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1. Listen to the audio lecture while viewing these slides. Psychology 100.
Introduction to Psychology. 1. Chapter 8: Memory. Module 8.1: Intro., Sensory
and.
Psyc 100 – Introduction to Psychology
Overview of the Adaptive Problems • We need some kind of internal process to help us remember information over the short term. • Once information leaves the present, we need to store it internally so that we can recover it quickly at the right place and time. • As we interact with the world, we need to recover information from the immediate and distant past. • Forgetting also has adaptive value - it keeps us current and prevents us from acting in ways that are no longer appropriate.
Chapter 8: Memory
Module 8.1: Intro., Sensory and Short-Term Stores
Psychology 100 Introduction to Psychology Listen to the audio lecture while viewing these slides 1
Fig. 8.1
Psyc 100 – Introduction to Psychology
2
Psyc 100 – Introduction to Psychology
What These Adaptive Problems Require: Memory • Memory: The capacity to preserve and recover information • Involves several important processes:
National Amnesia Telethon
• Encoding: How memories are formed • Storage: How memories are kept over time • Retrieval: How memories are recovered and translated into performance
National Amnesia Telethon
3
4
Psyc 100 – Introduction to Psychology
Psyc 100 – Introduction to Psychology
Fig. 8.2
Fig. 8.3
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1
Psyc – Introduction to Psychology Fig.100 8.5
Psyc 100 – Introduction to Psychology
Short-term Mem.
Sensory Reg.
Fig. 8.4
LTM Long-term Memory Exec
STM Sensory registers
7
Psyc 100 – Introduction to Psychology
8
Psyc 100 – Introduction to Psychology
Remembering over the Short Term: Overview
Sensory Memory • Exact replica of an environmental message which usually lasts for a second or less • Lingering traces created by the:
• Sensory memory • The “icon” and the “echo”
• Short-term memory • The “inner voice” and the “inner eye” • Short-term forgetting • Short-term memory capacity
• Iconic memory system (vision) • Echoic memory system (audition)
• Adaptive value?
• Working memory
• Visual processing • Language processing
• Distinct mechanisms that handle shortterm retention 9
Psyc 100 – Introduction to Psychology
What’s the Evidence That We Have Iconic Memory
10
Psyc 100 – Introduction to Psychology
Fig. 8.6
• Whole report of a briefly presented array: Only a small percent recalled • Partial report (Sperling): • T one cues participants which row to report •
Tone comes after the array is gone
• Much larger percent recalled, regardless of which row
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12
2
Psyc 100 – Introduction to Psychology
Psyc 100 – Introduction to Psychology
Fig. 8.7
Short-Term Memory • A system we use to temporarily store, think about, reason with information • Example of adaptive value: Language
• The “inner voice” • We tend to recode (translate) information into inner speech to keep it in short-term memory
• The “inner eye” • We can also code information visually, using images 13
Psyc 100 – Introduction to Psychology
What’s the Evidence that We Use the Inner Voice/Inner Eye? • Inner voice: • Mistakes made during short-term recall tend to sound like, but not look like, the correct items •
Example: Might mistake “B” for “V”
• Inner eye: • Judgments made based on mental images are similar to those based on actual pictures •
14
Psyc 100 – Introduction to Psychology
How Long Do Short-Term Memories Last? • Can prolong short-term memories indefinitely through using rehearsal • A strategic process of internal repetition • Can prevent rehearsal with another task, such as counting backwards
• Without rehearsal, memories disappear after 1-2 seconds
Example: When you picture something as being larger in your mind’s eye, easier to “see” small details in it 15
Psyc 100 – Introduction to Psychology
16
Psyc 100 – Introduction to Psychology
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Psyc 100 – Introduction to Psychology
Psyc 100 – Introduction to Psychology
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Psyc 100 – Introduction to Psychology
20
Psyc 100 – Introduction to Psychology
What’s the Capacity of Short-Term Memory?
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• Memory span: Number of items that can be recalled from short-term memory, in order, on half of the tested memory trials • It’s about 7 plus or minus 2 items
• Not absolute; also depends on: • How quickly items can be rehearsed • Chunking Rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns • Example: Chess experts can recall meaningful arrangements of pieces on a board (but not random arrangements) •
21
Psyc 100 – Introduction to Psychology
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Psyc 100 – Introduction to Psychology
Working Memory: A System for ShortTerm Retention
Fig. 8.8
• Several distinct mechanisms: • Phonological loop: Like the inner voice, stores word sounds • Visuospatial sketchpad: Stores visual and spatial information • Central executive: Determines which mechanism to use, coordinates among them
• Brain damage can selectively affect a single mechanism 23
