٺش١ عْش قشجسٷ10 – 7( سٝيح٥ ج٬٩ ذجسٞ٩ ٜ٦ ٹٮيADP ٶ٥ئATP ٤٦ح ٹطك٩ أل٭س ّٮذ- ؾـ .سٝٶ ىح٥طٸ ضكطحؼ ئ٥ج
VI – Other questions: 1- From the following figure: connect the correct words with each number. A- Aerobic respiration. (4) B- Change occurs in the liver. (3) C- Anaerobic respiration. (1 & 5) D- Organic substance formed inside plant in storage parts. (2)
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♣
♣ إٌذ
1 – G.R. :ًٍػ
1 - Krebs cycle does not require the presence of oxygen. A - Because oxidation in it is loss of electrons; all electrons and protons removed during oxidation of carbon received by NAD +, FAD. .٬غؿٺ١د ٳؾٴد جألٳ٦شذظ ال ضطي١ دٳسز-1 ، NAD ذٴجعيس٤رٞ ضغط٫شذٴ٢٥غذز ج١ٸ أٙ ٣طٸ ضضج٥رشٳضٴ٭حش ج٥طشٳ٭حش ٳج٢٥ جإل٤٢ٙ طشٳ٭حش٢٥ذ جإلٞٙ ٬ّ ٺٲح ّرحسزٙ غذز١ جأل٫ أل-ؼ . FAD II- Compare between :ِٓ ًٓ و١لبسْ ث +
1 - Aerobic respiration - anaerobic respiration. ** Answer: Point of comparison
Site of glycolysis End products of glycolysis Site of pyruic acid reaction Products of pyruvic acid reaction
In cytosol of the cell 2 pyruvic acid + 2 NADH + 2 ATP
Anaerobic Respiration (fermentation) Occur in absence of oxygen and presence of certain enzymes. Pyruvic acid turn into ethyl alcohol or lactic acid, depending on the type of cell. In cytoplasm Oxygen is not required , but completed by enzymes In cytoplasm The same products
Mitochondria
In cytoplasm
Oxidized into acetyl Co – A + NADH + CO2
Break down of glucose End products for one glucose molecule
Complete break down
Reduced into : 1- in yeast: alcoholic fermentation ethyl alcohol + CO2. 2- In muscles: Lactic fermentation lactic acid. Incomplete break down
Time of application No of ATP released Production of CO2 Kind of organisms
Occurs all the time High : 38 ATP Always is one from end products All air – respiration organisms
Site of process Needing of oxygen
Aerobic Respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen Pyruvic acid turns into an acetyl coenzyme – A which enters the Krebs cycle Inside the cell, mainly in mitochondria Oxygen is required
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP
Most of the energy in the glucose molecule liberated.
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1- In yeast: 2 ethyl alcohol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP. 2- In muscle : 2 lactic acid + 2 ATP. Lower or missing of O2. Low : 2 ATP Produced only in alcoholic fermentation. Yeast, plant cells, muscles and some bacteria. Energy in the glucose molecule is partially liberated
2 - Cellular respiration - gas exchange. see before III- Other questions : ٜأسئٍخ أخش
1 - What is known about : ATP, NAD +, FAD, COA, oxidative phosphorylation, acid fermentation, cytochromes)? . ) حش٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ ج، نٸ٪ك٥ش ج٪طخ٥ ج، غذٹس١طأ٥شز جٚغٚ٥ ج، COA ، FAD ، NAD+ ، ATP ) ؾضب٬ّ ٗحرج ضْش٩ -1
** Answer: 1 –ATP: is the cell's energy currency and is made up of: A) adenine (nitrogen base). B) Pentathlon sugar (ribose). C) 3 phosphate groups. . ) شٹرٴص٥حعٸ ( ج٪ش خ٢ خ) ع. ) حّذز ٭ٺطشٳؾٺٮٺسٝ ( ٬ أ ) جألدٹٮٺ: ٬٩ د١ٺس ٳٹطش٦خ٥ٸ جٙ سٝيح٥س ج٦٪ّ : ATP ؾضب-1 . حشٚٴعٙ ٴّحش٪ؿ٩ 3 )ؾـ
2 - NAD + : Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucletide; it is co enzyme which carries electrons and receive proton and two electrons and is reduced to NADH. ٶ٥ ئ٣ ٳٹخطض٬طشٳ٭ٺ٢٥ ٳئ٫ ذشٳضٴ٤رٞ ٳٹغط٫طشٳ٢٥ ئ٤٩كح١ ٤٪ْ ٹ٨غحّذ ئ٭ضٹ٩ ٴضٺذ ٳٱٴ٦١ٮٺٴ٥ غٮحتٸ ج٬ٺذأدٹطٺ٩ أ٬طٺ١ ٭ٺٴNAD + -0 . NADH
3 - FAD : Flavin adenine Dinucletide; it is a co enzyme and works as electron carrier and receives two electron and two protons and is reduced to FADH2. . FADH2 ٶ٥ ئ٣ ٳٹخطض٬طشٳ٭ٺ٢٥ ٳئ٬ ذشٳضٴ٭ٺ٤رٞ ٳٹغط٫طشٳ٢٥ ئ٤٩كح١ ٤٪ْ ٳٹ٨غحّذ ئ٭ضٹ٩ ٴضٺذ ٳٱٴ٦١ٮٺٴ٥ غٮحتٸ ج٬ أدٹٮٺ٬ٺٙالٙ FAD -3
4 - COA : is co enzyme ; combined with acetyl group (2C) → compound (acetyl co - A) which enters the Krebs cycle to obtain energy. Then COA separated and repeated its work again.
٨س غٝيح٥ٶ ج٦ّ ٣كقٴ٦٥ شذظ١ دٳسز٠٥ ذْذ ر٤د ٹذخ١ش٩ ٫ٴ٢ ٳٹط2C ٤ٴّس جألعطٺ٪ؿ٩ ِ٩ ٹطكذ٨غحّذ ئ٭ضٹ٩ أ ٳٱٴ٨ٴئ٭ضٹ١ COA -4 . شز أخشٵ٩ ٰ٦٪ّ شس٢ ٳٹCOA ٤قٚٹٮ
5 – Cytochromes: electron carrier chain, each carrying two electrons received from NADH, FADH2 . They are chemical compounds with similar structures, but differ in carrying electrons on various energy levels. ٺحتٺس رجش ذٮحء٪ٺ١ رحش١ش٩ ٳٱٶFADH2 ، NADH ٬٩ ٨ٲ٦رٞ ضغط٬طشٳ٭ٺ٢٥ٮٲح ئ٩ ٤١ ٤٪ ضك٫طشٳ٢٥الش جإل٩س قح٦غ٦ ع: حش٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ ج-5 . سٞ٦خط٩ سٝغطٴٹحش ىح٩ ٶ٦ّ طشٳ٭حش٢٥ ئ٤٪ ق٬٩ ٺٮٲح٢٪ط٥ ٶٚ٢ح ٹ٪ٺٙ ٘٦ٮٲح ضخط٢٥طؾحذٰ ٳ٩
6 – Oxidative phosphorylation: Drop of electrons from high energy level to low levels and use the produced energy in construction of ATP molecules from ADP and phosphate. ATP ٸ ذٮحء ؾضٹثحشٙ ٮحضؿس٥س جٝيح٥ ج٧نس ٳجعطخذجٚٮخ٪٥غطٴٹحضٲح ج٩ ٶ٥ٺس ئ٥س ّحٝغطٴٹحش ىح٩ ٬٩ شضٴ٭حش٢٥ ٱرٴه جإل:غذز١طأ٥شز جٚغٚ٥ ج-6 .حشٚٴعٚ٥ ٳجADP ٬٩
7 – Acid fermentation: A type of fermentation carried out by several types of bacteria, it produces acid instead of alcohol, and it is the base of industry such as cheese, butter and yogurt. ٬ؿر٥ ج٤ػ٩ ٫رح٥ٺٰ فٮحّس جأل٦ّ ٧ٴٞ ٳض٣كٴ٢٥ ج٬٩ ل ذذال٪ٮٰ ق٩ طٺشٹح ٳٹٮطؽ٢ر٥ ج٬٩ ُ ذٰ ّذز أ٭ٴج٧ٴٞش ض٪طخ٥ ج٬٩ ُ ٭ٴ:نٸ٪ك٥ش ج٪طخ٥ ج-7 .ضذحدٷ٥ضذذ ٳج٥ٳج
IV- What is the scientific terms 1 - The process in which cells of the organism extract energy required for its activity from energy stored in chemical bonds of food molecules which are made by plants or eaten by animals .( cellular respiration) طٸ٥ ج٧يْح٥ؿضٹثحش ج٥ ٺحتٺس٪ٺ٢٥شٳجذو ج٥ٸ جٙ خض٭س٪٥س جٝيح٥ ج٬٩ ٮؾحىٲح٥ س٩الص٥س جٝيح٥كٸ ج٥ ج٬حت٢٥طٸ ضغطخشؼ ذٲح خالٹح ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ْ٥ ج-1 .)ٴٷ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ (ج٫كٺٴج٥ٲح ج٥ٮرحش أٳ ٹطٮحٳ٥ٹقٮْٲح ج
2 – Non – organelle part of cytoplasm, in which glycolysis occurs. (Cytosole) 69
)٣غٺطٴعٴ٥ ج-( .ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ٺس ج٭ؾيحس ج٦٪ّ زٷ ضكذظ ذٲح٥ ج٧غٺطٴذالص٥ ج٬٩ ْنٸ٥ؿضء ٕٺش ج٥ ج-0
3 - The first compound (5 C) in the Krebs cycle. (Ketoglutaric acid) )٠ٴضحسٹ٦ٺطٴؾ١ ل٪ (ق.شذظ١ ٸ دٳسزٙ ٫شذٴ٢٥حعٸ ج٪د ٳعيٸ خ١ش٩ ٣ أٳ-3
4 - The last receiver in electron transfer chain. (Oxygen) )٬غؿٺ١( جأل.٫طشٳ٢٥ جإل٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ٸ عٙ جألخٺش٤رٞغط٪٥ ج-4
5 - A sequence of co enzymes found in the inner membrane of the mitochondrial, working as electron carriers on different energy levels. (Cytochromes) -( .سٚ٦خط٩ سٝغطٴٹحش ىح٩ ٸ٦ّ طشٳ٭حش٢٥الش ئ٩كح١ ٤٪ْٴ٭ذسٹح ٳٱٸ ض١ٺطٴ٪٦٥ ٸ٦ذجخ٥ٖؾحء ج٥ٸ جٙ حش ضٴؾذ٪غحّذجش جإل٭ضٹ٩ ٬٩ ِ ضطحذ-5 )حش٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ج
6 - The process of formation of ATP molecules from ADP molecules, by using energy released during the passage of electrons from one cytochrome molecule to another along the electron transport chain. (Oxidative phosphorylation) حش٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ ج٬٩ ٸ آخش٥ ؾضب ئ٬٩ طشٳ٭حش٢٥شٳس جإل٩ س أغٮحءٞ٦ٮي٪٥س جٝيح٥ ج٧ ذحعطخذجADP ؾضٹثحش٬٩ ATP ؾضٹثحش٬ٴٹ٢ٺس ض٦٪ّ -6 )غذٹس١طأ٥شز جٚغٚ٥ ج-( .٫طشٳ٢٥ جإل٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ ع٣ٸ ىٴ٦ّ
7 - The field of chemical reactions in the cell. (Mitochondria) )ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ (ج.ٺس٦خ٥ٸ جٙ ٺحتٺس٪ٺ٢٥حّالش جٚط٥ ج٤ٞ ق-7
8 - Common respiratory phase between aerobic and anaerobic respiration for energy production. (Glycolysis) )ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٭ؾيحس ج-( .سٝيح٥الٱٴجتٸ إل٭طحؼ ج٥ٲٴجتٸ ٳج٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٬س ذٺ١ؾطش٪٥غٺس جٚطٮ٥س ج٦شق٪٥ ج-3
9 - A common path for both air and food. (Pharynx) )٧ْٴ٦ر٥ ج-( .ٖزجء٥ٲٴجء ٳج٥ ج٬٩ ٤٢٥ ٟؾطش٩ ٜ ىشٹ-9
10 - A human voice box. (Larynx) )كٮؿشز٥( ج.٫ذٷ جإل٭غح٥ قٴش٥ جٛ فٮذٳ-15
11 - Thin minute air bags at the end of the bronchioles, its wall acts as actual respiratory surfaces. (Alveoli.) )ٲٴجتٺس٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ ج-( ٺس٦ْٙ غٺسٚأعيف ضٮ١ ٨٦ْشتٴٹس ٳؾذسٱح ض٥ؾْٺرحش ج٦٥ سٞٺٝذ٥شّحش جٚط٥ٸ ٭ٲحٹس جٙ سٞٺٝس ٳسٞٺٝٺحط د١ أ-11
12 - Respiratory muscle acts as the main muscle in the mechanism of respiration. (Diaphragm.) )كحؾض٥كؿحخ ج٥( ج.ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٥ٸ آٙ س أعحعٺسٚ ذق٨غٺس ضغٲٚس ضٮ٦ ّن-10
13 - Half respiratory cycle in which intercostals muscles contract to raise the ribs and the diaphragm muscle contract to below the lungs. (Inspiration) .٬شتطٺ٥ ج٤ٚكحؾض أع٥كؿحخ ج٥س ج٦ٺٲح ّنٙ رلٞح ضٮ٪١ ٸ٦ّٸ أ٥ْٲح ئٙطش٥ ُٴ٦ن٥ ج٬طٸ ذٺ٥ْنالش ج٥ٺٲح جٙ رلٞغٺس ضٮٚ ٭ق٘ دٳسز ضٮ-13 )ٜؾٲٺ٥(ج
14 - Vacuum surrounding the lungs in the chest cavity. (Pleural cavity) )ٴسٷ٦ر٥طؿٴٹ٘ ج٥ ج-( .قذسٷ٥طؿٴٹ٘ ج٥ٸ جٙ ٬شتطٺ٥كٺو ذح٪٥شجٓ جٚ٥ ج-14
15 - Holes in the cork layer that covers the stems of woody trees. (Lenticels) .)ْذٹغحش٥خؾرٺس (ج٥ جألؽؿحس ج٫حٞطٸ ضٖيٸ عٺ٥ ج٬ٺ٦ٚ٥س جٞٸ ىرٙ طكحش ضٴؾذٙ -15
16 - Nitrogen base enter in structure of ATP. (Adenine.) )٬ (جألد٭ٺ. ATP ٸ ذٮحءٙ ٤حّذز ٭ٺطشٳؾٺٮٺس ضذخٝ -16
17 – A process in which pyruvic acid turns into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide in yeast.( alcoholic fermentation) )ٸ٥كٴ٢٥ش ج٪طخ٥ (ج.ٺشز٪خ٥ٸ جٙ ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ٸ ٳغح٭ٸ أ٦ أٹػٺ٣كٴ١ ٸ٥ ئ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ٺٲح قٙ ٣ٺس ٹطكٴ٦٪ّ -17
18 - Stores energy in the body can be likened to small loose change currency. (ATP) )ATP( . س٢ٚ٥قٖٺشز ج٥س ج٦٪ْ٥ ضؾرٺٲٲح ذح٬٢٪ ٹ٨ؿغ٥ٸ جٙ سٝيح٦٥ ٫خحص٩ -13
19 - The two organic compounds in the ATP. (Adenine and sugar) )ش٢غ٥ ٳج٬ (جألد٭ٺ.ATP ٸ ؾضبٙ ٫ْنٴٹح٥ ج٫رح١ش٪٥ ج-19
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20 - Inorganic compound in the ATP molecule. (Phosphate) )حشٚٴعٚ٥ (ج.ATP ٸ ؾضبٙ ٖٺش ّنٴٷ٥د ج١ش٪٥ ج-05
V- G. R.: 1- cellular respiration differs from combustion: Cellular respiration combustion • Occurs within a living cell. • Occurs in the presence of oxygen (aerobic) or absence of oxygen (anaerobic). • Occurs at the temperature of the body with the help of enzymes. • Produced energy is stored in the ATP compounds s and utilized for the activities of the cell. ٛجالقطشج .ٺس٦خ٥ؿٴٷ خحسؼ ج٥ٲٴجء ج٥ٸ جٙ ٨ ٹط .حش٪إل٭ضٹ٥ .ً ٳالؾذج٬غؿٺ١ٸ ٳؾٴد جألٙ ٨ ٹط . ًٺس ؾذج٥ذسؾس قشجسز ّح٥ ٹكطحؼ . جدخحسٱح٬٢٪رٺشز ٳال ٹ١ ٮحضؿس٥س جٝيح٥ ج
• Occurs is in the air outside the cell. • Occurs in the presence of oxygen, and does not need enzymes. • need for very high temperature. • The energy result is large and can not be saved. ٛ جالقطشج٬ّ ٴٷ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥٘ ج٦ ٹخط1 ٴٷ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ج .كٸ٥ ج٬حت٢٥ٺس ج٦ خ٤ دجخ٨ ٹط (ال٬غؿٺ١ ٳؾٴد جأل.) (ٱٴجتٺٲٴجتٸ٬غؿٺ١ٸ ٳؾٴد جألٙ ٨ ٹط . )ٱٴجتٸ .حش٪غحّذز جإل٭ضٹ٪ ذ٨ؿغ٥ٸ دسؾس قشجسز جٙ ٨ ٹط . ٺس٦خ٥ٮٲح أل٭ؾيس ج٩ حدٚ ٳٹغطATP رحش١ش٩ ٸٙ .ٺس٦خ٥ٮحج٥س جٝيح٥ ج
2 – Formation of intermediate compounds in the Krebs cycle. A- to release amount of energy in stages during the transition between these intermediate compounds, where citric acid pass by 3 intermediate compounds ( ketoglutaric acid – then succinic acid – then malic acid) → outcome of each Krebs cycle between these three components only: 1 ATP + 1 FADH2 + 2 NADH → 1 ATP + 2 ATP + 6 ATP → 9 ATP The final outcome of each glucose molecule (two rolls of the Corps) is a = 18ATP. . سح وشثسٚ دٟخ ف١سؽٚ ٓ ِشوجبد٠ٛ رى-2 رحش١ش٩ ذػالظ٠غٺطشٹ٥ل ج٪ش ق٪ٴعيٺس قٺع ٹ٥رحش ج١ش٪٥ ٱزٯ ج٬ ذٺ٣طكٴ٥طذسؾس أغٮحء ج٩ ٤شجق٩ ٶ٦ّ سٝيح٥ ج٬٩ ٺس٪١ ٜ٦ٸ ضٮي٢٥ ٱزٯ٬شذظ ذٺ١ دٳسز٬٩ س ٳجقذزٚ٥ ٤٢٥ س٦كق٪٥ ج٫ٴ٢طٙ ٠ٺ٥ح٪٥ل ج٪ ق٨ غ٠غٮٺ١غح٥ل ج٪ ق٨ غ٠ٴضحسٹ٦ٺطٴؾ٢٥ل ج٪ٳعيٺس ضرذأ ذك :و ٱٸٞٙ ػالغس٥رحش ج١ش٪٥ج 9 ATP = 1 ATP + 2 ATP + 6 ATP = 1 ATP + 1 FADH2 + 2 NADH . 18ATP = شذظ ) ٱٸ١ ٬٩ ٫طحٚ٥( ٴص١ٴ٦ ؾضب ؾ٤١ ٬٩ ٮٲحتٺس٥س ج٦كق٪٥ ج٫ٴ٢طٙ
3 - Link between photosynthesis in plant and respiration: A- There is a relationship between them, what is happen in Plastids reversed in the mitochondria to liberate energy by respiration , where H2O & CO2 liberated from respiration and moving to Plastids as raw materials for photosynthesis → liberation of oxygen as a byproduct → used for the completion of aerobic cellular respiration inside the mitochondria. .ٮرحش٥ٸ جٙ ظٚطٮ٥نٴتٸ ذح٥رٮحء ج٥ جسضرحه ج-3 ظٚطٮ٥ ج٬٩ CO2 ، H2O ٜ٦ظ قٺع ٹٮيٚطٮ٥س ذحٝيح٥طكشٹش ج٥ ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ٸ جٙ ظ٢ْرالعطٺذز ٹٮ٥ٸ جٙ ٨ح ٹط٩ ٫اٙ ح٪س ذٺٮٲٝ ّالٟ ٱٮح ٤ٲٴجتٸ دجخ٥ٴٷ ج٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٧ح٪ إلض٤ٖٮحضؽ غح٭ٴٷ ٹغط١ ٬غؿٺ١ جألٜ٦ٺٮيٙ نٴتٸ٥رٮحء ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٨طط٥ ٧ٴجد خح٪١ رالعطٺذز٥ٶ ج٥ ئ٫ٳٹذخال . ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ج
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4 – Oxidative phosphorylation is necessary for vital activity. A- Because oxidative phosphorylation is a process to store energy in ATP molecule from oxidation of ADP molecule during its combination with a phosphate group, and any vital activity need ATP molecules, where ATP is converted to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and liberate amount of energy between 7-12 k-calories per mole. . ٞٛ١خ ٌٍٕطبغ اٌؾ٠سٚخ ظش٠ اٌفسفشح اٌزأوسذ-4 ٳأٷ ٭ؾحه،حشٚٴعٙ ٴّس٪ؿ٪ ّٮذ جسضرحىٰ ذADP غذز ؾضب١ أ٬٩ ATP ٸ ؾضٷءٙ سٝيح٥ ج٬طخضٹ٥ ٺس٦٪ّ غذٹس ٱٸ١طأ٥شز جٚغٚ٥ ج٫ أل 10-7 ٬ح ذٺ٩ ذسٞس ٹٝيح٥ ج٬٩ ذجسٞ٩ ٜ٦حش) ٳٹٮيٚٴعٚ٥ غٮحتٸ ج٬ ( أدٹٮٴعٺADP ٶ٥ ّٮذتز ئATP ٣ قٺع ٹطكٴ،ATP ؿضٹثحش٥ قٺٴٷ ٹكطحؼ . ٣ٴ٩ ٤٢٥ رٺش١ عْش قشجسٷ
5 - ATP molecule is the energy currency in the cell. A- Because all the energy need by the cell requires the presence of ATP, which can be likened to small currency (loose change), which is characterized by easy handling and dispensing. .خ١ٍ اٌخٟ ػٍّخ اٌؽبلخ فATP ؼزجش عضئ٠ -5 ٲح٥س ضذجٳ٥ٺض ذغٲٴ٪طٸ ضط٥س) ج٢ٚ٥قٖٺشز (ج٥س ج٦٪ْ٥ ضؾرٺٲٲح ذح٬٢٪طٸ ٹ٥ جATP طنٸ ٳؾٴدٞٶ ضذذٺشٱح ض٥ٺس ئ٦خ٥س ضكطحؼ جٝ ىح٤١ ٫ أل . ٲحٙٳفش
6 - The walls of the alveoli are true respiratory surfaces. A - Because it is surrounded from outside by a huge network of blood capillaries pick up oxygen from the thin walls air sacs to move it into the cells of the body. . خ١ٍخ فؼ١خ أسؽؼ رٕفس١ائٌٛٙصالد ا٠ٛ رؼزجش عذس اٌؾ-6 ٶ خالٹح٥ٰ ئ٦ٞٮ٥ ؿذس٥س جٞٺٝكٴٹقالش س٥ ٱٴجء ج٬٩ ٬غؿٺ١ٲح جأل٩و دٞط٦ٴٹس ٹ٩ذ٥ؾْٺشجش ج٥ ج٬٩ س٪س مخ٢خحسؼ ؽر٥ ج٬٩ أل٭ٰ ٹكحه ذٲح .سٚ٦خط٪٥ ج٨ؿغ٥ج
7 - Krebs cycle does not require the presence of oxygen. A- Because all the electrons that removed in oxidation of carbon atoms during the reaction is received by NAD + and FAD. .ٓ١د أوسغٛعٚ سح وشثسٚ ال رزؽٍت د-7 . FAD ٳNAD+ ٬٩ ٤١ ذٴجعيس٤رٞحّالش ضغطٚط٥ أغٮحء ج٫شذٴ٢٥غذز رسجش ج١ٸ أٙ ٣طٸ ضضج٥طشٳ٭حش ج٢٥ جإل٤١ ٫ أل
8 – Passage of the organism to anaerobic respiration. A- When oxygen is not available, it resorts to anaerobic respiration to get on the amount of energy required to maintain its vital activity. . ٟائٛ٘ اٌزٕفس اٌالٌٝ إٟء اٌىبئٓ اٌؾٛ ٌغ-8 . كٺٴٹس٥شجس أ٭ؾيطٰ ج٪س العط٩الص٥س جٝيح٥ ج٬٩ ذجسٞ٩ ٶ٦ّ ٣كقٴ٦٥ الٱٴجتٸ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٶ ج٥ؿأ ئ٦ا٭ٰ ٹٙ ٬غؿٺ١ش جألٙح ال ٹطٴج٩ ّٮذ
9 - Part of air left behind in the lungs after exhalation. A- To warm the new air enter the lungs quickly and prevent adhesion of wall of alveoli from inside. .ش١خ اٌضف١ٍّاء ثصفخ ِسزّشح ثؼذ أْ رزُ ػٌٛٙٓ عضء ِٓ ا١ اٌشئزٟزخٍف ف٠ -9 .٤ذجخ٥ ج٬٩ كٴٹقالش٥ ؾذس جٛطقح٥ ج٧ٶ ّذ٦ّ ٌٙ ٳٹكح٬شتطٺ٦٥ ٤ذجخ٥ؿذٹذ ج٥ٲٴجء ج٥ثس جٙٸ ضذٙ ُٺغش٥
10 - Occurance of muscle tired. A- This occurs when muscle cells exhausted all the oxygen in the cells → resorting cells to convert pyruvic acid (after its reduction by union with electrons on NADH) to lactic acid ( C3H6O3)) that accumulates cause the muscle fatigue, which disappear if O2 become available where lactic acid is transformed to pyruvic acid again, and then to Acetyl co enzyme A. .ٍٟؼشف ثبٌزؼت اٌؼع٠ س ِبٚ ؽذ-11
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ِ٩ ٰ ( جضكحدٯ٥ ذْذ جخطضج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٤ٶ ضكٴٹ٥خالٹح ئ٥ؿأ ج٦طٙ ٴؾٴد ذٲح٪٥ ج٬غؿٺ١ جأل٤١ ْنالش٥ز خالٹح جٚح ضغطٮ٩ ّٮذ٠٥ ٹكذظ ر ٬غؿٺ١ش جألٙ ئرج ضٴج٣زٷ ٹضٳ٥ٸ ٳج٦ْن٥طْد ج٥ٺغرد جٙ ٨١زٷ ٹطشج٥ ) ٳجC3H6O3) ٠طٺ١ل ال٪ٶ ق٥ ) ئNADH ٶ٦ّ طٸ٥طشٳ٭حش ج٢٥جإل . ) ( أ٨غحّذ جإل٭ضٹ٩ ٤ أعطٺ٨شز أخشٵ غ٩ ٠ٺٙل ذٺشٳ٪ٶ ق٥ ئ٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪ ق٣قٺع ٹطكٴ
11 - Oxygen is considered the last receiver in electrons transfer chains. A- Because a pair of electrons combine with a pair of protons H+ ; then with oxygen atom to form water, as in the following equation: 2e- + 2 H + + 1 / 2 O2 → H2O
. ٔبدٚ سٍسٍخ ٔمً اإلٌىزشٟش ف١ اٌّسزمجً األخٛ٘ ٓ١ُؼزجش األوسغ٠ -11 : س جٻضٺس٥ْحد٪٥ٸ جٙ ح٪١ حء٪٥ ج٬ٴٹ٢ط٥ ٬غؿٺ١ِ رسز أ٩ ٨ غH+ رشٳضٴ٭حش٥ ج٬٩ ِ صٳؼ٩ طشٳ٭حش ضطكذ٢٥ جإل٬٩ صٳؼ٫ أل 2e- + 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 H2O
12 – Krebs cycle may be called citric acid cycle. A- Because the reactions of Krebs cycle ends with formation of citric acid.
. ه٠زش١سح ؽّط اٌسٚسح وشثس ثذٚ دّٝ لذ رس-12 . ٠غٺطشٹ٥ل ج٪ ق٬ٴٹ٢شذظ ضٮطٲٸ ذط١ حّالش دٳسزٚ ض٫ أل
13 – Glycolysis occurs in both aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. A- To produce energy during glycolysis where glucose molecule split to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. . اءٛ اٌسٍٝ ػٟائٛ٘اٌزٕفس اٌالٚ ٟائٌٛٙ اٌزٕفس اٟ ؽبٌزٟص فٛوٍٛ رزُ ِشؽٍخ أطؽبس اٌغ-13 . ٠ٺٙل ذٺشٳ٪ ؾضب ق0 ٶ٥ٴص ئ١ٴ٦ؿ٥س أغٮحء ج٭ؾيحس ؾضب جٝيح٥ إل٭طحؼ ج٠٥ ٳر
14 - Pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria in the presence of oxygen. A- because the energy resulting from glycolysis is insufficient to perform vital functions of living organisms, so pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria in the presence of oxygen to produce more energy through two steps the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. . ٓ١د األوسغٛعٚ ٟب ف٠ٔذسٛوٛز١ٌّ اٌٝه إ١فٚش١ذخً ؽّط اٌج٠ -14 ٶ٥ ئ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٤ ٹذخ٠٥ز٥ ، كٺس٥حتٮحش ج٢٥ٸ جٙ كٺٴٹس٥ٴٍحت٘ ج٥ٺس ألدجء جٙح١ ٴص ٕٺش١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٭ؾيحس ج٬٩ ٮحضؿس٥س جٝيح٥ ج٫ أل . طشٳ٭حش٢٥ جإل٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦شذظ ٳع١ ح دٳسز٪ ٱ٬ خيٴضٺ٣رش خال١س أٝ إل٭طحؼ ىح٬غؿٺ١ٸ ٳؾٴد جألٙ ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ج
15 - Steps of Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur within the mitochondria. A- Because mitochondria is the field of chemical reactions in the cell as it contains the respiratory enzymes and co enzymes and electron carrier's molecules or cytochromes, phosphate and water. .ب٠ٔذسٛوٛز١ٌّْ داخً اٚسٍسٍخ ٔمً اإلٌىزشٚ سح وشثسٚاد دٛس خؽٚ ؽذ-15 الش٩غحّذز ٳؾضٹثحش قح٩ حش٪غٺس ٳئ٭ضٹٚحش ضٮ٪ٶ ئ٭ضٹ٦ّ ٺس القطٴجتٲح٦خ٥ٸ جٙ ٺحتٺس٪ٺ٢٥حّالش جٚط٥ ج٤ٞٴ٭ذسٹح ضْطرش ق١ٺطٴ٪٥ ج٫ أل .حء٪٥حش ٳجٚٴعٚ٥حش ٳج٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥طشٳ٭حش أٳ ج٢٥جإل
16 – Food molecule is usually expressed as glucose molecule on explaining the methods and steps of dissolution. A- Because most of the cells of living organisms use glucose to produce energy more than the use of any other food molecule available. .ٌٗاد أؾالٛخؽٚ ةٍٛعبػ أس٠ص ػٕذ إٛوٍٛء اٌغٞؼجش ػٓ عضئ اٌغزاء ػبدح ثغض٠ -16 .شٙطٴ٩ ٲح ألٷ ؾضٷء ٕزجء آخش٩ جعطخذج٬٩ ػش١س أٝيح٥ٴص إل٭طحؼ ج١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٧كٺس ضغطخذ٥حتٮحش ج٢٥د خالٹح ج٦ٕ أ٫ أل
17 – Relaxation of muscles of the ribs and diaphragm during exhalation. A- To decrease the size of the chest cavity and increases the internal pressure→ Push air to outside of the lungs. . ش١خ اٌضف١ٍّاٌؾغبة اٌؾبعض أصٕبء ػٚ عٍٛ اسرخبء ػعالد اٌع-17 . ٬شتطٺ٥ٶ خحسؼ ج٥ٲٴجء ئ٥ِ جٙٺٮذٙ ٸ٦ذجخ٥نٖو ج٥قذسٷ ٳٹضٹذ ج٥طؿٴٹ٘ ج٥ ج٨ـ قؿٞٺٮ٥
18 - Contraction of the intercostals muscle and the diaphragm during inspiration. A- Contraction of the intercostals muscle → lifts the ribs up → increase diameter of chest. 73
Contraction of the diaphragm muscle → make it fall down → increase the size of chest cavity → decrease its internal pressure → push air from outside into the nose; trachea , lungs. .ك١ٙخ اٌط١ٍّػعٍخ اٌؾغبة اٌؾبعض أصٕبء ػٚ عٍٛٓ اٌع١ ثٟ أمجبض اٌؼعالد اٌز-18 ٓشجٙ ٨ٺضدجد قؿٙ ٬شتطٺ٥ ج٤ٚطٲرو أع٥ كحؾض٥كؿحخ ج٥س ج٦رل ّنٞ ٳضٮ٬ؿح٭رٺ٥ٶ ٳج٦ّٶ أ٥ْٲح ئٙطش٥ ُٴ٦ن٥ ج٬طٸ ذٺ٥ْنالش ج٥رل جٞ ضٮ .٬شتطٺ٥ ج٤ٶ دجخ٥اٙ ٲٴجتٺس٥قرس جٞ٥ٸ جٙ ٤ٚٶ أع٥ ئ٨ جأل٭٘ غ٤ٶ دجخ٥خحسؾٸ ئ٥ٲٴجء ج٥ِ جٙٺٮذٙ ٸ٦ذجخ٥ مٖيٰ ج٠٥ـ ذزٞٺٮٙ قذسٷ٥طؿٴٹ٘ ج٥ج
VI - General questions 1 – Write a brief about the role of oxalacetic acid in Krebs cycle. A- When acetyl-Co enzyme A entering to the Krebs cycle → co – A leave acetyl and combine with oxalacetic acid → citric acid in the first step of the Krebs cycle reactions. . سح وشثسٚ دٟه ف١ز١أسٌٛس ؽّط األوسبٚ اوزت ٔجزح ِخزصشح ػٓ د-1 ل٪ٴ٭حً ق٢٩ ٠ٴأعٺطٺ٥غح١ل جأل٪ِ ق٩ ٺطكذ٥ ٤ جألعٺطٺٟ( ٹطشCoA) ٜٙشج٪٥ ج٫اٙ شذظ١ ٶ دٳسز٥ أ ) ئ٨ٴ ئ٭ضٹ١ ٤ ( أعٺطٺ٣ ّٮذ دخٴ: . شذظ١ حّالش دٳسزٚ ض٬٩ خيٴز٣ٸ أٳٙ ٠غطشٹ٥ج
2 - In any stage of cellular respiration, oxydative phosphorylation occurs? What is the final outcome of this stage? A- Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in stage of electron transfer and result in 2 molecules of water and energy stored in ATP. زٖ اٌّشؽٍخ؟ٌٙ خ١بئٌٕٙارظ إٌٛخ ؟ ِب ا٠خ اٌفسفشح اٌزأوسذ١ٍّ رؾذس ػٍٞٛ ِشؽٍخ ِٓ ِشاؽً اٌزٕفس اٌخٞ ثأ-2 . ATP ٸٙ ذخشز٩ سٝحء ٳىح٪٥ ج٬٩ ٫ ٳٹٮطؽ ّٮٲح ؾضٹثح٫طشٳ٢٥ جإل٤ٞس ٭٦شق٩ ٸٙ غذٹس١طأ٥شز جٚغٚ٥ ضكذظ ج
VII - Choose the correct answer with the cause if possible:: ٬٢٩ أ٫غرد ئ٥ ج٫ِ ذٺح٩ قكٺكس٥جخطش جإلؾحذس ج 1 - Electron transfer chain allows electrons to ... (a) move from Grana to stroma. (b) Transition from solar energy to chlorophyll. (c) Conversion to-carotene. (d ) Release energy. ٶ٥غٺس ئ٪ؾ٥س جٝيح٥ ج٬٩ ٣حٞخ – جال٭ط
. ح٩غطشٳ٥ٶ ج٥ؿشج٭ح ئ٥ ج٬٩ ٣حٞ جال٭ط- أ... طشٳ٭حش ذـ٢٥إل٥ طشٳ٭حش٢٥ جإل٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ف ع٪ ضغ-1 . د – أؽالق ؼبلخ . ٬حسٳضٺ١ ٶ٥ ئ٣طكٴ٥ ؼ – ج. ٤ٺٙٴسٳ٦٢٥ج
2 - Krebs cycle begins with combination of acetyl group with four-carbon compound to form ... (Citric acid - acetic acid - adenine - malic acid). – ٬ – أدٹٮٺ٠ٺ٦خ٥ل ج٪ه – ق٠( ؽّط اٌسزش
... ٬ٴٹ٢ط٥ ٫شذٴ٢٥د سذحّٸ ج١ش٩ ِ٩ ٤ٴّس جألعطٺ٪ؿ٩ شذظ ذحضكحد١ ضرذأ دٳسز-0 . ) ٠ٺ٥ح٪٥ل ج٪ق
3 - Glucose is oxidized in cellular respiration through .... (a) Union of glucose with oxygen. (b) The glucose loss hydrogen. (c) Union of glucose with electrons. (d) The glucose loss of electrons. . ٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٦٥ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ذ جٞٙ – خ
.٬غؿٺ١ٴص ذحأل١ٴ٦ؿ٥أ – جضكحد ج....٣ خال٬٩ ٲٴجتٸ٥ٴٷ ج٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥س ج٥ٸ قحٙ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥غذز ج١ أ٨ ضط-3 . ٔبدٚص ٌإلٌىزشٛوٍٛد – فمذ اٌغ ..طشٳ٭حش٢٥إل٥ٴص ذح١ٴ٦ؿ٥ؼ – جضكحد ج
4 - CO2 molecule is librated a result of.... (a) Glycolysis. (b) Lactic acid fermentation. (c) Alcoholic fermentation. (d) The hydrolysis of glycogen. ٤٦طك٥د – ج
. ٌٟٛ ط – اٌزخّش اٌىؾ.ٟ.ٸ٥كٴ٢٥ح٪ش ق٪خ – ضخ
.ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥أ – ج٭ؾيحس ج
.... ٭طٺؿسCO2 ؾضبٜ٦ ٹٮي-4 .٬ٴؾٺ٢ٺ٦ؿ٦٥ حتٸ٪٥ج
5 - Pyruvic acid is reduced to form. (a) PGAL (b) carbon dioxide and ethanol. (c) Fructose 1-6 phosphate. (d) malic acid.
