Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

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1. CHEM 1310: General Chemistry. (Sections LM). LECTURE NOTES. Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. I. Scientific Method. “Hard” science is conducted ...
CHEM 1310: General Chemistry

(Sections LM)

LECTURE NOTES

Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

I.

Scientific Method “Hard” science is conducted by making ______________________ about chemical and physical phenomena. Scientists formulate possible explanations for their observations called ________________ that are used to make predictions that can be tested experimentally. Here are some interesting publications for keeping up with advancements in chemistry: Chemical and Engineering News Science Nature From studying chemistry via the scientific method, researchers can develop theories and laws. What is the difference between a theory and a law?

II.

Fundamental Chemical Laws and Theories a. Law of Conservation of Mass Mass is neither ______________________ nor _________________________ in a chemical change. b. Law of Definite Proportions A given chemical compound always contains the same proportion by _____________ of its constituent ____________________. c.

Law of Multiple Proportions

When ____________ combine to form molecules, they do in the ratio of small ____________ ______________________. 1

III.

Dalton’s Atomic Theory of Matter a. All matter is composed of ______________ b. ______________ cannot be created or destroyed c.

All atoms of the same ______________ are ________________

d. Different _________________ have different types of atoms e. Chemical ___________________ occur when atoms are _________________ f.

IV.

________________ are formed from atoms of the constituent ______________

Building Blocks of Atoms a. Protons

Charge = ________

b. Neutrons

Charge = ________

c.

Charge =

______________

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d. Mass of _______________ is significantly smaller than that of __________ or __________________ V.

Close up on an Atom (from the Periodic Table) 6 12.011 C Carbon

What does “6” represent? _____________________________ What does “12.011” represent? __________________________ 12

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12

+

C has _______ protons, _________ neutrons, and __________ electrons C has _______ protons, _________ neutrons, and __________ electrons

Atomic Mass = _______________________ + ____________________________

VI.

Radioactivity and Isotopes ____________________ are atoms with the same number of ______________, but different numbers of ________________________.

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