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– د. حشٚٴعٙ 6-1 طٴص١شجٙ – ؼ. يٛٔضب٠اإلٚ ْٛذ اٌىشث١ أوسٟٔة – صب
PGAL – أ.. ٫ٴ٢ٺ٥ ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣ ٹخطض-5 . ٠ٺ٥ح٪٥ل ج٪ق
6 - Electron transfer chain is ..(a) Oxidative phosphorulation cycle. (b) Exothermic reaction. . كشجسز٦٥ ىحسد٤ّحٚخ – ض
. خ٠سٛسفٛسح األوسذح اٌفٚأ – د
..طشٳ٭حش ذأ٭ٲح٢٥ جإل٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ ضٴف٘ ع-6
7 - Anaerobic cellular respiration requires the presence of ... (oxygen - certain enzymes ethyl alcohol - CO2) ) CO2 – ٸ٦ ئٹػٺ٣كٴ١ – ٕخ١ّبد ِؼ٠ – أٔض٬غؿٺ١( جأل... الٱٴجتٸ ٳؾٴد٥ٴٷ ج٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥د ج٦ ٹطي-7
8 - Turning molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid and two molecules of ATP are evidence of …………(aerobic respiration - Anaerobic respiration - Krebs cycle) ظٚظ ٱٴجتٸ – ضٮٚ( ضٮ
ٶ قذٳظ٦ّ ٣ ٹذATP ٬٩ ٬ ؾضٹثٺ٫ٴ٢ ٳض٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ٬ٶ ؾضٹثٺ٥ٴص ئ١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ؾضب ج٣ ضكٴ-3 ) شذظ١ ال ٱٴجتٸ – دٳسز
9 - Active oxygen, which is part of the electron transmission system enters as an atom in molecule of ... (Glucose - CO2 - oxygen). . ) ٓ١ – األوسغCO2 - ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥( ج
...ٸ ؾضبٙ زسز١ ٤طشٳ٭حش ٹذخ٢٥ جإل٣حٞ ج٭ط٧ ٭َح٬٩ ً ؾضءج٤٢زٷ ٹؾ٥ٮؾو ج٥ ج٬غؿٺ١ جأل-9
10 – On glycolysis of four molecules of glucose, it will give..... Molecule of ATP. (8-4 - 16 - 12) ) 10 – 16 – 4 – 8 ( ؟ATP ؾضٷء.....ا٭ٲح عٴٗ ضْيٸٙ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٬٩ ّٮذ ج٭ؾيحس أسذْس ؾضٹثحش-15
11 – In cellular respiration the largest number of ATP molecules released is in ... (glycolysis - Krebs cycle - fermentation - a series of electron transfer). ًش – سٍسٍخ ٔم٪طخ٥شذظ – ج١ ٴص – دٳسز١ٴ٦ؿ٥( ج٭ؾيحس ج...ٸٙ ٫ٴ٢س ضٞ٦ٮي٪٥ جATP ؾضٹثحش٬٩ رش ّذد١ٴٷ أ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٸ جٙ -11 )ْٚاإلٌىزش
12 – Hydrolysis of one phosphate bond in ATP molecule leads to the formation of: (a) ADP and the release of energy. (b) ADP and no energy. (c) The five- carbon ribose sugar. (d) The base adenine. ؼ
. سٝ ىحٛ ج٭يال٧ ٳّذADP – خ.أؽالق ؼبلخٚ ADP – أ:٫ٴ٢ٶ ض٥ ٹإدٷ ئATP ؾضب٬٩ قذز.سٝحىحٚٴعٙ سجذيس٤٦ ضك-10 . ٬حّذز جألدٹٮٺٝ – د .حعٸ٪خ٥شٹرٴص ج٥ش ج٢– ع
13 - Fatty acids (or amino acids) enter in aerobic cellular respiration in the form of a molecule (mono carbon - bicarbon – triple carbon - all of the above) ْ – غالغٸٛ اٌىشثٟ – صٕبئ٫شذٴ٢٥ٶ ٱٺثس ؾضب ( أقحدٷ ج٦ّ ٲٴجتٸ٥ٴٷ ج٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٸ جٙ ) ٺٮٺس٩ذٱٮٺس ( أٳ جأل٥حك ج٪ جألق٤ ضذخ-13 ) ٜح عر٩ ٤١ – ٫شذٴ٢٥ج
14 - The organism which converts pyruvic acid to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide is ... (spirogyra - yeglina - yeast - amoebas) ٺرح٩شح – جأل١ّٺٮح – اٌخ٦ٺٴؾ٥( جإلعرٺشٳؾٺشج – ج... ٱٴ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ٸ ٳغح٭ٸ أ٦ ئٹػٺ٣كٴ١ ٶ٥ ئ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣زٷ ٹكٴ٥كٸ ج٥ ج٬حت٢٥ ج-14 )
15 - The material that do not supply the cell with energy (fat - proteins - carbohydrates water) ) شذٴٱٺذسجش – اٌّبء٢٥رشٳضٺٮحش – ج٥ – ج٫ذٱٴ٥س ٱٸ ( جٝيح٥ٺس ذح٦خ٥ذ ج٪طٸ ال ض٥حدز ج٪٥ ج-15 enzyme
16 – Glucose lactic acid + 2ATP. This equation refers to: (hydrolysis - anaerobic respiration - aerobic respiration - alcoholic fermentation) ) ٸ٥كٴ١ ش٪ظ ٱٴجتٸ – ضخٚ – ضٮٟائٛ٘ حتٸ – رٕفس ال٩ ٤٦ ( ضك: ٸ٥س ضؾٺش ئ٥ْحد٪٥ ٱزٯ ج2ATP + ٠طٺ١ل ال٪ق
ُ٠إٔض
ٴص١ٴ٦ ؾ-16
enzyme
17 - 2C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O . The enzyme necessary for the completion of the previous equation is (maltase - lactase - sucrose - amylase). – طٺض١ال٥ض – ج١س ٱٴ ( اٌّبٌزٞغحذ٥س ج٥ْحد٪٥ ج٧ح٪ إلض٧الص٥ ج٨جإل٭ضٹ
C12H22O11 + H2O
ُ٠إٔض
2C6H12O6 -17 . ) ٺض٦ٺ٩شٹض – جأل٢غ٥ج
18 - each of the following are four-carbon compound except ... (malic acid – succinic acid Oxalacetic acid – Kitoglutarik acid). 75
. )ه٠ربسٍٛعٛز١ – ؽّط و٠ٴأعٺطٺ٥غح١ل أ٪ – ق٠غٮٺ١غح٥ل ج٪ – ق٠ٺ٥ح٪٥ل ج٪( ق... ح ّذج٩ ٫شذٴ٢٥د سذحّٸ ج١ش٩ ٸ٦ح ٹ٪٩ ٤١ -13
19 - Each of the following included in the structure of the lung except ... (The two bronchi – bronchioles - the capillaries - the alveoli) ) ٲٴجتٺس٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ٴٹس – ج٩ذ٥ؾْٺشجش ج٥ؾْٺرحش – ج٥( اٌطؼجزبْ – ج... ح ّذج٩ غٲحٚشتس ٭٥ٺد ج١ٸ ضشٙ ٤ح ٹأضٸ ٹذخ٪٩ ٤١ -19
20 - during the process of expiration, the rib cage (down - up - contract). . ) رلِٞ – ٹٮٕٚخفط – ٹشض٠ ( قذسٷ٥ـ جٚٞ٥ ج٫اٙ ٺشٙض٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ أغٮحء-05
21 - During the process of inspiration, the rib cage (down - up - flattens). . ) شرفغ – ٹٮرغو٠ – لٚقذسٷ ( ٹٮخ٥ـ جٚٞ٥ ج٫اٙ ٜؾٲٺ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ أغٮحء-01
22 – Relaxation and dome up of the diaphragm muscle occurs in the process ... (inhalation exhalation - inhale and exhale together). . ) ْح٩ ٺشٙض٥ ٳجٜؾٲٺ٥ش – ج١ – اٌضفٜؾٲٺ٥( ج...ٺس٦٪ّ أغٮحء٫ٴ٢ْشٯ ٹٞكحؾض ٳض٥كؿحخ ج٥س ج٦ ج٭رغحه ّن-00
23 - Contraction of the diaphragm and flattened it occurs in the process of .....(Inspiration – expiration - inhales and exhales together). . ) ْح٩ ٺشٙض٥ ٳجٜؾٲٺ٥ٺش – جٙض٥ك – ج١ٙ( اٌط.....ٺس٦٪ّ أغٮحء٫ٴ٢يكٰ ٹ٦ٚكحؾض ٳض٥كؿحخ ج٥س ج٦رحك ّنٞ ج٭-03
24 - Number of muscles of the body is estimated at about .... Muscle or more. (260-620 206-602) ) 650 – 056 – 621 – 065(. غش.ػش١سأ٦ ّن.... ٸ٥ذس ذكٴجٞ ض٨ؿغ٥ ّذد ّنالش ج-04
25 – The percentage of the number of molecules (ATP: CO2) generated during one Krebs cycle is: - (2: 2 -2: 1 -3: 1 -4: 1 -2: zero) ) شٚ ف: 0 – 1 : 4 – 1 : 3 - 1 : 2 – 0 : 0 (
- : ٫ٴ٢شذظ ٳجقذز ض١ ٮحضؿس أغٮحء دٳسز٥( جATP : CO2) ٭غرس ّذد ؾضٹثحش-05
26 – The percentage of the number of molecules (FADH2: NADH) resulting in one Krebs cycle are: (2: 2 -2: 1 -3: 1 -4: 3)
) 3 : 4 – 1 : 3 – 1 : 0 – 0 : 0 (: شذظ ٱٸ١ ذٳسز٥ س ٳجقذزٚ٥ ٸٙ ٮحضؿس٥( جFADH2 : NADH) ٭غرس ّذد ؾضٹثحش-06
27 - Actual stock of energy within the muscle is .. (ATP - lactic acid - glucose - glycogen) ) ٓ١عٛى١ٍٴص– اٌغ١ٴ٦ؿ٥– ج٠طٺ١ل ال٪ – قATP(.. س ٱٴ٦ْن٥ ج٤س دجخٝيح٦٥ ٸ٦ْٚ٥ ج٫خضٳ٪٥ ج-07
28 - The process of oxidation of NADH molecule occurs in: (a) electron transfer chain. (b) During reduction of pyruvic acid in anaerobic respiration (c) Glycolysis. (d) a, b together. الٱٴجتٸ ؼ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٸ جٙ ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣ خ – أغٮحء جخطضج. ٫طشٳ٢٥ جإل٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ أ – ع: ٸٙ NADH ؿضب٥ غذز١ٺس أ٦٪ّ – ضكذظ03 . ً ة ِؼب، د – أ .ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥– ج٭ؾيحس ج
29 - The source of carbon dioxide resulting from respiration during muscular effort is .. (Glycolysis - Krebs cycle - both together) ) ًشذظ – والّ٘ب ِؼب١ ٴص – دٳسز١ٴ٦ؿ٥( ج٭ؾيحس ج..ٸ ٱٴ٦ؿٲٴد ّن٩ ٣ظ أغٮحء ذزٚطٮ٥ ج٬٩ ٮحضؽ٥ ج٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١قذس غح٭ٸ أ٩ – 09
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س١إٌف I- Multiple-choice questionsبس اٌّزؼذد١ اسئٍخ االخز:الٚا 1. During external respiration (the mechanism of respiration) the following occurs .......: (a) exchange of gases through the respiratory surfaces (b) connect gases to the respiratory surfaces. (c) Liberation of stored energy in food (d) all of the above. العيف٥ ٖحصجش٥ ج٤(خ)ضٴفٺ
غٺسٚطٮ٥ جالعيف ج٣ٖحصجش خال٥ ج٣ (أ) ضرحد:.......ٸ٦ح ٹ٩ ظ) ٹكذظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٥خحسؾٸ(ج٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ جغٮحءج.1 . ٜح عر٩ ِٺ٪(د)ؾ ٖزجء٥ٸ جٙ ٮس٩ح٢٥س جٝيح٥غٺس (ؼ)ضكشٹش جٚطٮ٥ج
2. During inspiratory process, air rushes into the lungs because of: (a) contraction of the intercostals muscle, leading to elevation of the ribs. (b) Relaxation of the diaphragm to the bottom (c) increased pressure within the lungs than outside. (d) Both (a) and (b) ٶ٦ّٴُ أل٦ن٥حُ جٚٶ جسض٥ح ٹإدٵ ئ٪٩ ُٴ٦ن٥ ج٬رحك ّنالش ذٺٞ (أ)ج٭: ذغرد٬شتطٺ٥ ج٤ٶ دجخ٥ٲٴجء ئ٥ِ جٙ ٹٮذٜؾٲٺ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ أغٮحء.0 )(أ) ٳ(خ٬٩ ٤١ )نٖو خحسؾٲح (د٥ ج٬ّ ٬شتطٺ٥ ج٤نٖو دجخ٥ (ؼ)صٹحدز ج٤ٚٶ أع٥كحؾض ئ٥كؿحخ ج٥س ج٦(خ)جسضخحء ّن
3. Air rush into the lungs during inhalation as a result of: (a) increase pressure within the lungs (b) contraction of the diaphragm and intercostals muscle (c) relaxation of both the diaphragm and intercostals muscle (d) Decrease pressure within the lungs as a result of relaxation of the diaphragm muscle كحؾض ٳّنالش٥كؿحخ ج٥س ج٦ ّن٬٩ ٤١ رحكٞ (خ)ج٭٬شتطٺ٥ ج٤نٖو دجخ٥ (أ)صٹحدز ج: ٭طٺؿسٜؾٲٺ٥ ئغٮحء ج٬شتطٺ٥ ج٤ٶ دجخ٥ٲٴجء ئ٥ِ جٙٹٮذ.3 س٦ ٭طٺؿس ج٭رغحه ّن٬شتطٺ٥ ج٤نٖو دجخ٥حك جٚٴُ (د)ج٭خ٦ن٥ ج٬كحؾض ٳّنالش ذٺ٥كؿحخ ج٥س ج٦ ّن٬٩ ٤١ ٴُ (ؼ)ج٭رغحه٦ن٥ ج٬ذٺ كحؾض٥كؿحخ ج٥ج
4. The actual respiratory surface in humans are: (a) the trachea (b) the bronchi (c) alveoli (d) the nasal mucosa خحىٸ٪٥ٖؾحء ج٥ٲٴجتٺس (د)ج٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ٲٴجتٺس (ؼ)ج٥ؾْٺرحش ج٥(خ)ج
ٲٴجتٺس٥قرس جٞ٥ (أ)ج: ٱٸ٫ٸ جإل٭غحٙ ٺس٦ْٚ٥غٺس جٚطٮ٥ جألعيف ج-.4 ٘أل٭٥
5. The main importance of the cellular respiration process of living organisms is: (a) extraction of energy to allow cell to perform its vital processes. (b) Produces oxygen which allow cell to perform process consume energy. (c) By helping the amount of carbon dioxide in the air decrease. (d) Water molecules formed through it which prevents dehydration of the organism. كٺٴٹس٥ٺحش ج٦٪ْ٥ ذح٧ٺحٞ٥ٺس ج٦خ٦٥ س ضطٺفٝـ ذٲح ىح٦ (أ)ضغطخ:كٺس ٱٸ٥حتٮحش ج٢٦٥ ٴٷ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ْ٥ شتٺغٺس٥ٺس ج٪ جألٱ-.5 ؿٴ٥ٸ جٙ ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ٺس غح٭ٸ أ٪١ ٤ٞغحّذضٲح ض٪ٺس (ؼ)ذ٦خ٥ٸ جٙ سٝ ىح٠٦ٺحش ضغطٲ٦٪ْ ذ٧ٺحٞ٥ ٹطٺف ج٬غؿٺ١ٲح أ٥(خ)ٹٮطؽ خال .كٸ٥ ج٬حت٢٥حٗ جٚٮِ ؾ٪حء ض٩ ٲح ؾضٹثحش٥ خال٫ٴ٢(د)ضط
6. Liberation of the energy stored in food to build and maintain tissues of living organisms are: (a) photosynthesis. (b) Respiration (c) photosynthesis and respiration. (d) Digestion. نٴتٶ٥رٮحء ج٥(ؼ)ج
ظٚطٮ٥(خ)ج
نٴتٶ٥رٮحء ج٥ (أ)ج:كٺس ٱٸ٥حتٮحش ج٢٥رٮحء ٳفٺح٭س أ٭غؿس ج٥ ٖزجء٥ٸ جٙ خض٭س٪٥س جٝيح٥ٺس ضكشٹش ج٦٪ّ.6 ٨ٲن٥ظ (د)جٚطٮ٥ٳج
7. The equation a (C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP) represent: (a) external respiration (b) gas exchange (c) aerobic respiration (d) anaerobic respiration ظٚ(د)ضٮ
ظ ٱٴجتٸٚ(ؼ)ضٮ
ٖحصجش٥ ج٣(خ)ضرحد
ظ خحسؾٸٚ (أ)ضٮ:٤ػ٪)ضC6H12O6→6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP(س٥ْحد٪٥ج.7 ال ٱٴجتٸ
8. On Glycolysis fructose 1-6 – diphosphate is formed from ……: (a) glucose directly (b) glucose - 6 - phosphate. (c) Fructose - 6-phosphate (d) phosphoglyceraldhyde حشٚٴعٙ-6-- ٴص١ٴ٦(خ)ؾ
رحؽشز٩ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ (أ)ج:٬٩ حشٚٴعٚ٥غٮحتٸ ج-6-1 طٴص١شٚ٥ش ج٢ ع٫ٴ٢ٴص ٹط١ٴ٦ؿ٥ّٮذ ج٭ؾيحس ج.3 ذٱٺذ٥ٺغش ج٦ٴؾٚٴعٚ٥(د) ج حشٚٴعٙ6--طٴص١شٙ)(ؼ
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9. The end product of glycolysis ..................( a) 2 molecule from each of FAD and NAD+ and ADP . (b) Molecule of each of CO2 and NAD+ and ADP. (c) 2 molecules of each of lactic acid; ATP and CO2. (d) 2 molecule of each of pyruvic acid; NADH and ATP (e) molecule of each of ethyl alcohol and CO2. ADPٳNAD+ٳFAD٬٩ ٤١ ٬٩ (أ)ؾضٷء..................ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥س ج٭ؾيحس ج٦شق٪٥ ٮٲحتٺس٥س ج٦كق٪٥ج.9 CO2ٳATP ٳ٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ٤١ ٬٩ ؾضٵء0) (ؼADPٳNAD+ٳCO2٬٩ ٤١ ٬٩ (خ)ؾضٷء CO2ٶ ٳ٦ جالغٺ٣كٴ٢٥ ج٬٩ ٤١ ٬٩ (ٱـ)ؾضٵءATPٳNADH ٳ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ٤١ ٬٩ ؾضٵء0)(د
10. Turning molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid and formation of two molecules of ATP indicates occurrence of.............. (a) Aerobic respiration (b) anaerobic respiration (c) transfer of electrons (d) Krebs cycle ظ ٱٴجتٸٚ(أ)ضٮ..............ٶ قذٳظ٦ّ ٣ٹذATP٬٩ ٬ ؾضٹثٺ٬ٴٹ٢ ٳض٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ٬ٶ ؾضٹثٺ٥ٴص ئ١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ؾضٷء ج٣ضكٴ.15 شذظ١ طشٳ٭حش (د)دٳسز٢٥ جال٤ٞ(ؼ)٭ ظ ال ٱٴجتٸٚ(خ)ضٮ
11. The raw materials required for the process of aerobic respiration of a cell is................ (a) Glucose and oxygen, 2 ATP molecules. (b) PGAL; chlorophyll and NADP. (c) Oxygen; NADH and FADH2. (d) Acetyl Coenzyme or Krebs cycle and electrons transport chain.
ATP ؾضٷء0 ٳ٬غؿٺ١ٴص ٳأ١ٴ٦(أ)ؾ.................ٺس ٭ؾيس ٱٸ٦خ٥ ٲٴجتٸ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ْ٥ س٩الص٥ ج٧خح٥ٴجد ج٪٥ج.11 ٤ٞٮ٥س ج٦غ٦شذظ ٳع١ أٳ دٳسز٨غحّذ ئ٭ضٹ٩ ٤ (د)جعطٺFADH2ٳNADH ٳ٬غؿٺ١ (ؼ)أNADP ٳ٤ٺٙٴسٳ٦١ ٳPGAL)(خ طشٳ٭ٸ٢٥جال
12. Energy form aerobic respiration released in the form of number.......... ATP and the number ……….NADH and the number.......... FADH2 . (a) 4 molecules of ATP and 8 NADH and FAD. (b) 2 molecule of ATP and 8 NADH and 2 FADH2. (c) 4 molecules of ATP and 10 NADH and FADH2 (d) 36 molecules ATP and 6 NADH and 2 FADH2. FADH2............. ٳّذدNADH.......... ٳّذدATP ..........ٸ فٴسز ّذدٙ ٲٴجتٸ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥س جٝ ىحٜ٦ضٮي.10 NADH10ٚ ATPؾضٹثحش4 ) (ؼFADH22 ٳNADH8 ٳATPؾضٵء0)(خ FADH22 ٳNADH8 ٳATPؾضٹثحش4)(أ FADH22 ٳNADH6 ٳATPؾضٵء36)(د FADH2ٳ
13. In aerobic respiration carbon atoms of glucose molecule is oxidized to .............(a) 6 molecules of CO2. ( b) 4 molecules of ATP. (c) 10 molecules of NAD+ (d) all of the above. ATPؾضٹثحش4)خ
CO2ؾضٹثحش6)(أ.............ٶ٥ٴص ئ١ٴ٦ؿ٥ؿضٵء ج٥ ٫شذٴ٢٥غذز رسجش ج١ ج٨ٲٴجتٸ ٹط٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٸ جٙ.13 ٜح عر٩ ِٺ٪(د)ؾ NAD+ؾضٹثحش15)(ؼ
14. In aerobic respiration a small amount of energy is liberated in the form of ATP, but most of the energy is stored in molecules..................... (A) NAD+ and FAD. (b) pyruvic acid and PGAL (c) a Acetyl Coenzyme A. (d) NADH and FADH2 . .....................ٸ ؾضٹثحشٙ خطض٭س٩ ٫ٴ٢س ضٝيح٥ ج٨َْ٩ ٬٢٥ ٳATP ٸ فٴسزٙ سٝيح٥ ج٬٩ س٦ٺ٦ٝ ٺس٪١ ٲٴجتٸ ضطكشس٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٸ جٙ.14 FADH2 ٳNADH)(د أ٨غحّذ جال٭ضٹ٩ ٤ (ؼ)جعطٺPGAL ٳ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪(خ)ق FADٳNAD+)(أ
15. Krebs cycle begins with combination of acetyl group with 4 carbon compound to form...... (a) Citric acid (b) acetic acid (C) adenine (d) malic acid. ٠ٺ٦خ٥ل ج٪(خ)ق
٠غطشٹ٥ل ج٪ (أ)ق......٬ٴٹ٢ط٥ ٫شذٴ٢٥د سذحّٸ ج١ش٩ ِ٩ ٤ٴّٰ جالعطٺ٪ؿ٩ شذظ ذحضكحد١ ضرذأ دٳسٯ.15 ٠ٺ٥ح٪٥ل ج٪(د)ق ٬(ؼ)أدٹٮٺ
16. The number of molecules of ATP produced from complete aerobic oxidation of acetyl group is: (a) 12 (b) 15 (c) 18 (d) 36 . 36)(د
13)(ؼ
15)(خ
10) (أ: ٱٴجتٺح ٱٴ٤ٴّس جعطٺ٪ؿ٩ ؿضٵء٥ س٩غذز ضح١ أ٬٩ طٸ ضٮطؽ٥ جATP ّذد ؾضٹثحش.16
17. The number of molecules of ATP produced from complete aerobic oxidation of one molecule of pyruvic acid is: (a) 12 (b) 15 (c) 18 (d) 36 . 36) (د13)(ؼ
15)(خ
10) (أ: ٱٴجتٺح ٱٴ٠ٺٙل ذٺشٳ٪ؿضٵء ق٥ س٩غذز ضح١ ج٬٩ طٸ ضٮطؽ٥ جATP ّذد ؾضٹثحش.17
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18. The number of molecules of ATP produced from complete aerobic oxidation of one molecule of lactic acid is: (a) 12 (b) 15 (c) 18 (d) 36. 36)(د
13)(ؼ
15) (خ10) (أ: ٱٴجتٺح ٱٴ٠طٺ١ل ال٪ؿضٷء ق٥ س٩غذز ضح١ أ٬٩ طٸ ضٮطؽ٥ جATP ّذد ؾضٹثحش.13
19. The number of molecules of ATP produced in mitochondria on aerobic oxidation glucose molecule: (a) 12 (b) 15 (c) 18 (d) 36. 36)(د
13) (ؼ15) (خ10) (أ: ٴص ٱٴجتٺح١ٴ٦غذز ؾضٷء ؾ١ٴ٭ذسٹح ّٮذ أ١ٺطٴ٪٥ٸ جٙ طٸ ضٮطؽ٥ جATP ّذد ؾضٹثحش.19
20. The number of CO2 molecules that result from complete oxidation of molecule of acetyl group is: (a) zero (b) single molecule. (c) Two molecules. (d) Three molecules. (e) Six molecules. ٫(ؼ)ؾضٹثح
(خ)ؾضٷء ٳجقذ
شٚ (أ)ف: ٱٴجتٺح ٱٴ٤ٴّس جعط٪ؿ٩ ؿضٷء٥ س٩غذز ضح١ أ٬٩ طٸ ضٮطؽ٥ جCO2 ّذد ؾضٹثحش.05 (د)غالظ ؾضٹثحش (ٯ)عطس ؾضٹثحش
21. The number of CO2 molecules that result from the complete oxidation of one molecule of pyruvic acid is: (a) zero (b) a single molecule (c) Two molecules (d) three molecules (e) six molecules ٫(ؼ)ؾضٹثح
(خ)ؾضٷء ٳجقذ
شٚ (أ)ف: ٱٴجتٺح ٱٴ٠ٺٙ ل ذٺشٳ٪ؿضٷء ق٥ س٩غذز ضح١ أ٬٩ طٸ ضٮطؽ٥ جCO2 ّذد ؾضٹثحش.01 (د)غالظ ؾضٹثحش (ٱـ)عطس ؾضٹثحش
22. The number of CO2 molecules produced in Cytoplasm from complete aerobic oxidation of molecule of glucose is: (a) zero (b) a single molecule (c) Two molecules (d) three molecules (e) six molecules (خ)ؾضٷء ٳجقذ
شٚ (أ)ف:ٴص ٱٴجتٺح ٱٴ١ٴ٦ؿضٷء ؾ٥ س٩غذز ضح١ ج٬٩ ٧غٺطٴذالٳ٥ٸ جٙ طٸ ضٮطؽ٥ جCO2 ّذد ؾضٹثحش.00 (د)غالظ ؾضٹثحش (ٱـ)عطس ؾضٹثحش٫(ؼ)ؾضٹثح
23. The number of CO2 molecules, which produces in mitochondria from complete aerobic oxidation of glucose molecule is: (a) zero (b) a single molecule (c) Two molecules (d) three molecules. (e) Six molecules. (خ)ؾضٷء ٳجقذ
شٚ (أ)ف:ٴص ٱٴجتٺح ٱٴ١ٴ٦ؿضٷء ؾ٥ س٩غذز ضح١ أ٬٩ ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ٵحٙ طٸ ضٮطؽ٥ جCO2 ّذد ؾضٹثحش.03 (د)غالظ ؾضٹثحش (ٱـ)عطس ؾضٹثحش٫(ؼ)ؾضٹثح
24. The number of co - enzymes that reduced on aerobic oxidation of glucose molecule is: (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 (e) 10 (f) 12. 15)(ٱـ
6)(د
5)(ؼ
4)(خ
3) (أ:ٴص ٱٴجتٺح ٱٴ١ٴ٦غذز ؾضٷء ؾ١ٲح ّٮذ أ٥ جخطضج٨طٸ ٹط٥حش ج٪غحّذجش جإل٭ضٹ٩ ّذد.04 10)(ٳ
25. Number of co - enzymes that reduced on aerobic oxidation of one molecule pyruvic acid: (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 . (d) 6 (e) 10 (f) 12 . 15)(ٱـ
6)(د
5)(ؼ
4)(خ
3) (أ: ٱٴجتٺح٠ٺٙل ذٺشٳ٪غذز ؾضٵء ق١ٲح ّٮذ ج٥ جخطضج٨طٸ ٹط٥حش ج٪غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ٩ ّذد.05 10)(ٳ
26. Number of co - enzymes that reduced on aerobic oxidation of one molecule of acetyl group is: (a) 3 (b) 4. (c) 5 (d) 6 (e) 10 (f) 12 . 6)(د
5)(ؼ
4)(خ
3) (أ: ٱٴجتٺح ٱٴ٤ٴّس جط ٹط٪ؿ٩ غذز ؾضٵء١ٲح ّٮذ ج٥ جخطضج٨طٸ ٹط٥حش ج٪غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ٩ ّذد.06 10)(ٳ 15)(ٱـ
27. Number of co - enzymes that reduced on aerobic oxidation of one molecule of lactic acid is : (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6. (e) 10 (f) 12. 6)(د
5)(ؼ
4)(خ
3) (أ: ٱٴجتٺح ٱٴ٠طٺ١ل ال٪ ق٬٩ غذز ؾضٵء١ٲح ّٮذ ج٥ جخطضج٨طٶ ٹط٥حش ج٪غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ٩ ّذد.07 10)(ٳ 15)(ٯ
28. Number of co - enzymes NAD+, which is reduced to NADH on aerobic oxidation of one glucose molecule is : (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 (e) 10 (f) 12 . 5)(ؼ
4)(خ
3) (أ:ٴص ٱٴجتٺح ٱٴ١ٴ٦غذز ؾضٵء ؾ١ّٮذ جNADH+ٶ٥ٲح ج٥ جخطضج٨طٶ ٹط٥جNAD9+حش٪غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ٩ ّذد.03 10)(ٳ 15) (ٱـ6)(د
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29. Number of co - enzymes FAD+, which is reduced to FADH2 on aerobic oxidation of one glucose molecule is : (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 (e) 10 (f) 12 5)(ؼ
4)(خ
0) (أ:ٴص ٱٴجتح ٱٴ١ٴ٦غذز ؾضٵء ؾ١ ّٮذ جFADH2 ٶ٥ٲح ج٥ جخطضج٨طٶ ٹط٥ جFAD+حش٪غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ٩ ّذد.09 10)(ٳ 15) (ٱـ6)(د
30. The number of molecules of ATP and FADH2, which are produced during the Krebs cycle are: (a) 1.1 (b) 2.1 (c) 1.2 (d) 2.2 0.0)(د
1.0)(ؼ
0.1)(خ
1.1) (أ: شذظ ٱٶ١ دٳسز٣طٶ ضٮطؽ خال٥ جFADH2ٳATPّذد ؾضٹثحش.35
31. Complete oxidation of one molecule of acetyl group resulting from the oxidation of fat, produce : (a) 12ATP (b) 15ATP (c) 18ATP (d) 36ATP . ATP18)(ؼ
ATP15)(خ
ATP12) (أ:٫ذٱٴ٥غذز ج١ ج٬٩ ٮحضؿس٥ ج٤ٴّس جالعطٺ٪ؿ٩ ٬٩ ؿضٵء ٳجقذ٥ س٩غذز ضح١ ج٬ّ ٹٮطؽ.31 ATP36)(د
32. Electronic transfer series start …..: (a) Prior to formation of pyruvic acid (b) after oxidation of pyruvic acid (c) during the Krebs cycle (d) after the Krebs cycle شٹرظ١ (ؼ)جغٮحء دٳسز٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪غذز ق١(خ)ذْذ ج
٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬ٴٹ٢ ض٤رٝ) (أ:طشٳ٭ٺحش٢٥ جال٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ضرذج ع.30 شٹرظ١ (د)ذْذ دٳسز
33. The number of ATP molecules, which produce directly from the oxidation of glucose molecule in aerobic respiration are: (a) 2 molecule (b) 4 molecules (c) 8 molecules (d) 38 molecule . ؾضٹثحش4)(خ
ؾضٵء0) (أ:٫ٴ٢ٲٴجتٶ ض٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٣ٴص خال١ٴ٦غذز ؾضٵء ؾ١ ج٬٩ رحؽشز٩ طٶ ضٮطؽ ذقٴسز٥ جATPّذد ؾضٹثحش.33 ؾضٹثح33)(د ؾضٹثحش3)(ؼ
34. The number of molecules of ATP, which produces directly from oxidation of molecule of glucose through the Krebs cycle: (a) 2 molecule (b) 4 molecules (c) 8 molecules (d) 38 molecule ؾضٹثحش4)(خ
ؾضٵء0) (أ:شذظ١ دٳسز٣ٴص خال١ٴ٦غذز ؾضٵء ؾ١ ج٬٩ رحؽشز٩ طٶ ضٮطؽ ذقٴسز٥ جATPّذد ؾضٹثحش.34 ؾضٹثح33)(د ؾضٹثحش3)(ؼ
35. The number of ATP molecules produced in the cytoplasm directly from the oxidation of glucose molecule through the aerobic respiration is: (a) 2 molecule (b) 4 molecules (c) 8 molecules (d) 38 molecule. ؾضٵء0) (أ:٫ٴ٢ٲٴجتٶ ض٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٣ٴص خال١ٴ٦غذز ؾضٵء ؾ١ ج٬٩ رحؽشز٩ ذقٴسز٧غٺطٴذالص٥ٶ جٙ طٶ ضٮطؽ٥ جATP ّذد ؾضٹثحش.35 ؾضٹثح33)(د ؾضٹثحش3)(ؼ ؾضٹثحش4)(خ
36. Complete combustion of glucose molecule requires cycle Krebs rate....... (a) Twice. (b) Once (c) 3 times (d) 5 times. شجش٩ 3)(ؼ
شز ٳجقذز٩)(خ
٬شضٺ٩) (أ....... ٣ْذ٪شذظ ذ١ ضذٳس دٳسز٫ ج٧ض٦س ٹغط٦٩ح١ ٴص ذقٴسز١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ؾضٵء جٛجقطشج.36 شجش٩ 5)(د
37. The amount of ATP produced by oxidation of one molecule of glucose in the Krebs cycle (a) 8 (b) 36 (c) 28 (d) 24. 04)(د
03)(ؼ
36)(خ
3)شذظ (أ١ ٶ دٳسزٙ ٴص ٳجقذ١ٴ٦غذز ؾضٵء ؾ١ ج٬٩ ٮحضؿس٥ جATP٣ٺس ج٪١.37
38. The number of NADH resulting from one glucose molecule by aerobic respiration ..........( a) nothing (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 10 . 4)(ؼ
0)(خ
(أ)الؽٶء..........ال ٱٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٴص ٳجقذ ذح١ٴ٦ ؾضٵء ؾ٬ّ ٮحضؿس٥جNADH رحش١ش٩ ّذد.33 15)(د
39. On glycolyis of four molecules of glucose, it will be given........ molecule of ATP. (a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 16 (d) 12 10)(د
16)(ؼ
4)(خ
3) (أATPؾضٵء........ا٭ٲح عٴٗ ضْيٶٙ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٬٩ ؾضٹثحش4 ّٮذ ج٭ؾيحس.39
80
40. Acetyl co enzyme A form a citric acid by combined with the compound: (a) 2- carbon atoms compound. (b) 3- carbon atoms compound. (c) 4- carbon atoms compound. (d) 5carbon atoms compound. ٫شذٴ٢٥(خ)غالغٶ رسجش ج
٫شذٴ٢٥ (أ)غٮحتٶ رسجش ج:د١ش٩ ِ٩ ٠غٺطشٹ٥ل ج٪ ق٬ٴٹ٢ط٥ أ٨غحّذ جال٭ضٹ٩ ٤د جعطٺ١ش٩ ٹطكذ.45 ٫شذٴ٢٥حعٶ رسجش ج٪(د)خ ٫شذٴ٢٥(ؼ)سذحّٶ رسجش ج
41. Differences between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration: (a) the use of glucose in production of energy. (b) The production of ethyl alcohol. (c) The production of carbon dioxide (d) producing a compound ATP ٣كٴ٢٥(خ)ج٭طحؼ ج
سٝيح٥ٶ ج٭طحؼ جٙ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٧ (أ)جعطخذج: الٱٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٲٴجتٶ ٳج٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٬حش ذٺٙ جالخطال٬٩.41 ATPد١ش٩ (د)ج٭طحؼ ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ٶ (ؼ)ج٭طحؼ ٕحص غح٭ٶ ج٦جالٹػٺ
42. Carbon dioxide exit during the following stage of cellular respiration in bacteria: (a) Glycolysis and oxidation of pyruvic acid to Acetyl Coenzyme – A. (b) oxidation of pyruvic acid to Acetyl Coenzyme – A and Krebs cycle. (c) Cycle Corps and a series of electronic transport (d) splitting the fermentation of glucose and pyruvic acid. ٶ٥ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪غذز ق١ٴص ٳج١ٴ٦ؿ٥ (أ)ج٭ؾيحس ج:طٺشٹح٢ر٥ٶ جٙ ٴٵ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٬٩ ٺس٥طح٥س ج٦شق٪٥ جغٮحء ج٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ٹخشؼ غح٭ٶ ج.40 س٦غ٦شذظ ٳع١ شذظ (ؼ)دٳسز١ أ ٳدٳسز-٨غحّذ ج٭ضٹ٩ ٤ٴّس جعطٺ٪ؿ٩ ٶ٥ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪غذز ق١أ (خ)ج-٨غحّذ ج٭ضٹ٩ ٤ٴّس جعطٺ٪ؿ٩ ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ش ق٪ٴص ٳضخ١ٴ٦ؿ٥طشٳ٭ٶ (د)ج٭ؾيحس ج٢٥ جال٤ٞٮ٥ج
43. The stage of cellular respiration, which occurs both in the presence or absence of oxygen: (a) transfer of electrons (b) Glycolysis (c) Krebs cycle (d) oxydative phosphorylation. شذظ١ ٴص (ؼ)دٳسز١ٴ٦ؿ٥(خ)ج٭ؾيحس ج
طشٳ٭حش٢٥ جال٤ٞ (أ)٭: ٰٶ ٕٺحذٙ جٳ٬غؿٺ١ٶ ٳؾٴد جالٙ عٴجء٨طٶ ضط٥ٴٵ ج٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥س ج٦شق٩.43 غذٹس١طأ٥شز جٚغٚ٥(د)ج
44. On conversion of pyruvic acid to Acetyl co enzyme A , a molecule NAD+ undergo ………process. (a) Reduction (b) oxidation (c) splitting (d) decomposition. (ؼ)ج٭ؾيحس
غذز١(خ)ج
٣ٺس (أ)جخطضج٦٪ّNAD+ ؿضٵء٥ أ ٹكذظ٨غحّذ جال٭ضٹ٩ ٤ٶ جالعطٺ٥ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣ّٮذ ضكٴ.44 ٤٦(د)ضك
45. When a pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid, NADH molecule undergo …….. Process. (a) Reduction (b) oxidation (c) splitting. (d) Decomposition. (ؼ)ج٭ؾيحس
غذز١(خ)ج
٣ٺس (أ)جخطضج٦٪ّNADHؿضٵء٥ ٹكذظ٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪ٶ ق٥ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣ ّٮذ ضكٴ.45 ٤٦(د)ضك
46. Muscle cells that are actively violent form high percentage of ……..: (a) lactic acid (b) pyruvic acid. (c) Citric acid (d) acetic acid. ٠ٺٙل ذٺشٳ٪(خ)ق
٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪ (أ)ق: ٬٩ ٺس٥ ذٮؾحه ّٮٺ٘ ٭غرس ّح٧ٴٞطٶ ض٥ْنالش ج٥ خالٹح ج٫ٴ٢ض.46 ٠ل جالعطٺ٪(د)ق ٠غطشٹ٥ل ج٪(ؼ)ق
47. Cytochroms of electronic transport chain is present in................ (a) The cytoplasm of the cell (b) the outer membrane of mitochondria. (c) Of the inner mitochondrial membrane (d) the matrix of the mitochondrial. ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٦٥ خحسؾٶ٥ٖؾحء ج٥(خ)ج
ٺس٦خ٥ ج٧ (أ)عٺطٴذالص................ٶٙ طشٳ٭ٶ٢٥ جال٤ٞٮ٥س ج٦غ٦غ٥ حش٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ضٴؾذ ج.47 ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٦٥ حدز جالعحط٩)(د ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٦٥ ٶ٦ذجخ٥ٖؾحء ج٥(ؼ)ج
48. The energy required for cell activity released on conversion of ..........to....... (a) NADH → NAD+ (b) ADP → ATP. (c) FADH2 → FAD+ (d) ATP → ADP . ADP→ATP)(خ
NADH→NAD+)(أ.................٣ح ٹطكٴ٩ٴٵ ّٮذ٦خ٥ٮؾحه ج٦٥ س٩الص٥س جٝيح٥ جٜ٦ضٮي.43 ATP→ADP)(د FADH2→FAD+)(ؼ
49. In the absence of oxygen, the process of fermentation acts on................. (a) Oxidation of pyruvic acid to lactic acid or ethyl alcohol. (b) Reduction of pyruvic acid by oxidation of
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NADH to NAD+. (c) Reduction of pyruvic acid by reduction of NAD+ to NADH. (d) Oxidation of lactic acid by reduction of NAD+ to NADH. ٶ٦ جٹػٺ٣كٴ١ جٳ٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪ٶ ق٥ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪غذز ق١(أ)أ.................ٶ٦ّ ٤٪ْش ض٪طخ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٫اٙ ٬غؿٺ١ٶ ٕٺحخ جالٙ.49 NADHٶ٥جNAD+٣ ذٴجعيس جخطضج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣(ؼ)جخطضج NAD+ٶ٥جNADHغذز١ ذٴجعيس ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣(خ)جخطضج NADHٶ٥جNAD+٣ ذٴجعيس جخطضج٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪غذز ق١(د)أ
50. Most of the energy liberated from aerobic respiration is produced when electrons carried on........ And...........moved to ............ who works as a final recipient in electrons transport chain. (a) NADPH2 and FADH2 to O2 (b) NAD+ and FAD to the O2. (c) NADPH and FADH2 to O2 (d) chemical bonds of pyruvic acid and Co.A Cytochromes.
٤رٞغط٪١ ٤٪ْزٵ ٹ٥ج............ٶ٥ج...........ٳ........ٶ٦ّ س٥ٴ٪ك٪٥طشٳ٭حش ج٢٥ جال٤ٞح ضٮط٩ٲٴجتٶ ضٮطؽ ّٮذ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٬٩ طكشسز٪٥س جٝيح٥ ج٨َْ٩.55 O2ٶ٥ جFAD ٳNAD+) (خO2ٶ٥ جFADH2ٳNADPH2) (أ: طشٳ٭ٶ٢٥ جال٤ٞٮ٥س ج٦غ٦ٶ عٙ طشٳ٭حش٢٥ال٥ جخٺش حش٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ٶ ج٥ جCo. A ٳ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ك٥ ٺحتٺس٪ٺ٢٥شٳجذو ج٥ (د)جO2ٶ٥ جFADH2 ٳNADPH)(ؼ
51. The final receptor of the electrons in electrons transport chain is.............. (a) O2 (b) H2O. (c) NAD+. (d) CO2. CO2)(د
NAD+)(ؼ
H2O)(خ
O2) (أ..............طشٳ٭ٶ ٱٴ٢٥ جال٤ٞٮ٥س ج٦غ٦ٶ عٙ طشٳ٭حش٢٥ال٥ جالخٺش٤رٞغط٪٥ج.51
52. The active oxygen, which is part of electron transport system, enters as an atom in molecule............. (a) Glucose (b) water (c) CO2 (d) oxygen. حء٪٥(خ)ج
ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ (أ)ج.............ٶ ؾضٵءٙ زسز١ ٤طشٳ٭ٶ ٹذخ٢٥ال٥ ج٣حٞ ج٭ط٧ ٭َح٬٩ ؾضءج٤٢زٵ ٹؾ٥ٮؾو ج٥ ج٬غؿٺ١جال.50 ٬غؿٺ١(د)جال CO2)(ؼ
53. Electron transport chain transfer electrons............ (a) From granna to Stroma (b) from solar energy to chlorophyll. (c) To turn into carotene. (d) For the release of energy. ٤ٺٙٴسٳ٦٢٥ٶ ج٥غٺس ج٪ؾ٥س جٝيح٥ ج٬٩)(خ
ح٩غطشٳ٥ٶ ج٥ؿشج٭ح ج٥ ج٬٩)(أ............طشٳ٭حش٢٥ جال٤ٞٶ ٭٦ّ طشٳ٭ٶ٢٥ جال٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ ع٤٪ْض.53 سٝيح٥ جٛ(د)ال٭يال ٬حسٳضٺ١ ٶ٥ ج٣ططكٴ٥)(ؼ
54. Muscle cells that are actively violent form high percent of..................... (a) Lactic acid (b) pyruvic acid (c) citric acid (d) acetic acid. ل٪ (ؼ)ق٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪(خ)ق
٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪(أ)ق.....................٬٩ ٺس٥ ٭غرٰ ّح٫ٴ٢ ذٮؾحه ّٮٺ٘ ض٧ٴٞطٶ ض٥ْنالش ج٥خالٹح ج.54 ٠ل جالعطٺ٪(د)ق ٠غطشٹ٥ج
55. Glucose is oxidized in case of aerobic cellular respiration through.................... (a) Union of glucose with oxygen. (b) Loss of glucose to oxygen atoms. (c) Union of glucose with hydrogen. (d) Loss of glucose to electrons. ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ذ جٞٙ)(خ
٬غؿٺ١ٴص ذحال١ٴ٦ؿ٥(أ)جضكحد ج....................٣ خال٬٩ ٲٴجتٶ٥ٴٵ ج٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٰ ج٥ٶ قحٙ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥غذز ج١ ج٨ضط.55 طشٳ٭حش٢٥ال٥ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ذ جٞٙ)(د ٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥ٴص ذح١ٴ٦ؿ٥ (ؼ)جضكحد ج٬غؿٺ١زسجش جال٥
56. CO2 molecule is liberated as a result of.................. (a) Glycolysis. (b) Fermentation of lactic acid. (c) Alcoholic fermentation. (d) Hydrolysis of glycogen. ٶ٥كٴ٢٥ش ج٪طخ٥ (ؼ)ج٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪ش ق٪(خ)ضخ
ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥(أ)ج٭ؾيحس ج.................. ٭طٺؿسCO2 ؾضٵءٜ٦ٹٮي.56 ٬ٴؾٺ٢ٺ٦ؿ٦٥ حتٶ٪٥ ج٤٦طك٥(د)ج
57. Pyruvic acid is reduced to form ....................(a) PGAL. (b) Carbon dioxide and ethanol (c) fructose 1-6 diphosphate. (d) Malic acid. ٣ ٳجالٹػح٭ٴ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١(خ)غح٭ٶ ج
PGAL)(أ....................٫ٴ٢ٺ٥ ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣ٹخطض.57 ٠ٺ٥ح٪٥ل ج٪(د)ق حشٚٴعٚ٥ غٮحتٶ ج6-1طٴص١شٙ)(ؼ
58. Electron transfer chain is described as …... (a) molecules carrier, which vary with enzymes (b) oxidative phosphorulation cycle . (c) A sequence of redox reactions (d) exothermic reaction. ٴسٹسٚٴعٚ٥غذٯ ج١حش (خ)دٳسٯ جال٪طٶ ضطٖٺش ذطٖٺش جال٭ضٹ٥ؿضٹثحش ج٥الش ج٩ (أ)قح:طشٳ٭حش ذأ٭ٲح٢٥ جال٤ٰٞ ٭٦غ٦ضٴف٘ ع.53 .كشجسز٦٥ ىحسد٤ّحٚ (د)ض٣غذز ٳجالخطضج١حّالش جالٚ ض٬٩ ِ(ؼ)ضطحذ
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59 ................... made within the mitochondrial inner membrane: (a) Krebs cycle (b) oxidative phosphorylation. (c) Formation of Acetyl Coenzyme – A. (d) all of the above. أ٨غحّذ ج٭ضٹ٩ ٤ جعطٺ٬ٴٹ٢غذٹس (ؼ)ض١طأ٥شز جٚغٚ٥(خ)ج
شذظ١ (أ)دٳسز:ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٦٥ ٶ٦ذجخ٥ٖؾحء ج٥ ج٣ خال٨ضط...................59 ٜح عر٩ ٤١)(د
60. In aerobic respiration oxygen is used only during the stage................ (a) oxidative phosphorylation (b) Krebs cycle. (c) Formation of PGAL (d) fermentation. شذظ١ (خ)دٳسز
غذٹس١طأ٥شز جٚغٚ٥(أ)ج................س٦شق٩ ٣و خالٞٙ ٬غؿٺ١ جال٧ جعطخذج٨ٲٴجتٶ ٹط٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٶ جٙ.65 ش٪طخ٥(د)ج PGAL٬ٴٹ٢(ؼ)ض
61. Fatty and amino acids can be used in the production of ATP by converting it to ............. that enter in............. (a) glucose -6 - phosphate enters the stage of glycolysis. (b) Citric acid that enter in electron transport chain .(c) A cetyl group that enter Krebs cycle. (d) Lactic acid that enters in the muscle. .............ٶٙ ٠٥ ذْذ ر٤طٶ ضذخ٥ج.............ٶ٥ٲح ج٦ ضكٴٹٜ ىشٹ٬ّ ATP ٶ ج٭طحؼٙ ٲح٩ جعطخذج٬٢٪ٺٮٺس ٹ٩ذٱٮٺس ٳجال٥حك ج٪جالق.61 طشٳ٭ٶ٢٥ جال٤ٞٮ٥س ج٦غ٦ٶ عٙ ٤زٵ ٹذخ٥ ج٠غطشٹ٥ل ج٪س جال٭ؾيحس (خ)ق٦شق٩ ٤زٵ ٹذخ٥حش جٚٴعٙ -6-ٴص١ٴ٦(أ)ؾ ْنالش٥ ج٤زٵ ٹذخ٥ ج٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪شذظ (د)ق١ دٳسز٤طٶ ضذخ٥ ج٤ٴّس جعطٺ٪ؿ٩)(ؼ
62. Fatty acids enter in cellular respiration in the form of molecule............ (a) One carbon. (b) 2- carbon. (c) 3 – carbons. (d) 5- carbon. ٫شذٴ٢٥(خ)غٮحتٶ ج
٫شذٴ٢٥(أ)جقحدٵ ج............ٶ ٱٺثس ؾضٵء٦ّ ٴٵ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٶ جٙ ذٱٮٺس٥حك ج٪ جالق٤ضذخ.60 ٫شذٴ٢٥حعٶ ج٪(د)خ ٫شذٴ٢٥(ؼ)غالغٶ ج
II- Write the scientific term: 1. Surface, upon which gas exchange occurs in humans (respiratory surfaces) )غٺسٚ (أعيف ضٮ٫ٶ جال٭غحٙ ٖحصجش٥ ج٣ٺس ضرحد٦٪ّ سٞ ىشٹ٬ّ ٨زٵ ٹط٥غيف ج٥ ج.1
2. Respiration mechanism in which the size of the chest cavity decrease due to relaxation of the intercostals muscle and diaphragm (exhalation) )ٺشٙض٥كحؾض ( ج٥كؿحخ ج٥ٴُ ٳج٦ن٥ ج٬قذسٵ ذغرد ج٭رغحه ّنالش ذٺ٥طؿٴٹ٘ ج٥ ج٨ٺٲح قؿٙ ٤ٞظ ٹٚٺس ضٮ٥ ج.0
3. The mechanism of respiration in which the size of the chest cavity increase, due relaxation of the intercostals muscle and the diaphragm (inspiration) )ٜؾٲٺ٥كحؾض (ج٥كؿحخ ج٥ٴُ ٳج٦ن٥ ج٬قذسٵ ذغرد ج٭رغحه ّنالش ذٺ٥طؿٴٹ٘ ج٥ ج٨ٺٲح قؿٙ ظ ٹضٹذٚٺس ضٮ٥ ج.3
4. Acid produce from its oxidation in one Krebs cycle, one molecule of ATP and one molecule FADH2. (Succinic acid) )٠غٺٮٺ٢غ٥ل ج٪ (قFADH2ٳؾضٵءATPٴجقذز ؾضٵء٥شذظ ج١ ٶ دٳسزٙ ٰغذض١ أ٬٩ ل ٹٮطؽ٪ ق.4
5. Compound (or acid) produce from its oxidation in one Krebs cycle, one molecule of ATP , one molecule of FADH2, and 3 molecules of NADH. (Acetyl group) )٤ٴّس أعطٺ٪ؿ٩( NADHؾضٹثحش3 ٳFADH2 ٳؾضٵءATP ٴجقذز ؾضٵء٥شذظ ج١ ٶ دٳسزٙ ٰغذض١ ج٬٩ ل) ٹٮطؽ٪د(أٳ ق١ش٩ .5
6. A compound resulting from its oxidation in Krebs cycle three molecules of CO2 (pyruvic acid). )٠ٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ (قCO2شذظ غالغس ؾضٹثحش١ ٶ دٳسزٙ ٰغذض١ أ٬ّ د ٹٮطؽ١ش٩ .6
7. Process where the organism extracts energy stored in chemical bonds of food molecules (respiration) )ظٚطٮ٥ (ج٧يْح٥ؿضٹثحش ج٥ ٺحتٺس٪ٺ٢٥شٳجذو ج٥ٶ جٙ خضٳ٭س٪٥س جٝيح٥كٶ ج٥ ج٬حت٢٥ٺٲح جٙ ٺس ٹغطخشؼ٦٪ّ .7
8. Respiratory muscle contributes mainly in the mechanism of respiration (the diaphragm) )كحؾض٥كؿحخ ج٥ظ (جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٥ٶ جٙ س أعحعٺسٚ ذق٨غٺس ضغٲٚس ضٮ٦ ّن.3
9. Intermediate compound to it both fat and protein are converted when used for energy production. (Acetyl group) )٤ٴّس جألعٺطٺ٪ؿ٩( سٝيح٥ ال٭طحؼ ج٧ح ضغطخذ٩رشٳضٺٮحش ّٮذ٥ ٳج٫ذٱٴ٥ ج٬٩ ٤١ ٰٺ٥ ج٣د ٳعيٶ ضطكٴ١ش٩ .9
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10. The only way to save energy within the cell and is liberated from it at the time of need, or is the international currency of the cell and is characterized by easily traded. (ATP) )ATP( ٲح٥س ضذجٳ٥ٺض ذغٲٴ٪ٺس ٳضط٦خ٦٥ ٺس٥ذٳ٥س ج٦٪ْ٥كحؾس أٳ ضْطرش ج٥ص جٝٮٰ ٳ٩ ٺس ٳضطكشس٦خ٥ ج٤س دجخٝيح٥ٌ جٚك٥ ٴقٺذز٥س ج٦ٴعٺ٥ ج.15
11. six-carbon acid formed in Krebs cycle. (Citric acid) )٠غطشٹ٥ل ج٪شذظ (ق١ دٳسز٤ دجخ٫ٴ٢ ٹط٫شذٴ٢٥ل عذجعٶ ج٪ ق.11
12. 4 carbon acid from it Krebs cycle start. (Oxalo acetic acid) ) ٠ جعطٺٟٴ٥غح١ل أ٪شذظ (ق١ ٮٰ دٳسز٩ زٵ ضرذج٥ ج٫شذٴ٢٥ل سذحّٶ ج٪ ق.10
13. 5 carbon acid formed in Krebs cycle. (Ketoglutaric acid) )ٟٴضش٦ٺطٴ ؾ١ ل٪شذظ (ق١ ٶ دٳسزٙ ٫ٴ٢ ٹط٫شذٴ٢٥حعٶ ج٪ل خ٪ ق.13
14. Acid when oxidized in the Krebs cycle produces Ketoglutaric acid. (Citric acid) )٠غطشٹ٥ل ج٪ (ق٠ٴضحسٹ٦ٺطٴؾ٢٥ل ج٪شذظ ق١ ٶ دٳسزٙ ٰغذض١ل ٹٮطؽ ّٮٰ ّٮذ أ٪ ق.14
15. Co- enzyme contributes in conversion of citric acid to Succinic acid. (NAD +) )NAD+( ٠غٺٮ١غح٥ل ج٪ٶ ق٥ ج٠غطشٹ٥ل ج٪ ق٤ٶ ضكٴٹٙ ٨ ٹغحٱ٨غحّذ ج٭ضٹ٩ .15
16. Co- enzyme enzyme contributes in conversion of Succinic acid to malice acid. (FAD +) ) FAD+(٠ٺ٥ح٪٥ل ج٪ٶ ق٥ ج٠غٺٮ١غح٥ل ج٪ ق٤ٶ ضكٴٹٙ ٨ ٹغحٱ٨غحّذ ج٭ضٹ٩ .16
17. Co- enzyme contributesin conversion of malic acid to oxalacetic acid. (NAD +) )NAD+( ٠ٴأعٺطٺ٥غح١ل جال٪ٶ ق٥ ج٠ٺ٥ح٪٥ل ج٪ ق٤ٶ ضكٴٹٙ ٨ ٹغحٱ٨غحّذ ج٭ضٹ٩ .17
18. The final recipient in series of electron transfer. (Oxygen) )٬غؿٺ١ (جأل٫طشٳ٢٥ جال٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ٶ عٙ جالخٺش٤رٞغط٪٥ ج.13
19. Form of stored energy in which energy is transmitted from cell to another and from living organism to another. (Glucose and other carbohydrate molecules) ) شذٴٱٺذسجش٢٥ ؾضٹثحش ج٬٩ ٴص ٳٕٺشز١ٴ٦ؿ٥ قٶ الخش (ج٬حت١ ٬٩ٺس الخشٵ ٳ٦ خ٬٩ سٝيح٥ٺٲح جٙ ٤ٞس ضٮطٝيح٦٥ خضٳ٭س٩ فٴسز.19
20. Sequence of co enzymes found in the inner wall of the mitochondria (cytochromes) )حش٩شٳ١ٴ٭ذسٹح (أعٺطٴ١ٺطٴ٪٦٥ ٶ٦ذجخ٥ؿذجس ج٥ٶ جٙ حش ضٴؾذ٪غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ٩ ٬٩ ِ ضطحذ.05
21. The entry of air in and out during the process of inhalation and exhalation. (Respiration mechanism) )ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٥ٺش (أٙض٥ ٳجٜؾٲٺ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٲٴجء ٳخشٳؾٰ جغٮحء٥ ج٣ٺس دخٴ٦٪ّ .01
22. Free energy in the chemical bonds of food molecules (cellular respiration) )ٴٵ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ (ج٧يْح٥ؿضٹثحش ج٥ ٺحتٺس٪ٺ٢٥شٳجذو ج٥ٶ جٙ ٮس٩ح٢٥س جٝيح٥ ضكشٹش ج.00
23. Process in which blood takes oxygen from the respiration air and out to it CO2 gas as a final product of respiration, which got from the tissues of the body. (Gas exchange) ٨ؿغ٥ ج٭غؿس ج٬٩ ٺس٦ّ ٤زٵ قق٥ظ جٚطٮ٦٥ ٮطؽ ٭ٲحتٶ٪٥ CO2ٺٰ ٕحص٥ظ ٳٹخشؼ جٚطٮ٥ ٱٴجء ج٬٩ ٬غؿٺ١ جال٧ذ٥طٶ ٹحخز ذٲح ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ْ٥ ج.03 )ٖحصجش٥ ج٣(ضرحد
24. Minute ramifications of the bronchioles. (Alveoli = air sacs) )ٲٴجتٺس٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ٲٴجتٺس (ج٥ؾْٺرحش ج٥شٹْحش جٚط٥ سٞٺٝذ٥ٮٲحٹحش ج٥ ج.04
25. A common organ for the passage of food and air (pharynx) )٧ْٴ٦ر٥ٲٴجء (ج٥ ٳج٧يْح٥شٳس ج٪٥ ٟؾطش٩ ّنٴ.05
26. Organ of respiration known as voice box (larynx) )كٮؿشز٥قٴش (ج٥ جٛغٶ ٹْشٗ ذقٮذٳٚ ّنٴ ضٮ.06
27. One of the stages of cellular respiration occurs in cytosol of cell. (glycolysis) )ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ٺس (أ٭ؾيحس ج٦خ٥ ج٣ٶ عٺطٴعٴٙ ٨ٴٵ ضط٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٤شجق٩ جقذ.07
28. A sequence of co enzymes, called cytochromes (or electrons carrier) and situated in the inner mitochondrial membrane (electron transport chain) ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٦٥ ٶ٦ذجخ٥ٖؾحء ج٥ٶ جٙ ٴؾٴدز٪٥طشٳ٭حش) ٳج٢٥الش جال٩حش (أٳ قح٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ٶ ذح٪طٶ ضغ٥حش ٳج٪غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ٩ ٬٩ ِ ضطحذ.03 )٫طشٳ٢٥ جأل٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦(ع
29. Formation of lactic acid in the muscles at hard effort. (Acidic fermentation) )نٶ٪ش ق٪ (ضخٛؿٲٴد ؽح٩ ٣ْنالش ّٮذ ذز٥ٶ جٙ ٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪ ق٬ٴٹ٢ ض.09
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30. Formation of ATP molecules, from ADP molecules and a phosphate group by using energy liberated as a result of transmission of electrons on the steep of energy levels for a series of electron transfer (oxidative phosphorylation) ٶ٦ّ طشٳ٭حش٢٥ جال٣حٞطكشسز ٭طٺؿس ج٭ط٪٥س جٝيح٥ ج٧حش ذحعطخذجٚٴعٚ٥ٴّس ج٪ؿ٩ ٳADP ؾضٹثحش٬٩ ATP ؾضٹثحش٬ٴٹ٢ٺس ض٦٪ّ .35 )غذٹس١طأ٥شز جٚغٚ٥ (ج٫طشٳ٢٥ جال٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦غ٥ ٮكذسز٪٥س جٝيح٥غطٴٹحش ج٩
Third: rewrite the following sentences after correction without changing what is beneath the line: ح ضكطٰ خو٩ ضٖٺش٫ٺس ذْذ ضقكٺكٲح دٳ٥طح٥ ج٤٪ؿ٥طحذس ج١ أّذ:ػح٥غح
1. The number of alveoli in each lung in humans is about 200 000 (600 million) )٫ٺٴ٦٩ 655( ٘٥ج055ٶ٥ قٴج٫ٶ جال٭غحٙ ٴجقذز٥شتس ج٥ٶ جٙ ٲٴجتٺس٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ ّذد ج٤ ٹق.1
2. Ventilation of the lungs during the respiratory cycle does not exceed 50% of total capacity (10% only) )وٞٙ %15(
ٺس٦٢٥ عْطٲح ج٬٩ وٞٙ %55شجقس٥غٺس جغٮحء جٚطٮ٥ذٳسز ج٥ ج٣ خال٬شتطٺ٥ ال ضطؿحٳص ضٲٴٹس ج.0
3. Increasing of the heart rate lead to opposite changes in the rate and depth of breathing. (Similar changes) )س٦حغ٪٩ ظ (ضٖٺشجشٚطٮ٥ جٜ٪ّ عشّس ٳ٣ْذ٩ ٶٙ طنحدز٩غس ٳ١ْح٩ ٶ ضٖٺشجش٥د ٹإدٵ ج٦ٞ٥ مشذحش ج٣ْذ٩ ّٮذ صٹحدز.3
4. The amount of water that is lost from the body through the lungs represents 40% of the total water lost. (20%) )%05(
ٴدٞٚ٪٥حء ج٪٥س ج٦٪ ؾ٬٩%45٤ػ٪ ض٬شتطٺ٥ ج٣ خال٬٩ ٨ؿغ٥ذٱح جٞٚطٶ ٹ٥حء ج٪٥ٺس ج٪١ .4
5. The first step in aerobic oxidation of glucose molecule is electrons transferee. (Glycolysis) )طشٳ٭حش (جأل٭ؾيحس٢٥ جال٤ٞٴص ٱٴجتٺح ٱٵٮ١ٴ٦ؿ٥غذز ؾضٵء ج١ٶ أل٥خيٴز جالٳ٥ ج.5
6. Cytochromes play an important role in Krebs cycle of cellular respiration. (Electron transport chain) )٫طشٳ٢٥ جأل٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ٲٴجتٶ (ع٥ٴٵ ج٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥شذظ ذح١ ٶ دٳسٯٙ ح٪ٲ٩ حش دٳسج٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ْد ج٦ ض.6
7. Volatile flavoring exit from the human body through liver. (Lungs) )٬شتطٺ٥رذ (ج٢٥ ذٴجعيس ج٫ جال٭غح٨ ؾغ٬٩ ٤طٴجذ٦٥ طيحٹشز٪٥كطٴٹحش ج٪٥ ضخشؼ ج.7
8. Through one Krebs cycle produces 38 per molecule of ATP. (One molecule) ) (ؾضبء ٳجقذATP ؾضٵء33 ٴجقذز ٹٮطؽ٥شذظ ج١ دٳسز٣ خال.3
9. The amount of energy released on aerobic oxidation of glucose molecule is 36 ATP molecules. (38 molecule) ) ؾضٹة33( ٴص ٱٴجتٺح١ٴ٦ؿ٥غذز ج١ ّٮذ أATP ؾضتٺح36ذسٱحٝ سٝيح٥ ج٬٩ ٺس٪١ ٜ٦ ضٮي.9
10. The amount of energy released on anaerobic oxidation of glucose is 12 ATP molecules. (2 ATP molecules) ) ؾضب0( ٴص الٱٴجتٺح١ٴ٦ؿ٥غذز ج١ ّٮذ أATP ؾضتٺح10ذسٱحٝ سٝيح٥ ج٬٩ ٺس٪١ ٜ٦ ضٮي.15
11. The amount of energy released in the cytoplasm of the cell on aerobic or anaerobic oxidation of glucose is 38 ATP molecules. (2 Molecule) ) ؾضبء0( ٴص ٱٴجتٺح جٳ ال ٱٴجتٺح١ٴ٦ؿ٥غذز ج١ٺس ّٮذ ج٦خ٥ ج٧ٶ عٺطٴذالصٙ ATP ؾضتٺح33ذسٱحٝ سٝيح٥ ج٬٩ ٺس٪١ ٜ٦ ضٮي.11
12. Oxidation of one mole of glucose produces 38 ATP within the mitochondria. (36 Molecule) ) ؾضبء36( ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ ج٤دجخATP ؾضتٺح33ٜ٦ٴص ٹٮي١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٬٩ ٳجقذ٣ٴ٩ غذز١ ّٮذ أ.10
13. Oxidation of one mole of glucose requires 8 molecules of NAD+. (10 molecules) ) ؾضٹثحش15( NAD+٬٩ ؾضٹثحش3 ٰ٩ض٦ٴص ٹ١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٬٩ ٳجقذ٣ٴ٩ غذز١ أل.13
14. Splitting of one mole of glucose necessary 6 molecules NAD+. (Two molecules) ) ٫ (ؾضٹثحNAD+ ؾضٹثحش6 ٰ٩ض٦ٴص ٹ١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٬٩ ٳجقذ٣ٴ٩ ال٭ؾيحس.14
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15. Oxidation of one mole of glucose in the mitochondria, require 4 molecules of NAD+. (8 molecules) ) ؾضٹثحش3( NAD+ؾضٹثحش4ٰ٩ض٦ح٭ٰ ٹٙ ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ ج٤ٴص دجخ١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٬٩ ٳجقذ٣ٴ٩ غذز١ أل.15
16. Oxidation one mole of pyruvic acid requires 8 molecules NAD+. (4 molecules) ) ؾضٹثحش4( NAD+ؾضٹثحش3ٰ٩ض٦ح٭ٰ ٹٙ ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ٳجقذ٣ٴ٩ غذز١ أل.16
17. Oxidation of one mole of acetyl group requires 4 molecules of NAD+. (3 molecules) ) ؾضٹثحش3(
NAD+ ؾضٹثحش4 ٰ٩ض٦ح٭ٰ ٹٙ ٤ٴّس جالعطٺ٪ؿ٩ ٬٩ ٳجقذ٣ٴ٩ غذز١ أل.17
18. 10 molecules of CO2 released on oxidation of one mole of glucose. (6 molecules)
) ؾضٹثحش6( ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٬٩ ٳجقذ٣ٴ٩ غذز١ّٮذ جCO2ؾضٹثحش15ٜ٦ ضٮي.13
19. 6 molecules of CO2 released on oxidation of one mole of pyruvic acid. (3 molecules) ) ؾضٹثحش3(
٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ٳجقذ٣ٴ٩ غذز١ّٮذ جCO2ؾضٹثحش6ٜ٦ ضٮي.19
20. 4 CO2 molecules released upon oxidation of one mole of acetyl group. (2 molecules) ) ؾضٹثحش0(
٤ٴّس جالعطٺ٪ؿ٩ ٬٩ ٳجقذ٣ٴ٩ غذز١ّٮذ جCO2ؾضٹثحش4ٜ٦ ضٮي.05
21. 10 atoms of hydrogen released on oxidation of one mole of glucose. (8 atoms) ) رسجش3(
ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٬٩ ٳجقذ٣ٴ٩ غذز١ ّٮذ ج٬رسجش ٱٺذسٳؾٺ15 ٹخشؼ.01
22. 3 molecules of hydrogen are produced on oxidation of one mole of glucose. (4 molecules) ) ؾضٹثحش4(
ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٬٩ ٳجقذ٣ٴ٩ غذز١ ّٮذ ج٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥ ج٬٩ ؾضٹثحش3 ٹٮطؽ.00
Fourth: What happens in the following cases (the consequences?) )ٍٝخ(إٌزبئظ اٌّزشرجخ ػ١ٌ اٌؾبالد اٌزبٝؾذس ف٠ ِبرا:ساثؼب
1. Respiration through the mouth instead of nose: This may lead to: A - defect in the process of gas exchange as a result of entry of cold, dry air into the lungs resulting in adhesion of the walls of the alveoli and decrease % of solubility of gases (O2 and CO2) in the cold water vapour, which in important in the process of gas exchange resulting in hypoxia (decrease O2 in blood). B - Inflammation of the airways as a result of entry of air cold and laden with foreign particles. : ٘ جال٭٬٩ ذذال٨ٚ٥ ج٬٩ ظٚطٮ٥ج.1 :ٶ٥ذ ٹإدٵ جٝ ٠٥ر ٲٴجتٺس٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ ج٫ ؾذسجٛطقح٥ح ٹٮطؽ ج٪٩ ←سٙ ذقٴسز ذحسدز ٳؾح٬شتطٺ٦٥ ٲٴجء٥ ج٣ٖحصجش ٭طٺؿس دخٴ٥ ج٣ٺس ضرحد٦٪ّ ٶٙ ٤٦ خ-ش ـٞح ٹٮطؽ ّٮٰ ٭٪٩ ←ٖحصجش٥ ج٣ٺس ضرحد٦٪ّ ٶٙ ستٺغٶ٤٢ ذؾ٨طٶ ضغٲ٥رحسد ٳج٥حء ج٪٥ٶ ذخحس جٙ )CO2 ٳO2(ٖحصجش٥ ج٫حك ٭غرس رٳذحٚٳج٭خ ٧ذ٥ ج٬غؿٺ١أ ٖشٹرس٥ جٜحتٝذ٥ال ذح٪ك٩ٲٴجء ذحسد ٳ٥ ج٣ٲٴجتٺس ٭طٺؿس دخٴ٥ؾْد ج٥طٲحخ ج٥ ج-ظ
2. Contraction of the diaphragm muscle: A- Contraction of diaphragm muscle leads to: its dome move down to become flattened increase the vertical diameter of thoracic cage (widening) Decrease pressure within the lungs rush of air into the lungs, causing inhalation. كحؾض٥كؿحخ ج٥س ج٦رحك ّنٞج٭.0 ٤نٖو دجخ٥حك جٚقذسٵ←ج٭خ٥ـ جٚٞ٥ٹضٹذ جضغحُ ج- ← يكس٦ٚ٩ طقرف٥ ٤ٚٶ جع٥ضطؿٰ ج:ٶ٥كحؾض ٹإدٵ ج٥كؿحخ ج٥س ج٦رحك ّنٞج٭ ٜؾٲٺ٥كذغح ج٩ ٬شتطٺ٥ ج٤ٶ دجخ٥ٲٴجء ج٥حُ جٙ←ج٭ذ٬شتطٺ٥ج
3. Paralysis of the diaphragm muscle. A- Death, because diaphragm muscle is the main muscle of respiration mechanism. كحؾض٥كؿحخ ج٥س ج٦ٶ ّنٙ ٤٦ؽ.3 ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٥ٶ جٙ س٥ْحٙ ذقٴسز٨طٶ ضغٲ٥شتٺغٺس ج٥س ج٦ْن٥كحؾض ضْطرش ج٥كؿحخ ج٥س ج٦ ّن٫ ال٠٥ ٳرٜٞك٪٥ٴش ج٪٥ج
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4. Lack of oxygen on pyruvic acid in the yeast fungus. A- In the yeast fungus in the absence of oxygen Alcohol fermentation of pyruvic acid occurs by reducing it to ethyl alcohol and CO2 ٺشٯ٪خ٥يش جٙ ٶٙ ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ٶ ق٦ّ ٬غؿٺ١ـ جالٞ٭.4 CO2 ٶ ٳ٦ جٹػٺ٣كٴ١ ٶ٥ٰ ج٥ جخطضجٜ ىشٹ٬ّ ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ك٥ ٶ٥كٴ١ ش٪ ٹكذظ ضخ٬غؿٺ١ٶ ٕٺحخ جالٙٺشز ٳ٪خ٥يش جٙ ٶٙ
5. Lack of oxygen on pyruvic acid in bacteria, fungi or animal tissue? A- In bacteria and animal tissues and in the absence of oxygen acid fermentation of pyruvic acid occurs by reducing it to lactic acid. ٫كٺٴج٥طشٹح جٳ ج٭غؿس ج٢ر٥يش جٙ ٶٙ ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ٶ ق٦ّ ٬غؿٺ١ـ جالٞ٭.5 ٠طٺ١ل ال٪ٶ ق٥ٰ ج٥ جخطضجٜ ىشٹ٬ّ ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ك٥ نٶ٪ش ق٪ ٹكذظ ضخ٬غؿٺ١ٶ ٕٺحخ جالٙ ٳ٫كٺٴج٥طشٹح ٳج٭غؿس ج٢ر٥ٶ جٙ
6. Relaxing muscles after its exhaustion as a result of a violent effort? A- At rest, after the stress of the of hard muscle work, oxygen become available to muscles oxidation of lactic acid found in the muscles to Pyrouvic acid again , which can enter the mitochondria to turn into Acetyl Coenzyme - A, which enters the Krebs cycle to produce more energy ٘ؿٲٴد ّٮٺ٩ ْنالش ذْذ جؾٲحدٱح ٭طٺؿس جدجتٲح٥سجقس ج.6 ٶٙ ٴؾٴد٪٥ ج٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪غذز ق١ أ٨ْنالش ٳّٮذتز ٹط٦٥ ٬غؿٺ١ش جالٙ ٹطٴٛٶ ؽح٦ؿٲٴد ّن٩ ٬٩ ٮحضؽ٥ ذْذ جالؾٲحد ج٬٩ شجقس٥ّٮذ ج دٳسز٤زٵ ٹذخ٥ أ ج٨غحّذ جال٭ضٹ٩ ٤ٶ جعطٺ٥ ج٣ٺطكٴ٥ ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ ج٣ دخٴ٬٩ ِزٵ ٹغطيٺ٥شز جخشٵ ٳج٩ ٠ٺٙل ذٺشٳ٪ٶ ق٥ْنالش ج٥ج رش١س أٝشذظ ال٭طحؼ ىح١
7. Absence of co- enzyme NAD+ from the mitochondria. A- Stop the process of cellular respiration (anaerobic and aerobic) because NAD+ plays an important role in carrying protons of hydrogen and electrons removed during: (a) transforms PGAL to pyruvic acid. (b) Transform pyruvic acid to acetyl group. (c) Through the Krebs cycle during transformation of three intermediate compounds. So transfer of protons and electrons to Cytochromes to declines through the levels of different energy to produce their own energy does not occur. ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ ج٬٩ NAD+ حش٪غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ٩ ٕٺحخ.7 س٥ضج٪٥طشٳ٭حش ج٢٥ ٳجال٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥ ذشٳضٴ٭حش ج٤٪ٶ قٙ ح٪ٲ٩ ْد دٳسج٦ ٹNAD+٫ أل٠٥ٲٴجتٶ) ٳر٥الٱٴجتٶ ٳج٥ٴٵ(ج٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٘ٝضطٴ رحش١ش٩ غالظ٣شذظ جغٮحء ضكٴ١ دٳسز٣(ؼ)خال٤ٴّس جعطٺ٪ؿ٩ ٶ٥ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣(خ)ضكٴ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ٶ ق٥جPGAL ٣جغٮحء(أ)ضكٴ خحفس ذٲح ال٭طحؼ٥س جٚ٦خط٪٥س جٝيح٥غطٴٹحش ج٩ ٣طٮكذس خال٥ حش٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ٶ ج٥طشٳ٭حش ج٢٥رشٳضٴ٭حش ٳجال٥ ٱزٯ ج٤ٞ ٭٨ٶ ال ٹط٥طح٥ٳعيٺس ٳذح سٝيح٥ج
V- : How to Explain: )ًٍ(ػٍٝ٠ ثّب رفسش ِب:خبِسب
1. Living organism needs to breathe: A- This is because food is only energy material, stored energy in chemical bonds of molecules of these nutrients so living organism needs to breathe to supply oxygen needed to break chemical bonds and release energy required for its vital activities. ظٚطٮ٥ٶ ج٥كٶ ج٥ ج٬حت٢٥ٹكطحؼ ج كٶ ٹكطحؼ٥ ج٬حت٢٥حٙ ٠٥ز٥ ←ٖزجتٺس٥ٴجد ج٪٥ؿضٹثحش ٱزٯ ج٥ ٺحتٺس٪ٺ٢٥شٳجذو ج٥ٶ جٙ سٝيح٥ ج٫س ٳضخطضٝٴجد ىح٩ ح ٱٶ جال٩ ٖزجتٺس٥ٴجد ج٪٥ ج٫ ال٠٥ٳر كٺٴٹس٥ٰ ال٭ؾيطٰ ج٩الص٥س جٝيح٥ جٛٺحتٺس ٳئىال٪ٺ٢٥شٳجذو ج٥غش ٱزٯ ج٢٥ ٧الص٥ ج٬غؿٺ١ذجدٯ ذحال٩ظ الٚطٮ٦٥
2. Respiration process varies for the combustion process: A- Respiration It is the process of oxidation of food within the cell, in which breaking of chemical bonds existing between the carbon atoms in the food occurs by special enzymes and co- enzymes that receives removed electrons and pass them to electrons carriers.
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In it liberation of chemical energy between organic molecules occurs gradually and slowly on stages within the cells. - Combustion: It is the process of oxidation outside the body where the oxidation of carbon atoms occurs by direct union with the oxygen of the air to form CO2 and releases energy in the form of heat. In it liberation of chemical energy from organic molecules to outside of cells occurs at once. ٛٺس جالقطشج٦٪ّ ٬ّ ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٘٦ضخط رسجش٬ٴؾٴدٯ ذٺ٪٥ٺحتٺس ج٪ٺ٢٥شٳجذو ج٥غش ج١ ٺٲحٙ ٨طٶ ٹط٥ٺس ٳج٦خ٥ ج٤ٖزجتٺس دجخ٥ٴجد ج٪٥غذز ج١ٺس أ٦٪ّ ح ٱٶ جال٩ ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٫ أل٠٥ٳر .طشٳ٭حش٢٥الش جال٩ٶ قح٥شسٱح ج٪س ٳض٥ضج٪٥طشٳ٭حش ج٢٥ جال٤رٞطٶ ضغط٥حش ج٪غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ٩حش خحفس ٳ٪ ج٭ضٹٜ ىشٹ٬ّ ٧يْح٥ٶ جٙ ٫شذٴ٢٥ج . خالٹح٥ ج٤ دجخ٤شجق٩ ٶ٦ّطذسٹؽ ٳذروء ٳ٥ْنٴٹس ذح٥ؿضٹثحش ج٥ ج٬ٺحتٺس ذٺ٪ٺ٢٥س جٝيح٥ ضكشٹش ج٨ٺٲح ٹطٙٳ ؿٴٵ٥ٲٴجء ج٥ ج٬غؿٺ١ِ ج٩ رحؽشز٩ ذٴجعيس جضكحدز٫شذٴ٢٥غذز رسجش ج١ ج٨ قٺع ٹط٨ؿغ٥غذز خحسؼ ج١ٺس أ٦٪ّ ح ٱٶ جال٩ ٛٺس جالقطشج٦٪ّ ح٩ ج . ْس ٳجقذزٙخالٹح ٳد٥ْنٴٹس خحسؼ ج٥ؿضٹثحش ج٥ ج٬٩ ٺحتٺس٪ٺ٢٥س جٝيح٥ٺٲح ضكشٹش جٙ ٳ. ٶ فٴسز قشجسزٙ سٝيح٥ جٜ٦ ٳضٮيCO2٫ٴ٢ٺ٥
3. Preferred nose respiration instead of mouth A- This is because the nose: (a) Warm passage: because it is lined with many blood capillaries. (b) Humid: because it secrete mucous. (c) Filtrate air from foreign objects: because it contains hairs and mucus. ٨ٚ٥ ج٬٩ ظ ذحال٭٘ ذذالٚطٮ٥ ج٤نٚٹ ٧ جالؾغح٬٩ ٲٴجء٦٥ شؽف٩خحه) (ؼ)ٳ٪٥شجصٯ جٙػٺشز) (خ) ٳسىد(إل١ ٴٹس٩ ذؾْٺشجش د٬ري٩ ٰٶء(ال٭ٙش دج٪٩) جال٭٘ (أ٫ ال٠٥ٳر )خحه٩ٶ ؽْٺشجش ٳ٦ّ ٰٖشٹرس(القطٴجت٥ج
4. The presence of cartilaginous rings and cilia in the trachea: A- The presence of cartilaginous rings: make the trachea open continuously. B- The presence of cilia: which move from the bottom to the top to purify passing air by moving foreign particles to the pharynx where it can swallow. ٲٴجتٺس٥قرس جٞ٥ٶ جٙ ٺس ٳجٱذجخٙحش ٕنشٳٞ٦ٳؾٴد ق ٕشٹرسٜحتٝ د٬٩ ٰ ذ٫ٴ٢ذ ٹٝ ح٩ ٠حس ذطكشٹ٪٥ٲٴجء ج٥ٺس جٞطٮ٥ ٶ٦ّ أل٤ٚ جع٬٩ ٟطٶ ضطكش٥شجس ٳٳؾٴد جالٱذجخ ج٪طٴقس ذحعطٚ٩ ٲح٦ْطؿ٥ ٠٥ٳر ِ٦ ضرط٫ ج٬٢٪ قٺع ٹ٧ْٴ٦ر٥ٶ ج٥ٳىشدٱح ج
5. The alveoli are actual respiratory surfaces or adaptation of alveoli to its function: A- This is because: (a)There number is large up to 600 million alveoli per lung. (b) There wall is thin. (c) There wall is moist by water vapor. (d) Surrounded from the outside by a large network of capillaries. So alveoli is actual respiratory surfaces where both oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolves in the water vapor moistening the walls of the alveoli, then the exchange of gases occurs by diffusion through the thin walls as follows: oxygen move from the alveoli to blood capillaries while carbon dioxide moves from the blood capillaries into the alveoli . طٲحٚٴٍٺ٥ ٲٴجتٺس٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ ج٨ٺس جٳ ضالت٦ْٙ غٺسٚٲٴجتٺس جعيف ضٮ٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ضْطرش ج حء٪٥ ذخحس ج٤ْٚؾذسٱح سىرس ذ-)س (ؼٞٺٝؾذسٱح س- ) ستس (خ٤٢٥ س٦ قٴٹق٫ٺٴ٦٩655 ٶ٥ ج٤رٺش ٹق١ ّذدٱح-) (أ:٫ أل٠٥ٳر ٬٩ ٤١ ٺس قٺع ٹزٳخ٦ْٙ ظٚٲٴجتٺس جعيف ضٮ٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ ضْطرش ج٠٥ز٥ ٴٹس٩ذ٥ؾْٺشجش ج٥ ج٬٩ س٪س مخ٢خحسؼ ذؾر٥ ج٬٩ كحىس٩- )(د سٞٺٝش٥ؿذس ج٥ ج٣ خال٬٩ ٖحصجش ذحال٭طؾحس٥ ج٣ٺس ضرحد٦٪ّ ٨ ضط٨كٴٹقالش غ٥ؿذس ج٥ شىد٪٥حء ج٪٥ٶ ذخحس جٙ ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ ٳغح٭ٶ ج٬غؿٺ١جال كٴٹقالش٥ٶ ج٥ؾْٺشجش ج٥ ج٧ د٬٩ ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ غح٭ٶ ج٤ٞح ٹٮط٪ؾْٺشجش ذٺٮ٥ ج٧ٶ د٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ ج٬٩ ٬غؿٺ١ جال٤ ٞ ٹٮط:حالضٶ١
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6. After expiration part of the air remaining in the lungs continuously: A- This is because the existence of this air which is warm and rich with water vapor contributes to: (1) Worming new air inside the lungs quickly. (2) Prevent adhesion of the wall of alveoli from the inside. (3) Also, this air is rich in water vapor, which makes walls of the alveoli moist; which is important for dissolution of oxygen and carbon dioxide and thus the process of gas exchange occurs easily between alveoli and blood in surrounding capillaries. شز٪غط٩ سٚٲٴجء ذق٥ ج٬٩ ؾضء٬شتطٺ٥ٶ جٙ ٶٞٺش ٹطرٙض٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ذْذ ٧ٶ ّذ٦ّ ٌٙ) ٹكح0( ذغشّس ٳ٬شتطٺ٦٥ ٤ذجخ٥ؿذٹذ ج٥ٲٴجء ج٥ثس جٙ)ضذ1( ٶٙ ٨حء ٳٱزج ٹغٲ٪٥ٶء ٳٕٮٶ ذرخحس جٙٲٴجء دج٥ ٳؾٴد ٱزج ج٫ ال٠٥ٳر ٲٴجتٺس سىرس٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ح ؾذس ج٪ دجت٤ْزٵ ٹؿ٥حء ج٪٥ ٕٮٶ ذرخحس ج٫ٴ٢ٲٴجء ٹ٥ ٱزج ج٫ح ج٪١)3( ٳ٤ذجخ٥ ج٬٩ كٴٹقالش٥ ؾذس جٛطقح٥ج كٺو ذٲح٪٥ ج٧ذ٥كٴٹقالش ٳج٥ ج٬س ذٺ٥ٖحصجش ذغٲٴ٥ ج٣ٺس ضرحد٦٪ّ ٨ٶ ضط٥طح٥ ٳذح٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ ٳغح٭ٶ ج٬غؿٺ١ جال٬٩ ٤١ ٫ٶ رٳذحٙ نشٳسٵ٥ٳج ٴٹس٩ذ٥ؾْٺشجش ج٥ٶ جٙ
7. 1 / 5 the amount of water lost per day from the human body through the lungs: A- This is because water loss from the lungs is through the evaporation of water. Water vapor is necessary and very important as it works on: (1) Moisten the walls of the alveoli. (2) Prevent adhesion of the walls of the alveoli from the inside. (3) Dissolve CO2 and O2 to allow exchange of gases between the alveolus air and blood in surrounding capillaries. ٓ١ك اٌشئز٠ب رزُ ػٓ ؼش١ِٛ٠ ْدح ِٓ عسُ االٔسبٛخ اٌّبء اٌّفم١ّ و5/1 صالد٠ٛ)رشؼت عذس اٌؾ1(ٍٝؼًّ ػ٠ ٗٔ٘بَ عذا الٚ ٜسٚ ظشٝ٘زا اٌجخبس اٌّبئٚ ك رجخش اٌّبء٠زُ ػٓ ؼش٠ ٓ١رٌه الْ فمذ اٌّبء ِٓ اٌشئزٚ صٍخ٠ٛاء اٌؾٛ٘ ٓ١زُ رجبدي اٌغبصاد ث١ٌ O2.CO2 ِٓ ًثبْ وٚ)ر3( ًصالد ِٓ اٌذاخ٠ٛ ػذِبٌزصبق عذس اٌؾٍٝؾبفظ ػ٠ )2( خ١ائٌٛٙا خ٠ِٛشاد اٌذ١ اٌطؼٝب فٙػ ث١اٌذَ اٌّؾٚ خ١ائٌٛٙا
8. Ribs are always moving forward and the sides and the diaphragm downward during the inspiratory A. In order to expand and increase the chest cavity which lead to decrease pressure inside it, which leads to a rush of air to the inside of lungs during the inspiration. ٜؾٲٺ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ جغٮحء٤ٚكحؾض الع٥كؿحخ ج٥ ٳج٬ؿح٭رٺ٥ ٳج٧ح٩ٶ جال٥ح ج٪ٴُ دجت٦ن٥ جٟضطكش ٜؾٲٺ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ س جغٮحء٦ٲٴجء ذذجخ٥حُ جٙٶ ج٭ذ٥ٺإدٵ جٙ*س٦نٖو ذذجخ٥ ج٤ٞٺٙ*قذسٵ٥طؿٴٹ٘ ج٥ٶ ٹطغِ ٳٹضدجد ج٢٥ ٠٥ٳر.
9. Respiratory centers located in the medulla oblongata control both respiratory rate and heart rate. A- So any changes in the rate and depth of respiration must be accompanied by similar changes in heart rate, so that the amount of air entering the alveoli is proportional to the amount of blood in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli, so the process of gas exchange occurs efficiently. د٦ٞ٥ مشذحش ج٣ْذ٩ظ ٳٚطٮ٥ عشّس ج٬٩ ٤١ ٶٙ ٤غطيٺ٪٥ٮخحُ ج٥ٶ جٙ ٴؾٴدز٪٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ض ج١شج٩ ٨٢ضطك مشٳسٵ قطٶ٠٥د ٳر٦ٞ٥ مشذحش ج٣ْذ٩ ٶٙ س٦حغ٪٩ ٹقحقرٲح ضٖٺشجش٫ظ الذذ جٚطٮ٥ جٜ٪ّ عشّس ٳ٣ْذ٩ ٶٙ جٵ ضٖٺشجش٫ٴ٢ قطٶ ض٠٥ٳر ٣ٺس ضرحد٦٪ّ ٨ططٙ كٴٹقالش٥كٺيس ذح٪٥ٴٹس ج٩ذ٥ؾْٺشجش ج٥طٶ ضشد ج٥ ج٧ذ٥ٺس ج٪١ ِ٩ طٮحعرس٩ ٲٴجتٺس٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ ج٤طٶ ضذخ٥ٲٴجء ج٥ٺس ج٪١ ٫ٴ٢ض حءزٚ٢ٖحصجش ذ٥ج
10. Turns glucose to lactic acid in the absence of oxygen A- This is because the output of the first stage of aerobic respiration (glycolysis) is 2 molecules from each of the pyruvic acid; NADH and ATP. In absence of oxygen, the pyruvic acid does not enter the mitochondria to complete the oxidation and instead it is reduced by hydrogen present on NADH and converted to lactic acid. ٬غؿٺ١ٶ ٕٺحخ جالٙ ٠طٺ١ل ال٪ٶ ق٥ٴص ج١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٣ ٹطكٴ.1
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ٳNADH ٳ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ٤١ ٬٩ ؾضٵء0( ٴص ٱٶ١ٴ٦ؿ٥س ج٭ؾيحس ج٦شق٩ ٲٴجتٶ جٵ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٬٩ ٶ٥س جالٳ٦شق٪٥ ٭ٴجضؽ ج٫ ال٠٥ٳر ٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥ٰ ذح٥ جخطضج٨ ٹط٠٥ ر٬٩ غذضٰ ٳذذال١ أ٣ح٪٢ٴ٭ذسٹح العط١ٺطٴ٪٥ ج٤ ال ٹذخ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٫حٙ ٬غؿٺ١س ٕٺحخ جال٥ٶ قحٙ )ATP ٠طٺ١ل ال٪ٶ ق٥ٰ ج٥ٳٹكٴNADH ٶ٦ّ ٴؾٴد٪٥ج
11. All steps of Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur within mitochondria: A- Due to the presence of: (a) Respiratory enzymes, water, and phosphate. (b) Co- enzymes , the most important of it : NAD+ & FAD, who are reduced by hydrogen atoms, which are removed during reactions of Krebs cycle that take place inside the mitochondria and converted as follows: NAD+ + H2 → NADH + H+ FAD + H2 → FADH2 (c) Electrons carriers molecules (Cytochromes): which holds the electrons removed from the hydrogen carriers on various energy levels to pass slope on electron transport chain. ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ ج٤ دجخ٨ ضط٫طشٳ٢٥ جال٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦شذظ ٳع١ دٳسز٬٩ ٤١ خيٴجش ٲح ذٴجعيس رسجش٥ جخطضج٨ ٹط٬زٹ٥ جFAD+ & NAD+:ٲح٪غحّذز ٳجٱ٩ حش٪ج٭ضٹ.حش خٚٴعٙحء ٳ٩ظ ٳٚحش ضٮ٪ج٭ضٹ. أ:ٴؾٴد٥ ٭َشج٠٥ٳر :ٶ٦ح ٹ٪١ ٫ٴ٭ذسٹح ٳٹطكٴال١ٺطٴ٪٥ ج٤ دجخ٨طٶ ضط٥شذظ ٳج١ حّالش دٳسزٚ جغٮحء ض٣طٶ ضضج٥ ج٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥ج NAD+ + H2 → NADH+H+ FAD+H2→FADH2 سٝغطٴٹحش ىح٩ ٶ٦ّ ٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥الش ج٩ قح٬٩ س٥ضج٪٥طشٳ٭حش ج٢٥ جال٤٪طٶ ضك٥ ٳٱٶ ج:حش٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥طشٳ٭حش جٳ ج٢٥الش جال٩ؾضٹثحش قح.ؼ ٫طشٳ٢٥ جال٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ٶ ع٦ّ ٮكذسز٩ ش٪ط٥ سٚ٦خط٩
12. During respiration electron transfer reactions does not occur during in the cytoplasm : A- This is because electrons liberated during the oxidation process has high energy and need to pass on co – enzymes with sloping energy levels called cytochromes, which only exist in the inner membrane of mitochondrial and not in the cytoplasm . ٧غٺطٴذالص٥ٶ جٙ ٫طشٳ٢٥ جال٤ٞحّالش ٭ٚظ ال ضكذظ ضٚطٮ٥جغٮحء ج سٝغطٴٹحش ىح٩ حش رجش٪غحّذجش ج٭ضٹ٩ ٶ٦ّ ش٪ط٥ ٺس ٳضكطحؼ٥س ّحٝ رجش ىح٫ٴ٢غذز ض١ٺس جال٦٪ّ طكشسز جغٮحء٪٥طشٳ٭حش ج٢٥ جال٫ ال٠٥ٳر ٧غٺطٴذالص٥ٶ جٙ ٺظ٥ٴ٭ذسٹح ٳ١ٺطٴ٪٦٥ ٶ٦ذجخ٥ٖؾحء ج٥و ذحٞٙ طٶ ضٴؾذ٥حش ٳ ج٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ٶ ذح٪ٮكذسز ضغ٩
13. Glycolysis Need 2 molecule of ATP: A- In order to complete the processes of phosphorylation for 2 reactions: (a) phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. (b) Phosphorylation of fructose -6 phosphate to fructose -1-6 - diphosphate. ATP٬٩ ؾضٵء0 ٶ٥ٴص ج١ٴ٦ؿ٥س ج٭ؾيحس ج٦شق٩ ضكطحؼ ٰ٦حش ٳضكٴٹٚٴعٙ-6-طٴص١شٚ٥شز جٚغٙ)حش(خٚٴعٙ6-ٴص١ٴ٦ٶ ؾ٥ٰ ج٦ٴص ٳضكٴٹ١ٴ٦ؿ٥شز جٚغٙ )ح (أ٪ ٱ٬ٺ٦ّحٚط٥ شزٚغٚ٥ٺحش ج٦٪ّ ٧ح٪ الض٠٥ٳر حشٚٴعٙ غٮحتٶ-6-1-طٴص١شٙ ٶ٥ج
14. Fatigue of the muscles when performing strenuous exercises: A- This is because when muscle perform hard exercises, it require a large amount of oxygen and thus the cell may consume all the oxygen in it, therefore, the cells convert pyruvic acid after its reduction (its union with electrons on NADH) to lactic acid (C3H6O3) and this cause muscle fatigue or muscle strain. سْٝنالش ّٮذ جدجء ضذسٹرحش ؽح٦٥ قذٳظ جؾٲحد ٴؾٴد٪٥ ج٬غؿٺ١ جال٤١ ذٚذ ضغطٝ ٰٺ٦خ٥ ج٫حٙ ٶ٥طح٥ ٳذح٬غؿٺ١ جال٬٩ رٺشز١ ٺس٪١ د٦ٺس ضطيٚس جٳّٮْٝنالش ضذسٹرحش ؽح٥ح ضإدٵ ج٩ ال٭ٰ ّٮذ٠٥ٳر ٠طٺ١ل ال٪ٶ ق٥) جNADH ٶ٦ّ ٴؾٴدز٪٥طشٳ٭حش ج٢٥ِ جال٩ س (جضكحدٯ٥ ذْذ جخطضج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٤ٶ ضكٴٹ٥خالٹح ج٥ؿأ ٱزٯ ج٦ ض٠٥ز٥ذٲح ٳ س٦ْن٥ٶ جٳ جؾٲحد ج٦ْن٥طْد ج٥ح ٹْشٗ ذح٩ ٠٥) ٳٹغرد رC3H6O3(
15. Strained muscles can perform exercises again after a period of rest: A- This is because at rest enough oxygen becomes available for the muscles, so lactic acid in the muscle is oxidized to pyruvic acid again, then to Acetyl Coenzyme – A , which enters the Krebs cycle to produce more energy. 90
شجقس٥ ج٬٩ طشزٙ شز جخشٵ ذْذ٩ طذسٹرحش٥ جدجء ج٬٩ ؿٲذز٪٥ْنالش ج٦٥ ٬٢٪ٹ شز٩ ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ٶ ق٥س ج٦ْن٥ٶ جٙ ٴؾٴد٪٥ ج٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪غذز ق١ ج٨ْنالش ٳّٮذٱح ٹط٦٥ ٶٙح٢٥ ج٬غؿٺ١ش جالٙشجقس ٹطٴ٥ ال٭ٰ ّٮذ ج٠٥ٳر رش١س أٝشذظ ال٭طحؼ ىح١ دٳسز٤زٵ ٹذخ٥(أ)ج٨غحّذ جال٭ضٹ٩ ٤ٶ جعطٺ٥ ج٨جخشٵ غ
16. Some organisms and tissues of the animal make anaerobic respiration? (Advantages of anaerobic respiration) A- This is because this type of respiration produces ATP energy necessary for vital activities in absence of oxygen, so these organisms make this type of respiration in case of shortage or a lack of oxygen in spite of small energy formed. )الٱٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٺضجش ج٪٩ ش١ال ٱٴجتٶ (جر٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٶ ج٥ ج٫كٺٴج٥حتٮحش ٳج٭غؿس ج٢٥ؿأ ذْل ج٦ض ُٮٴ٥ٶ ٱزج ج٥حتٮحش ج٢٥ؿح ٱزٯ ج٦ ض٠٥ز٥ ٳ٬غؿٺ١ ٳؾٴد جال٧ٶ ّذٙ كٺٴٹس٥س ال٭ؾيطٲح ج٩الص٥ جATPسٝيح٥ظ ٹٮطؽ جٚطٮ٥ ج٬٩ ُٮٴ٥ ٱزج ج٫ ال٠٥ٳر. ٴ٭س٢ط٪٥س جٝيح٥س ج٥ مح٬٩ ٨ٕش٥ ذح٬غؿٺ١ـ جٳ ٕٺحخ جالٞس ٭٥ٶ قحٙ ظٚطٮ٥ ج٬٩
17. Photosynthesis and respiration are 2 vital processes for energy handling (or) plant is considered producer and consumer of food. (Or) Photosynthesis and respiration are associated with each other. A- This is because: 1. what happed in the green plastid is building of energy-rich materials from simple raw materials in the process of photosynthesis. 6CO2 +12 H2O ------------------ C6H12O6 +6 H2O +6 O2 2. What happed in the mitochondria is opposite to what is happening in green plastid, where the process of respiration occur i.e. breakdown of energy-rich substances such as glucose through its oxidation and liberation of energy stored in chemical bonds as in the following equation, which describes the aerobic respiration: C6H12O6 +6 O2 --------- 6CO2 +6 H2O +38 ATP The following figure shows this relationship in the form of cycle between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. نٴتٶ٥رٮحء ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٳجقذ(جٳ) ٹشضرو٫ٶ جٙ ٖزجء٦٥ ح٢٦غطٲ٩ٮطؿح ٳ٩ ٮرحش٥س(جٳ) جّطرحس جٝيح٥ ج٣طذجٳ٥ ٫ قٺٴٹطح٫ٺطح٦٪ّ ظٚطٮ٥نٴتٶ ٳج٥رٮحء ج٥ج ٮرحش٥ٶ جٙ ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ْذ : ٫ ال٠٥ٳر نٴتٶ٥رٮحء ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٶٙ ٠٥ٺس ذغٺيس ٳر٥ٴجد جٳ٩ ٬٩ سٝيح٥ٴجد ٕٮٺس ذح٩ ٺس ذٮحء٦٪ّ ح ٱٴ جال٩ خنشجء٥رالعطٺذز ج٥ٶ جٙ ٨حٹط٩.1 6CO2+12H2O------------------C6H12O6+6H2O+6O2 ٤ػ٩ سٝيح٥ٖٮٺس ذح٥ٴجد ج٪٦٥ ٧ٺس ٱذ٦٪ّ ظ جٵٚٺس ضٮ٦٪ّ خنشجء قٺع ضكذظ٥رالعطٺذز ج٥ٶ جٙ ح ٹكذظ٩ ظ٢ّ ٲٴٙ ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ ج٨ح ٹط٩ ح٩ج. 0 :ٲٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥خـ ج٦٩ طٶ ضٴمف٥س جالضٺس ج٥ْحد٪٥ٶ جٙ ح٪١ ٺحتٺس٪ٺ٢٥ٶ سٳجذيٰ جٙ خضٳ٭س٪٥س جٝيح٥غذضٰ ٳضكشٹش ج١ أٜ ىشٹ٬ّ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ج C6H12O6+6O2---------6CO2+6H2O+38ATP ٴٵ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥نٴتٶ ٳج٥رٮحء ج٥ ج٬ ذٺ٨ٶ فٴسز دٳسز ضطٙ سْٝال٥ ج٠٦ ٹٴمف ض٠٩ح٩ ج٤٢ؾ٥ٳج
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18. Need for oxygen to complete the process of aerobic respiration: A- This is because: 1. Oxygen is necessary to enter the pyruvic acid to the mitochondria to complete oxidized in the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. 2- Oxygen is the final recipient, of the electrons emerged from the electron transport chain to form water molecules and release of energy (O2 +2 H + + 2 e - → 2H2O). So without oxygen no energy liberated from transmission of electrons in the electron transport chain. :ٲٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٧ح٪ الض٬غؿٺ١مشٳسز ٳؾٴد جال :٫ أل٠٥ٳر ٫طشٳ٢٥ جال٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦شذظ ٳع١ ٶ دٳسزٙ ٰغذض١ ج٣ح٪٢ٴ٭ذسٹح العط١ٺطٴ٪٥ٶ ج٥ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣ذخٴ٥ مشٳسٵ٬غؿٺ١جال.1 O2+2H+2e--(سٝيح٥ جٛحء ٳج٭يال٪٥ ؾضٹثحش ج٬ٴٹ٢ط٥ ٫طشٳ٢٥ جال٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ ع٬٩ ٮكذسز٪٥طشٳ٭حش ج٢٥ال٥ جالخٺش٤رٞغط٪٥ ٹْطرش ج٬غؿٺ١جال ٫طشٳ٢٥ جال٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ٶ عٙ طشٳ٭حش٢٥ جال٣حٞ ج٭ط٬٩ ٮحضؿس٥س جٝيح٥ ضطكشس ج٬٥ ٬غؿٺ١ جال٫) جٵ ج٭ٰ ذذٳ2H2O
19. Krebs cycle does not require the presence of oxygen: A - This is because the process of oxidation in the Krebs cycle occurs in the presence of a group of enzymes and co- enzyme (FAD & NAD +), which receives electrons and protons, which were removed during the oxidation of carbon atoms according to the following equations: NAD+ + H2 → NADH + H+ FAD + H2 → FADH2
٬غؿٺ١د ٳؾٴد جال٦شذظ ال ضطي١ دٳسز ٤رٞطٶ ضغط٥) جFAD.NAD+(حش٪غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ٩حش ٳ٪ جال٭ضٹ٬٩ ٴّس٪ؿ٩ ٶ ٳؾٴدٙ ٨شذظ ضط١ ٶ دٳسزٙ غذز١ٺس جال٦٪ّ ٫ ال٠٥ٳر :ْحدالش جالضٺس٪٦٥ حٞ ىر٫شذٴ٢٥غذز رسجش ج١ص جغٮحء أ٦طٶ جصٹ٥رشٳضٴ٭حش ج٥طشٳ٭حش ٳج٢٥جال
20. The fermentation process (anaerobic respiration) does not require oxygen A - because it take place in the presence of a group of enzymes and co- enzyme, and the final outcome of the process of anaerobic respiration are: 1. Glycolysis (as in the aerobic respiration) → 2 molecule of pyruvic acid +2 molecule of NADH + 2 molecule of ATP. 2. Reduction of pyruvic acid to lactic acid (as in bacteria and animal cells, especially muscle) or to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide (as in yeast). ٬غؿٺ١د ج٦الٱٴجتٶ) ال ضطي٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ش(ج٪طخ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ :الٱٴجتٶ ٱٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ْ٥ ٮٲحتٺس٥س ج٦كق٪٥ ج٫ٴ٢حش ٳض٪غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ٩حش ٳ٪ جال٭ضٹ٬٩ ٴّس٪ؿ٩ ٶ ٳؾٴدٙ ٨ ال٭ٲح ضط٠٥ٳر ؾضٵء0 ذسٱحٝ س٦س مثٺٝ ىحٜ٦ضٮي+NADH ٬٩ ؾضٵء0+٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ؾضٵء0 ٶ٥ٲٴجتٶ) ج٥ٶ جٙ ح٪١(ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ج٭ؾيحس ج.1 ATP٬٩ ٶ٦ جٹػٺ٣كٴ١ ٶ٥ْنالش جٳ ج٥كٺٴج٭ٺس ٳخحفس ج٥خالٹح ج٥طشٹح ٳج٢ر٥ٶ جٙ ح٪١ ٠طٺ١ل ال٪ٶ ق٥ح ج٩ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣ جخطضج٨ ٹط٠٥ ذْذ ر٨غ.0 ٺشز٪خ٥ٶ جٙ ح٪١ ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ٳغح٭ٶ ج
21. The amount of energy released by anaerobic respiration is less than aerobic respiration: A- This is because: 1- In the case of anaerobic respiration oxidation of glucose is incomplete as in the following: C6H12O6
Anaerobic respiration Resp enz
2C3H4O3 +
2NADH+2ATP
In absence of O2 → pyruvic acid does not enter mitochondria , but it is reduced by 2 molecules of NADH to lactic acid or ethyl alcohol, which store a great amount of energy so the outputs of aerobic respiration is 2 ATP molecule only. 2- While in case of aerobic respiration → oxidation of glucose is complete → break all links between the six carbon atoms in a molecule of glucose → turning to CO2 and water and 38 ATP molecules: 92
C6H12O6+6O2
Aerobic respiration
6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP ٲٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٬٩ ٤ٝالٱٴجتٶ ج٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٬٩ سٞ٦ٮي٪٥س جٝيح٥ٺس ج٪١ :ٶ٦ح ٹ٪١ س٦٩ح١ ٴص ٕٺش١ٴ٦ؿ٥غس ج١ ج٫ٴ٢الٱٴجتٶ ض٥ظ جٚطٮ٥س ج٥ٶ قحٙ ٫ أل٠٥ٳر. C6H12O6 Anaerobic respiration Resp enz 2C3H4O3 + 2NADH+2ATP ل٪ٶ ق٥ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣ٶ جخطضجٙ NADH ؾضٹثٶ٧ جعطخذج٨ ٹط٬٢٥ٴ٭ذسٹح ٳ١ٺطٴ٪٥ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٤ال ٹذخO2 ٶ ٕٺحخٙ ٫ٳقٺع ج وٞٙ ATP ؾضٵء0 ٲٴجتٶ ٱٴ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ٭ٴجضؽ ج٫س جٵ جٝيح٥ ج٬٩ رٺش١ ذسٞ ذ٫َحٚكط٩ ٫ٺحٞ ذٺ٬زٹ٦٥ٶ ج٦ جٹػٺ٣كٴ١ أٳ٠طٺ١ال ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ٶ ؾضٵء جٙ غطس٥ ج٫شذٴ٢٥ رسجش ج٬شٳجذو ذٺ٥ٺِ ج٪غش ؾ١ ٨س جٵ ٹط٦٩ح١ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥غذز ج١ ج٫ٴ٢ٲٴجتٶ ض٥ظ جٚطٮ٥س ج٥ٶ قحٙ ح٪*ذٺ ٮ ATP ؾضٵء33حء ٳ٩ ٳCO2ٶ٥طكٴال ج٩ Aerobic respiration C6H12O6+6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
22. In Anaerobic respiration the estimated amount of energy released by the oxidation of glucose molecule is 2 ATP despite the release of 2 NADH2 molecules which stores 6 molecules of ATP. A- Because: * In anaerobic respiration the glucose molecule splits into two molecules of pyruvic acid + two molecules ATP + 2 NADH molecules * As a result of the absence of oxygen→ pyruvic acid not to enters the Krebs cycle to complete its oxidation. * Also O2 is the final recipient of the electrons in the electron transport series, so absence of oxygen, leads to lack of access to resulting molecules of NADH. * But instead of this electrons are removed from NADH to reduce pyruvic acid and convert it into lactic acid or ethyl alcohol, which remain a great amount of energy. ٫طٶ ضخطض٥جNADH2 ؾضٵء0 خشٳؼ٬٩ ٨ٕش٥ ذحATP٬ٴص ذؿضٹثٺ١ٴ٦غذز ؾضٵء ؾ١ ج٬٩ سٞ٦ٮي٪٥س جٝيح٥ٺس ج٪١ ذسٞالٱٴجتٶ ض٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٶ جٙ ATPؾضٹثحش6 NADH٬ؾضٹثٺ+ATP٬ؾضٹثٺ+٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ٬ٶ ؾضٹثٺ٥ٴص ج١ٴ٦ؿ٥الٱٴجتٶ ٹٮؾيش ؾضٵء ج٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٶ جٙ* شذظ١ دٳسٯ٣غذضٰ خال١ ج٣ح٪٢ العط٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٤ ال ٹذخ٬غؿٺ١ٖٺحخ جال٥ *ٳ٭طٺؿس ٬٩ حدزٚ جالعط٧ٶ ّذ٥ ٹإدٵ ج٬غؿٺ١ ٕٺحخ جال٫حٙ ٶ٥طح٥طشٳ٭ٶ ذح٢٥ جال٤ٞٮ٥س ج٦غ٦ٶ عٙ طشٳ٭حش٢٥ال٥ جالخٺش٤رٞغط٪٥ ٹْطرش جO2٫ح ج٪١* ٮحضؿس٥ جNADHؾضٹثحش ٫ٺحٞ ٹر٬زٹ٦٥ٶ ج٦ جٹػٺ٣كٴ١ جٳ٠طٺ١ل ال٪ٶ ق٥س ج٦ ٳضكٴٹ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣الخطضجNADHطشٳ٭حش٢٥ ٭ضُ ج٨ ٹط٠٥ ر٬٩ ذذال٬٢٥*ٳ سٝيح٥ ج٬٩ رٺش١ ذسٞ ذ٫َحٚطك٩
23. Pyruvic acid does not turn to acetyl Co- enzyme- A in case of anaerobic respiration: A- This is because pyruvic acid can not enter the mitochondria in absence of oxygen, → so it is reduced by hydrogen carried on NADH to lactic acid as in animal tissue and bacteria, or ethyl alcohol and CO2, as in yeast. الٱٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥س ج٥ٶ قحٙ )(أ٨غحّذ جال٭ضٹ٩ ٤ٴّس جعطٺ٪ؿ٩ ٶ٥ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣ال ٹطكٴ ٣ٴ٪ك٪٥ ج٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥ٰ ذٴجعيس ج٥ جخطضج٨ٶ ٹط٥طح٥ ٳذح٬غؿٺ١ٶ ٕٺحخ جالٙ ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ ج٣ ال ٹغطيٺِ دخٴ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٫ ال٠٥ٳر ٺشز٪خ٥ٶ جٙ ح٪١ CO2ٶ ٳ٦ جٹػٺ٣كٴ١ طشٹح جٳ٢ر٥ ٳج٫كٺٴج٥ٶ ج٭غؿس جٙ ح٪١ ٠طٺ١ل ال٪ٶ ق٥ جNADHٶ٦ّ
24. In Anaerobic respiration glucose convert into lactic acid or ethyl alcohol: A- This is because: * In anaerobic respiration the glucose molecule splits into two molecules of pyruvic acid (three-carbon) through a series of interactions occurs in cytoplasm of the cell. * As a result of absence of oxygen → pyruvic acid does not enter into mitochondria to complete its oxidation, but it is reduced due to extract of electrons from NADH2 and turn into lactic acid or ethyl alcohol depending on the cell ٶ٦ جٹػٺ٣كٴ١ جٳ٠طٺ١ل ال٪ٶ ق٥ٴص ج١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٣الٱٴجتٶ ٹطكٴ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٶ جٙ :ٰ ال٭٠٥ٳر
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ٱزٯ٨حّالش ٳضطٚط٥ ج٬٩ ٴّس٪ؿ٪حسج ذ٩ )٫شذٴ٢٥ (غالغٶ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ٬ٶ ؾضٹثٺ٥ٴص ج١ٴ٦ؿ٥الٱٴجتٶ ٹٮؾيش ؾضٵء ج٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٶ جٙ* ٺس٦خ٥ ج٧ٶ عٺطٴذالصٙ ٺس٦٪ْ٥ج ُ ٭طٺؿس ج٭طضج٣ٺس جخطضج٦٪ّ ٰ٥ ضكذظ٬٢٥غذضٰ ٳ١ ج٣ح٪٢ٴ٭ذسٹح العط١ٺطٴ٪٥ٶ ج٥ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٤ ال ٹذخ٬غؿٺ١ٖٺحخ جال٥ *ٳ٭طٺؿس ٺس٦خ٥ٶ قغد ج٦ّ ٶ٦ جٹػٺ٣كٴ١ جٳ٠طٺ١ل ال٪ٶ ق٥ ج٣ ٳٹطكٴNADH2ٶ٦ّ ٬٩ طشٳ٭حش٢٥جال
25. Intermediate compounds are formed in Krebs cycle: A- This is because: * After liberation of acetyl group (two carbon atoms) from Acetyl Coenzyme – A it combined with the 4 carbon atoms compounds (oxaloacetic acid) forming citric acid (consists of six-carbon atoms). * As a result of the presence of co- enzyme (FAD & NAD+) which oxidize citric acid by removing hydrogen atoms : (1) NAD+ convert citric acid to Ketoglutaric acid then to Succinic acid. (2) FAD converts Succinic acid to malic acid. (3) NAD+ convert malic acid into oxalo acetic acid. شذظ١ ٶ دٳسزٙ رحش ٳعيٺس١ش٩ ٬ٴٹ٢ض د١ش٩ ِ٩ شذظ ٳضطكذ١ دٳسز٤(أ) ضذخ٨غحّذ جال٭ضٹ٩ ٤ٴّس جالعطٺ٪ؿ٩ ٬٩ )٫شذٴ٢٥ (غٮحتٺس رسجش ج٤ٴّس جالعطٺ٪ؿ٩ ذْذ ضكشس٫ ال٠٥*ٳر ٫شذٴ٢٥ عذجعٶ ج٠غطشٹ٥ل ج٪ ق٫ٴ٢ ٳٹط٠ٴ جعطٺ٥غح١ل جال٪ ٳٱٴ ق٫شذٴ٢٥سذحّٶ رسجش ج )1٤شجق٩ ٶ٦ّ ٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥ ذٮضُ رسجش ج٠غطشٹ٥ل ج٪غذز ق١ٺس ج٦٪ْ ذ٧ٴٞطٶ ض٥) جFAD & NAD+(حش٪غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ٩ *ٳ٭طٺؿس ٳؾٴد ٠غٺٮ١غح٥ل ج٪ ق٣ ٹطكٴFAD) ذٴجعيس0( ٠غٺٮ١غح٥ل ج٪ٶ ق٥ ج٨ غ٠ٴضحسٹ٦ٺطٴؾ٢٥ل ج٪ٶ ق٥ ج٠غطشٹ٥ل ج٪ ق٣ ٹطكٴNAD+ذٴجعيس ٠ٴ جعطٺ٥غح١ل جال٪ٶ ق٥ ج٠ٺ٥ح٪٥ل ج٪ ق٣شز جخشٵ ٹطكٴ٩ NAD+ ) ذٴجعيس3( ٠ٺ٥ح٪٥ل ج٪ٶ ق٥ج
26. Each of NAD+ and FAD has a vital importance in living cells: A- This is because: * Oxidation of glucose and production of energy within the cell is done by removing the electrons and hydrogen protons from the glucose molecule, by the co- enzyme FAD & NAD+ as follows * In aerobic respiration: After glycolysis → glucose converting to phosphoglyceraldehyde , which is oxidized to pyruvic acid by the help of NAD+ . * In the case of anaerobic respiration pyruvic acid is reduced by NADH to either lactic acid or ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide * In Krebs cycle for aerobic respiration: by NAD+ citric acid is oxidized to Ketoglutaric acid, and then to Succinic acid and convert malic acid to oxaloacetic acid . By the help of FAD+ Succinic acid is converted to malic acid. كٺس٥خالٹح ج٥ٶ جٙ ٺس قٺٴٹس٪أٱFADٳNAD+٬٩ ٤٢٥ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ؾضٵء ج٬٩ ٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥طشٳ٭حش ٳذشٳضٴ٭حش ج٢٥س جال٥ جصجٜ ىشٹ٬ّ ٨ٺس ضط٦خ٥ ج٤س دجخٝيح٥ٴص ٳج٭طحؼ ج١ٴ٦ؿ٥غذز ج١ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٫ ال٠٥*ٳر ٶ٦ح ٹ٪١ FAD.NAD+حش٪غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ٩ ذٴجعيس٨طٶ ضط٥ج ل٪ٶ ق٥غذ ج١زٵ ٹطأ٥ذٱٺذ ج٥ٺغش ج٦ٴؾٚٴعٚ٥ٶ ج٥س ج٦ٴص ٳضكٴٹ١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ذْذ ج٭ؾيحس ج:ٲٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٶ جٙالٱٴجتٶ ٳ٥ظ جٚطٮ٦٥ ش٪طخ٥س ج٦شق٩ ٶٙ* ٣كٴ١ جٳ٠طٺ١ل ال٪ٶ ق٥ح ج٩ جNADH ذٴجعيس٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣ جخطضج٨الٱٴجتٶ ٹط٥ظ جٚطٮ٥س ج٥ٶ قحٙ ٳNAD+غحّذز٪ ذ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ج ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ٶ ٳغح٭ٶ ج٦جٹػٺ ٣ ٳٹكٴ٠غٺٮ١غح٥ل ج٪ ق٨ غ٠ٴضحسٹ٦ٺطٴؾ٢٥ل ج٪ٶ ق٥ ج٠غطشٹ٥ل ج٪غذز ق١ أ٨ ٹطNAD+ ذٴجعيس:ٲٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٦٥ شذظ١ ٶ دٳسزٙ* ٠ٺ٥ح٪٥ل ج٪ٶ ق٥ ج٠غٺٮ١غح٥ل ج٪ ق٣ٹطكٴFAD+غحّذز٪ح ذ٩ ج٠ٴجعٺطٺ٥غح١ل جال٪ٶ ق٥ ج٠ٺ٥ح٪٥ل ج٪ق
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VI: Various questions طٮٴّس٩ س٦ أعث:عحدعح 1. Write a brief summary on : (a) PGAL. (b) ATP. ATP-PGAL- :٬ّ خطقشز٩ طد ٭رزز١ج
A- PGAL : Structure Formation
Importance
in plant in animal Phosphogluceraldehyde is a compound consisting of three carbon atoms During the process of During the process of cellular respiration (oxidation photosynthesis, where it is the first of glucose) where glucose molecule split to 2 fixed chemical compound produced molecule of PGAL. during the process of photosynthesis 1. Used in construction of glucose, Used as High-energy compound, because : starch, proteins and fats in the plant. (a) when oxidized, PGAL turn to pyruvic acid , with 2. Used as High-energy compound liberation of 2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of in cellular respiration. NADH for each molecule of PGAL. (b) In aerobic respiration: pyruvic acid enters to the mitochondria to complete oxidized and release of energy in Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. (c) in absence of oxygen : pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid or ethyl alcohol and CO2
٫كٺٴج٥ٶ جٙ ٮرحش٥ٶ جٙ ٫شذٴ١ غالغس رسجش٬٩ ٫ٴ٢ذٱٺذ ٳٹط٥ٺغش ج٦ٴؾٚٴعٚ٥د ج١ش٩ ٱٴ ٴص قٺع ذٮؾيش ؾضٵء١ٴ٦ؿ٥غذز ج١ٴٵ أغٮحء أ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ د١ش٪٥نٴتٶ قٺع ج٭ٰ ٹْطرش ج٥رٮحء ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ جغٮحء ذٱٺذ٥ٺغش ج٦ٴؾٚٴعٚ٥ ج٬٩ ؾضٵء0 ٶ٥ٴص ج١ٴ٦ؿ٥ج نٴتٶ٥رٮحء ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٬٩ ٺحتٺح ٹٮطؽ٪ٺ١ ػحذص٥ ج٣جالٳ :ٰ ال٭٠٥س ٳرٝيح٥ٶ ج٥د ّح١ش٪١ ٧ٹغطخذ رشٳضٺٮحش٥ٮؾح ٳج٥ٴص ٳج١ٴ٦ؿ٥ٶ ذٮحء جٙ ٧ ٹغطخذ.1 ؾضٵء0 ٜ٦ ٳٹٮي٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ٶ ق٥جPGAL ٣غذ ٹطكٴ١ح ٹطأ٩ّٮذ.1 ٮرحش٥ٶ جٙ ٫ذٱٴ٥ٳج PGAL ؾضٵء٤٢٥ATP.NADH ٬٩ ٤١ ٬٩ ٴٵ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٶ جٙ سٝيح٥ٶ ج٥د ّح١ش٪١ ٧ ٹغطخذ.0 ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ٶ ج٥ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٤ٲٴجتٶ ٹذخ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٶ جٙ )(أ.0 ٤ٞٮ٥س ج٦غ٦شذظ ٳع١ دٳسز٬٩ ٤١ ٶٙ سٝيح٥ جٛغذضٰ ٳج٭يال١ ج٤٪٢ٺغط٥ ٶ٥ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣ٺخطضٙ ٬غؿٺ١ٶ ٕٺحخ جالٙ ح٩طشٳ٭ٶ(خ)ج٢٥جال CO2ٶ ٳ٦ جٹػٺ٣كٴ١ جٳ٠طٺ١ل ال٪ق
PGAL ٰٺر١ضش )٫ٴ٢طٶ ٹط٩(ٰٴٹٮ٢ص ضٝٳ ٰٺط٪أٱ
B - ATP: * Definition: adenosine triphosphate compound, it is the currency of energy in the cell. . ٺس٦خ٥ٶ جٙ سٝيح٥س ج٦٪ّ حش ٳٱٴٚٴعٚ٥ غالغٶ ج٬د جالدٹٮٴعٺ١ش٩ ٱٴ
* Structure: (1) Pentose sugar: ribose. (2) Nitrogenous base: adenine. (3) Three phosphate groups with two high energy bonds between them. ٬س ذٺٝيح٥ٺطٶ ج٥ ّح٬حش *ٳضٴؾذ سجذيطٺٚٴعٙ ٴّحش٪ؿ٩ ) *غالغس٬حّذز ٭طشٳؾٺٮٺس(جالرٹٮٺٝ* شٹرٴص٥حعٶ ٳٱٴ ج٪ش خ٢*ع:ٺد١طش٥ج حشٚٴعٚ٥ٴّحش ج٪ؿ٩ * The time of its formation: :ٴٹٮٲح٢ص ضٝٳ
(A) In plants: molecules of ATP formed in the photochemical reactions of the process of photosynthesis are as follows: ٶ٦ح ٹ٪١ نٴتٶ٥رٮحء ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ْ٥ نٴتٺس٥حّالش جٚط٥ٶ جٙATP ؾضٹثحش٫ٴ٢ ضط:ٮرحش٥ٶ جٙ
1. When light falls on the chlorophyll , its electrons absorbs light energy and transmitted to higher energy levels i.e. chlorophyll turns light energy into chemical potential energy excited chlorophyll. ذٝ ٤ٺٙٴسٳ٦٢٥ ج٫ٶ جٵ ج٦ّس جٝغطٴٵ ىح٩ ٶ٥ ج٤ٞنٴتٺس ٳضٮط٥س جٝيح٥طـ ج٪ ض٤ٺٙٴس٦٢٥طشٳ٭حش ج٢٥ ج٫حٙ ٤ٺٙٴسٳ٦٢٥ٶ ج٦ّ نٴء٥و جٞح ٹغ٩ّٮذ .ػحس٩ ّٮذتز٤ٺٙٴسٳ٦٢٥ ج٫ٴ٢ٺحتٺس ٳٹ٪ٺ١ ِس ٳمٝٶ ىح٥نٴتٺس ج٥س جٝيح٥ ج٣قٴ
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2. When electrons of chlorophyll return to their natural sites , it lose their chemical energy , part of this energy is used for splitting of water , while the main part is used in the formation of ATP molecules from ADP and phosphate groups: ADP + P energy ATP ؿضء٥ح ج٩حء ج٪٥ٶ ؽيش جٙ سٝيح٥ ٱزٯ ج٬٩ ؾضء٧ جعطخذج٨ٺحتٺس ٹط٪ٺ٢٥س جٝيح٥ذ جٞٚح٭ٲح ضٙ يرٺْٶ٥ح٭ٲح ج٢٩ ٶ٥ ج٤ٺٙٴسٳ٦٢٥طشٳ٭حش ج٢٥ح ضْٴد ج٩ّٮذ حشٚٴعٚ٥ٴّحش ج٪ؿ٩ ٳADP ؾضٹثحش٬٩ ATP ٶ ذٮحء ؾضٹثحشٙ ٧رش ٹغطخذ١جال
3. This energy is used in reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates. شذٴٱٺذسجش١ ٶ٥ جCO2٣ٺس جخطضج٦٪ّ ٶٙ سٝيح٥ ٱزٯ ج٧ضغطخذ
(B) in the animal: ATP molecules are formed during the process of cellular respiration as follows: 1. When the electrons carried on the NADH and FADH2 moved to Cytochromes in electron transport series cytochromes carries electrons and descend it on different energy levels passage of electrons from Cytochromes molecule to another , release energy formation of ATP molecules from ADP molecules and phosphate groups . The process is called oxidative phosphorilation. ADP + P energy ATP :ٶ٦ح ٹ٪١ ٴٵ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ جغٮحءATP ؾضٹثحش٬ٴٹ٢ ض٨ ٹط:٫كٺٴج٥ٶ جٙ )(خ ٶ٦ّ ٲح ٳضٮكذس ذٲح٦٪ح٭ٲح ضكٙ ٫طشٳ٢٥ جال٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ٶ عٙ حش٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ٶ ج٥ جFADH2ٳNADHٶ٦ّ س٥ٴ٪ك٪٥طشٳ٭حش ج٢٥ جال٤ٞح ضٮط٩ّٮذ.1 ٬٩ATP ٬٩ ؾضٹثحش٫ٴ٢ط٥ سٝيح٥ جٜ٦حش ضٮي٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ ج٬٩ ؾضٵء الخش٬٩ طشٳ٭حش٢٥شٳس جال٩ ٶ ّٮذ٥طح٥س ٳذحٚ٦خط٩ سٝغطٴٹحش ىح٩ غذٹس١طأ٥شز جٚغٚ٥ٺس ذح٦٪ْ٥ٶ ٱزٯ ج٪حش ٳضغٚٴعٚ٥ٴّحش ج٪ؿ٩ٳADPؾضٹثحش
2. When ATP hydrolyzed to ADP, an amount of energy is released which help in chemical reactions that need energy (about 7 to 12 Kcal per mole). ATP ↔ ADP + P + 7-12 K cal 10 ٶ٥ ج7 ٬٩ ٶ٥ذس ذكٴجٞس ٳضٝٶ ىح٥طٶ ضكطحؼ ج٥ٺحتٺس ج٪ٺ٢٥حّالش جٚط٥ٶ ج٦ّ س ٹغحّذٝيح٥ ج٬٩ ذجسٞ٩ ٜ٦ ٹٮيADP ٶ٥ جATP ٤٦ٳّٮذ ضك.0 ٣ٴ٩ ٤٢٥ رٺش١ عْش قشجسٵ
2. How many ATP molecules are produced from a series of electron transfer at the oxidation of one glucose molecule? ٴٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٯ٦ق A- Electron transport chain does not work except in case of aerobic respiration . Aerobic oxidation of one glucose molecule produce: 1- 10 molecules of NADH: (including 2 molecule at the stage of glycolysis +2 molecule on oxidation of pyruvic acid to acetyl group + 6 molecules from Krebs cycle) . 2- 2 molecules of FADH2. * Since each molecule of NADH gives 3 molecules of ATP when it pass in electron transport chain, while FADH2 molecule gives 2 ATP the total ATP molecules produced from electron transport series on oxidation of one molecule of glucose oxidation = 10 × 3 +2 × 2 = 34 ATP. ٴص ٳجقذ؟١ٴ٦غذز ؾضٵء ؾ١ ّٮذ ج٫طشٳ٢٥ جال٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ ع٬٩ ٹٮطؽATP ؾضٵء٨١ :ٲٴجتٶ ٳقٺع ج٭ٰ ٹخشؼ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥س ج٥ٶ قحٙ جال٤٪ْ ال ض٫طشٳ٢٥ جال٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ ع٫ ج٨٦ْ ض٫ الذذ ٳج٠ ٱٴ ج٭٣غإج٥شز ٱزج ج٢ٙ ٶ٥ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪غذز ق١ ج٬٩ ؾضٵء0+س جال٭ؾيحس٦شق٩ ٶٙ ؾضٵء0 ٨ٮٲ٩(ٴص ٱٴجتٺح١ٴ٦غذز ؾضٵء ٳجقذ ؾ١ ج٬٩ NADHؾضٹثحش15* )شذظ١ ٬ؾضٹثحش جغٮحء دٳسضٺ6+٤ٴّس جعطٺ٪ؿ٩ FADH2ؾضٵء0 ٹخشؼ٠٥ٶ ر٥س جٙ*ذحالمح ٫ جرATP ٹخشؼFADH2ح ؾضٵء٩طشٳ٭ٶ ج٢٥ جال٤ٞٮ٥س ج٦غ٦ٶ عٙ شٳسٯ٩ ّٮذATP ؾضٹثحش3 ٹْيٶNADH ؾضٵء٤١ ٫* ٳقٺع ج 34=0×0+3×15=ٴص١ٴ٦ ؾ٣ٴ٩ غذز١و ّٮذ جٞٙ طشٳ٭ٶ٢٥ جال٤ٞٮ٥س ج٦غ٦ ع٬٩ طٶ ضخشؼ٥ جATPٴُ ؾضٹثحش٪ؿ٩
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3. Explain the role of diaphragm and intercostals muscles in the mechanism of respiration in humans? Or explain the mechanism of breathing? Explain by drawing only mechanism of respiration? Intercostals muscles Diaphragm Size of the chest cavity
Inhalation Contract to rise the ribs up.
Exhalation Relaxed, to descend the ribs down.
Contract to the bottom to be flat. Relax, so it return doomed up (concave). As a result of contraction of the 3. As a result of relaxation of intercostals muscles intercostals muscles and diaphragm the and diaphragm muscle the size of the size of the chest cavity decrees. chest cavity increase. Pressure inside As a result of widening the size of the As a result of decreasing the size of the the chest cavity thoracic cage, the pressure inside thoracic cage, the pressure inside and lungs the chest cavity and lungs decrease the chest cavity and lungs increase than outside pressure. than outside pressure. Lungs size: This leads to a rush of air into the lungs This leads to a rush of air out of the causes it to expand and increase in size. lungs and decrease in size. The pleural cavity The pleural cavity narrow. The pleural cavity expands. خ١ٌظؼ ثبٌشسُ فمػ اٚ ٚخ اٌزٕفس ا١ٌ اضشػ اٚ االٔسبْ اٝخ اٌزٕفس ف١ٌ اٝع فٍٛٓ اٌع١اٌؼعالد ثٚ س اٌؾغبة اٌؾبعضٚ اضشػ د.1 اٌزٕفس؟ :ْ االٔسبٝخ اٌزٕفس ف١ى١ٔىب١ِ ش١أصٕبء اٌضف ًع السفٍٛغ اٌعٛ ٘جٌٝ رٌه اٜؤد١ع فٍٛٓ اٌع١ رٕجسػ اٌؼعالد ث.1 رصجؼٜ (أٝؼ١باٌؽجٙظؼٌٛ دٛ ػعٍخ اٌؾغبة اٌؾبعض فزؼٝ رشرخ.2 )ِمؼشح اسرخبء ػعٍخ اٌؾغبة اٌؾبعضٚ عٍٛٓ اٌع١غخ الٔجسبغ اٌؼعالد ث١ ٔز.3 ٜف اٌصذس٠ٛمً ؽغُ اٌزغ٠ ٜضداد اٌعغػ داخً اٌمفص اٌصذس٠ ٜغخ لٍخ ؽغُ اٌمفص اٌصذس١ ٔز.4 بٙٓ ػٓ اٌعغػ خبسع١اٌشئزٚ بّٙمً ؽغ٠ٚ ٓ فزٕىّص١اء خبسط اٌشئزٌٛٙ أذفبع اٌٝ رٌه اٜؤد١ ف.5 ٜسٍٍٛف اٌج٠ٛزسغ اٌزغ٠ .6
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ك١ٙأصٕبء اٌط ٍٝع ألػٍٛ اسرفبع اٌعٌٝ اٜع فزؤدٍٛٓ اٌع١ رٕمجط اٌؼعالد ث.1
رصجؼ ِفٍؽؾخٜ اسفً اٌٝ رٕمجط ػعٍخ اٌؾغبة اٌؾبعض ا.2 ػعٍخ اٌؾغبة اٌؾبعضٚ عٍٛٓ اٌع١غخ الٔمجبض اٌؼعالد ث١ ٔز.3 زسغ٠ ٜ اٜف اٌصذس٠ٛذ ؽغُ اٌزغ٠ض٠ مً اٌعغػ داخً اٌمفص٠ ٜغخ ارسبع ؽغُ اٌمفص اٌصذس١ ٔز.4 بٙٓ ػٓ اٌعغػ خبسع١اٌشئزٚ ٜاٌصذس ضداد٠ٚ ٓ فزٕزفخ١ داخً اٌشئزٌٝاء اٌٛٙ أذفبع اٌٝ رٌه اٜؤد١ ف.5 بّٙؽغ ٜسٍٍٛف اٌج٠ٛك اٌزغ١ع٠ .6
4. Where and how CO2 formed in mammals (human). Explain in detail how it can be transported to the lungs then to the outside of the body? ٴٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٳٳؾذججججججججج٦ق ٨ؿغ٥ٶ خحسؼ ج٥ٮٲح ج٩ ٳ٬شتطٺ٥ٶ ج٥ٰ ج٦ٞ ٭٬٢٪ٺ٘ ٹ١ ٤قٺٚط٥) جؽشـ ذح٫ػذٹٺحش (جال٭غح٥ٶ جٙ ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ غح٭ٶ ج٫ٴ٢ٺ٘ ٹط١ ٳ٬جٹ
A- CO2 formed during Krebs cycle in aerobic respiration which occurs inside the mitochondria present in all cells of the body. ٨ؿغ٥ٺِ خالٹح ج٪ٶ ؾٙ ٴؾٴدز٪٥ٴ٭ذسٹح ج١ٺطٴ٪٥ ج٤ٶ دجخٙ ٨طٶ ضط٥ٲٴجتٶ ج٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٶ جٙ وٞٙ شذظ١ جغٮحء دٳسز٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ غح٭ٶ ج٫ٴ٢ٹط
B- How: 1) When 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (produced from glycolysis) enter to mitochondria , each molecule of them is oxidized in the presence of co - enzyme A, the products of oxidation process includes : (a) formation of 2 molecules of acetyl co enzyme – A , which enter krebs cycle to complete oxidation process. (b) Liberation of 2 molecules of CO2. (c) Liberation of 2 molecules of NADH. ٶ ٳؾٴدٙ ح٪ٮٲ٩ ؾضٵء٤١ غذ١ٴ٭ذسٹح ٹطأ١ٺطٴ٪٥ٶ ج٥ٴص) ج١ٴ٦ؿ٥س ج٭ؾيحس ج٦شق٩ ٬٩ ٬ٮحضؿٺ٥( ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ؾضٵء0 ٣ّٮذ دخٴ.1 ٤٪٢طغط٥ شذظ١ دٳسز٤طٶ ضذخ٥ (أ) ج٨غحّذ جال٭ضٹ٩ ٤ٴّس جعطٺ٪ؿ٩ ؾضٵء0 ٬ٴٹ٢(أ) ض٤٪غذز ٱزٯ ضؾ١ٺس جال٦٪ّ (أ) ٳ٭ٴجضؽ٨غحّذ جال٭ضٹ٩ NADH٬٩ ؾضٵء0 (ؼ) خشٳؼCO2 ٬٩ ؾضٵء0 غذز (خ) خشٳؼ١ٺس جال٦٪ّ
2. In each Krebs cycle oxidation of two compounds occurs , resulting in exit of 2 molecule of CO2 and as Krebs cycle is repeated twice for each glucose molecule, the output of two Krebs cycle = 4 molecules of CO2 per glucose molecule. ٬شضٺ٩ شس٢شذظ ضط١ دٳسز٫ ٳقٺع جCO2 ؾضٵء0 خشٳؼ٠٥ ر٬ّ رحضٲح ٳٹٮطؽ١ش٩ ٬٩ ٬غذز جغٮٺ١ أ٨شذظ ٳجقذز ٹط١ دٳسز٤١ ذجس٩ ٶٙ.0 ٴص١ٴ٦ ؾضٵء ؾ٤٢٥CO2ؾضٹثحش4=شذظ١ ٬ ٭حضؽ دٳسضٺ٫ٴص جر١ٴ٦ ؾضٵء ؾ٤٢٥
3. By summation of the two steps, the total CO2 molecules resulting from oxidation of glucose molecule = 2 molecules (at oxidation of pyruvic acid) +4 molecules from Krebs cycle = 6 molecules of CO2. ٬٩ ؾضٹثحش4+٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪غذز ق١ؾضٵء ّٮذ أ0=ٴص ٱٴجتٺح١ٴ٦غذز ؾضٵء ؾ١ ج٬٩ ٮحضؽ٥جCO2ٶ ؾضٹثحش٥ح٪ جؾ٫ٴ٢ ٹ٬خيٴضٺ٥ِ ج٪ذؿ.3 CO2 ؾضٹثحش6=شذظ١ دٳسز
C- Transfer of CO2 to the lungs then to the outside of the body: ٨ؿغ٥ٶ خحسؼ ج٥ٮٲح ج٩ ٳ٬شتطٺ٥ٶ ج٥ٰ ج٦ٞٺس ٭ٚٺ١*
1. at the body cells: The network of capillaries scattered among all the cells of the body gas exchange occurs at the level of cell: CO2 (output of the process of cellular respiration) come out of the cell to blood capillaries by diffusion.
٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ٺخشؼ غح٭ٶ جٙ :ٺس٦خ٥غطٴٵ ج٩ ٶ٦ّ ٖحصجش٦٥ ٣ٺس ضرحد٦٪ّ ٺكذظٙ ٨ؿغ٥ٺِ خالٹح ج٪ ؾ٬ٮطؾشز ذٺ٩ ٴٹس٩س ؽْٺشجش د٢ضٴؾذ ؽر.1 ذحال٭طؾحس٠٥ؾْٺشجش ٳر٥ ج٧ٶ د٥ٺس ج٦خ٥ ج٬٩ ٴٵ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٬٩ ٮحضؽ٥ج
2. Blood carrying carbon dioxide is collected in the veins of the body - which pour in the superior or inferior vena cava right atrium right ventricle pulmonary artery capillaries surrounding the lungs alveoli ---٬٪ جالٹ٬جالرٹ---ٶ٦ٚغ٥ٴٵ ٳج٦ْ٥ٴسٹذ جالؾٴٗ ج٥ٶ جٙ ٮٲحٹس٥ٶ جٙ طٶ ضقد٥ ج--٨ؿغ٥ٶ جٳسدز جٙ ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ ذػح٭ٶ ج٤٪ك٪٥ ج٧ذ٥ِ ج٪ٹطؿ.0 ٬شتطٺ٥ٶ جٙ ٲٴجتٺس٥كٴٹقالش ج٥كٺيس ذح٪٥ٴٹس ج٩ذ٥ؾْٺشجش ج٥ج---شتٴٵ٥ ج٫ؾشٹح٥ج---٬٪ جالٹ٬ريٺ٥ج
3. In the alveoli which are surrounded by blood capillaries, gas exchange occurs where CO2 comes out of the blood capillaries to the alveoli and it to outside the body through expired air. كٴٹقالش٥ٶ ج٥ؾْٺشجش ج٥ ج٧ د٬٩ CO2ٖحصجش قٺع ٹخشؼ٦٥ ٣ٺس ضرحد٦٪ّ ٴٹس ٹكذظ٩ذ٥ؾْٺشجش ج٥كحىس ذح٪٥ٲٴجتٺس ج٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ٶ جٙ.3 ٨ؿغ٥ٶ خحسؼ ج٥ٺش جٙض٥ِ ٱٴجء ج٩ ٮٲح ٹخشؼ٩ٲٴجتٺس ٳ٥ج
5. Electrons transfer Series is the final and essential step in release of ATP molecules: A - What is the meaning of electrons transfer series? B - What is the role of co- enzymes in release of ATP? C- What is the relation of oxygen with electrons transfer series? 98
ATP ئبد٠ أؽالق عضٝخ ف١االسبسٚ شح١ح االخٛ اٌخؽٝ٘ ٔبدٚرؼزجش سٍسٍٗ ٔمً االٌىزش ٔبد؟ٚ ثسٍسٍخ ٔمً االٌىزشٕٝ ِبرا ٔؼ-أ ؟ATP أؽالقّٝبد اٌّسبػذح ف٠س االٔضٚ ِب د-ة ٔبد؟ٚٓ ثسٍسٍخ ٔمً االٌىزش١ ِب ػاللخ االوسغ-د
(1) Electron transfer series is a sequence of co- enzymes called Cytochromes or electrons carriers, situated in the inner membrane of mitochondria, it is the final stage of aerobic respiration, start at the end of Krebs cycle, in which ATP molecules are formed from ADP and phosphate group in a process called oxydetative phosphorylation. ٴؾٴدز٪٥طشٳ٭حش) ٳج٢٥الش جال٩حش (أٳ قح٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ٶ ذح٪طٶ ضغ٥حش ٳج٪غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ٩ ٬٩ ِ ضطحذ٬ّ ٱٶ ّرحسز٫طشٳ٢٥ جال٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦) ع1( ٫ٴ٢ٺٲح ٳذٴجعيطٲح ضطٙشذظ ٳ١ ِ ٭ٲحٹس دٳسز٩ ٲٴجتٶ ٳضرذأ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٬٩ س جالخٺشز٦شق٪٥ٴ٭ذسٹح ٳضْطرش ج١ٺطٴ٪٦٥ ٶ٦ذجخ٥ٖؾحء ج٥ٶ جٙ غذٹس١طأ٥شز جٚغٚ٥ٶ ج٪ٺس ضغ٦٪ّ ٶٙ حشٚٴعٚ٥ٴّس ج٪ؿ٩ ٳADP٬٩ATPؾضٹثحش
(2) The role of co- enzyme in release of ATP 1. The most important Co enzymes: FAD & NAD+, are reduced by hydrogen atoms, which are removed during Krebs cycle reactions and converted to FADH2 & NDH as follows: NAD+ + H2 → NADH + H+ FAD + H2 → FADH2
شذظ١ حّالش دٳسزٚ جغٮحء ض٣طٶ ضضج٥ ج٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥ح ذٴجعيس ٭ضُ رسجش ج٪ٲ٥ جخطضج٨ ٹط٬زٹ٥ جFAD&NAD+ :ٲح٪غحّذز ٳأٱ٩ حش٪ ج٭ضٹ.1 :ٶ٦ح ٹ٪١ ٫ٳٹطكٴال
2. Molecules of electrons carriers (cytochromes): holds the electrons removed from NADH and FADH2 and pass them through the sloping energy levels in electron transfer chain release of energy to form molecules of ATP from ADP molecule and phosphate group according to the following equation: ADP + P energy ATP This process is called Oxidative photoreaction غطٴٹحش٩ ش ّرش٪ط٥ FADH2ٳNADH٬٩ س٥ضج٪٥طشٳ٭حش ج٢٥ جال٤٪طٶ ضك٥ ٳٱٶ ج:حش٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥طشٳ٭حش جٳ ج٢٥الش جال٩ ؾضٹثحش قح.0 ٫ٴ٢ط٥ سٝيح٥ جٜ٦حش ضٮي٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ ج٬٩ ؾضٵء الخش٬٩ طشٳ٭حش٢٥شٳس جال٩ ٶ ّٮذ٥طح٥ ٳذح٫طشٳ٢٥ جال٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ٶ عٙ ٮكذسز٩س ٳٚ٦خط٩ سٝىح :س جالضٺس٥ْحد٪٦٥ حٞحش ىرٚٴعٚ٥ٴّحش ج٪ؿ٩ ٳADP ؾضٹثحش٬٩ATP٬٩ ؾضٹثحش energy ADP + P ATP غذٹس١طأ٥شز جٚغٚ٥ٺس ذح٦٪ْ٥ٶ ٱزٯ ج٪ٳضغ
3. Relation of O2 with electron transport series: The oxygen is the final recipient in electron transfer series, as a pair of electrons combines with a pair of H+ and oxygen atom to form water, as in the following equation: 2e +2 H +1/2O2 H2O
شٳ٭حش٢ط٥ جال٬٩ صٳؼ٫ قٺع ج٫طشٳ٢٥ جال٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ٶ عٙ جالخٺش٤رٞغط٪٥ ٱٴ ج٬غؿٺ١ ٹْطرش جال:طشٳ٭ٶ٢٥ جال٤ٞٮ٥س ج٦غ٦ ذغ٬غؿٺ١س جالٝ ّال.3 ٺس٥طح٥س ج٥ْحد٪٥ٶ جٙ ح٪١ حء٪٥ ج٬ٴٹ٢ط٥ ٬غؿٺ١ِ رسز ج٩ ٨ غH+ ٬٩ ِ صٳؼ٩ ضطكذ 2e+2H+1/2O2---H2O
6. By schematic draw explain the number of ATP molecules produced from oxidation of glucose molecule (1 mol) in aerobic respiration )ٱٴجتٺح٣ٴ٩ 1(ٴص١ٴ٦غذز ؾضٵء ؾ١ ج٬٩ طٶ ضٮطؽ٥ جATP ضخيٺيٶ ٳمف ّذد ؾضٹثحش٨ذشع
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7. Mention the products and the amount of energy that is liberated as a result of the entry: (1) One molecule of acetyl group resulting from the fat or protein during aerobic respiration. (2)one molecule of pyruvic acid. ظٚطٮ٥ جغٮحء ج٬رشٳضٺ٥ جٳ ج٫ذٱٴ٥ ج٬٩ ٮحضؿس٥ ج٤ٴّس جالعطٺ٪ؿ٩ ٬٩ ) ؾضٵء ٳجقذ1(٣طٶ ضطكشس ٭طٺؿس دخٴ٥س جٝيح٥ٺس ج٪١ٮٴجضؽ ٳ٥ش ج١جر ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ) ؾضٵء ٳجقذ0( ٲٴجتٶ٥ج
1 – entery of one molecule of acetyl group in the Krebs cycle produces 12 ATP molecules as follows: From the following figure : A. The result of oxidation of one molecule of acetyl group during Krebs cycle : 3 molecules of NADH and one molecule of FADH2 and one molecule of ATP +2 molecules of CO2. Since one molecule of NADH when oxidized to NAD+ gives 3 ATP molecules while the FADH2give 2 ATP molecule and thus the total energy that is liberated from one acetyl group 12 ATP. : ٤٢ؾ٥ ٱزج ج٬٩ :ٶ٦ح ٹ٪١ ATP ؾضٵء10شذظ ٹٮطؽ١ ٶ دٳسزٙ ٤ٴّس جالعطٺ٪ؿ٩ ٬٩ ؾضٵء ٳجقذ٣ّٮذ دخٴ-1 ، ؾضٵء0+ATP ؾضٵء ٳجقذ+FADH2 ؾضٵء ٳجقذ+NADHؾضٹثحش3 :شذظ ٱٶ١ دٳسز٣ خال٤ٴّس جعطٺ٪ؿ٩ غذز١س أ٦كق٩ .أ ATP ؾضٵء0 ٹْيٶFADH2 ح٪ ذٺٮATP ؾضٹثحش3 ٹْيٶNAD+ ٶ٥غذ ج١ح ٹطأ٩ ّٮذNADH ٬٩ ٴجقذ٥ؿضٵء ج٥ ج٫ ٳقٺع ج، CO2 10= ٳجقذز٤ٴّس جعطٺ٪ؿ٩ ٬٩ طٶ ضطكشس٥س جٝيح٥ٶ ج٥ح٪ جؾ٫حٙ ٶ٥طح٥ٳذح
2 – Enter of one molecule of pyruvic acid in Krebs cycle produce (15 moleculeATP) as follows: :ٶ٦ح ٹ٪١ )ATP ؾضٵء15(شذظ ٹٮطؽ١ ٶ دٳسزٙ ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ؾضٵء ٳجقذ٣ ّٮذ دخٴ-0
A- When one molecule of pyruvic acid enter into the mitochondria it is oxidized in the presence of co- enzyme – A . Producing: (a) One molecule of acetyl co enzyme – A, group which entering the Krebs cycle to complete the process of oxidation. (b) Liberation of one molecule of CO2 . (c) Liberation of one molecule of NADH. ٬ٴٹ٢غذز(أ) ض١ جال٠٦ ض٬ّ (أ) ٳٹٮطؽ٨غحّذ جال٭ضٹ٩ ٶ ٳؾٴدٙ غذ١ٴ٭ذسٹح ٹطأ١ٺطٴ٪٥ ج٤ٶ دجخ٥ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ؾضٵء ٳجقذ٤ح ٹذخ٩*ّٮذ ) (ؼCO2٬٩ غذز(خ) خشٳؼ ؾضٵء ٳجقذ١ٺس جال٦٪ّ ٤٪٢طغط٥ شذظ١ دٳسز٤طٶ ضذخ٥(أ) ج٨غحّذ جال٭ضٹ٩ ٤ٴّس جعطٺ٪ؿ٩ ٬٩ ؾضٵء ٳجقذ NADH ٬٩ خشٳؼ ؾضٵء ٳجقذ
B- After liberation of acetyl group from acetyl co-enzyme – A, it enter in the Krebs cycle and produces the following: 2CO2 +3 NADH +1 FADH2 +1 ATP
:ٶ٦ح ٹ٩ شذظ ٳضٮطؽ١ ٶ دٳسزٙ ٤(أ) ضذخ٨غحّذ جال٭ضٹ٩ ٤ جالعطٺ٬٩ ٤ٴّس جالعطٺ٪ؿ٩ *ذْذ ضكشس
C- By summation of (A) + (B), the outputs of entry of pyruvic acid in the Krebs cycle are equal: 3CO2 +4 NADH +1 FADH2 +1 ATP D- Since in the electron transport chain, one molecule of NADH gives three molecules of 100
ATP , while one molecule of FADH2 gives two molecules of ATP, So the amount of energy liberated = 15 ATP molecule . :شذظ ضغحٳٵ١ ٶ دٳسزٙ ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣ ٭ٴجضؽ دخٴ٫) جر0(+)1(ِ٪*ذؿ 3CO2+4NADH+1FADH2+1ATP ٺس٪١ ٫ جرATP ٫ؾضٹثحFADH2ح ٹْيٶ٪ذٺٮATP غالغس ؾضٹثحشNADH٬٩ ٴجقذ٥ؿضٵء ج٥ ٹْيٶ ج٫طشٳ٢٥ جال٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ٶ عٙ ٫*ٳقٺع ج ATPؾضٵء15=طٶ ضطكشس٥س جٝيح٥ج
8. What is the different ways by which vascular plants take oxygen? ٬غؿٺ١ٶ جال٦ّ ٴّحتٺس٥ٮرحضحش ج٥ ذٲح ج٤طٶ ضكق٥س جٚ٦خط٪٥ جٛيش٥ش ج١جر
a. Through the stomata of the paper: at opening of stomata of the papers, air enter into the air room spread to all intercellular spaces spread through the surfaces of the cell and dissolves in the water cell. ٤٦طٶ ضطخ٥رٺٮٺس ج٥حش جٙغح٪٥س جٙح١ ٶ٥ٮٲح ٹٮطؾش ج٩ٲٴجتٺس ٳ٥ٖشٗ ج٥ٶ ج٥ٲٴجء ج٥ ج٤ ٹذخٛطف غٖٴس جالٳسجٙ ْٮذٙ :سٝٴس٥ غٖٴس ج٣ خال٬٩ .a ٺس٦خ٥حء ج٩ ٶٙ ٺس ٳٹزٳخ٦خ٥ أعيف ج٣ٖحص خال٥ٮٰ ٹٮطؾش ج٩س ٳٚ٦خط٪٥أّنحؤٯ ج
b. Oxygen may enter through stomata of the green stem. أخنشٛغح٥ ج٫ح١ جرجٛغح٥ غٖٴس ج٣ خال٬٩ ٬غؿٺ١ جال٤ذ ٹذخٝ .b
c. In wooden stem, oxygen enters through lentice of stem or any cracks in the bark. ٘٦ٞ٥ٶ جٙ حشٞٞ جٳ جٹس ضؾٛغح٥ ّذٹغحش ج٣ خال٬٩ ٬غؿٺ١ جال٤ٺذخٙ خؾرٺحٛغح٥ ج٫ح١ جرج.c
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d. Also, some oxygen is carried to the passages of phloem with water to tissues of the stem and root. ؿزس٥ ٳجٛغح٥ٶ ج٭غؿس ج٥ جٜيشٹ٥ ٱزج ج٬٩ ٤حء ٳٹق٪٥ِ ج٩ كحء٦٥شجش ج٪٩ ٶ٥ ج٤٪ ٹك٬غؿٺ١ ذْل جال٫ح ج٪١ .d
e. Oxygen may enter through the roots dissolved in soil water which is absorbed by root hairs or through the cell walls by imbibition. خالٹح٥ؿزسٹس أٳ ضطؾشذٰ ؾذس ج٥ؾْٺشجش ج٥طقٰ ج٪زٵ ض٥طشذس ج٥حء ج٩ ٶٙ زجذح٩ ؿزٳس٥ ج٣ خال٬٩ ٬غؿٺ١ جال٤ذ ٹذخٝ .e
f. Oxygen from the process of photosynthesis ٍنٴتٶ٥رٮحء ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٬٩ ٬غؿٺ١ جال.f
9. What is the different ways by which vascular plants get rid of CO2? 1. Direct diffusion from plant cells exposed to air or soil to the external environment. 2. Deep cells in the plant, passed carbon dioxide to the tissues of xylem or phloem, which in turn passes it to the stomata and then to the outside air. 3. Part of CO2 gas produced by respiration is used in Photosynthesis. CO2 ٬ّ ٴّحتٺس٥ٮرحضحش ج٥ـ ذٲح ج٦طٶ ضطخ٥س جٚ٦خط٪٥ جٛيش٥ش ج١جر خحسؾٺس٥رٺثس ج٥ٶ ج٥طشذس ج٥ٲٴجء أٳ ج٦٥ رحؽشز٩ ْشمس٪٥ٮرحش ج٥ خالٹح ج٬٩ رحؽشز٩ ٹٮطؾش.1ٍ ؿٴ٥ٶ ج٥ ج٨ػٖش غ٥ٶ ج٥شسٯ ذذٳسٱح ج٪طٶ ٹ٥كحء ج٦٥خؾد جٳ ج٥ٶ ج٭غؿس ج٥ ج٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١شس ٕحص غح٭ٶ ج٪ذ ضٞٙ ٮرحش٥ جٜ٪ّ ٶٙ طٶ٥خالٹح ج٥ح ج٩أ.0 خحسؾٶ٥ج نٴتٶ٥رٮحءج٥ٶ جٙ ٧ظ ٹغطخذٚطٮ٥ ج٬٩ ٮحضؽ٥ جCO2 ٕحص٬٩ ٳؾضء.3
10. Clarify or explain the relationship between the process of photosynthesis and respiration in plant? ٮرحش٥ٶ جٙ ظٚطٮ٥نٴتٶ ٳج٥رٮحء ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٬س ذٺْٝال٥غش جٙ ٳمف أٳ
1- What happens in green plastids is building energy-rich materials from simple raw materials in the process of photosynthesis: 6CO2 +12 H2O ---- C6H12O6 +6 H2O +6 O2.
نٴتٶ٥رٮحء ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٶٙ ٠٥ٺس ذغٺيس ٳر٥ٴجد جٳ٩ ٬٩ سٝيح٥ٴجد ٕٮٺس ذح٩ ٺس ذٮحء٦٪ّ ح ٱٴ جال٩ خنشجء٥رالعطٺذز ج٥ٶ جٙ ٨ح ٹط٩
2- What happens in the mitochondria is the opposite of what happening in green plastids, where the process of respiration (breakdown of energy-rich substances such as glucose through its oxidation, and liberation of energy stored in chemical bonds as in the following equation, which describes the aerobic respiration: C6H12O6 +6 O2 - 6CO2 +6 H2O +38 ATP
ًخ ثبٌؽبلخ ِض١ٕاد اٌغٌٍّٛ َخ ٘ذ١ٍّ ػٜخ رٕفس ا١ٍّش رؾذس ػ١ذح اٌخعشاء ؽ١ اٌجالسزٝؾذس ف٠ ػىس ِبٛٙب ف٠ٔذسٛوٛز١ٌّزُ ا٠ أِب ِب :ٝائٌٛٙظؼ ٍِخص اٌزٕفس اٛ رٝخ اٌز١ اٌّؼبدٌخ االرٝخ وّب ف١بئ١ّ١اثؽٗ اٌىٚ سٝٔخ فٚش اٌؽبلخ اٌّخض٠رؾشٚ ٗك أوسذر٠ص ػٓ ؼشٛوٍٛا ٌغ C6H12O6+6O2--6CO2+6H2O+38ATP
11. Lactic acid formed in the muscles when doing a hard effort? A – Explain by drawing only how lactic acid is formed in the muscles? B - What happens when the muscles rest? T - Calculate the amount of energy that liberated from one molecule of lactic acid in this case (when the muscles rest)? : ٛؿٲٴد ؽح٩ ٣ح ضرز٩ْنالش ّٮذ٥ٶ جٙ ٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪ ق٫ٴ٢ٹط ْنالش٥ٶ جٙ ٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪ ق٬ٴٹ٢ٺس ضٚٺ١ وٞٙ ضخيٺيٶ٨ ٳمف ذشع-1 ْنالش٥حرج ٹكذظ ّٮذ سجقس ج٩ -0 )ْنالش٥س(جٵ ّٮذ سجقس ج٥كح٥ٶ ٱزٯ جٙ ٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ؾضٵء ٳجقذ٬٩ طٶ ضطكشس٥س جٝيح٥ٺس ج٪١ جقغد-3
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1 - When muscles do hard exercises, it require a large amount of oxygen, which may consume all the oxygen present in it , so the cells convert pyruvic acid after its reduction (by union with the electrons on NADH) to lactic acid, (C3H6O3) and this is known as muscle fatigue (or acidic fermentation). ٠٥ز٥ٴؾٴد ذٲح ٳ٪٥ ج٬غؿٺ١ جال٤١ ٺذٚذ ضغطٝ ٺس٦خ٥ ج٫حٙ ٬غؿٺ١ جال٬٩ رٺشز١ ٺس٪١ د٦س ضطيٚس جٳ ّٮٺْٝنالش ضذسٹرحش ؽح٥ح ضإدٵ ج٩ ّٮذ-1 )C3H6O3(٠طٺ١ل ال٪ٶ ق٥) جNADHٶ٦ّ ٴؾٴدز٪٥طشٳ٭حش ج٢٥ِ جال٩ ٰ(جضكحدٯ٥ ذْذ جخطضج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٤ٶ ضكٴٹ٥خالٹح ج٥ؿأ ٱزٯ ج٦ض )نٶ٪ك٥ش ج٪طخ٥ٶ (جٳ ج٦ْن٥طْد ج٥ح ٹْشٗ ذح٩ ٠٥ٸ ر٪ٳٹغ
2 – At rest, oxygen become available, so lactic acid is oxidized pyruvic acid again and then to acetyl co - enzyme – A , which enters the Krebs cycle to produce more energy. شز جخشٵ٩ ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ٶ ق٥س ج٦ْن٥ٶ جٙ ٴؾٴد٪٥ ج٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪غذز ق١ ج٨ْنالش ٳّٮذٱح ٹط٦٥ ٶٙح٢٥ ج٬غؿٺ١ش جالٙشجقس ٹطٴ٥ ّٮذ ج- 0 رش١س أٝشذظ ال٭طحؼ ىح١ دٳسز٤زٵ ٹذخ٥(أ) ج٨غحّذ جال٭ضٹ٩ ٤ٶ جعطٺ٥ ج٨غ
3 - The amount of energy liberated from one molecule of lactic acid in this case (i.e. when the muscles rest); it is oxidized to Pyrouvic acid, which then enters the mitochondria to complete the oxidation. )ْنالش٥س(أٵ ّٮذ سجقس ج٥كح٥ٶ ٱزٯ جٙ ٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ؾضٵء ٳجقذ٬٩ طٶ ضطكشس٥س جٝيح٥ٺس ج٪١ -3 ٰغذض١ ج٣ح٪٢ٴ٭ذسٹح العط١ٺطٴ٪٥ٶ ج٥ ج٠٥ ذْذ ر٤زٵ ٹذخ٥ ٳج٠ٺٙل ذٺشٳ٪ٶ ق٥ ج٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪غذز جٳال ق١ أ٨ ٹط٬غؿٺ١ش جالٙجٵ ّٮذ ضٴ
4- So the outputs of oxidation of one molecule of lactic acid in muscle include: (1) 3 molecules of CO2. (2) One molecule ATP. (3) 5molecules of NADH. (4) One molecule of FADH2. 5- So the amount of energy liberated = 1 +5 × 3 +1 × 2 = 18 ATP molecule )4(NADHؾضٹثحش5 )3(ATP) ؾضٵء ٳجقذ0(CO2ؾضٹثحش3 )1 ( ٤٪ْنالش ضؾ٥ ّٮذ سجقس ج٠طٺ١ل ال٪غذز ؾضٵء ق١ ٭ٴجضؽ ج٫*جر FADH2 ؾضٵء ٳجقذ ATP ؾضٵء13=0×1+3×5+1=طكشسز٪٥س جٝيح٥ٺس ج٪١ ٫*جر
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12. What happens to lactic acid and NAD+ in case of abundance of oxygen? *Lactic acid is oxidized to Pyrouvic acid which enters the Krebs cycle to produce energy. * NAD+ is reduced by removal of hydrogen atoms from lactic acid and is converted into NADH. ؟٬غؿٺ١ جال٬٩ شزٙس ٳؾٴد ٳ٥ٶ قحٙ NAD+ ٳ٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ٤٢٥ حرج ٹكذظ٩ .0 سٝيح٥شذظ ال٭طحؼ ج١ دٳسز٤زٵ ٹذخ٥ ج٠ٺٙل ذٺشٳ٪ٶ ق٥ ج٣غذز ٳٹطكٴ١ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪ك٥ *ٹكذظ NADH ٶ٥ ج٣ ٳٹطكٴ٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥ ٭طٺؿس ٭ضُ رسجش ج٣ٺس جخطضج٦٪ّ ٰ٥ طكذظٙ NAD+ح٩*ج
13. What happens to pyruvic acid and NADH in the absence of oxygen? A- Contrary to what has already happened in the previous question. ؟٬غؿٺ١س ٕٺحخ جال٥ٶ قحٙNADH ٳ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ك٥ حرج ٹكذظ٩ .3 ٜغحذ٥ ج٣غإج٥ٶ جٙ ٜح عر٩ ظ٢ّ ٹكذظ
VII : The questions on the drawing ُ اٌشسٍٝاسئٍخ ػ:سبثؼب
(1) The figure in front of you shows the relationship between two cycles in green plants: :ٶ ٭رحش أخنشٙ ٬ دٳسضٺ٬س ذٺْٝال٥ ٹٴمف ج٠٩ح٩زٵ ج٥ ج٤٢ؾ٥) ج1(
1. What is the name of the 2 cycles and location of their interactions? ح٪حّالضٲٚ قذٳظ ض٫ح٢٩ ٳ٬ذٳسضٺ٥ ج٬ ٱحضٺ٨ش جع١ جر.1
2. Type the names of products 1; 2; 3. .3.0.1 ٮٴجضؽ٥حء ج٪طد جع١ ج.0
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3. What is the name of the compound which enters the structure (b) and when entering, and what is the amount of energy released as a result of oxidation of one molecule from it , and how many molecules of CO2 comes out as a result of this? ٹخشؼCO2 ؾضٵء٨١ٮٰ ٳ٩ غذز ؾضٵء ٳجقذ١ ٭طٺؿس أٜ٦طٶ ضٮي٥س جٝيح٥ٺس ج٪١ ٳ٤طٶ ٹذخ٩ٺد(خ) ٳ١طش٥ ج٤زٵ ٹذخ٥د ج١ش٪٥ ج٨ح جع٩ .3 ٠٥ز٥ ٭طٺؿس
4. Explain how to get rid of CO2?
CO2٬٩ ـ٦طخ٥ ج٨ٺ٘ ٹط١ ٳمف.4
5. In case of lack of oxygen, what happens to the compound, which is supposed to enter the structure (b) for the production of energy? سٝيح٥ٺد(خ) ال٭طحؼ ج١طش٥ ج٤ ٹذخ٫طشك جٚ٪٥ ج٬٩ زٵ٥د ج١ش٪٦٥ حرج ٹكذظ٩ ٬غؿٺ١ـ جالٞس ٭٥ٶ قحٙ .5
6. What is the importance of light for the structure (a), and what is the place of its work specifically? ٰ ضكذٹذج٦٪ّ ٫ح٢٩ ح ٱٴ٩ٺد(أ) ٳ١طش٦٥ نٴء٥ٺس ج٪ح أٱ٩ .6
7. What are the outcomes of interactions that take place in the structure (a) which is necessary for reactions of structure (b). )ٺد (خ١طش٥حّالش جٚط٥ نشٳسٹس٥ٺد(أ) ٳج١طش٥ٶ جٙ ٨طٶ ضط٥حّالش جٚط٥حٱٶ ٭ٴجضؽ ج٩ .7
8. What are the outcomes of interactions that take place in the structure (b) necessary for the reactions in structure (a). )ٺد(أ١طش٥حّالش جٚط٥ نشٳسٹس٥ٺد(خ) ٳج١طش٥ٶ جٙ ٨طٶ ضط٥حّالش جٚط٥حٱٶ ٭ٴجضؽ ج٩ .3
9. What is the name of the co- enzymes needed to the reactions of the structure (a) and (b) . \)ٺد(خ١طش٥ٺد(أ) ٳج١طش٥ ج٬٩ ٤١ حّالشٚط٥ س٩الص٥حش ج٪غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ٩ ٨ح جع٩ .9
Answer: 1. Role of photosynthesis which occurs in the structure (a) which is the chloroplasts and the role of respiration which occurs in the structure (b) which is mitochondria. ب٠ٔذسٛوٛز١ٌّ اٝ٘ٚ )ت(ة١ اٌزشوٝ رزُ فٝسح اٌزٕفس اٌزٚدٚ ذاد اٌخعشاء١ اٌجالسزٛ٘ٚ )ت(أ١ اٌزشوٝ رزُ فٝ اٌزٝئٛسح اٌجٕبء اٌعٚ د.1
2. (1) water + CO2. (2) Glucose + O2.
(3) ATP ATP)3(
O2+صٛوٍٛ)ع2(
CO2+)ِبء1(
.2
3. Pyruvic acid- enters the mitochondria in the presence of oxygen -15 molecule ATP-3 molecules of CO2. CO2ئبد٠عض3 -ATPءٜعض15-ٓ١د االوسغٛعٚ ب ػٕذ٠ٔذسٛوٛز١ٌّذخً ا٠ٚ-ه١فٚش١ ؽّط اٌج.3
4. This plant gets rid of CO2 by several ways (see excretion in the plant) ) إٌجبدٝ ثؼذح ؼشق (أظش االخشاط فCO2 ِٓ زخٍص ٘زا إٌجبد٠ .4
5. In the absence of oxygen pyruvic acid is reduced to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide (Alcoholic fermentation, which occurs in yeast and some plant tissue).
شح١ّ اٌخٝؾذس ف٠ ٜ اٌزٌْٝٛ(رخّش وؾٛذ اٌىشث١ اوسٝٔصبٚ ٍٝ١ض٠ي اٛ وؾٌٝه ا١فٚش١زُ اخزضاي ؽّط اٌج٠ ٓ١بة االوسغ١ ؽبٌخ غٝ ف.5 )ثؼط أسغخ إٌجبدٚ
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6. Light plays an important role in: (A) Formation of chlorophyll. (B) Start and activate the photochemical reactions of photosynthesis, where it excite electrons of chlorophyll moves to higher energy levels and chlorophyll becomes excited when the electrons return to its normal position release large chemical energy used in: * The greater part of it is used in formation of ATP molecules required for the dark reactions. * Other part is used in splitting water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen - where oxygen is librated as a byproduct of photosynthesis, and hydrogen received by coenzyme NADP which transmits it to dark reaction in the form of NADPH2. :ٶٙ ح٪ٲ٩ نٴء دٳسج٥ْد ج٦ ٹ.6 ٤ٺٙٴس٦٢٥ ج٬ٴٹ٢(أ) ض ٶ٦ّس أٝغطٴٹحش ىح٩ ٶ٥ ج٤ٞطٮطٙ ٤ٺٙٴس٦٢٥طشٳ٭حش ج١ ذاغحسز جال٧ٴٞنٴتٶ قٺع ٹ٥رٮحء ج٥حّالش جٚط٥ نٴتٺس٥حّالش جٚط٥(خ) ذذأ ٳضٮؾٺو ج :ٶٙ ٧رٺشز ضغطخذ١ ٺحتٺس٪ٺ١ سٝ ىحٜ٦يرٺْٶ ضٮي٥ٶ ٳمْٲح ج٥طشٳ٭حش ج٢٥ح ضْٴد جال٩ػحسج ٳّٮذ٩ ّٮذتز٤ٺٙٴس٦٢٥ٳٹقرف ج ٧َال٥حّالش جٚط٥ س٩الص٥ جATPٶ ذٮحء ؾضٹثحشٙ ٧ٮٲح ٹغطخذ٩ ٨َّؿضء جال٥*ج ح٩نٴتٶ ج٥رٮحء ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ْ٥ ٮحضؽ غح٭ٴٵ١ ٬غؿٺ١ جالٜ٦قٺع ٹٮي--٬ ٳٱٺذسٳؾٺ٬غؿٺ١ٶ أ٥حء ج٪٥ٶ ؽيش ؾضٹثحش جٙ ٧ؿضء جالخش ٹغطخذ٥*ٳج NADPH2ٶ فٴسزٙ ٧َال٥حّالش جٚٶ ض٥ٰ ج٦ٞ ٳٹٮNADP٨غحّذ جال٭ضٹ٩ ٰ٦رٞ ٹغط٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥ج
7- Glucose and oxygen. 8. Carbon dioxide and water حء٪٥ ٳج٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١غح٭ٶ ج.3 +
9. Co enzymes NADP present in the structure (a); while NAD and FAD and cytochromes are found in structure (b). )ٺد (خ١طش٥ٶ جٙ طٴؾذٙ حش٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ ٳجfadٳNAD+ح٩ٺد(أ) ج١طش٥ٶ جٙ ضٴؾذNADP حش٪غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ٩.9
(2) Check the following figure and answer the following questions: : ٰ٥ ٺس٥طح٥س ج٦ جالعث٬ّ جؾد٨ٶ غ٥طح٥ ج٤٢ؾ٥كـ جٙ) ج0(
1. Mention the name of the reaction from 1 to 12 and site of its occurrence. قذٳغٲح٫ح٢٩ ٳ10 ٶ٥ ج1 ٬٩ حّالشٚط٥حءج٪ش جع١ جر.1
2. Mention the products of reaction (1) and what are the raw materials necessary for interaction (2). 0 ٤ّحٚط٦٥ س٩الص٥ ج٧خح٥ٴجد ج٪٥ح ٱٶ ج٩ ٳ1 ٤ّحٚش ٭ٴجضؽ ض١ جر.0
3. Any interactions are anabolic interactions and which is catabolic reactions ٧حّالش ٱذٚحّالش ذٮحء ٳجٹٲح ضْطرش ضٚحّالش ضْطرش ضٚط٥ جٵ ج.3
4. Which reaction requires oxygen and which reactions occur in absence of oxygen and which reactions result in oxygen. ٬غؿٺ١طٶ ٹٮطؽ ّٮٲح جال٥حّالش جٚط٥ ٳج٬غؿٺ١ٶ ٕٺحخ جالٙ ٨طٶ ضط٥حّالش جٚط٥ ٳج٬غؿٺ١ح ج٩ض٦حّالش ٹٚط٥ جٵح.4
5. What is the difference between reaction 6 and reaction 7? And between reaction 6 and 9? ؟9ٳ6٤ّحٚط٥ ج٬؟ ٳذٺ7٤ّحٚط٥ ٳج6 ٤ّحٚط٥ ج٬ ذٺٛشٚ٥ح٩ .5
6. When reaction No. 6 occurs? Is this interaction oxidation or reduction? ؟٣ جخطضج٧غذز ج١ أ٤ّحٚط٥ ٱزج ج٤؟ ٳٱ6٨ٝ س٤ّحٚط٥طٶ ٹكذظ ج٩ .6
7. Can interaction No. 6 turns to reverse direction? If the answer is yes, when and how it happens? ٺ٘ ٹكذظ؟١طٶ ٳ٪ٙ ٨ْح٭ص جالؾحذس ٭١ غٶ؟ جرج٢ْ٥ٶ جضؿحٯ ج٥ ج6 ٤ّحٚط٥ ج٣ جش ٹطكٴ٬٢٪ ٹ٤ ٱ.7
8. What is the name of enzyme necessary for the reaction No. 10 and No. 11? What is the name of the gland which secretes it? What is the pH appropriate for its work? 106
ٰ؟٦٪ْ٥ ٮحعرس٪٥ٴمس ج٪ك٥ح دسؾس ج٩شصٯ ٳٚطٶ ض٥ٖذز ج٥ ج٨ح جع٩؟ ٳ11ٳ15٨ٝ س٤ّحٚط٥ ج٧ح٪ الض٧الص٥ ج٨ جال٭ضٹ٨ح جع٩ .3
9. What is the name of hormone that stimulates the reaction 3.4.5? ؟3.4.5٤ّحٚ ض٬٩ ٤١ زٵ ٹٮؾو٥ ج٫ٴ٩ٲش٥ ج٨ح جع٩ .9
Answer: (1) Name and site of interaction: Interactions Interaction (1) Light-reactions in the process of photosynthesis Interaction (2) dark reactions of photosynthesis Interaction (3) Anabolic reactions for storage Interaction (4) Interaction (5) Interaction (6) Interaction (7) Interaction (8) Interaction (9) Interaction (10) Interaction (11) Interaction (12)
Site Grana within Green plastids
hydrolysis reaction (breaking of glycogen) glycolysis phase of glucose fermentation reduction reaction (acid fermentation)
stroma of chloroplast liver and muscles in humans and mammals liver and muscle cytoplasm of the cell
muscle stress as a result of lack of oxygen oxidation reaction through Krebs cycle the mitochondrial oxidation process of aerobic respiration in all cells of the organism reduction reaction (Alcohol yeast fermentation) hydrolysis reaction of starch mouth and small intestine Hydrolysis of disaccharides. small intestine only anabolic reactions for storage green leaf of plant ٗصِٚىبْ ؽذ ذح اٌخعشاء١اٌغشأب داخً اٌجالسز ذاد اٌخعشاء١ِب ٌٍجالسزٚاٌسزش بد١٠اٌضذٚ ْ االٔسبٝاٌؼعالد فٚ اٌىجذ
ًاسُ اٌزفبػ ٝئٛخ اٌجٕبء اٌع١ٍّخ ٌؼ١ئٛرفبػالد ظ ٝئٛخ اٌجٕبء اٌع١ٍّرفبػالد اٌظالَ ٌؼ ٓ٠رفبػالد ثٕبء ٌٍزخض
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)1( 1ًرفبػ 0ًرفبػ 3ًرفبػ
اٌؼعالدٚ اٌىجذٝف خ١ٍثالصَ اٌخٛز١س ٓ١غخ ٔمص االوسغ١ذح ٔزٙاٌؼعالد اٌّغ ب٠ٔذسٛوٛز١ٌّا ٝب اٌىبئٓ اٌؾ٠غ خال١ّداخً ع شح١ّاٌخ مخ١االِؼبء اٌذلٚ ُاٌف مخ فمػ١االِؼبء اٌذل سلخ اٌخعشاء ٌٍٕجبدٌٛا
)ٓ١عٛى١ٍش اٌغ١(رىسٝرؾًٍ ِبئ )ص(رخّشٛوٍِٛشؽٍخ أطؽبس اٌغ )ٝاخزضاي (رخّش ؽّع سح وشثسٚاوسذح خالي د ٝائٌٛٙخ اٌزٕفس ا١ٍّ ػٝأوسذح ف )ٌٝٛاخزضاي(رخّش وؾ ٌٍٕطبٝرؾًٍ ِبئ ٝ ٌٍسىش اٌضٕبئٝرؾًٍ ِبئ ٓ٠رفبػالد ثٕبء ٌٍزخض
4ًرفبػ 5ًرفبػ 6ًرفبػ 7ًرفبػ 8ًرفبػ 9ًرفبػ 11ًرفبػ 11ًرفبػ 12ًرفبػ
(2) Products of the reaction (1) include: oxygen + ATP + NADPH2 . The raw materials required for the interaction (2) include: ATP + NADPH2 + CO2 + enzyme of dark reactions. حش٪ج٭ضٹ+CO2+NADPH2+ATP :٤٪ ضؾ0 ٤ّحٚط٦٥ س٩الص٥ ج٧خح٥ٴجد ج٪٥ح ج٩ جNADPH2+ATP+٬غؿٺ١ جال٤٪ضؾ:1٤ّحٚط٥) ٭ٴجضؽ ج0( ٧َال٥حّالش جٚض
(3) Anabolic reactions include the reactions (2; 3; 12). Catabolic reactions include the reactions (11.10.9.8.7.6.5.4). )11.15.9.3.7.6.5.4(٧ٲذ٥حّالش جٚح ض٩) ج10.3.0(٤٪رٮحء ضؾ٥حّالش جٚ ض٧حٝجس
(4) Interactions that require oxygen are (8.7) and the reactions that occur in absence of oxygen include (11.10.9.6.5.4.3.2) and the reactions that produce oxygen No. 1. طٶ ٹٮطؽ ّٮٲح٥حّالش جٚط٥) ٳج11.15.9.6.5.4.3.0(٤٪ ضؾ٬غؿٺ١ٶ ٕٺحخ جالٙ ٨طٶ ضط٥حّالش جٚط٥) ٳج3.7( ٱٶ٬غؿٺ١ٲح ج٩ض٦طٶ ٹ٥حّالش جٚط٥ج 1٨ٝ س٤ّحٚط٥ ٱٴ ج٬غؿٺ١ج
(5) Comparison between interaction 6 and 7: interaction 6 It is an acidic fermentation Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell Occurs in the absence of O2 It is reduction reaction of pyruvic acid Resulting in low energy 2 ATP. Cause stress to the muscles
interaction 7 It is a Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. Occurs in the mitochondria. does not occurs except in the presence of O2 It is oxidation reaction of pyruvic acid. Result in high energy (38 ATP molecules) per glucose molecule. Give more energy, i. e. activate muscles.
7ُاٌزفبػً سل ْٚسٍسٍخ ٔمً االٌىزشٚ سح وشثسٚ ػجبسح ػٓ دٛ٘ ب٠ٔذسٛوٛز١ٌّ اٝزُ ف٠ O2 دٛعٚ ٝؾذس اال ف٠ ال ه١فٚش١ رفبػً أوسذح ٌؾّط اٌجٛ٘ صٛوٍٛء عٜ) ٌىً عضATPءٜعض38(شح١ٕزظ ػٕٗ ؼبلخ وج٠ ٕطػ اٌؼعالد٠ ٜ ؼبلخ أوجش اٝؼؽ٠
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7 ًاٌزفبػٚ 6 ًٓ اٌزفبػ١اٌّمبسٔخ ث 6ُاٌزفبػً سل ٝ ػجبسح ػٓ رخّش ؽّعٛ٘ خ١ٍثالصَ اٌخٛز١ سٝزُ ف٠ O2 بة١ غٝؾذس ف٠ ه١فٚش١ رفبػً اخزضاي ٌؾّط اٌجٛ٘ 2ATP ٍخ١ٍٕزظ ػٕٗ ؼبلخ ل٠ بد ٌٍؼعالدٙسجت اع٠
Comparison between the interaction of 6 and 9: interaction 6 It is an acidic fermentation Occurs in animal tissue and bacteria Occurs in the absence of O2 Does not result in exit of CO2 Produces a small amount of energy 2ATP.
interaction 9 It is an alcoholic fermentation. Occurs in yeast. Occurs in the absence of O2 Resulting in exit of CO2. Produces a small amount of energy 2ATP.
9 ٨ٝ س٤ّحٚط٥ج ٶ٥كٴ١ ش٪ ضخ٬ّ ٱٴ ّرحسز ٺشز٪خ٥ٶ جٙ ٹكذظ ٬غؿٺ١ٶ ٕٺحخ جالٙ ٨ٹط CO2 ٹٮطؽ ّٮٰ خشٳؼ 0ATP سٝيح٥ ج٬٩ س٦ٺ٦ٝ ٺس٪١ ٹٮطؽ
6 ٨ٝ س٤ّحٚط٥ج نٶ٪ش ق٪ ضخ٬ّ ٱٴ ّرحسز طشٹح٢ر٥ ٳج٫كٺٴج٥ٶ ج٭غؿس جٙ ٹكذظ ٬غؿٺ١ٶ ٕٺحخ جالٙ ٨ٹط CO2ال ٹٮطؽ ّٮٰ خشٳؼ 0ATPسٝيح٥ ج٬٩ س٦ٺ٦ٝ ٺس٪١ ٹٮطؽ
(6) reaction No. 6 occurs when muscle perform hard exercises require a large amount of oxygen thus the cell consume all the oxygen present in it and convert pyruvic acid after its reduction (union with the electrons on NADH) to lactic acid (C3H6O3 ) muscle fatigue (or acid fermentation). ٬غؿٺ١ جال٤١ ٺذٚٺس ضغط٦خ٥ ج٫حٙ ٶ٥طح٥ ذح٬غؿٺ١ جال٬٩ رٺشز١ ٺس٪١ د٦س ضطيٚس جٳ ّٮٺْٝنالش ضذسٹرحش ؽح٥ح ضإدٵ ج٩ ّٮذ6 ٨ٝ س٤ّحٚط٥ٹكذظ ج ل٪ٶ ق٥) جNADH ٶ٦ّ ٴؾٴدز٪٥طشٳ٭حش ج٢٥ِ جال٩ س(جضكحدٯ٥ ذْذ جخطضج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٤ٶ ضكٴٹ٥خالٹح ج٥ؿح ٱزٯ ج٦ ض٠٥ز٥ٴؾٴد ذٲح ٳ٪٥ج )نٶ٪ك٥ش ج٪طخ٥ٶ(أٳ ج٦ْن٥طْد ج٥ح ٹْشٗ ذح٩ ٠٥) ٳٹغرد رC3H6O3(٠طٺ١ال
(7) Yes , at rest enough oxygen to the muscles become available oxidation of lactic acid present to pyruvic acid again and then to acetyl co – enzyme A , which enters Krebs cycle to produce energy.
٨شز جخشٵ غ٩ ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ٶ ق٥س ج٦ْن٥ٶ جٙ ٴؾٴد٪٥ ج٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪غذز ق١ أ٨ْنالش ٳّٮذٱح ٹط٦٥ ٶٙح٢٥ ج٬غؿٺ١ش جالٙشجقس ٹطٴ٥ ّٮذ ج٨ْ٭ رش١س جٝشذظ ال٭طحؼ ىح١ دٳسز٤زٵ ٹذخ٥ (أ) ج٨غحّذ جال٭ضٹ٩ ٤ٶ جعطٺ٥ج
(8) The name the enzyme required for the interaction No (10) : (a) Ptylene : in the saliva, secreted by the salivary glands, works in weak alkaline medium. (b) pancreatic amylase: secreated by the pancreas works in alkaline medium (PH = 8). The name of the enzyme required for the interaction No. 11: maltase, secreated by special cells in the lining of small intestine. زٵ٥شٹحعٶ ج٢رٮ٥ٺض ج٦ٺ٩ٴٵ مْر٘ (خ) جأل٦ٝ ٶ ٳعوٙ ٤٪ْْحذٺس ٳٹ٦٥ٖذد ج٥شصٯ جْٚحخ ٳض٦٥ٶ جٙ ٬ٺ٥طٺح٥ )أ)ج: 15٤ّحٚط٦٥ ٧الص٥ ج٨ جال٭ضٹ٨جع )PH=3(ٴٵ٦ٝ ٶ ٳعوٙ ٤٪ْشٹحط ٳٹ٢رٮ٥شصٯ جٚٹ .سٞٺٝذ٥ْحء ج٩ٵريح٭س جالٙ شصٯ خالٹح خحفسٚطٺض ٳض٥ح٪٥ ٱٴ ج:11٤ّحٚط٦٥ ٧الص٥ ج٨ جال٭ضٹ٨جع
(9) hormones that activate interactions: Interaction 3 and 5 are stimulated by hormone insulin (secreted by beta cells of island of Langerhans in the pancreas), while reaction No. 4 is activated by the hormone adrenaline (secreted by suprarenal medulla) and hormone glucagon (secreted by the alpha cells of island of Langerhans in the pancreas). ؿضس ال٭ؿشٱح٭ض٥ خالٹح ذٺطح٬٩ شصٚ (ٹ٬ٺ٥ جال٭غٴ٫ٴ٩ح ٱش٪ ٹٮؾيٲ5٤ّحٚط٥ ٳج3٤ّحٚط٥ج:حّالشٚط٥ٶ ضٮؾٺو ج٦ّ ٤٪ْطٶ ض٥ٴ٭حش ج٩ٲش٥) ج0( ٬٩ شصٚ (ٹ٫حؾٴ١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٫ٴ٩َشٹس) ٳٱش٢٥ٖذز ج٥ ٭خحُ ج٬٩ شصٚ (ٹ٬ٺ٥ جألدس٭ح٫ٴ٩ ٱش٬٩ ٤١ ٹٮؾيس4 ٨ٝ س٤ّحٚط٥ ذٺٮح ج، )شٹحط٢رٮ٥ٶ جٙ )شٹحط٢رٮ٥ٶ جٙ ؿضس ال٭ؿشٱح٭ض٥ حٚ٥خالٹح أ
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VII - Comparisons questions اسئٍخ اٌّمبسٔبد:صبِٕب 1. Compare between NAD + and NADP. 2. Compare between combustion of a piece of sugar in air and its burned inside the cells of the organism, or compare between combustion and respiration. 3. Compare between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. 4. Compare between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. NADP ٚ NAD+ٓ١لبسْ ث اٌزٕفسٚ خ االؽزشاق١ٍّٓ ػ١ لبسْ ثٚ اٝب اٌىبئٓ اٌؾ٠ب داخً خالٙٓ اؽزشال١ثٚ اءٌٛٙ اٝخ اؽزشاق لؽؼخ ِٓ اٌسىش ف١ٍّٓ ػ١لبسْ ث ٝائٛ٘ اٌالٝائٌٛٙٓ اٌزٕفس ا١لبسْ ث ٍٜٛخ اٌزٕفس اٌخ١ٍّػٚ ٝئٛخ اٌجٕبء اٌع١ٍّٓ ػ١لبسْ ث
.1 .2 .3 .4
(1) Comparison between NAD+ and NADP Point of comparison Importance
NADPٚ NAD+ٓ١) ِمبسٔخ ث1( NAD+
NADP
Co enzyme (hydrogen carrier)
Co enzyme (hydrogen carrier)
)ٓ١عٚذس١ٌُٙ(ِسزمجً ا٠ِسبػذ أض Site
in the chloroplasts of plant cell خ١خ إٌجبر١ٍذاد اٌخعشاء ٌٍخ١ اٌجالسزٝف
Function
)ٓ١عٚذس١ٌُٙ(ِسزمجً ا٠ِسبػذ أض
in the mitochondria of living animal cells خ١خ اٌؾ١ٔاٛ١ب اٌؾ٠ب اٌخال٠ٔذسٛوٛز١ٌّ اٝف
Combine with hydrogen resulting from splitting of water molecule producing NADPH2 and thus (1) Prevent escape of hydrogen. (2) Does not combine with oxygen again to form water. (3) Allows exit of oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis.
Plays an important role in carrying protons of hydrogen and electrons removed during: (a) transforms PGAL to pyruvic acid. (b) Transform pyruvic acid to acetyl group. د١ش٩ حء ٳٹٮطؽ٪٥ ج٭ؾيحس ؾضٵء ج٬٩ ٮحضؽ٥ ج٬ٲٺذٳسؾٺ٥ِ ج٩ ( ٹطكذc) Through the Krebs cycle شز غح٭ٺس٩ )ٳالٹطكذ0(٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥)الٹٲشخ ج1(٠٥ ٳذزNADPH2 during transformation of three ٮحضؽ١ ٬غؿٺ١ف ذخشٳؼ جال٪)ٹغ3(حء٪٥ ج٬ٴٹ٢ط٥ ٬غؿٺ١ِ جال٩ intermediate compounds. نٴتٶ٥رٮحء ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ْ٥ غح٭ٴٵ
2. Compare between combustion of a piece of sugar in air and its burned inside the cells of the organism, or compare between combustion and respiration. ظٚطٮ٥ ٳجٛٺس جالقطشج٦٪ّ ٬ ذٺ٫حسٝ كٶ جٳ٥ ج٬حت٢٥خالٹح ج٥ ج٤ٲح دجخٝ جقطشج٬ٲٴجء ٳذٺ٥ٶ جٙ ش٢غ٥ ج٬٩ يْسٝ ٛٺس جقطشج٦٪ّ ٬حس٭س ذٺٞ٩
Site Need for O2
Respiration process خ اٌزٕفس١ٍّػ Occur within the celiving cells of the organismكٶ٥ ج٬حت٢٥ خالٹح ج٤ضكذظ دجخ Occurs in the presence of oxygen (aerobic) or absence of oxygen (anaerobic)
Temperature Occurs at the temperature of the body with the help of enzymes. Energy
Produced energy is stored in the ATP compounds and utilized for the activities of the cell
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combustion process خ االؽزشاق١ٍّػ Occur in the air outside the body ٨ؿغ٥ضكذظ خحسؼ ج Occurs in the presence of oxygen, and does not need enzymes. Need for very high temperature The energy result is large and can not be saved.
Importance
Necessary for the organism to break the chemical bonds in molecules of food and liberation of energy required for its vital activities.
Not necessary for the organism كٶ٥ ج٬حت٢٦٥ ٺغص مشٳسٹس٥
٧يْح٥ٶ ؾضٹثحش جٙ ٺحتٺس٪ٺ٢٥شٳجذو ج٥غش ج٢٥ كٶ٥ ج٬حت٢٦٥ مشٳسٹس كٺٴٹس٥س ال٭ؾيطٰ ج٩الص٥س جٝيح٥ٳضكشٹش ج
Requirement need enzymes to complete the process of respiration
need spark to start the process of combustion
ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٧ح٪حش الض٪ٵح٭ضٹ٥ضكطحؼ ج
need to co enzymes or cytochromes to complete the process of respiration ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٧ح٪حش الض٩شٳ١حش جٳ عٺطٴ٪غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ٩ ٶ٥ضكطحؼ ج
Output
ٛٺس جالقطشج٦٪ّ رذأ٥ ٣ جؽْح٤٩ٶ ّح٥ضكطحؼ ج
Do not need to co enzymes or cytochromes to complete the combustion process. ٣ح٪٢حش العط٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥حش جٳ ج٪غحّذجش جال٭ضٹ٩ ٶ٥ال ضكطحؼ ج ٛٺس جالقطشج٦٪ّ
Release energy in the form of ATP Release energy in the form of heat ATPٶ فٴسزٙ سٝ ىحٜ٦ضٮي ٶ فٴسز قشجسزٙ سٝ ىحٜ٦ضٮي Liberate carbon dioxide Liberate carbon dioxide ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ غح٭ٶ جٜ٦ٹٮي ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ غح٭ٶ جٜ٦ٹٮي
(3) Comparison between aerobic and anaerobic respiration: (4) Comparison between photosynthesis and cellular respiration:
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ُ٠ٛاٌزم I- Select the correct answer in each of the following:: ح ٹأضٸ٪٩ ٤١ ٸٙ قكٺكس٥أخطش جإلؾحذس ج 1 – Descend of electrons from high energy levels to low energy levels and use of released energy in formation of ATP from ADP and phosphate is called …… ( Oxidative phosphorylation – electron transfer - fermentation – glycolysis) . ADP ٬٩ ATP ٸ ذٮحءٙ سٞ٦ٮي٪٥س جٝيح٥ ج٧نس ٳجعطخذجٚٮخ٩ سٝغطٴٹحش ىح٩ ٶ٥ٺس ئ٥س ّحٝغطٴٹحش ىح٩ ٬٩ طشٳ٭حش٢٥ ٹْشٗ ٱرٴه جإل-1 ) ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ئ٭ؾيحس ج- ش٪طخ٥ ج- طشٳ٭حش٢٥ جإل٤ٞ ٭- غذٹس١طأ٥شز جٚغٚ٥( ج555 حش ذـٚٴعٚ٥ٳج
2 - Anaerobic cellular respiration requires the presence of …….. (Oxygen - carbon dioxide specific enzymes - ethyl alcohol) )ٸ٦ ئغٺ٣كٴ١ - ْٺٮس٩ حش٪ ئ٭ضٹ- ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ غح٭ٸ ج- ٬غؿٺ١(أ55 الٱٴجتٸ ٳؾٴد٥ٴٷ ج٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥د ج٦ ٹطي-0
3 - Transformation of a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid and two molecules of ATP are evidence of …….. (aerobic respiration - anaerobic respiration electron transport - Krebs cycle) ظٚ ضٮ- ظ ٱٴجتٸٚ( ضٮ5555 ٶ قذٳظ٦ّ ٣ ٹذATP ٬٩ ٬ ؾضٹثٺ٫ٴ٢ ٳض٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ٬ٶ ؾضٹثٺ٥ٴص ئ١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ؾضب ج٣ ضكٴ-3 ) شذظ١ دٳسز- طشٳ٭حش٢٥ جإل٤ٞ ٭- الٱٴجتٸ
4 - Glycolysis result in splitting of glucose to form …….. (2 molecules of Pyrouvic acid ; 2 mol of lactic acid ; 2 molecule co – enzyme ; one molecule of lactic acid + one molecule of ethanol "ethyl alcohol") ٠طٺ١ل ال٪ؾضب ق0 - ٠ٺٙل ذٺشٳ٪ؾضب ق0(5555 ٬ٴٹ٢ٶ ض٥ ئGlycolysis ٸ٥ٴ٢ٺ٦ؿ٥ ج٤٦طك٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٴص أغٮحء١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ٹإدٵ ئ٭ؾيحس ج-4 )" ٸ٦ ئٹػٺ٣كٴ١ " ٣ ؾضب ئٹػح٭ٴ+ ٠طٺ١ل ال٪ ؾضب ٳجقذ ق- أ٨ جإل٭ضٹٜٙشج٩ ؾضب0 -
5 - Active oxygen, which is part of electron transport system, enters as an atom in molecule of ………… (Glucose - water - oxygen - carbon dioxide) )٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ غح٭ٸ ج-٬غؿٺ١ جأل- حء٪٥ ج- ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ٸ ؾضب(جٙ زسز١ ٤ ٹذخ٫طشٳ٢٥ جإل٣حٞ ج٭ط٧ ٭َح٬٩ ً ؾضء٤٢زٵ ٹؾ٥ٮؾو ج٥ ج٬غؿٺ١ جأل-5
6 - Cytochromes are present in (cytoplasm - cytosol – shelves of mitochondria "inner membrane" – matrix l) )حدز جألعحط٩ - "ٸ٦ذجخ٥ٖؾحء ج٥ٴ٭ذسٹح " ج١ٺطٴ٪٥ أّشجٗ ج- ٣غٺطٴعٴ٥ ج- ٧غٺطٴذالص٥ٸ ( جٙ حش٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ ضٴؾذ ج-6
7 - The amount of ATP produced from oxidation of one molecule of glucose in Krebs cycle only (8 - 24 - 28-36) . Answer 24ATP ; because = (3NADH + 1FADH2 + 1 ATP) x 2 turns; for each molecule of glucose = 24 ATP . ) 36- 03 - 04 - 3( وٞٙ شذظ١ ٶ دٳسزٙ ٴص ٳجقذ١ٴ٦غذز ؾضب ؾ١ أ٬٩ ٮحضؿس٥ جATP ٺس٪١ -7 ATP 04 = ٴص١ٴ٦ ؾضب ؾ٤٢٥ سٚ٥ 0 x ) ATP 1 + FADH21 + NADH 3 ( = "ATP04" * جإلؾحذس
8 - Number of NADH molecules resulting from oxidation of one molecule of glucose by aerobic respiration. (2 - 4-6 - 10) ) 15 - 6 – 4 - 0 ( ٲٴجتٸ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٴص ٳجقذ ذح١ٴ٦غذز ؾضب ؾ١ أ٬٩ ٮحضؿس٥ جNADH رحش١ش٩ ّذد-3
9 - Number of NADH molecules resulting from oxidation of one molecule of glucose in anaerobic respiration (2-4 - 10 - none) ) – ال ؽٺة15 – 4 - 0 ( الٱٴجتٸ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٸ جٙ ٴص ٳجقذ١ٴ٦غذز ؾضب ؾ١ أ٬ّ ٮحضؿس٥ جNADH رحش١ش٩ ّذد-9
10 - The following steps represent stages of glucose oxidation: (1) Krebs cycle (2) glycolysis (3) electron transfer (4) combination of acetyl with CO- enzyme – A. The arrangement of the steps is…… (a) 1.2, 3.4 (b) 4, 2.3.1 (c) 3. 2. 1. 4. (d) 2.1, 4.3. : ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥غذز ج١ٸ أٙ ٤شجق٩ ٺس٥طح٥خيٴجش ج٥ ج٤ػ٪ ض-15 " CO-A " أ٨غحّذ جإل٭ضٹ٩ ِ٩ ٤) ئسضرحه جألعٺطٺ4( ٫طشٳ٢٥ جإل٤ٞ) ٭3( ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥) ئ٭ؾيحس ج0( شذظ١ ) دٳسز1( ) 4،3 ،0،1 - 1،3 ،0،4 - 4،1 ،0،3 - 3،4 ،1،0 ( ٫ٴ٢خيٴجش ٹ٥طشضٺد جٙ
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11 - The amount of energy released as a result of full oxidation of one molecule of glucose in the presence of oxygen is ……..(one ATP - 36 molecules of ATP - 38 mol of ADP - 38 ATP) ............... ٱٴ٬غؿٺ١ٸ ٳؾٴد جألٙ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٬٩ ؿضب ٳجقذ٥ س٦٩ح٢٥غذز ج١س ٭طٺؿس جألٞ٦ٮي٪٥س جٝيح٥ذجس جٞ٩ -11 ) ATP 33 - ADP ٬٩ ؾضب33 - ATP ٬٩ ؾضب36 - ATP ٬٩ ( ؾضب
12 - The carbohydrate material stored in animal tissue is known as….. ( Starch - glucose glycogen - sucrose) ) شٳص٢غ٥ ج- ٬ٴؾٺ٢ٺ٦ؿ٥ ج- ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج- ٮؾح٥كٺٴج٭ٺس ذـ ( ج٥ جأل٭غؿس ج٤ٸ دجخٙ ٫طٶ ضخض٥شذٴٱٺذسجضٺس ج٢٥حدز ج٪٥ ضْشٗ ج-10
13 - Number of ATP molecules resulting from the splitting of four molecules of glucose is (4-8 - 12 - 16) )16 - 10 - 3 - 4 ( ٴص ٱٸ١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٬٩ ئ٭ؾيحس أسذْس ؾضٹثحش٬ّ ٮحضؿس٥ جATP ّذد ؾضٹثحش-13
14 - Energy required for vital activity released on conversion of : (a) NADH to NAD+ (b) ADP to ATP (c) FADH2 to FAD (d)ATP to ADP. ADP ٶ٥ ئATP -د
FAD ٶ٥ ئFADH2 -ؼ
: ٣ح ٹطكٴ٩ٴٷ ّٮذ٦خ٥ٮؾحه ج٦٥ س٩الص٥س جٝيح٥ جٜ٦ ضٮي-14 ATP ٶ٥ ئADP -خ NAD+ ٶ٥ ئNADH -أ
15 – Complete burning of one molecule of glucose requires rate of Krebs cycle (once twice - three times - five times) . ) شجش٩ ظ٪ خ- شجش٩ غالظ- ٬شضٺ٩ - شز ٳجقذز٩ ( ٣ْذ٪شذظ ذ١ ضذٳس دٳسز٫ أ٧ض٦س ٹغط٦٩ح١ ٴص ذقٴسز١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ؾضب جٛ جقطشج-15
16 – On conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl co-enzyme – A . Molecule of NAD+ undergo …… (Oxidation - reduction - breaking to similar molecules - break to different molecules) - س٦حغ٪ط٩ ؿضٹثحش٥ غٺش٢ ض- ٣ جخطضج- غذز١(أ.......... NAD+ ؿضب٥ ٹكذظ، أ٨ جإل٭ضٹٜٙشج٩ ٤ٶ أعٺطٺ٥ ئ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣ ّٮذ ضكٴ-16 ) س٦حغ٪ط٩ ؿضٹثحش ٕٺش٥ غٺش٢ض
17 - CO2 molecules librated due to….. ( Glycolysis - lactic acid fermentation - alcoholic fermentation - hydrolysis of glycogen) ) ٬ٴؾٺ٢ٺ٦ؿ٦٥ حتٸ٪٥ ج٤٦طك٥ ج- ٸ٥كٴ٢٥ش ج٪طخ٥ ج- ٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪ش ق٪ ضخ- ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ٭طٺؿس ( ج٭ؾيحس جCO2 ؾضبٜ٦ ٹٮي-17
18 - The process of cellular respiration starts with molecule …… (Glucose - protein - ATP NAD+) * Note that the process of cellular respiration includes aerobic and anaerobic and each part begins with glucose.
) NAD+ - ATP - ٬رشٳضٺ٥ ج- ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ٴٷ ذؿضب ( ج٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ضرذأ-13 . ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ح ضرذأ ذؿضب ج٪ٮٲ٩ ٤١الٱٴجتٸ ٳ٥ٲٴجتٸ ٳج٥ ج٤٪ٴٷ ضؾ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٫* القٌ أ
19 - In electron transport series, high-energy electrons resulting from Krebs cycle is used in order to ………. (Produces glucose - the transformation of ADP to ATP - produces acetyl coenzyme - produce water) . ٶ٥ ئADP ـ٥ ج٣ ضكٴ- ٴص١ٴ٦( ضٮطؽ ؾ555 ٶ٢٥ شذظ١ دٳسز٬٩ ٮحضؿس٥س جٝيح٥ٺس ج٥طشٳ٭حش ّح٢٥ جإل٧ ضغطخذ٫طشٳ٢٥ جإل٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ٸ عٙ -19 ) حء٩ ضٮطؽ- ٨ٴئ٭ضٹ١ ٤ ضٮطؽ أعٺطٺ- ATP
20- When the fungus yeast is put with sucrose solution in a test tube and the tube closed, and the mixture (sugar + yeast) keep at warm temperature ; gas bubbles began rising in the tube after 24 hours and sucrose disappeared from the sucrose solution. Answer the following questions: ، ثسٙٸ دسؾس قشجسز دجٙ) ٺشز٪خ٥ ج+ ش٢غ٥ٴه (ج٦خ٪٥ٌ جٚ ٳق، ص جأل٭رٴذسٞ٦ٕٸ أ٭رٴذس جخطرحس ٳأٙ شٳص٢غ٥ش ج٢ِ ع٩ ٺشز٪خ٥يش جٙ ِ ٳم-05 أؾدٙ.٣ٴ٦ك٪٥ ج٬٩ شٳص٢غ٥ٶ جٚ عحّس ٳجخط04 ٶ جأل٭رٴذس ذْذٙ ٖحصٹس ضطقحّذ٥حّحش جٞٚ٥ذذأش ج
A - What is process used by yeast to digest sucrose? (Photosynthesis - aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration - light reactions) ) حّالش مٴتٺسٚ ض- ظ الٱٴجتٸٚ ضٮ- ظ ٱٴجتٸٚ ضٮ- شٳص ؟( ذٮحء مٴتٸ٢غ٥ ج٨ٲن٥ ٺشز٪خ٥طٲح ج٩طٶ أعطخذ٥ٺس ج٦٪ْ٥ح ج٩ -أ
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B - Any of the following will exist in the solution after 24 hours? (Sucrose - oxygen - lactic acid - ethyl alcohol) . ) ٶ٦ ئغٺ٣كٴ١ - ٠طٺ١ل ال٪ ق- ٬غؿٺ١ أ- شٳص٢ عحّس ؟ ( ع04 ذْذ٣ٴ٦ك٪٥ٸ جٙ ح ٹأضٸ عٴٗ ٹٴؾذ٪٩ أٵ-خ
C - What is the gas formed in the top of the tube after the incubation period? (Carbon dioxide - hydrogen - oxygen - nitrogen) ) ٬ ٭ٺطشٳؾٺ- ٬غؿٺ١ أ- ٬ ٱٺذسٳؾٺ- ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١كنح٭س ؟ ( غح٭ٸ أ٥طشز جٙ س جأل٭رٴذس ذْذ٪ٝ ٶٙ ٫ٴ٢ط٪٥ٖحص ج٥ح ٱٴ ج٩ - ؾـ
21- During cellular respiration, the largest number of ATP molecules released during …… (Glycolysis – electrons transport chain - Krebs cycle - fermentation) . • Note: In electron transfer series alone 34 molecules of ATP is liberated. - شذظ١ دٳسز- طشٳ٭حش٢٥ جإل٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ ع- ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ( ج٭ؾيحس ج: ٸٙ ٫ٴ٢س ضٞ٦ٮي٪٥ جATP ؾضٹثحش٬٩ رش ّذد١ٴٷ أ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٸ جٙ -01 ) ش٪طخ٥ج ATP ٬٩ ؾضب34 ٲح٥ ٳقذٱح ٹطكشس خال٫طشٳ٢٥ جإل٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ ع: القَس٩
22 - Krebs cycle begins with combination of: A - molecule acetyl co enzyme A with a citric acid. B – Acetyl group (two carbons) with oxaloacetic acid. C - Oxaloasatic acid with co- enzyme - A. D - citric acid with co- enzyme - A. .٠ٴجعٺطٺ٥غح١ل أٳ٪ِ ق٩ ٫شذٴ٢٥ غٮحتٸ ج٤ٴّس جالعطٺ٪ؿ٩ -خ . أ٨ جإل٭ضٹٜٙشج٩ ِ٩ ٠غطشٹ٥ل ج٪ ق-د
: شذظ ذحضكحد١ ضرذأ دٳسز-00 .٠غطشٹ٥ل ج٪ِ ق٩ أ٨ جإل٭ضٹٜٙشج٩ ٤ؾضب أعطٺ-أ . أ٨ جإل٭ضٹٜٙشج٩ ِ٩ ٠ٴأعٺطٺ٥غح١ل أٳ٪ ق-ؼ
23 – During aerobic cellular respiration glucose oxidation occurs through: (a) Union of glucose with oxygen. (b) Loss of hydrogen from the glucose. (c) Union of glucose with hydrogen. (d) Loss of electrons from the glucose. :٣ خال٬٩ ٲٴجتٸ٥ٴٷ ج٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥س ج٥ٸ قحٙ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥غذز ج١ أ٨ ضط-03 .طشٳ٭حش٢٥إل٥ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ذ جٞٙ - د.٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥ٴص ذح١ٴ٦ؿ٥ جضكحد ج- ؼ.٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٦٥ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ذ جٞٙ - خ.٬غؿٺ١ٴص ذحأل١ٴ٦ؿ٥ جضكحد ج-أ
24 - The reason for the spread of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood is that: A - concentration of oxygen in the alveoli, higher than the atmospheric air. B - Concentration of oxygen in the alveoli, lower than blood. C - concentration of oxygen in the air higher than the concentration of carbon dioxide. D - Concentration of oxygen in the blood is less than in the alveoli. :٫ ٱٴ أ٧ذ٥ٸ ج٥كٴٹقالش ئ٥ ج٬٩ ٬غؿٺ١ عرد ئ٭طؾحس جأل٫ ئ-04 . ٧ذ٥ ج٬٩ ٤ٝكٴٹقالش أ٥ٸ جٙ ٬غؿٺ١ٺض جأل١ ضش-خ .ؿٴٷ٥ٲٴجء ج٥ ج٬٩ ٸ٦ّكٴٹقالش أ٥ٸ جٙ ٬غؿٺ١ٺض جأل١ ضش-أ .كٴٹقالش٥ ج٤ دجخ٬٩ ٤ٝ ج٧ذ٥ ذح٬غؿٺ١ٺض جأل١ ضش- د.٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ٺض غح٭ٸ أ١ ضش٬٩ ٸ٦ّؿٴٷ أ٥ٲٴجء ج٥ٸ جٙ ٬غؿٺ١ٺض جأل١ ضش-ؼ
25 – Respiration in animal cells differs from fermentation in ….: (a)increase the amount of energy released from the glucose molecule. (b) Release smaller amount of CO2. (c) Release of a larger amount of CO2. (d) Fat and protein not used as fuel. ٬٩ ٤ٝٺس أ٪١ ٛ ج٭يال-خ
.ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ؾضب ج٬٩ سٞ٦ٮي٪٥س جٝيح٥ٺس ج٪١ صٹحدز- أ: ٸٙ ش٪طخ٥ ج٬ّ كٺٴج٭ٺس٥ٺس ج٦خ٥ٸ جٙ ظٚطٮ٥٘ ج٦ ٹخط-05 .ٴدٝٴ١ ٬رشٳضٺ٥ ٳج٫ذٱٴ٥ ج٧ جعطخذج٧ ّذ-د .CO2 ٬٩ رش١ٺس أ٪١ ٛ ج٭يال- ؼ.CO2
26 - Hydrolysis of one phosphate bond from one molecule of ATP leads to: (a) Formation of ADP and the release of energy. (b) Formation of ADP without release of energy. (c) Ribose sugar. (d) Adenine base. شٹرٴص٥ش ج٢ ع-ؼ.سٝ ىحٛ ج٭يال٧ ٳجّذADP -خ.سٝ ىحٛٳج٭يالADP - أ:ٸ٥ٹإدٷ ئATP ؾضب٬٩ حضٺس ٳجقذزٚٴعٙ سجذيس٤٦ ضك-06 .٬حّذز جألدٹٮٺٝ -د.حعٸ٪خ٥ج
27 - Fatty acids enter in cellular respiration in the form of molecule ….(a) with one carbon atom. (b) With 2-carbon atoms. (c) With 3 -carbon. (d) Contains 13-19 carbon atoms. 114
غالغٸ-ؼ
.٫شذٴ٢٥ غٮحءٷ ج-خ
.٫شذٴ٢٥ أقحدٷ ج- أ:ٸ ٱٺثس ؾضب٦ّ ٴٷ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٸ جٙ ذٱٮٺس٥حك ج٪ جألق٤ ضذخ-07 .٫شذٴ١ رسز19 - 13 ٸ٦ّ ٹكطٴٷ-د .٫شذٴ٢٥ج
28 - The following chart represents simplified biological cycle in an organism: if the letter (a) represents the CO2 and H2O: A - No. (1) represents the process of photosynthesis, and the number (2) represents the process of respiration, and the letter (b) represents oxygen. B - ID (1) represents the process of photosynthesis, and the number (2) represents the process of respiration, and the character (b) represents the (CO2 and H2O). C - Number (1) represents the process of respiration, and the number (2) represents the process of photosynthesis, and the letter (b) represents oxygen. D - Number (1) represents the process of respiration, and the number (2) represents the process of photosynthesis, and the letter (b) represents the (CO2 and H2O). : ٫اٙ H2OٳCO2 ٤ػ٪كشٗ(أ)ٹ٥ ج٫ح١ ٴ٥ : قٸ٬حت١ ٸٙ رغيس٪٥ٴؾٺس ج٥رٺٴ٥ذٳسجش ج٥ٸ ئقذٷ ج٥طح٥خيو ج٪٥ ج-03 .٬غؿٺ١ جأل٤ػ٪كشٗ(خ)ٹ٥ٳج،ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٤ػ٪)ٹ0( ٨ٝش٥ٳج،نٴتٸ٥رٮحء ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٤ػ٪)ٹ1(٨ٝش٥ ج-أ .)H2OٳCO2( ٤ػ٪كشٗ(خ)ٹ٥ٳج،ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٤ػ٪)ٹ0( ٨ٝش٥ٳج،نٴتٸ٥رٮحء ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٤ػ٪)ٹ1(٨ٝش٥ ج-خ .٬غؿٺ١ جأل٤ػ٪كشٗ(خ)ٹ٥ٳج،نٴتٸ٥رٮحء ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٤ػ٪)ٹ0(٨ٝش٥ٳ ج،ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٤ػ٪)ٹ1( ٨ٝش٥ ج-ؼ .)H2OٳCO2(٤ػ٪كشٗ(خ)ٹ٥ٳج،نٴتٸ٥رٮحء ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٤ػ٪)ٹ0(٨ٝش٥ٳ ج،ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٤ػ٪)ٹ1( ٨ٝش٥ ج-د
29 - Which of the following statements is more appropriate on glucose metabolism? A - Cause cellular respiration . B – Plants do photosynthesis to produce energy, but animals do cellular respiration. C - The amount of ATB resulting from glycolysis is more than resulting from cellular respiration. D - During cellular respiration, oxygen receives electrons from the electron transport chain. ٴص؟١ٴ٦ؿ٥س ّٸ أٹل ج٪الت٩ ػشٱح١ٺس أ٥طح٥ْرحسجش ج٥ أٷ ج-09 .ٴٷ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ٹكذظ ج-أ .ٴٷ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ْ ذ٧ٴٞكٺٴج٭حش ض٥ ج٬٢٥، سٝيح٥نٴتٸ إل٭طحؼ ج٥رٮحء ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ْٮرحضحش ذ٥ ج٧ٴٞ ض-خ .ٴٷ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٬٩ ٮحضؿس٥ ج٬٩ ػش١ٴص أ١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ئ٭ؾيحس ج٬ّ ٮحضؿس٥جATBٺس٪١ -ؼ .طشٳ٭حش٢٥ جإل٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ ع٬٩ طشٳ٭حش٢٥ جإل٣رحٞ ذحعط٬غؿٺ١ جأل٧ٴٞٹ،ٴٷ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ أغٮحء ج-د
30 - When muscle cells do violent actively high proportion of .............. Accumulate in it. Especially in the case of inadequacy of oxygen. (a) Oxal acetic acid. (b) Citric acid. (c) Acetic acid. (d) pyruvic acid. (e)lactic acid. .٬غؿٺ١ٺس جأل٪١ حٹسٚ١ ٧س ّذ٥ٸ قحٙ خقٴفح.............. ٬٩ ٺس٥ ذٲح ٭غرس ّح٨١ْنالش ذٮؾحه ّٮٺ٘ ضطشج٥ خالٹح ج٧ٴٞح ض٩ ّٮذ-35 .٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪ ق- ٱـ.٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق-د .٠ل جألعطٺ٪ ق-ؼ .٠غطشٹ٥ل ج٪ ق- خ.٠ جعٺط٣غح١ل أٳ٪ ق-أ
31 - Any of the following does not describe the differences between the respiration and fermentation? (a) Respiration produces water. (b) Respiration results in energy but fermentation no. (c) Respiration needs oxygen. (d) Fermentation gives less energy. ش؟٪طخ٥ظ ٳجٚطٮ٥ ج٬ح ٹأضٸ ال ٹق٘ جألخطالٗ ذٺ٪٩ أٷ-31
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.٤ٝس أٝش ٹْيٸ ىح٪طخ٥ ج-د
.٬غؿٺ١ظ ٹكطحؼ أٚطٮ٥ ج- ؼ.ش ال٪طخ٥ ج٬٢٥س ٳٝظ ٹٮطؽ ّٮٰ ىحٚطٮ٥ ج-خ
.حء٩ ٰظ ٹٮطؽ ّٮٚطٮ٥ ج-أ
32 - Note the components of the following experiment and answer for the following: : ح ٹأضٸ٪ّ ٳأؾد٤٢ؾ٥ٴمكس ذح٪٥طؿشذس ج٥ٴ٭حش ج٢٩ ٌ الق-30
1 - The purpose of the use of acoustic potash in this experiment: absorption of oxygen from the air inside. B - Absorption of moisture from the air . (c) Preventing oxygen reaching the plant. (d) Prevent CO2 reach the plant. ٲٴجء٥ ج٬٩ شىٴذس٥طقحؿ ج٩ أ- خ. ٤ذجخ٥ٲٴجء ج٥ ج٬٩ ٬غؿٺ١طقحؿ جأل٩ أ- أ: طؿشذس٥ٸ ٱزٯ جٙ حٳٹس٢٥رٴضحعح ج٥ ج٣ح٪ْ جعط٬٩ ٖشك٥ ج-1 . ٮرحش٦٥ ٤زٵ ٹق٥ جCO2 ِٮ٩ -د . ٮرحش٦٥ ٤زٵ ٹق٥ ج٬غؿٺ١ٮِ جأل٩ -ؾـ
2 - The purpose of the use of aluminum foil: (a) keep the temperature inside the flask. (b) Maintain the pressure inside the flask. (c) Preventing the plant from production of CO2. (d) Prevent the process of photosynthesis. ِٮ٩ - ؾـ. ٛذٳس٥ ج٤نٖو دجخ٥ٶ غرحش ج٦ّ ًحٚك٥ ج- خ. ٛذٳس٥ ج٤كشجسز دجخ٥ٶ ج٦ّ ٌ٦ٚك٥ ج- أ: ٧ٮٺٴ٩ٴ٥ جألٜحتٝ س٣ح٪ْ أعط٬٩ ٖشك٥ ج-0 . نٴتٶ٥رٮحء ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٮِ قذٳظ٩ - د. CO2 ج٭طحؼ٬٩ ٮرحش٥ج
3 - After 24 hours from the beginning of the experiment we find that the lime water in flask No. (2) Clear while in the beaker No. (4) Turbid and we can conclude from this that: (a) the plant produces oxygen during breathing. (b) Plant produces CO2 in the dark. (c) Plants absorb CO2 in the dark. (d) Acoustic potash solution produces CO2 in the flask (1). ٫ أ٬٢٪ٴ٭س ٳٹ٥ ش٢ْ) ٹط4( ٨ٝ سٛذٳس٥ٶ جٙ ح٪ ذٺٮٜ) سجت0( ٨ٝ سٛذٳس٥ٶ جٙ ؿٺش٥حء ج٩ ٫طؿشذس ٭ؿذ أ٥ ذذجٹس ج٬٩ عحّس04 نٶ٩ ذْذ-3 . ٧َال٥ٶ جٙ CO2 طـ٪ٮرحش ٹ٥ ج- ؾـ. ٧َال٥ٶ جٙ CO2 ٮرحش ٹٮطؽ٥ خ – ج. ظٚطٮ٥ أغٮحء ج٬غؿٺ١ٮرحش ٹٮطؽ جأل٥ ج- أ: ٫ أ٠٥ ر٬٩ ضغطٮطؽ .)1( ٨ٝ سٛذٳس٥ٶ جٙ CO2 حٳٹس ٹٮطؽ٢٥رٴضحعح ج٥ ج٣ٴ٦ك٩ -د 33 - Choice and explain the cause for your selection: عرد أخطٺحس٤٦ّضخٺش ٳ
1 – Glycolysis occurs only in anaerobic respiration. (a) Statement is error (b) statement is true. . ْرحسز فكٺكس٥ ج-خ
ْرحسز خيأ٥ ج- أ. وٞٙ الٱٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٶ جٙ ٴص ضكذظ١ٴ٦ؿ٥س أ٭ؾيحس ج٦شق٩ -1
2 - Changes in the rate and depth of breathing must be accompanied by similar changes in heart rate.(a)the phrase is wrong. (b) Statement is true. ْرحسز٥ خ – ج. ْرحسز خيأ٥ أ – ج. د٦ٞ٥ مشذحش ج٣ْذ٩ ٶٙ س٦حغ٪٩ ٹقحقرٲح ضٖٺشجش٫ظ ال ذذ أٚطٮ٥ جٜ٪ّ عشّس ٳ٣ْذ٩ ٶٙ طٖٺشجش٥ – ج0 . فكٺكس
3 - Respiratory system in the has no role in the process of water excretion from the body. (a) Statement is error (b) statement is true. . ْرحسٯ فكٺكس٥ خ – ج. ْرحسز خيأ٥ أ – ج. ٨ؿغ٥ ج٬٩ حء٪٥ٺس أخشجؼ ج٦٪ّ ٶٙ ٰ دٳس٥ ٺظ٥ ٫ جأل٭غح٨ٶ ؾغٙ غٶٚطٮ٥ؿٲحص ج٥ ج-3
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4 – In complex vascular plants, oxygen reaches to the cells in the stem and root through the spacing between these parts: (a) the words are all correct. (b) Part of the statement is wrong. (c) The words are all wrong. ْرحسز٥ ج- أ: جألؾضجء٠٦ ض٬رٺٮٺس ذٺ٥حش جٙغح٪٥ ج٣ؿزس خال٥ ٳجٛغح٥ٶ جٙ خالٹح٥ٶ ج٥ ج٬غؿٺ١ جأل٤ٺد ٹق١طش٥ذز جْٞ٩ ٴّحتٺس٥ٮرحضحش ج٥ٶ جٙ -4 . ٲح خحىثس٦١ ْرحسز٥ ج- ؾـ. ْرحسز ذٲح ؾضء خيأ٥ خ – ج. ٲح فكٺكس٦١
5 - The plant produces energy in: (1) mitochondria. (2) Cytosole . (3) chloroplasts.(a) only [1] is correct. (b) Only [2] is correct. (c) Only [1.2] are correct. (d) Only [1,2,3] are correct. ) (ؾـ. ٰ] فكٺك0[ وٞٙ ) (خ. ٰ] فكٺك1[ وٞٙ ) (أ. ٴسٳذالعص٦٢٥ ج-ـ3 . ٣غٺطٴعٴ٥ ج-0. ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ ج-1 : ٸٙ سٝيح٥ٮرحش ج٥ ٹٮطؽ ج-5 . ٰ] فكٺك1،0،3[ وٞٙ ) (د. ٰ] فكٺك0 ،1[ وٞٙ
34 - Breathing rate automatically increases when: (a) (pH) in blood increase. (b) Carbon dioxide in blood increase . (c) The acidity of the blood increase. (d) The % of hemoglobin in blood cells decrease. ٭غرس٤ٞ ض- د. ٧ذ٥ٴمس ج٪ ضضٹذ ق- ؾـ. ٧ذ٥ ذح٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ ٹضٹذ غح٭ٸ ج- خ. ٧ذ٥)ذحpH( ِٚ ٹشض- ج: ح٩ٺح ّٮذ٢حضٺ٩ظ جضٴٚطٮ٥ ج٣ْذ٩ ٹضٹذ-34 . ٧ذ٥شجش ج١ ٸٙ ٬ٴذٺ٦ٴؾ٪ٲٺ٥ج
35 - What happens during the Krebs cycle: (a) small amount of energy librated from the cell. (b) One molecule of glucose split into two molecules of Pyrouvic acid .(c) pyruvic acid is split into carbon dioxide, NADH. (d) Water consists of hydrogen ion and oxygen. . ٠ٺٙل ذٺشٳ٪ ق٬ٶ ؾضتٺٺ٥ٴص ج١ٴ٦ ٹطؿضأ ؾضٷء ؾ- خ. سٝيح٥ ج٬٩ ٤ذس مثٺٝ ٺس٦خ٥ ج٬٩ ٜ٦ ٹٮي- أ: شذظ١ دٳسز٣حرج ٹكذظ خال٩ -35 . ٬غؿٺ١ ٳجال٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥ ج٫ جٹٴ٬٩ حء٪٥ ج٫ٴ٢ ٹط- د. NADH ، ٫شذٴ١ غٺذ١ٶ غح٭ٸ ج٥ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ٹطؿضأ ق-ؾـ
36 - Choose from column (b) what is appropriate in column (a): : )ٴد (أ٪ْ٥ ج٨ح ٹالت٩ )ٴد (خ٪ْ٥ ج٬٩ ضخٺش- 36 Column A
Column B 1 - The final electron recipient in aerobic respiration. A – Oxygen is . ٲٴجتٸ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٸ جٙ طشٳ٭حش١أل٥ رال ٭ٲحتٺحٞغط٩ B - Cytochromes is. 2 – End product of fermentation in yeast. C - lactic acid is . ٺشز٪خ٥ٸ جٙ ش٪طخ٥ٺس ج٦٪ْ٥ ٭حضؿح ٭ٲحتٺح 3 - electrons carriers: طشٳ٭حش٢٥إل٥ رالٞغط٩ 4 - end product of energy in anaerobic respiration .الٱٴجتٸ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥س ج٥ٸ قحٙ سٝيح٦٥ ٭حضؿح ٭ٲحتٺح 5 - End product of fermentation process in the muscles. . ْنالش٥ٸ جٙ ش٪طخ٥ٺس ج٦٪ْ٥ ٭حضؿح ٭ٲحتٺح 6 - An important factor in the formation of proteins. . رشٳضٺٮحش٥ ج٬ٴٹ٢ٸ ضٙ ح٪ٲ٩ ال٩ّح
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column B 1 - Splitting glucose molecule and release of large amount of energy during respiration (38 ATB).
Column A A - The process of aerobic respiration is . )ATB 33( ظٚطٮ٥س جغٮحء جٝيح٥ ج٬٩ رٺشز١ ٺس٪١ ٛٴص ٳج٭يال١ٴ٦ ج٭ؾيحس ؾضٷء ؾ-1 B - the process is anaerobic 2 - Splitting sucrose molecule and release of large amount of energy respiration is. during respiration (38 ATB). C - The process of transfer . )ATB 33( ظٚطٮ٥س جغٮحء جٝيح٥ ج٬٩ رٺشز١ ٺس٪١ ٛشٳص ٳجضٮيال٢غ٥ ج٬٩ ج٭ؾيحس ؾضٷء-0 of electrons is. 3 – Splitting 2 glucose molecule and release great amount of D - Krebs cycle is. energy during respiration (38 ATB). . )ATB 33( ظٚطٮ٥س جغٮحء جٝيح٥ ج٬٩ رٺشز١ ٛٴص ٳج٭يال١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٬٩ ؾضٷء0 ج٭ؾيحس-3
4 - Splitting glucose molecule and release amount of energy during respiration (2ATB). . )ATB0( ظٚطٮ٥س جغٮحء جٝيح٥ ج٬٩ ٺس٪١ ٛٴص ٳج٭يال١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٬٩ ج٭ؾيحس ؾضٷء-4
5 – Combination of oxalo acetic acid with acetyl co enzyme, and occur twice for each glucose molecule. . ٴص٢٥ٴ٦ ؾضٷء ؾ٤٢٥ ٬شضٺ٩ ٳضكذظ٨ٴج٭ضٹ١ ٤ِ جعطٺ٩ ٠ٴ جعطٺ٥غح١ل جالٳ٪ جضكحد ق-5
6 - Transferee of high energy compound, such as NADA. Step by step to the lower energy level of oxygen. ٤ػ٩ سٝيح٥ ج٬٩ ٣غطٴٵ ّح٩ رحش رجش١ش٩ ٣حٞج٭ط-6NADA ٬غؿٺ١ال٥ لٚٮخ٪٥س جٝيح٥غطٴٵ ج٩ ٶ٥خيٴز خيٴز ج.
7 - Union of pyruvic acid with acetyl coenzyme A and the formation of citric acid. . ٠غطشٹ٥ل ج٪ ق٬ٴٹ٢ ٳضA ٨ٴج٭ضٹ١ ٤ِ جعطٺ٩ ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ جضكحد ق-7
37 - This figure illustrates some of the steps of cellular respiration - fill the boxes (a - f) with the appropriate compound : : ٮحعرس٪٥رحش ج١ش٪٥ (أ – ٳ ) ذح٬٩ شذْحش٪٥أل ج٩ٴٵ – أ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ذْل خيٴجش ج٤٢ؾ٥ ٹٴمف ٱزج ج-37
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38 - Complete the missing in the following table: Interaction٤ّحٚط٥ج 1 - Glycolysis 2 - Pyruvic acid oxidation.
٫ح٢٪٥ جSite
: ٶ٥طح٥ ج٣ؿذٳ٥ٶ جٙ ـٝٮح٥ ج٤٪١ أ-33 Productsٮٴجضؽ٥ج
Between two ................. ٬ٖؾحتٺ٥ ج٬ذٺ membrane of …………
3 - Krebs cycle 39 – The following Schematic figure shows magnified part of lung. Answer the following questions: A – Mention the names of the parts (a), (b), (c). B - What is the number of structure (b) per one human lung? What is the importance of this? . C - What is the vital dynamic process that occurs between structures (b) and (c). D - Any of the two ends (x) or (y) for structure (c) containing a quantity of oxygen gas? Why? : ٺس٥طح٥س ج٦ جألعث٬ّ أؾد. شتس٥ ج٬٩ رش٢٩ ٹٴمف ؾضء٤حذٞ٪٥طخيٺيٶ ج٥ ج٤٢ؾ٥ – ج39 ) (ؾـ، ) (خ، )حء جألؾضجء (أ٪ش أع١ أر-أ . ؟٠٥ٺس ر٪ح أٱ٩ ؟ ٳ٫أل٭غح٥ ٴجقذز٥شتس ج٥ٺد (خ) ذح١طش٥ح ّذد ج٩ -خ ) (خ) ٳ (ؼ٬ٺرٺ١طش٥ ج٬طٶ ضكذظ ذٺ٥كٺٴٹس ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ْ٥ح ج٩ -ؼ حرج ؟٪٥ ؟ ٳ٬غؿٺ١ ٕحص جأل٬٩ ٺس٪١ ٺد (ؼ) ضكطٴٵ١طش٦٥ ) (ؿ٧ (ط) أ٬ٮٲحٹطٺ٥ أٵ ج-د
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40 - The following figure represents one organelles. Answer the following questions: A - What is the name of these organelles? Where it is present ? Its importance? B - Mention the names of the numbered structures in the figure . C - What are components of the structure number (2). D - What is the function of structures (2), (3), (4)? E - What are the compounds in this organelles that work as : (1) hydrogen carriers . * As the currency of energy. And - Describe the interactions that occur in the part number (3). : ٺس٥طح٥س ج٦ جالعث٬ّ جؾد. ٺٴٹس٦خ٥ْنٺحش ج٥ٺرد جقذ ج١ ضش٤ػ٪ٸ ٹ٥طح٥طخيٺيٸ ج٥ ج٤٢ؾ٥ ج-45 ح٩ - د.)0(٨ٝٺد س١طش٥ٴ٭حش ج٢٩ ح٩ - ؾـ. ٤٢ؾ٥س ذح٪ٝش٪٥ٺد ج١طشج٥حء ج٪ش جع١ٺطٰ ؟ خ – جر٪ح جٱ٩ ٳ. ٹٴؾذ٬ْنٸ ؟ ٳجٹ٥ ٱزج ج٨ح جع٩ -ج - ٳ. سٝيح٦٥ س٦٪ْ١ * . ٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٦٥ الش٩كح١ * : ٤٪ْطٸ ض٥ْنٸ ج٥رحش ذٲزج ج١ش٪٥ح ج٩ -) ؟ ٱـ4( ، )3( ، )0( ٧حٝ جس٤٢ؾ٥ٺد ج١س ضشجٚٳٍٺ . ) 3( ٨ٝؿضء س٥ٸ جٙ طٸ ضكذظ٥حّالش جٚط٥ف٘ ج
(3)
41 - Write a scientific term: : ٶ٪٦ْ٥ف ج٦قي٪٥طد ج١ أ(A) A dynamic process which restores the organism’s energy stored in food. . ٖزجتٺس٥ٴجد ج٪٥ٶ جٙ ٰخض٭٪٥س جٝيح٥كٶ ج٥ ج٬حت٢٥ٺٲح جٙ ٺس قٺٴٹس ٹغطْٺذ٦٪ّ )(أ
(B) Compounds arise from the decomposition of glucose, proteins, fats, and enter in the Krebs cycle reactions. . شذظ١ حّالش دٳسزٚٶ ضٙ ٤ ٳضذخ٫ذٱٴ٥رشٳضٺٮحش ٳج٥ٴ ص ٳج١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٣ ج٭كال٬٩ رحش ضٮؾأ١ش٩ )(خ
(C) The process is the link with the PO4 ADP to form ATP. .ATP ٬ٴٹ٢ط٥ PO4 ِ٩ ADP ٺٲح جسضرحهٙ ٨ٺس ٹط٦٪ّ )(ؼ
(D) Sequences of the co- enzyme of enzymes found in the inner membrane of mitochondria. . ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٦٥ ٶ٦ذجخ٥ٖؾحء ج٥ٶ جٙ حش ضٴؾذ٪غحّذجش جأل٭ضٹ٩ ٬٩ (د) ضطحذْحش
42 – Compare between : NAD + and NADP in the place and importance? ٺس ؟٪ ٳجألٱ٫ح٢٪٥ قٺع ج٬٩ NADP ٳNAD + : ٬ ذٺ٫حسٝ -40
43 - If aerobic respiration occurs is in the following 4 steps: (a) glycolysis . (b) Conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl Co enzyme A . (c) Krebs cycle . (d) Oxidative phosphorylation. Answer the following questions: A – In any part of the cell occur every step of the four steps. B - What is the importance of ATP. C - What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. A ٨ٴ ج٭ضٹ١ ٤ٶ جعٺطٺ٥ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ضٖٺش ق-ٴص خ١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٭ؾيحس ج- أ: ٺس٥طح٥خيٴجش جألسذِ ج٥ٶ جٙ ٨ٲٴجتٶ ٹط٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٫ح١ أرج-43 : ٺس٥طح٥س ج٦ جألعث٬ّ أؾد . غذٹس١طأ٥شز جٚغٚ٥ ج-د شذظ١ دٳسز-ؾـ
120
ٺس٦٪ّ ٬ ذٺٛشٚ٥ح ج٩ -ؼ
ATP ٣د ج١ش٩ ٺس ج٭طحؼ٪ح أٱ٩ -خ . ِخيٴجش جألسذ٥ ٱزٯ ج٬٩ خيٴز٤١ ٺس ضكذظ٦خ٥ ج٬٩ ذحٵ ؾضء-أ . الٱٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّٲٴجتٶ ٳ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٬ ذٺٛشٚ٥ح ج٩ - ؼ. الٱٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّٲٴجتٶ ٳ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ج
44 – In the following figure : Write the names of the numbered parts, then answer the following: A - What is the function of structure No. (1) & No. (10) In the breathing? B - What if the form of rings in the structure number (3)? What is the tissue from which this rings formed ? C – Describe the ends of structure number (8), and its importance? : ٺس٥طح٥س ج٦ جالتغ٬ّ جؾد٨ غ، ٸ٥طح٥طخيٺيٸ ج٥ ج٤٢ؾ٥س ذح٪ٝش٪٥حء جالؾضجء ج٪طد جع١ ج-44 ٫ٴ٢زٷ ضط٥ٮغٺؽ ج٥ح ج٩) ؟ ٳ3( ٨ٝٺد س١طش٥ٸ جٙ ٴؾٴدز٪٥حش جٞ٦ك٥ ج٤٢ح ؽ٩ -ظ ؟ خٚطٮ٥ٸ جٙ )15( ، )1( ٸ٪ٝ س٬ٺرٺ١طش٥ ج٬٩ ٤١ سٚح ٳٍٺ٩ -أ ٺطٲح ؟٪ح جٱ٩ ٳ، )3( ٨ٝٺد س١طش٥ ف٘ ٭ٲحٹحش ج-حش ؟ ؾـٞ٦ك٥ٮٰ ٱزٯ ج٩
45 – In an experiments to detect the process of alcoholic fermentation, a mixture of diluted molasses and yeast is put in a conical flask closed with plug passing through it U – shaped tube its end put within a cup contains solution, as in the following figure : Answer the following questions:
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A - What is the type of solution found the cup? B - What is the name of gas evolved during the experiment? C – Is there other produce other than the gas during the experiment? How you can detect this substance? D – Write the equation of chemical reaction that occurs in this experiment? And what is the amount of energy released ? E - Is this reaction includes Krebs cycle? Why ? خشٳىٶ٩ ٛٶ دٳسٙ ٺشز٪خ٥٘ ٳجٚخ٪٥ٴالط ج٪٥ ج٬٩ ٴه٦خ٩ ِ ٳم، ٶ٥كٴ٢٥ش ج٪طخ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٬ّ ٘ؾ٢٦٥ ٺس٦٪ْ٪٥طؿحسخ ج٥ٶ أقذٵ جٙ –45 : ٺس٥طح٥س ج٦ جألعث٬ّ أؾد: ٶ٥طح٥ ج٤٢ؾ٥ٴمف ذح٩ ح ٱٴ٪١ أط٢ٴؾٴد ذ٩ ٣ٴ٦ك٩ ٤ٲح دجخٙٴٹس ٹٮطٲٶ ىش٦٩ ٮٲح أ٭رٴذس٩ زٚغذٳد ذغذجدز ضٮ٩ أط ؟٢٥ٴؾٴد ذح٪٥ ج٣ٴ٦ك٪٥ح ٭ٴُ ج٩ -أ طؿشذس ؟٥طقحّذ أغٮحء ٱزٯ ج٪٥ٖحص ج٥ ج٨ح أع٩ -خ حدز ؟٪٥ ٱزٯ ج٬ّ ٘ؾ٢٥ ج٠ٮ٪ٺ٘ ٹ١ طؿشذس ؟٥ٖحص أغٮحء ج٥حدز أخشٵ خالٗ ٱزج ج٩ ضٮطؽ٤ؼ – ٱ ٮحضؿس ؟٥س جٝيح٥ٺس ج٪١ ح٩طؿشذس ؟ ٳ٥زٵ ٹكذظ ذٲزٯ ج٥ٺحتٶ ج٪ٺ٢٥ ج٤ّحٚط٥س ج٥ْحد٩ طد١ أ-د ؟٠ ألؾحذط٤٦ّ شذظ ؟١ دٳسز٤ّحٚط٥ ٱزج ج٬٪ ٹطن٤ ٱ- ٱـ
46 – The experiment represented by the following scheme shows the process of respiration in non-green parts (seeds) of plant. Explain your observation in each of the following cases: A - Tube (X) contains dry seeds , and tube (y) contains calcium hydroxide solution. B - Tube (X) contains seeds previously soaked in water , and the tube (y) contains sodium chloride solution? C - The tube (X) contains seeds was put in boiling water for half an hour. And the tube (y) contains calcium hydroxide solution? D - The tube (x) contains seeds previously soaked in water, and the tube (y) contains calcium hydroxide solution. ٤١ ٶٙ ح ضالقَس٩ أؽشـ. )رزٳس٥خنشجء (ج٥ٮرحضٺس ٕٺش ج٥ٶ جألؾضجء جٙ ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٶ ضٴمف٥طح٥طخيٺيٶ ج٥ ج٤٢ؾ٥س ذح٦ػ٪٪٥طؿشذس ج٥ ج-46 : ٺس٥طح٥كحالش ج٥ ج٬٩ س٥قح . ٧غٺٴ٥ح٢٥غٺذ ج١ ٱٺذسٳ٣ٴ٦ك٩ س ٳجأل٭رٴذس (ؿ) ضكطٴٵٙ جأل٭رٴذس (ط) ضكطٴٵ ذزٳس ؾح-أ ؟٧قٴدٹٴ٥ٴسٹذ ج٦١ ٣ٴ٦ك٩ ٳجأل٭رٴذس (ؿ ) ضكطٴٵ، حٞغر٩ حء٪٥ٴّس ذحٞٮ٩ جأل٭رٴذس (ط) ضكطٴٵ ذزٳس-خ ؟٧غٺٴ٥ح٢٥غٺذ ج١ ٱٺذسٳ٣ٴ٦ك٩ ذز ٭ق٘ عحّس ؟ ٳجأل٭رٴذس (ؿ) ضكطٴٵ٪٥ ٶ٦ٖ٪٥حء ج٪٥ٶ جٙ ٳمْٲحٜ جأل٭رٴذس (ط) ضكطٴٵ ذزٳس عر-ؼ . ٧غٺٴ٥ ح٢٥ ٱٺذسٳعٺذ ج٣ٴ٦ك٩ ٶ٦ّ ٳجأل٭رٴذس (ؿ) ضكطٴٵ، حء٪٥ٶ جٙ ْٲحٞ ٭ٜ جأل٭رٴذس (ط) ضكطٴٵ ذزٳس عر-د
47 - Follow the steps of arrival of oxygen molecule to each of: (a) epidermal cells of the skin. (b) Epidermal cells of the plant. . ٮرحش٥ خالٹح ذؾشز ج- خ. ذ٦ؿ٥ خالٹح ذؾشز ج- أ: ٬٩ ٤١ ٶ٥ ج٬غؿٺ١ ؾضب أ٣ ضطرِ خيٴجش ٳفٴ-47
48 - What the route of CO2 molecule present in a cell in the small intestine till its exit out of the body. . ٨ؿغ٥ ج٬٩ س ٳقطٶ خشٳؾسٞٺٝذ٥ْحء ج٩ٺس ذحأل٦ٶ خٙ ٹطٴجؾذCO2 س ؾضبء٢٦زٵ ٹغ٥ جٜيشٹ٥ح ج٩ -43
49 – Mention the place and work of each of: (a) CO-A . ( b) Cytochromes . (c) Cartilaginous rings. 122
. ٺسٖٙنشٳ٥حش جٞ٦ك٥ ج-ؼ
حش٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ ج-خ
CO-A - ج: ٬٩ ٤١ ٤٪ّ ٳ٫ح٢٩ ش١ أر-49
50 - The following scheme illustrates some changes that occur during the process of aerobic respiration in muscle cells of humans: A - at any step (arrow) the process of deamination occurs ? B - At any step of the scheme greatest amount of phosphorylation processes occurs? C - The 2 compounds NADH & FADH2 play an important functional role in the process of breathing. At any site (rectangle) of the scheme shows this role.? D - The process of anaerobic respiration by conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid represent by one of the steps. What is this step? E - Any site in this scheme is missing than what is present in plant cells? F- Any site in this scheme receives cytochrome and hydrogen? G – Write the names of compounds in the rectangle (1) and (2). H - Where the stage (1) to (4) occurs in the living cell? I - What is the name given to the Stage (3)? : ٫أل٭غح٥ ٺٶ٦ْن٥خالٹح ج٥ٶ جٙ ٲٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ طٶ ضكذظ أغٮحء٥طٖٺشجش ج٥ٶ ٹٴمف ذْل ج٥طح٥خيو ج٪٥ ج-55 ٺحش٦٪ّ ٬٩ ٺس٪١ رش١خيو ضكذظ ج٪٥ ج٬٩ ذأٵ خيٴز-ٺٮٺس ؟ خ٩ٴّحش جأل٪ؿ٪٥ٺس ٭ضُ ج٦٪ّ خيو ضكذظ٪٥ ) ذح٨ٶ جٵ خيٴز (عٲٙ -أ خيو ٹَٲش ٱزج٪٥ ج٬٩ )٤غطيٺ٩( ِٝٴ٩ ذحٵ. ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٶٙ ح٪ٲ٩ ٺحٚ دٳسج ٳٍٺ٫ْرح٦ ٹNADH & FADH2 ٫رح١ش٪٥ ج-شز ؟ ؼٚغٚ٥ج خيٴز؟٥ح ٱزٯ ج٩ . خيٴجش٥ ذحقذٵ ج٤ػ٪ ض٠طٺ١ل جال٪ٶ ق٥ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ ج٤س ذطكٴٹ٦ػ٪٪٥الٱٴجتٶ ج٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ - د.ذٳس٥ج ؟٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥ ج٧شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ ج٤رٞخيو ٹغط٪٥ِ ذٲزج جٝٴ٩ ذحٵ-ٮرحضٺس ؟ ٳ٥خالٹح ج٥ٴؾٴد ذح٩ ح ٱٴ٪ّ خيو ٹٖٺد٪٥ِ ذٲزج جٝٴ٩ أٵ-ٱـ كٺس ؟٥ٺس ج٦خ٥ٶ جٙ )4( ٶ٥) ج1( ٬٩ س٦شق٪٥ ضكذظ ج٬ أٹ- ـ. )0( ) ٳ1( ٶ٪ٝ س٬ٺ٦غطيٺ٪٥ٴؾٴدز ذح٪٥رحش ج١ش٪٥حء ج٪طد أع١ أ-ص ) ؟3( ٨ٝس س٦شق٪٥ٶ ج٦ّ ٜ٦زٵ ٹي٥ ج٨ح جألع٩ -ه
A (8) Electron Transport Chain
(1) Hydrolysis of Carbohydrates
b
d
(2) Hydrolysis of proteins c
e f
(3) Krebs cycle
h
g
(5) ATP I (6) Energy Storage
j (7) Release of energy
123
(4) Final products
51 – Select the locations in which the following vital processes occurs: 1 – Split molecule of glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. 2 - Oxidation of molecule of pyruvic acid to acetyl group. 3 - Krebs cycle. 4 - Electron transport chain. : ٺس٥طح٥كٺٴٹس ج٥ٺحش ج٦٪ْ٥طٶ ضكذظ ذٲح ج٥ِ جٝٴج٪٥ قذد ج-51 . ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ٬ٶ ؾضٹٺ٥ٴص ج١ٴ٦ؿ٥ أ٭ؾيحس ج-1 . ٤ٴّس أعٺطٺ٪ؿ٩ ٶ٥ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪غذز ؾضبء ق١ أ-0 .شذظ١ دٳسز-3 . طشٳ٭حش٢٥ جأل٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ ع-4
5 - In any form energy is liberated? And what is the amount of energy liberated from one molecule of glucose.? ؟. ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٬٩ ؾضبء ٳجقذ٬٩ طكشسز٪٥س جٝيح٥ٺس ج٪١ ح٩س ؟ ٳٝيح٥ ضطكشس جٳ ضٮغحخ ج٤٢ٶ جٵ ؽٙ -5
6 - Explain how water is formed? حء ؟٪٥ ج٫ٴ٢ٺ٘ ٹط١ أؽشـ-6
52 - Where and how carbon dioxide is formed in mammals? Explain how CO2 transfer to the lungs and from it to outside the body? ٶ٥ٮٲح ج٩ ٳ٬شتطٺ٥ٶ ج٥ ج٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ غح٭ٶ أ٤ٞ ٭٨ٺ٘ ٹط١ ٤قٺٚط٥ػذٹٺحش؟ أؽشـ ذح٥ٶ جٙ ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ غح٭ٶ ج٫ٴ٢ ٹط٫ ج٬٢٪ٺ٘ ٹ١ ٳ٬ أٹ-50 ؟٨ؿغ٥خحسؼ ج
53 – Mention the names of products of photosynthesis? What happen to each of these products within the plant? What importance of photosynthesis for mammals? نٴتٶ٥رٮحء ج٥ٺٰ ج٦٪ّ ٺس٪ح جٱ٩ ٮرحش؟٥ ج٤ٮٴجضؽ دجخ٥ ٱزٯ ج٬٩ ٤٢٥ ٹكذظ٫ ج٬٢٪حرج ٹ٩ نٴتٶ ؟٥رٮحء ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ حء ٭ٴجضؽ٪ش أع١ أر-53 ػذٹٺحش؟٦٥
54 – What is meant by each of the following terms and then detect one function for each of them: (a)ATP. (b) NAD. (c) FAD (d) CO-A. CO- A - دFAD -ؼ
NAD -خ
ATP - أ:ٮٲح٩ ٤٢٥ س ٳجقذزٚ قذد ٳٍٺ٨كحش جألضٺس غ٦قي٪٥ٺس ج٦ّ ٣ح ضذ٩ طد١ أ-54
55 - How the plant gets rid of carbon dioxide produced from the process of respiration? ظ ؟ٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٬٩ ٮحضؽ٥ ج٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ ٕحص غح٭ٶ أ٬٩ ٮرحش٥ـ ج٦ٺ٘ ٹطخ١ -55
56 - Explain the meaning of oxidative phosphorylation. . غذٹس١طأ٥شز جٚغٚ٥ْٮٶ ج٩ أؽشـ-56
57 - Explain with drawing an experiment to indicate liberation of carbon dioxide during aerobic respiration in the non-green parts of plant, explaining your observation and the most important conclusions? ٠ؾحٱذجض٩ ٴمكح٩ خنشجء٥ٮرحضٺس ٕٺش ج٥ٶ جألؾضجء جٙ ٲٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٣ خال٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ غح٭ٶ جٛ ج٭يال٫رٺح٥ ضؿشذس٨شع٥ِ ج٩ أؽشـ-57 جألعطٮطحؾحش ؟٨ٳجٱ
58 - Explain each of the following: 124
(a) Krebs cycle does not require the presence of oxygen. (b) Enter of inspired air to the body through the nose is better from the health point of view. (c) The organism resort to anaerobic respiration. ٬٩ ٤نٙ جأل٭٘ جٜ ىشٹ٬ّ ٨ؿغ٥ٶ ج٥ جٜؾٲٺ٥ ٱٴجء ج٣ دخٴ- خ. ٬غؿٺ١شذظ ٳؾٴد جأل١ د دٳسز٦ ال ضطي- أ: ح ٹأضٶ٪٩ ال١ غشٙ -53 . الٱٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٶ ج٥كٶ ج٥ ج٬حت٢٥ؿٴء ج٥ - ؼ. قكٺس٥ٮحقٺس ج٥ج
59 - Explain an experiment to prove that green plants breathe. . ظٚٮرحش جألخنش ٹطٮ٥ ج٫ أؽشـ ضؿشذس ضػرص ذٲح ج-59
60 - Calculate the number of ATP resulting from: (a) Splitting of glucose in the cytosole . (b) Anaerobic respiration in bacteria of yogurt. (c) Krebs cycle reactions. ) (ؼ. ضذحدٵ٥طشٹح ج٢ٶ ذٙ الٱٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ (خ) ج. ٣غٺطٴعٴ٥س جٞٮي٩ ٶٙ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ (أ) أ٭ؾيحس ج: ٬ّ ٮحضؽ٥ جATP د١ش٩ أقغد ّذد-65 . شذظ١ حّالش دٳسزٚض
61 - Explain an experiment to shows alcoholic fermentation in the plant? ٮرحش ؟٥ٶ جٙ ٶ٥كٴ٢٥ش ج٪طخ٥ جؽشـ ضؿشذس ضٴمف ذٲح قذٳظ ج-61
62 – Compare between: A - Alcoholic fermentation and acid fermentation . B - What happens during the interactions of the Krebs cycle and what's happening during electron transfer . .٫طشٳ٢٦٥ ج٤ٞحٹكذظ جغٮحء ٭٩شذظ ٳ١ حّالش أغٮحء دٳسزٚ ض٬٩ ح ٹكذظ٩ - خ. نٶ٪ك٥ش ج٪طخ٥ٶ ٳج٥كٴ٢٥ش ج٪طخ٥ أ – ج: ٬ ذٺ٫حسٝ -60
63 – G.R.: A - Walls of the trachea contain cartilage rings. B - Gas exchange of respiratory in the plant is often directly. C – Alveoli considered as respiratory surfaces ? - ؼ. رحؽشز٩ سٞرح ذيشٹ٥ ٕح٨ٮرحش ٹط٥ٶ جٙ ظٚطٮ٥ ٕحصجش ج٣ ضرحد- خ. ٺسٙحش ٕنشٳٞ٦ٶ ق٦ّ ٲٴجتٺس٥قرس جٞ٥ ضكطٴٵ ؾذس ج- ج: ٤٦ّ -63 غٺس ؟ٚٲٴجتٺس أعيف ضٮ٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ضْطرش ج
64 - The following is a set of terms, choice from it which what is appropriate for each of the following phrases : Terms: (1) aerobic respiration (2) aerobic respiration (3) carbon fixation (4) hydrolysis of water by light. Phrases: (a) green algae liberate O2 in this process. (b) C- C and C – H bonds formed in the green algae in this process. (c) after a violent effort lactic acid formed in muscle cells of human as a result of this process. (d) Carbon dioxide librated from humans has great importance for green plants in this process. (e) Glucose, on which the man feed liberate the largest amount of energy as a result of this process. : ٺٲح٦طٶ ض٥قٺشز جٞ٥ْرحسجش ج٥ ج٬٩ ال١ ح ٹٮحعد٩ ٮٲح٩ ضخٺش، كحش٦قي٪٥ ج٬٩ ٴّس٪ؿ٩ ٶ٦ح ٹ٪ٺٙ -64 .نٴء٥حء ذٴجعيس ج٪٥ ج٤ٺ٦) ضك4( ٫شذٴ٢٥) ضػرٺص ج3( ظ ال ٱٴجتٶٚ) ضٮ0( ظ ٱٴجتٶٚ) ضٮ1( : كحش٦قي٪٥ج ٶٙ خنشجء٥د ج٥يكح٥ٶ جٙ C – H ٳC-C شٳجذو٥ ج٫ٴ٢ (خ) ضط. ٺس٦٪ْ٥ٶ ٱزٯ جٙ غؿٺٮح١ جٜ٦خنشجء ضي٥د ج٥يكح٥ (أ) ج: ْرحسجش٥ج ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ػح٭ٶ أ٥ )(د. ٺس٦٪ْ٥ٲزٯ ج٥ ٮطٺؿس١ ٫ٶ خالٹح ّنالش جأل٭غحٙ ٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪ ق٫ٴ٢ْٮٺ٘ ٹط٥ؿٲٴد ج٪٥ (ؼ) ذْذ ج. ٺس٦٪ْ٥ٱزٯ ج ٬٩ ٺس٪١ رش١ أٜ٦ ٹي٫زٵ ٹطٖزٵ ذٰ جأل٭غح٥ٴص ج١ٴ٦ؿ٥ (ٱـ) ج. ٺس٦٪ْ٥ٶ ٱزٯ جٙ خنشجء٥ٮرحضحش ج٦٥ ٮغرس٥رٺشز ذح١ ٺس٪ أٱ٫زٵ ٹخشؾس جأل٭غح٥ج . ٺس٦٪ْ٥ٲزٯ ج٥ ٮطٺؿس١ سٝيح٥ج
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65 - The following figure shows steps of an experiment represented in 3 cases: : س ٹػالظ قحالش٦ػ٪٩ ٶ خيٴجش ضؿشذس٥طح٥ ج٤٢ؾ٥ ٹٴمف ج-65
A – Write the observation and conclusions in cases (1) and (2) and (3). B - Compare between the three cases. . )3( ) ٳ0( ) ٳ1( ٧حٝ جألس٬ّ ٠ ٳجعطٮطحؾحض٠القَحض٩ طد١ أ-أ . ٰػالغ٥كحالش ج٥ ج٬ ذٺ٫ش٦ٝ -خ
66 - Using the following tools : "flask - sugar solution - water - amount of yeast": A – Prove by an experiment rising of carbon dioxide and formation of alcohol as a result of breathing of the yeast, with drawing the device used and write all the data on the drawing. B – Mention another type of fermentation and explain its importance in industry and daily life. غٺذ١طؿشذس ضقحّذ ٕحص غح٭ٶ ج٥ أغرص ذح- أ: " ٺشز٪خ٥ ج٬٩ ذسجٝ – حء٩ – شٵ٢ ع٣ٴ٦ك٩ - خشٳىٶ٩ ٛ "دٳس: جألدٳجش جألضٺس٧ ذحعطخذج-66 ٬٩ ش ٭ٴُ أخش١ جر- خ. ٨شع٥ٶ ج٦ّ رٺح٭حش٥س جٙح١ طحذس١ ٳ٠٥ز٥ ٧غطخذ٪٥ؿٲحص ج٥ ج٨ِ سع٩ ، خٺشز٥ظ جٚ ٭طٺؿس ضٮ٣كٴ٢٥ ج٫ٴ٢ ٳض٫شذٴ٢٥ج . ٺس٩ٺٴ٥كٺحٯ ج٥قٮحّس ٳج٥ٶ جٙ ٺطس٪ش ٳجؽشـ أٱ٪طخ٥ج
67 - Explain the following: (a) Part of the remains in the lungs after exhalation. (b) Glycolysis in aerobic and anaerobic respiration. (c) ATP molecule is the international currency of the cell. (d) Presence of a large number of alveoli in each lung, could reach about 600 million alveoli. . ال ٱٴجتٶ٥ٲٴجتٶ ٳج٥ظ جٚطٮ٥طٶ ج٥ٶ قحٙ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٭ؾيحس ج- خ. ٺشٙض٥ ذْذ ج٬شتطٺ٥ٶ جٙ ٲٴجء٥ ج٬٩ ٘ ؾضء٦ ضخ- أ: ح ٹأضٶ٩ غشٙ -67 ٫ٺٴ٦٩ 655 ٶ ٭كٴ٥ ج٤ذ ضقٝ ٴجقذز٥شتس ج٥ٶ جٙ كٴٹقالش٥ ج٬٩ رٺش١ ٳؾٴد ّذد- د. ٺس٦خ٦٥ ٺس٥ذٳ٥س ج٦٪ْ٥ػحذس ج٪ ذATP ٹْطرش ؾضبء-ؼ . س٦قٴٹق
68 – Correct the mistake in the following terms without changing what is beneath the line: A - Anaerobic cellular respiration required the presence of ethyl alcohol. B - Intermediate compounds in the Krebs cycle oxidized by adding oxygen. C - One molecule of glucose oxidized during aerobic respiration to produce Part 2 of ATP D - Citric acid formed by combination of acetyl Co enzyme A with pyruvic acid. E - During the process of inspiration in humans, the diaphragm remains as it is. : ح ضكطس خو٩ ضٖٺش٫ٺس دٳ٥طح٥ْرحسجش ج٥ٶ جٙ خيح٥ فٴخ ج-63 . ٶ٦ جألٹػٺ٣كٴ٢٥الٱٴجتٶ ٳؾٴد ج٥ٴٵ ج٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٧ض٦ ٹ-أ .٬غؿٺ١س جألٙشذظ ذحمح١ ٶ دٳسزٙ ٴعٺيٺس٥رحش ج١ش٪٥غذ ج١ ضطأ-خ ATP ٬٩ ؾضب0 ٺٮطؽ٥ ٲٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٴص أغٮحء ج١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٬٩ غذ ؾضب١ ٹطأ-ؼ . ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ِ ق٩ A ٨ٴ ج٭ضٹ١ ٤ ذحضكحد جعٺطٺ٠غٺطشٹ٥ل ج٪ ق٫ٴ٢ ٹط-د . ح ٱٴ٪١ ٶٞكحؾض ٹر٥كؿحخ ج٥ ج٫حٙ ٫ٶ جأل٭غحٙ ٜؾٲٺ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ أغٮحء-ٱـ
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69 – The following figure shows a series of electrons transfer : (a) Rewrite the original names instead of letters (a) to (f). (b) Write the final chemical equation. (c) Energy released in this descending path of the electrons is used in a process called .......... To form ……….molecules ......... from …………Molecules and ........... (d) What is the structure of ATP molecule. س٥ْحد٪٥طد ج١ (خ) أ. )ٶ (ٳ٥كشٳٗ (أ) ج٥ ج٬٩ ٺس ذذال٦حء جألف٪طحذس جألع١ (أ) أّذ: طشٳ٭حش٢٥ جأل٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ٶ ع٥طح٥ ج٤٢ؾ٥ ٹٴمف ج-69 ٬٩ ......... ؾضٹثحش٬ٴٹ٢ط٥ .......... ٶ٪ٺس ضغ٦٪ّ ٶٙ طشٳ٭حش٢٥أل٥ ٮكذس٪٥غحس ج٪٥ٶ ٱزج جٙ سٞ٦ٮي٪٥س جٝيح٥ ج٧ (ؼ) ضغطخذ. ٮٲحتٺس٥ٺحتٺس ج٪ٺ٢٥ج .ATP د ؾضب١ ٹطش٨٩ ) (د........... ٳ.......... ؾضٹثحش
70 - The following figure represents some of the stages of cellular respiration. Answer the following questions: (a) Write the names of structure existing in the rectangle No. (1) & (2). (b) What is the name given to the stage of the steps between (1), (2)? (c) Where the stages from (1) to (2) occurs in the living cell. (d) What is the name given to Stage (3)? (e) What is the stage occurs after the stage (3) in the process of cellular respiration? What its importance? (f) What happens in the end for hydrogen removed during Stage (3)? ٴؾٴدز٪٥رحش ج١ش٪٥حء ج٪طد جع١ (أ) أ: ٺس٥طح٥س ج٦ جألعث٨ّ أؾد٨ أدسعس غ. ٴٵ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٤شجق٩ ذْل٤ػ٪ٶ ٹ٥طح٥طخيٺيٶ ج٥ ج٤٢ؾ٥ ج-75 )0( ٶ٥) ج1( ٬٩ س٦شق٪٥ ضكذظ ج٬ جٹ-) ؟ ؼ0( ، )1( ٬خيٴجش ذٺ٥س ج٦شق٩ ٶ٦ّ ٜ٦زٵ ٹي٥ ج٨ح جألع٩ - خ. )0( ، )1( ٶ٪ٝ س٬ٺ٦غطيٺ٪٥ذح ٴٵ ؟٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٶٙ )3( س٦شق٪٥طٶ ضكذظ ذْذ ج٥س ج٦شق٪٥ح ج٩ -) ؟ ٱـ3( ٨ٝس س٦شق٪٥ٶ ج٦ّ ٜ٦زٵ ٹي٥ ج٨ح جألع٩ - د. كٺس٥ٺس ج٦خ٥ٶ جٙ ) ؟3( ٨ٝس س٦شق٪٥ ج٣ خال٣ضج٪٥ ج٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٦٥ ٮٲحٹس٥ٶ جٙ حرج ٹكذظ٩ – ح تذضس ؟ ٳٙ ح٩ٳ
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71 – Arrange the following acids to get Krebs cycle, indicating the number of carbon atoms in each acid: Ketogluteric acid - malic acid - citric acid – oxalo acetic acid - succinic acid. : ل٪ ق٤١ ٶٙ ٫شذٴ٢٥رٺٮح ّذد رسجش ج٩ شذظ١ ٶ دٳسز٦ّ ٤طكق٥ ٺس٥طح٥حك ج٪ سضد جألق-71 . ٠غرٮ١غح٥ل ج٪ – ق٠ٴ جعطٺ٥غح١ل ج٪ ق- ٠غطشٹ٥ل ج٪ ق- ٠ٺ٥ح٪٥ل ج٪ – ق٠ٴضحسٹ٦ٺطٴؾ١ ل٪ق
72 - Replaced the numbers by appropriate words in the following figure: : ٮحعرس٩ حش٪٦٢ٺس ذ٥طح٥ ج٧حٝ جألس٣ أعطرذ-70
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73 - The following table shows the approximate percentage of respiratory gases in the inhalation and exhalation air and the remaining in the lung. Explain how differences occur in these components by what is happening in the lungs.? Oxygen CO2 %
Inspired air 21 % 0.03 %
Expired air 16 % 4%
Alveolar air 14 % 5.5 %
ٺس قذٳظٚٺ١ غشٙ . شتس٥ٶ جٙ ٶٞطر٪٥ٺش ٳجٙض٥ ٳجٜؾٲٺ٥ٶ ٱٴجء جٙ غٺسٚطٮ٥ٖحصجش ج٦٥ شٹرٺسٞط٥ثٴٹس ج٪٥ٮغد ج٥ جألضٶ ٹٴمف ج٣ؿذٳ٥ ج-73 ؟. ٬شتطٺ٥ٶ جٙ ح ٹكذظ٪ٴ٭حش ذ٢٪٥ٶ ٱزٯ جٙ حشٙجألخطال
74 - The following figure represents a summary of the steps aerobic respiration. In shape inside each rectangle represents the number of carbon atoms in each compound.: (A) What is the term which describes the sequence of reactions to convert the compound 6 C to 3 C? (B)Write the intermediate compounds between the two organic compounds 6C and 3C? (C) There are two compounds each 6 C. What is the name of compound (S)? (D) Any material represented by the letter T? (E) Using the letter (p) and arrows shows on the draw how fats and proteins enter the cycle of reactions . (F) Reduction enzymes have a role in the interaction of the electron transport chain, what is the importance of these enzymes? ح٩ ) (أ:. د١ش٩ ٤١ ٶٙ ٫شذٴ٢٥ ّذد رسجش ج٤ػ٪شذِ ٹ٩ ٤١ ٤ دجخ٤٢ؾ٥ٶ جٙ . ٲٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥خيٴجش ج٥ خـ٦٩ ٤ػ٪ ٹ٠٩ح٩زٵ أ٥ ج٤٢ؾ٥ ج-74 ٬رٺ١ش٪٥ ج٬٩ ال١ ٬ٴعٺيٺس ذٺ٥رحش ج١ش٪٥طد ج١ ؟ (خ) أ3 C ٶ٥ ج6 C د١ش٩ ٣طكٴ٥ حّالشٚط٥زٵ ٹق٘ ضطحذِ ج٥ف ج٦قي٪٥ج ٧؟ (ٱـ) ذحعطخذجT ٗكش٥ٲح ج٦ػ٪ٴجد ٹ٪٥) ؟ (د) أٵ جS( د١ش٪٥ ج٨ح أع٩ 6 C ح٪ٮٲ٩ ال١ ٬رٺ١ش٩ ؟ (ؼ) ٹٴؾذ3C ٳ6C ٬ْنٴٹٺ٥ج ٶٙ ٲح دٳس٥ ٣حش جألخطضج٪ (ٳ) أ٭ضٹ. رشٳضٺٮحش٥ ٳج٫ذٱٴ٥ ج٬٩ ال١ حّالشٚط٥ٶ دٳسز ج٥ ج٤ٺ٘ ٹذخ١ ٨شع٥ٶ ج٦ّ ٬ ذٺ، ٨كشٗ ُ ٳجألعٲ٥ج حش ؟٪ جأل٭ضٹ٠٦ٺس ض٪ح أٱ٩ ، ٫طشٳ٢٥ جأل٤ٞس ٭٦غ٦ ع٤ّحٚض
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75 - Using the following illustrative forms, select any flask will contain more amount of alcohol after several hours . Mention the process - and then explain the reason for your choice? غش عردٙ ٨ٺس – غ٦٪ْ٥ش ج١ أر. ػش ذْذ ّذز عحّحش١ أ٣كٴ١ ٺس٪١ ٶ٦ّ عٴٗ ٹكطٴٵٛ قذد أٵ دٳس، طٴمٺكٺس٥ ج٣ح٢غطْٺٮح ذحألؽ٩ -75 ؟ٟجخطٺحس
76 - The following figure shows the respiratory system in humans: Complete the following table by identify the parts a, b, c, d, and describe the role each of them in the process of breathing ٺس٦٪ّ ٶٙ ٮٲح٩ ال١ ف٘ دٳس٨ غ، د، ؼ، خ، ٶ جألؾضجء أ٦ّ ٗطْش٥ٶ ذح٥طح٥ ج٣ؿذٳ٥ ج٤٪١ أ: ٫ٶ جأل٭غحٙ غٶٚطٮ٥ؿٲحص ج٥ ج٬ ٹرٺ٨شع٥ ج-76 : ظٚطٮ٥ج ظٚطٮ٥ٶ جٙ دٳسز
٨جألع
ؿضء٥ج أ خ ؼ د
77 - Select the appropriate answer: 1 – The organism that converts pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide is a .............(a) spirogyra. (b) Youglina. (c) Yeast. (d) Amoeba. ٺٮح٦ٺٴؾ٥(أ) جألعرٺشٳؾٺشج (خ) ج............. ٱٴ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ٶ ٳغح٭ٶ أ٦ جٹػٺ٣كٴ١ ٶ٥ ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣زٵ ٹكٴ٥كٶ ج٥ ج٬حت٢٥ ج-1 . ٺرح٩(د) جأل ٺشز٪خ٥(ؼ) ج
2 - the material does not supply the cell with energy is .........( a) fat (b) proteins (c) water (d) carbohydrate شذٴٱٺذسجش٢٥(د) ج
حء٪٥(ؼ) ج
رشٳضٺٮحش٥ (خ) ج٫ذٱٴ٥(أ) ج......... س ٱٶٝيح٥ٺس ذح٦خ٥ذ ج٪طٶ ال ض٥حدز ج٪٥ ج-0
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3 - The following equation represent : (a) hydrolysis (b) aerobic respiration (c) photosynthesis. (d) Aerobic respiration. Enzyme glucose lactic acid + 2 ATP . ظ ٱٴجتٶٚ(د) ضٮ
(ؼ) ذٮحء مٴتٶ
ظ ال ٱٴجتٶٚ(خ) ضٮ
حتٶ٩ ٤٦ (أ) ضك: ٶ قذٳظ٥ٺس ج٥طح٥س ج٥ْحد٪٥ ضؾٺش ج-3 ATP 0 + ٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪ ق٨ج٭ضٹ ٴص١ٴ٦ؾ
78 - Explain by experiment each of the following: A – Liberation of CO2 through aerobic respiration. B - The process of alcoholic fermentation. : ح ٹأضٶ٪٩ ٤١ طؿشذس٥ ٳمف ذح-73 . ٲٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٣ خالCO2 ٛ ج٭يال-أ . ٶ٥كٴ٢٥ش ج٪طخ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ -خ
79 – G.R. for each of the following: 1 - inner mitochondrial membrane contains shelves . 2 – Molecules of ATP are the energy coin. 3 - Walls of trachea lined with cilia . 4 - Relaxes of intercostals muscles and diaphragm during exhalation. : ح ٹحضٶ٪٥ ٤٦ّ -79 . ٗٴ٭ذسٹح ذٰ جّشج١ٺطٴ٪٦٥ ٶ٦ذجخ٥ٖؾحء ج٥ ج-1 . سٝيح٥س ج٦ ّٮATP ٹْطرش ؾضب-0 . ريٮس ذحٱذجخ٩ ٲٴجتٺس٥قرس جٞ٥ ؾذس ج-3 . ٺشٙض٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ كحؾض أغٮحء٥كؿحخ ج٥ٴُ ٳج٦ن٥ جسضخحء ّنالش ج-4
80 - Correct the underlined: A - the number of alveoli in the lung reach 200 million per lung. B - Cellular respiration requires ethyl alcohol. C – Complete combustion of glucose molecule requires rate of Krebs cycle once. D - Citric acid formed by combination of acetyl Co enzyme A with pyruvic acid. E – Oxidation of one molecule of glucose during aerobic to produce 2 molecules of ATP. : ح ضكطس خو٩ فكف-35 . س٦ قٴٹق٫ٺٴ٦٩ 055 ٴجقذز ٭كٴ٥شتس ج٥ٶ جٙ ٲٴجتٺس٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ ّذد ج٤ ٹق-أ . ٶ٦ جألٹػٺ٣كٴ٢٥ٴٵ ٳؾٴد ج٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٧ض٦ ٹ-خ . شز ٳجقذز٩ ٣ْذ٪شذظ ذ١ ضذٳس دٳسز٫ ج٧ض٦س ٹغط٦٩ح١ ٴص ذقٴسز١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ؾضب جٛ أقطشج-ؼ . ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ِ ق٩ A ٨ٴ ج٭ضٹ١ ٤ ذحضكحد أعطٺ٠غطشٹ٥ل ج٪ ق٫ٴ٢ ٹط-د ATP ؾضب0 ٺٮطؽ٥ ٲٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٴص أغٮحء ج١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ج٬٩ غذ ؾضب١ ٹطأ- ٱـ
81 - Mention the place and function of each of the following: (a) the alveoli (b) the diaphragm. . كحؾض٥كؿحخ ج٥(خ) ج
ٲٴجتٺس٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ (أ) ج: ٶ٦ح ٹ٪٩ ٤١ سٚ ٳٳٍٺ٫ح٢٩ ش١ أر-31
82 – Draw a skim for cycle of : (a) Glucolysis. (b) Krebs cycle (c) Anaerobic respiration ال ٱٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥(ؼ) ج
شذظ١ (خ) دٳسز
ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ش ج٢ (أ) أ٭ؾيحس ع: ٬٩ ٤١ ذٳسز٥ خيو٩ ٳمف-30
83 - The following diagram shows the data on the number of mitochondria in 3 types of cells: (a) Any type of cells will require more glucose to perform its functions. (b) Explain why skin cells has the least number of mitochondria of the three types of cells studied. ػش١ٴص أ١ٴ٦د ؾ٦خالٹح عٺطي٥ ج٬٩ ُ (أ) أٵ ٭ٴ: خالٹح٥ ج٬٩ ُ أ٭ٴج3 ٶٙ ٴ٭ذسجش١ٮٺطٴ٥ ّذد ج٬ّ ٶ ٹٴمف ذٺح٭حش٥طح٥رٺح٭ٶ ج٥ ج٤٢ؾ٥ ج-33 . ذسٳعس٪٥خالٹح ج٥ ج٬٩ ُػالظ أ٭ٴج٥ٶ جٙ ٴ٭ذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ ج٬٩ ٤ْٝذد جأل٥ذ ج٦ؿ٥خالٹح ج٥ ٫ٴ٢حرج عٺ٪٥ ٬ْ٪ (خ) ض. سٚألدجء ٳٍحت
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84 - Complete the following table, which compares the number of ATP molecules produced during aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. Then answer the following questions : : ٰ٥ ٰٺ٥طح٥س ج٦ جألعث٬ّ أؾد٨ غ. ٲٴجتٶ٥ال ٱٴجتٶ ٳج٥ٴٵ ج٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٣ٮحضؿس خال٥ جATP ّذد ؾضٹثحش٫حسٞزٵ ٹ٥ٶ ج٥طح٥ ج٣ؿذٳ٥ ج٤٪١ أ-34 Cellular respiration …………………………………………. Lactic acid Ethanol Glucose Glucose Glycolysis ………….. Fermentation 2 Lactic acid + …..ATP
Glycolysis …………..
…………………………… Glucose Glycolysis ………….. Kerb’s cycle & Electron transferee
Fermentation 2 Ethanol + …..ATP
…………….+ H2O + …..ATP
A – G.R.: Krebs cycle does not require the presence of oxygen? B - Complete: a glucose molecule contains to .......... Carbon atoms, and pyruvic acid contains .............. Carbon atoms, and acetyl group contains ....... Carbon atoms. C - Write a brief on the role of oxalo acetic acid in Krebs cycle. ؟٬غؿٺ١شذظ ٳؾٴد أ١ قذٳظ دٳسز٧ض٦ ال ٹغط: ٤٦ّ -أ ٳضكطٴٵ، ٫شذٴ١ رسجش.............. ٶ٦ّ ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ٳٹكطٴٵ ق، ٫شذٴ١ رسجش.......... ٶ٦ّ ٴص١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ٹكطٴٵ ؾضب ج: ٤٪١ أ-خ . ٫شذٴ١ رسجش....... ٶ٦ّ ٤ٴّس جألعٺطٺ٪ؿ٩ . شٹرظ١ ٶ دٳسزٙ ٠ٴ أعٺطٺ٥غح١ل جألٳ٪ دٳس ق٬ّ خطقشز٩ طد ٭رزز١ أ-ؼ
85 – The following figure shows the volume of air in the lungs in a given time. By reference to that form in front of you: A - Calculate the number of breaths per minute. B – Calculate the volume of air in the lungs after a deep breath. C - Explain the role of intercostals muscles in the process of breathing. D – Explain the change in the form of respiratory rate in the chart after a period of exercise? :٠٩ح٩ أ٬رٺ٪٥ ج٤٢ؾ٥ٶ ج٥شؾٴُ ئ٥ ذح٬ْٺ٩ ٬٩ٸ صٙ ٬شتطٺ٥ٲٴجء ذح٥ ج٨ قؿ٬ ٹرٺ٨شع٥ ج-35
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أ -أقغد ّذد ٩شجش ج٥طٮٚظ ٙٸ ج٥ذٝٺٞس............ خ -أقغد قؿ ٨ج٥ٲٴجء ج٪٥ٴؾٴد ذح٥شتطٺ ٬ذْذ ج٥طٮٚظ ج٪ْ٥ٺ.ٜ ؼ -أؽشـ دٳس ّنالش ٩ح ذٺ ٬ج٥ن٦ٴُ ٙٸ ّ٦٪ٺس ج٥طٮٚظ. دٙ -غش ضٖٺش ؽْ٩ ٤٢ذ ٣ج٥طٮٚظ ٙٸ ج٥شع ٨ج٥رٺح٭ٸ ذْذ ٙطشز ٬٩ج٥ط٪شٹٮحش ج٥شٹحمٺس ؟
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بٕٙش ِغبة ػ١أسئٍخ غ Nada Question
1. Give the scientific term that represents each of the folDecreaseing: 1. Extraction of energy from bonds of food molecules manufactured by plants or eaten by animals. (-------------------------------) 2. Compounds that store energy extracted from food molecules. (---------------------) 3. The universal currency of energy in living cells. (-------------------------) 4. The 3 sub-units that form ATP molecule. (----------------------------------------------) 5. The amount of energy released when a molecule of ATP is hydrolyzed. (--------------) 6. The substance commonly used by the majority of livings during the cellular respiration. (---------------------------) 7. The non organ part of the cytoplasm. (---------------------------) 8. The stage of cellular respiration that takes place in the cytosole. (-------------------) 9. The stages of cellular respiration that takes place inside the mitochondria. (----------------------------------------------) 10. The electron carrier molecules. (----------------------------) 11. The break down of the glucose molecule. (---------------------------) 12. Co-enzymes which act as Hydrogen carriers. (-------------------------------------) 13. The stage of respiration that take place in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. (----------------------------------) 14. The products of Glycolysis. (------------------------------------------------------------) 15. The products of Pyruvic acid oxidation. (-----------------------------------------------) 16. The 1st. compound formed during Krebs cycle. (---------------------------------------) 17. The 2- Carbon compound that joins Krebs cycle. (---------------------------------------) 18. The 1st. 3- Carbon compound formed during cellular respiration. (-------------------) 19. The net energy released during Glycolysis in ATP molecules. (-------------------------) 20. In its presence, Pyruvic acid molecules pass to the mitochondria. (---------------------) 21. The form to which proteins and fats are broken down to join Krebs cycle. (---------) 22. The 4- Carbon compound that reacts with acetyl co-A during Krebs cycle. (---------) 23. The 3 intermediate compounds that citric acid passes to form Oxaloacetic acid. (--------------------------------------------------------------) 24. No. of times of Krebs cycles per a Glucose molecule. (-------------------------------) 25. The products of a Krebs cycle. (-------------------------------------------) 26. No. of ATP molecules released during a Krebs cycle. (-------------------------) 27. No. of NADH molecules released during a Krebs cycle. (-------------------------) 28. No. of FADH2 molecules released during a Krebs cycle. (---------------------------) 29. No. of CO2 molecules evolved during a Krebs cycle. (------------------------------) 30. The last receptor of Hydrogen in the electron transport chain. (---------------------) 134
31. No. of ATP molecules formed from one molecule of NADH at the cytochromes. (--------------------------) 32. No. of ATP molecules formed from one molecule of FADH2 at the cytochromes. (--------------------------) 33. The total No. of ATP molecules formed from the complete oxidation of a Glucose molecule. (-------------------------------) 34. No. of ATP molecules released from a Glucose molecule in case of muscular fatigue. (-------------------------------) 35. Type of anaerobic respiration in case of muscle fibers and some bacteria. (--------------------------------------------) 36. Type of anaerobic respiration in case of Yeast fungus, and some plant cells. (--------------------------------------------) 37. The 3 reasons that make the nasal respiration preferable than the buccal one. (----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------) 38. The common passage for food and air. (--------------------------------------) 39. The voice box. (---------------------------------------) 40. The structures that line the trachea, and beat upwards. (-------------------------------) 41. The end of fine bronchioles. (------------------------------) 42. No. of alveoli per lung. (---------------------------) 43. The actual respiratory surface in the Human respiratory system. (---------------------) 44. The respiratory muscle. (----------------------------------) 45. Two groups of internal and external chest muscles that move the ribs. (----------------------------------------------) 46. The percentage of lungs aeration to its capacity. (-------------------------------) 47. The nervous centre that regulates the changes in the rate and depth of respiration, and heart beats. (-------------------------------------) 48. Volume of water excreted daily as vapour from the Human body through lungs. (-------------------------------) 49. Volume of water lost daily from the Human body. (---------------------------------) 50. Openings that is present in the bark of woody stems. (--------------------------) 51. The type of fermentation that form an acid instead of an alcohol. (------------------) 52. The muscles that contract during inspiration. (---------------------------------) 53. The muscles that relax during expiration. (--------------------------------) 54. Passage ways through which O2 gas reaches the cells of a vascular plant. (--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------) 55. A group of plants that its seeds have the ability to respire anaerobically if they are kept under anaerobic conditions. (-----------------------) 2. Give reasons for: 1. The glucose molecule is considered as an excellent example to study the steps of breaking down the food molecules. 2. ATP molecules can be considered as the universal currency of energy in the cell. 3. Krebs cycle and electron transport take place both inside the mitochondria. 135
4. During the stages of cellular respiration co-enzyme that act as Hydrogen carriers are needed. 5. Krebs cycle happens twice per a Glucose molecule. 6. Krebs cycle needs no Oxygen. 7. The 1st. compound formed during Krebs cycle is 6- Carbon compound. 8. Krebs cycle is also called Citric acid cycle. 9. Cytochromes are present at the inner membrane of the mitochondria. 10. Oxygen is considered the last receptor of Hydrogen in the electron transport chain. 11. Anaerobic respiration is called acidic fermentation in case of seeds of Angiosperms. 12. Anaerobic respiration is called alcoholic fermentation in case of Yeast fungus. 13. It’s preferable for air to enter through the nose. 14. The trachea wall contains a series of cartilage ¾ rings. 15. The inner surface of the trachea is lined with cilia. 16. The thin alveolar walls are considered the actual respiratory surface in Man. 17. Atmospheric air is sucked inside the lungs in case of inspiration. 18. Air is forced out of lungs in case of expiration. 19. Aeration of lungs is a variable value. 20. At the end of expiration, a part of air is always left in the lungs. 21. The respiratory system in Man plays an important role in the excretion of water. 22. Its essential for the alveolar membranes to be moistened with water. 3. Draw a labeled diagram to represent: 1. The structure of a mitochondrion. 2. Glycolysis. 3. Krebs cycle. 4. The electron transport chain. 5. Calculation of ATP molecules released during the aerobic cellular respiration. 6. Anaerobic respiration. 7. The respiratory system in Man. 8. Mechanism of respiration in Man. 4. What do you know about? 1. Cellular respiration. 2. Electron transport chain. 3. Muscular Fatigue. 4. Alcoholic fermentation. 5. Adaptation features of the trachea to perform its function. 6. The actual respiratory surface in Man. 7. Aeration of the lungs. 8. The role of the respiratory system in Man in the excretion of water. 9. The relation between photosynthesis, and respiration in plants. 5. Describe the experiment, and draw the apparatus used: 1. Illustration of the alcoholic fermentation. 136
2. Release of CO2 during respiration of non-green parts in plants. 3. Release of CO2 during respiration of green parts in plants. 6. Compare between: 1. Inspiration and expiration. 2. Aerobic respiration, and anaerobic respiration. 3. Acidic fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. 7. Write down the chemical equation that represents: 1. Cellular respiration. 2. Reduction of NAD+ 3. Reduction of FAD. 4. Anaerobic respiration in case of Yeast fungus. 5. Anaerobic respiration in case of muscle fibers. 6. Formation of water molecules at the end of the electron transport chain. 7. Oxidation of Pyruvic acid molecules during the 1st. stage of Krebs cycle. 8. Joining of an acetyl co-A to Krebs cycle. 8. Calculate the total quantity of energy released during stages of the aerobic cellular respiration. 9. Describe in details the steps of Glycolysis, and its products. 10.What is the role played by ATP molecules in living cells, mention its structure, and describe how does this role be played?
♣
♣ إٌذ
I- COMPLETE : 1 - Fatty acids involved in cellular respiration in the form of a .................. . . ..................ٸ فٴسز ؾضبٙ ٴٷ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٸ جٙ ذٱٮٺس٥حك ج٪ جألقٟ ضؾطش-1
2 - Glucose molecule splits into two molecules .................. In .................. . . .................. ٶٙ .................. ٬ٶ ؾضٹثٺ٥ٴص ئ١ٴ٦ؿ٥ ٹٮؾيش ؾضب ج-0
3 - Number of ATP molecules produced from aerobic oxidation of glucose molecule ............. Molecule. . ؾضب............. ٴص ٱٴجتٺح٢٦ؿ٥ ؾضب ج٧ ٱذ٬٩ طٶ ضٮطؽ٥ جATP ّذد ؾضٹثحش-3
4 - Anaerobic cellular respiration requires the presence of .................. . . .................. الٱٴجتٶ ٳؾٴد٥ٴٵ ج٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥د ج٦ ٹطي-4
5 – Conversion of one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid and formation of 2 molecules of ATP indicate the occurrence of …………respiration . . ................. ظٚٶ قذٳظ ضٮ٦ّ ٣ ٹذATP ٬٩ ؾضب0 ٫ٴ٢ ٳض٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٬٩ ٬ٶ ؾضٹثٺ٥ٴص ئ٢٦ؿ٥ ؾضب ج٣ ضكٴ-5
6 - The amount of energy released as a result of complete oxidation of glucose molecule in the presence of oxygen is ................. . . ................. ٱٴ٬غؿٺ١ٶ ٳؾٴد جألٳٙ ٴص٢٦ؿ٥ؿضب ج٥ س٦٩ح٢٥غذز ج١س ٭طٺؿس جألٞ٦ٮي٪٥س جٝيح٥ذجس جٞ٩ -6
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7 – Complete burning of glucose molecule requires Krebs cycle by rate ................... . . ................... ٣ْذ٪شذظ ذ١ ضذٳس دٳسز٫ أ٧ض٦س ٹغط٦٩ح١ ٴص ذقٴسز٢٦ؿ٥ ؾضب جٛ ئقطشج-7
8 - Conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl Coenzyme- A, NAD molecule undergo................. . . .................. NAD ؿضب٥ أ ٹكذظ٨ ئ٭ضٹٜٙشج٩ ٤ٶ أعطٺ٥ ئ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣ ّٮذ ضكٴ-3
9 - The process of cellular respiration starts with one molecule .............. . . .............. ٴٵ ذؿضب٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ضرذأ-9
10 - Krebs cycle begins by combination of ................. With .................. . . .................. ِ٩ ................. شذظ ذاضكحد١ ضرذأ دٳسز-15
11 – Dissociation of one phosphate bond in one molecule of ATP leads to the formation of ............... and release of ................ . . ................ ٛ ٳئ٭يال............... ٫ٴ٢ٶ ض٥ ٹإدٵ ئATP ؾضب٬٩ حضٺس ٳجقذزٚٴعٙ سجذيس٤٦ ضك-11
12 - Fatty acids enter in cellular respiration in the form of the molecule ..............which is compound ................ Carbon. . ٫شذٴ٢٥ ج................ د١ش٩ ٳٱٴ.............. ٶ ٱٺثس ؾضب٦ّ ٴٵ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٶ جٙ ذٱٮٺس٥حك ج٪ جألق٤ ضذخ-10
13 - Glucose is oxidized in aerobic cellular respiration through ……….....Glucose and ................. . . ................. ٴص ٳ٢٦ؿ٥ ج............... ٣ خال٬٩ ٲٴجتٶ٥ٴٵ ج٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥س ج٥ٶ قحٙ ٴص٢٦ؿ٥غذز ج١ أ٨ ضط-13
14 - Krebs cycle begins with the union of acetyl group with 4 C compounds to form .................. . . .................. ٬ٴٹ٢ط٥ ٫شذٴ٢٥د سذحّٶ ج١ش٩ ِ٩ ٤ٴّس جألعطٺ٪ؿ٩ شذظ ذاضكحد١ ضرذأ دٳسز-14
15 – Glucose is oxidized in ................Stages .............. , ................ ,.................. . . ..................، ................ ، .............. ٱٶ٤شجق٩ ................ ٶ٦ّ ٴص٢٦ؿ٥غذز ج١ أ٨ ٹط-15
16 - Glycolysis occurs in .................while Krebs cycle and electron transfer occurs in ................ . . ................ ٤طكذظ دجخٙ ٫طشٳ٢٥ جإل٤ٞشذظ ٳ٭١ ح دٳسز٩ أ................. ٶٙ ٴص٢٦ؿ٥ ٹكذظ ئ٭ؾيحس ج-16
17 - Carbohydrate material stored in tissue inside the animal is known as ................ . . ................ كٺٴج٭ٺس ذـ٥ جأل٭غؿس ج٤ٶ دجخٙ ٫طٶ ضخض٥شذٴٱٺذسجضٺس ج٢٥حدز ج٪٥ ضْشٗ ج-17
18 – Anaerobic cellular respiration requires the presence of .................... . . .................... الٱٴجتٶ ٳؾٴد٥ٴٵ ج٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥د ج٦ ٹطي-13
19 – Descend of electrons from high energy levels to low energy levels and use of released energy in formation of ATP from ADP .................. . ذـADP ٬٩ ATP ٶ ذٮحءٙ سٞ٦ٮي٪٥س جٝيح٥ ج٧نس ٳئعطخذجٚٮخ٩ سٝغطٴٹحش ىح٩ ٶ٥ٺس ئ٥س ّحٝغطٴٹحش ىح٩ ٬٩ طشٳ٭حش٢٥ ٹْشٗ ٱرٴه جإل-19 . ..................
20 - Number of ATP molecules resulting from aerobic breakdown of glucose molecule is ................ Molecule, while in case of its destruction anaerobically ................Molecule. . ؾضب................ ٰ الٱٴجتٺح٩س ٱذ٥ٶ قحٙ ح٪ ؾضب ذٺٮ................ ٴص ٱٴجتٺح٢٦ؿ٥ ؾضب ج٧ ٱذ٬٩ طٶ ضٮطؽ٥ جATP ّذد ؾضٹثحش-05
21 - Muscle cells that perform hard actively form high percentage of .................. . . .................. ٬٩ ٺس٥ ٭غرس ّح٫ٴ٢ ذٮؾحه ّٮٺ٘ ض٧ٴٞطٶ ض٥ْنالش ج٥ خالٹح ج-01
22 - Acid fermentation done by several types of ................. Resulting in a ................... Instead of alcohol. . ٣كٴ٢٥ ج٬٩ ذذال................... ٰٮ٩ ٹٮطؽ................. ٬٩ ُ ذٰ ّذز أ٭ٴج٧ٴٞنٶ ض٪ك٥ش ج٪طخ٥ ج-00
23 - The number of alveoli in each lung ................. . . ................. ٴجقذز٥شتس ج٥ٶ جٙ كٴٹقالش٥ٔ ّذد ج٦ ٹر-03
24 - The trachea contains .................Incomplete ................ Make them .................... . . .................... ٲح٦ْ ضؿ................ س٦٩ح١ ٕٺش................. ٶ٦ّ ٲٴجتٺس٥قرس جٞ٥ ضكطٴٵ ج-04
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II- G.R. 1 - Krebs cycle does not require the presence of oxygen? ؟٬غؿٺ١شذظ ٳؾٴد جألٳ١ د دٳسز٦ ال ضطي-1
2 - Some organisms resort to anaerobic respiration? الٱٴجتٶ ؟٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٶ ج٥ٺشز ئ٪خ٥ح١ حتٮحش٢٥ؿأ ذْل ج٦ ض-0
3 - It is necessary for the animal to get O2 from the surrounding environment continuously. . شز٪غط٩ سٚكٺيس ذق٪٥رٺثس ج٥ ج٬٩ O2 ٶ٦ّ ٫كٺٴج٥ ج٤ ٹكق٫نشٳسٵ أ٥ ج٬٩ -3
4 - During respiratory electron interactions do not occur in the cytoplasm. . ٧غٺطٴذالص٥ٶ جٙ ٫طشٳ٢٥حّالش جإلٚظ ال ضكذظ ضٚطٮ٥ أغٮحء ج-4
5 - Trachea lined with cilia . . ريٮس ذأٱذجخ٩ ٲٴجتٺس٥قرس جٞ٥ ج-5
6 - The walls of the alveoli are actual respiratory surfaces. . ٺس٦ْٙ غٺسٚٲٴجتٺس أعيف ضٮ٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ ضْطرش ؾذس ج-6
7 – It is preferable to enter air from the nose of the body. . ٘ جأل٭٬٩ ٨ؿغ٦٥ ٲٴجء٥ ج٣ دخٴ٤نٚ ٹ-7
8 - Gases exchange in the plant is often occurs directly. . رحؽشز٩ سٞرح ذيشٹ٥ ٕح٨ٮرحش ٹط٥ٶ جٙ ظٚطٮ٥ ٕحصجش ج٣ ضرحد-3
9 - Presence of shelves in Mitochondria. . ٮذسٹح١ٺطٴ٪٥ٶ جٙ ) ٗٴٙش٥ ٳؾٴد جألّشجٗ ( ج-9
10 – Persistence of some air in the lung after pulmonary ventilation. . شتٴٹس٥طٲٴٹس ج٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ شتس ذْذ٥ٶ جٙ ٲٴجء٥حء ذْل جٞ ذ-15
11 - Walls of the alveoli are very thin. . س ؾذجٞٺٝٲٴجتٺس س٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ ؾذس ج-11
12 - Trachea supported by incomplete cartilaginous rings and lined with cilia. . ريٮس ذأٱذجخ٩س جإلعطذجسز ٳ٦٩ح١ ٺس ٕٺشٙحش ٕنشٳٞ٦س ذك٪ّذ٩ ٲٴجتٺس٥قرس جٞ٥ ج-10
13 - Krebs cycle does not require the presence of oxygen. . ٬غؿٺ١د ٳؾٴد جألٳ٦شذظ ال ضطي١ دٳسز-13 III- SELECT THE CORRECT ANSWER : ٓ١سٛٓ اٌم١ؾخ ِٓ ث١إخزبس اإلعبثخ اٌصؾ
1 - pyruvic acid is reduced to form ……… (PGAL, CO2and ethanol, Fractoz-6phosphate, malic acid) ) ٠ٺ٥ح٪٥ل ج٪ ق، حشٚٴعٙ 6 طٴص١شجٙ ، ٣ ٳجإلٹػح٭ٴCO2 ، PGAL ( ٫ٴ٢ٺ٥ ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣ ٹخطض-1
2 - Glucose is oxidized in case of cellular respiration through ……(Union of glucose with oxygen, glucose loss of hydrogen, union of glucose with hydrogen, glucose loss of electrons). ٴص٢٦ؿ٥ ئضكحد ج، ٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٦٥ ٴص٢٦ؿ٥ذ جٞٙ ، ٬غؿٺ١ٴص ذحألٳ٢٦ؿ٥ ( ئضكحد ج٣ خال٬٩ ٴٵ٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥س ج٥ٶ قحٙ ٴص٢٦ؿ٥غذز ج١ أ٨ ضط-0 . ) طشٳ٭حش٢٥إل٥ ٴص٢٦ؿ٥ذ جٞٙ ، ٬ٲٺذسٳؾٺ٥ذح
3 - Respiration in animal cell differ from fermentation in ………(a) increase the amount of energy released from the glucose molecule. (b) Release larger amount of CO2. (c) Fat and protein not used as fuel. . CO2 ٬٩ رش١ٺس أ٪١ ٛخ) ئ٭يال. ٴص٢٦ؿ٥ ؾضب ج٬٩ سٞ٦ٮي٪٥س جٝيح٥ٺس ج٪١ أ ) صٹحدز: ٶٙ ش٪طخ٥ ج٬ّ كٺٴج٭ٺس٥ٺس ج٦خ٥ٶ جٙ ظٚطٮ٥٘ ج٦ ٹخط-3 . ٴدٝٴ١ ٬رشٳضٺ٥ ٳج٫ذٱٴ٥ ج٧ ئعطخذج٧ؾـ) ّذ
4 - CO2 molecule librated as a result of ………(a) Glycolysis . (b) Lactic acid fermentation. (c) Alcoholic fermentation. (d) Hydrolysis of glycogen. . ٬ٴؾٺ٢ٺ٦ؿ٦٥ حتٶ٪٥ ج٤٦طك٥ د) ج. ٶ٥كٴ٢٥ش ج٪طخ٥ ؾـ) ج. ٠طٺ١ال٥ل ج٪ش ق٪ خ) ضخ. ٴص٢٦ؿ٥ أ ) ئ٭ؾيحس ج: ٭طٺؿسCO2 ؾضبٜ٦ ٹٮي-4
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IV- WHAT IS MEANT BY : ِٓ ًد ثىِٛب اٌّمص 1 – Oxidative phosphoralation. 2 – Cytosole. 3 – Acid fermentation. . غذٹس١طأ٥شز جٚغٚ٥ جج-1 . ٣غٺطٴعٴ٥ ج-0 . نٶ٪ك٥ش ج٪طخ٥ ج-3 V- EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING - : ٝأر٠ فسش ِب
1 - after the process of exhalation , part of air remains continuously. . شز٪غط٩ سٚٲٴجء ذق٥ ج٬٩ ؾضء٬شتطٺ٥ٶ جٙ ٘٦ٺش ٹطخٙض٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٨ ضط٫ ذْذ أ-1
2 – Relaxation of intercostals muscles and diaphragm during exhalation. . ٺشٙض٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ كحؾض أغٮحء٥كؿحخ ج٥ٴُ ٳج٦ن٥ ئسضخحء ّنالش ج-0 VI- COMPLETE : ًّأو
1 - Muscle cells that perform violent actively form high percentage of .................... . . .................... ٬٩ ٺس٥ ٭غرس ّح٫ٴ٢ ذٮؾحه ّٮٺ٘ ض٧ٴٞطٶ ض٥ْنالش ج٥ خالٹح ج-1
2 - When ATP hydrolyzed to ADP release an amount of .................. equal to ................. . . ................. ذس ذـٞ ض.................. ٬٩ ذجسٞ٩ ٜ٦ ٹٮيADP ٶ٥ ئATP ٤٦ح ٹطك٩ ّٮذ-0
3 - during the process of inspiration in the human the diaphragm .................. . . .................. كحؾض٥كؿحخ ج٥ ج٫اٙ ٫ٶ جإل٭غحٙ ٜؾٲٺ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ أغٮحء-3
4 - from the health point of view respiration through the nose is preferable than mouth because ................... , ................... , .................. . . .................. ، ................... ، ................... ٫ أل٠٥ ٳر٨ٚ٥ٺظ ج٥ جأل٭٘ ٳٜ ىشٹ٬ّ ظٚطٮ٥ ج٤نٚقكٺس ٹ٥ٮحقٺس ج٥ ج٬٩ -4
5 – Electron transferred in series occurs........By a group of carriers as ................. , ............ . . ............ ، ................. ٤ػ٩ ٤ٝٮٴج٥ ج٬٩ ٴّس٪ؿ٩ ذٴجعيس............... س٦غ٦ٶ عٙ طشٳ٭حش١ جإل٤ٞ ٭٨ ٹط-5
6 - Some type of bacteria performs type of fermentation called .............. This type of fermentation is used in some industries as cheese and yogurt. . ضذحدٵ٥ ج٬ر٦٥ ٳج٬ؿر٥ ج٤ػ٩ قٮحّحش٥ٶ ذْل جٙ ش٪طخ٥ ج٬٩ ُٮٴ٥ ٱزج ج٧ ٳٹغطخذ.............. ٶ٪ش ٹغ٪طخ٥ ج٬٩ ُطٺشٹح ذٮٴ٢ر٥ ذْل ج٧ٴٞ ض-6
7 - ................. Molecule expressed molecule of food on explaining steps of food hydrolysis and this molecule gives in aerobic respiration …………molecules of ATP, While its use in anaerobic respiration in ...................... Or ................ gives the number ................. Of ATP. ٬٩ ٲٴجتٶ ّذد٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٶ جٙ ؿضب٥ٖزجء ٳٹْيٶ ٱزج ج٥ ج٤٦ٖزجء ّٮذ ئٹنحـ خيٴجش ضك٥ ؾضب ج٬ّ ْرش٪٥ ٱٴ ج................. ٹْطرش ؾضب-7 ا٭ٰ ٹْيٶ ّذدٙ ................ أٳ...................... ٶٙ الٱٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٶ جٙ ٧ح ئرج أعطخذ٩ أ................... ٹغحٳٵATP ٳقذجش . ATP ٳقذجش٬٩ .................
8 - Most of the respiratory enzymes and coenzymes present in the cell in ................... . . ................... ٶٙ ٺس٦خ٥ٶ جٙ طٲح ضٴؾذٞٙشج٩غٺس ٳٚطٮ٥حش ج٪ جإل٭ضٹ٨َْ٩ -3
9 – The substance that can not provide energy to living cell is ................. . . ................. كٺس ٱٶ٥ٺس ج٦خ٦٥ سٝش ىحٙ ضٴ٫ٮٲح أ٢٪طٶ ال ٹ٥حدز ج٪٥ ج-9
10 - The number of ATP molecules in Krebs cycle ............... And the number of NADH molecules................ And the number of FADH2 molecules ................ . . ................ FADH2 ٳّذد ؾضٹثحش................ NADH ٳّذد ؾضٹثحش............... شذظ١ ٶ دٳسزٙ ATP ّذد ؾضٹثحش-15
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11 – Glycolysis of one molecule of glucose occurs in ...............to ............... While respiration occurs in .................in two stages ................ , ................... . ، ................ ح٪ ٱ٬طٺ٦شق٩ ٶ٦ّ ................. ٶٙ ظ ٹكذظٚطٮ٥ح ج٩ أ............... ٶ٥ئ............... ٶٙ ٴص٢٦ؿ٥ ئ٭ؾيحس ؾضب ج٨ ٹط-11 . ...................
12 - Respiratory cycle includes two processes ................ and................... And are affected by ............ , .................. . . .................. ، ............ ٳضطأغش ذـ...................، ................ ٺطٶ٦٪ّ غٺسٚطٮ٥ذٳسز ج٥ ج٤٪ ضؾ-10
13 - The greater the metabolic activity in the cell, the increasing the number of ................. Or ................. . . ................. أٳ................. ٶ ّذد٥طح٥ٺس صجد ذح٦خ٥ٶ جٙ ح صجد ٭ؾحه جألٹل٪٦١ -13
14 – Bronchioles end with sacs called ................ Its walls are ............. . . ............. ٳٱٶ رجش ؾذس................ ٶ٪ٺحط ضغ١ٶ أ٥ؾْٺشجش ئ٥شّحش جٚ ضٛ ضٮطٲٶ أد-14
15 - Gas exchange in the plant occurs by ............ Because most of the tissues are in direct contact ......... . . ......... رحؽش٩ ٣ٶ ئضقح٦ّ د جأل٭غؿس٦ٕ أ٫ أل............ سٞٮرحش ذيشٹ٥ٶ جٙ ٖحصٵ٥ ج٣طرحد٥ ج٨ ٹط-15
16 - Fermentation occurs in animal tissue by conversion of glucose to .................. . . .................. ٶ٥ٴص ئ٢٦ؿ٥ ج٤ ذطكٴٹ٫كٺٴج٥ٶ أ٭غؿس جٙ ش٪طخ٥ ج٨ ٹط-16
17 - During anaerobic respiration in yeast plant pyruvic acid is transformed to.................. . . .................. ٶ٥ٺشز ئ٪خ٥ٶ ٭رحش جٙ الٱٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ أغٮحء ج٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ ق٣ ٹطكٴ-17
VII- Compare between: 1 - Alcoholic fermentation – acid fermentation . . نٶ٪ك٥ش ج٪طخ٥ٶ – ج٥كٴ٢٥ش ج٪طخ٥ ج- 1
2 - What happens to pyruvic acid in aerobic and anaerobic respiration in plants and animals. . ٫كٺٴج٥ٮرحش ٳج٥ٶ جٙ ٲٴجتٶ ٳجالٱٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٶ جٙ ٠ٺٙرٺشٳ٥ل ج٪ك٥ ح ٹكذظ٩ -0
3 – Fermentation in the muscles and fermentation in yeast. . ٺشز٪خ٥ٶ جٙ ش٪طخ٥ْنالش ٳج٥ٶ جٙ ش٪طخ٥ ج-3
4 - Gas exchange and cellular respiration? ٴٵ ؟٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٖحصٵ ٳج٥ ج٣طرحد٥ ج٬ ذٺ٫حسٝ -4
5 - Aerobic respiration - anaerobic respiration. . الٱٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ٲٴجتٶ – ج٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج-5
6 - Cellular respiration - gas exchange. . ٖحصٵ٥ ج٣طرحد٥ٴٵ – ج٦خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج-6
VIII- Other questions: 1 - Write a brief summary on each of the following : (ATP, NAD+, And FAD). . ) ATP , NAD+ , FAD ( : ٬٩ ٤١ ٬ّ خطقشز٩ طد ٭رزز١ أ-1
2 - Explain with drawing structure of mitochondria and what is their importance. . ٺطٲح٪حٱٶ أٱ٩ٮذسٹح ٳ١ٺطٴ٪٥ٺد ج١ ضش٨شع٥ِ ج٩ ئؽشـ-0
3 - Explain by drawing only with writing data sectors in the chest cavity of man. . ٫إل٭غح٥ قذسٵ٥طؿٴٹ٘ ج٥ٶ جٙ يحّحٝ رٺح٭حش٥طحذس ج١ ِ٩ وٞٙ ٨شع٥ ٳمف ذح-3
4 - Mention adaptation of the respiratory tract of humans. . ٫إل٭غح٥ غٶٚطٮ٥ؿٲحص ج٦٥ ٺسٚٴٍٺ٥س ج٪الت٪٥ش ج١ ئر-4
5 - What is the function: the larynx - the nose. . ٘كٮؿشز – جأل٭٥ ج: سٚح ٱٶ ٳٍٺ٩ -5
6 - Explain the mechanism of respiration in humans with the drawing? 141
؟٨شع٥ِ ج٩ ٫ٶ جإل٭غحٙ ظٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٢ح٭ٺ٢ٺ٩ جؽشـ-6
7 - Mention the place and function of each of the following : the alveoli - the diaphragm. . كحؾض٥كؿحخ ج٥ٲٴجتٺس – ج٥كٴٹقالش ج٥ ج: ٬٩ ٤١ سٚ ٳٳٍٺ٫ح٢٩ ش١ ئر-7
8 – What is the value of water in the wall of alveoli? ٲٴجتٺس ؟٥كٴٹقالش ج٥حء ذؿذس ج٪٥حتذز جٙح٩ -3
9 - What is the role of respiratory system in excretion of water? حء ؟٪٥ٶ ئخشجؼ جٙ غٶٚطٮ٥ؿٲحص ج٥حٱٴ دٳس ج٩ -9
10 - What is the role of the medulla oblongata in the process of respiration? ظ ؟ٚطٮ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ ٶٙ ٤غطيٺ٪٥ٮخحُ ج٥ح ٱٴ دٳس ج٩ -15
11 By using the following tools ( flask -sugar solution - water - yeast) how to prove liberation of carbon dioxide and formation of alcohol is a result of respiration of yeast with drawing the device used for this? غٺذ١طؿشذس ضقحّذ ٕحص غح٭ٶ أ٥ٺشز ) ألغرص ذح٪خ٥ ج٬٩ ذسجٝ – حء٩ – شٵ٢ ع٣ٴ٦ك٩ – خشٳىٶ٩ ٛ جألدٳجش جألضٺس ( دٳس٧ ذاعطخذج11 ؟٠٥ز٥ ٧غطخذ٪٥ؿٲحص ج٥ ج٨ِ سع٩ ٺشز٪خ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ٭طٺؿس٣كٴ٢٥ ج٫ٴ٢ ٳض٫شذٴ٢٥ج
12 – Prove by an experiment that : 1 - dry seeds has no active respiration. 2 - Germinating seeds has active respiration. 3 - When germinating seeds respire CO2 librated. : ٫طؿشذس أ٥ أغرص ذح-10 . غٲحٚس ال ٹٮؾو ضٮٙؿح٥رزٳس ج٥ ج-1 . ظٚطٮ٥ٮحذطس ٭ؾيس ج٥رزٳس ج٥ ج-0 . CO2 غٲحٚ ضٮ٬٩ ٜ٦ا٭ٰ ٹٮيٙ ٮحذطس٥رزٳس ج٥ظ جٚح ضطٮ٩ ّٮذ-3
13 – Shows by an experiment each of the following : 1 – Liberation of CO2 during aerobic respiration. 2 - The process of alcoholic fermentation.
: ح ٹحضٶ٪٩ ٤١ طؿشذس٥ ٳمف ذح13 . ٲٴجتٶ٥ظ جٚطٮ٥ ج٣ خالCO2 ٛ ئ٭يال-1 . ٶ٥كٴ٢٥ش ج٪طخ٥ٺس ج٦٪ّ -0
14 - Explain an experiment with drawing and writing data to clarify that the green plant breathes and expels carbon dioxide. . ٫شذٴ٢٥غٺذ ج١ظ ٳٹيشد غح٭ٶ أٚٮرحش جألخنش ٹطٮ٥ ج٫س إلٹنحـ أ٦٩ح١ رٺح٭حش٥طحذس ج١ ٳ٨شع٥ِ ج٩ جؽشـ ضؿشذس-14
15 What do you known about the molecule ATP, NAD+, FAD, COA, oxidative phosphorylation, acid fermentation,Cytochromes). . ) حش٩شٳ١غٺطٴ٥ ج، نٶ٪ك٥ش ج٪طخ٥ ج، غذٹس١طأ٥شز جٚغٚ٥ ج، COA ، FAD ، NAD+ ، ATP ) ؾضب٬ّ ٗحرج ضْش٩ 15
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