chapter 82

THE MOST RECENT STUDIES IN SCIENCE AND ART

CHAPTER 82

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METHODS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON EVALUATION OF FURNITURE WASTES FROM ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS

Kazım Onur DEMIRARSLAN, Deniz DEMIRARSLAN INTRODUCTION Mankind is doing various activities every day to live on the earth. As a result of these activities, many types and types of waste are produced. The resulting wastes are taking up a lot of space on the earth. In this way, many countries have to face the problems of a lack of appropriate places for landfill sites, soil and ground water pollution, olfactory pollution and explosion dangers in landfills, as well as problems with waste transportation (fuel consumption, noise, air pollution) (Vezzoli & Manzini, 2008). Briefly, wastes lead to various environmental pollution problems. Because wastes have become serious environmental problems in many countries, sustainable design mainly relates to waste management. Waste is an unwanted substance (Bilitewski, Hardtle, and other, 1996). Waste is any substance which is discarded after primary use, or it is worthless, defective and of no use. Waste is directly linked to the human development both technologically and socially (Figure 1). When it comes to environment and waste, it is necessary to define waste management. Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials (Demirarslan, 2005). According to another definition; waste management is the collection, transportation, and disposal of garbage, sewage, and other waste products. Waste management encompasses management of all processes and resources for proper handling of waste materials, from maintenance of waste transport trucks and dumping facilities to compliance with health codes and environmental regulations (URL-1). Besides, the term of waste management usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce of their effects on health, environment or aesthetics. Waste management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, with different methods and fields of expertise for each. Waste management in ecological planning approach is the human control of the collection, treatment and disposal of different wastes. This is in order to reduce the negative impacts waste has on environment and society. In this study, solid wastes are taken in hand in view of furniture using. Solid waste described in this study is a bulky waste. Bulky waste – unwanted household items that are too cumbersome to go in the ubiquitous wheelie bin – is a waste stream that deserves everyone’s attention. In today’s throw-away society, where fashion and technological change mean that we change our furnishings and electrical appliances with ever-increasing frequency, there is an urgent need to find ways to tackle the mountains of unwanted yet re-usable items that would otherwise be consigned to landfill sites.

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Figure 1. Solid waste described is a bulky waste. According to application principles of environmental engineering, solid waste management includes of some steps: Prevention, minimisation, reuse, recycling, energy recovery, and disposal. The waste hierarchy mainly refers to the 3Rs of “reduce, reuse and recycle”, which classify waste management strategies according to their design ability. The aim of this study is to encourage the re-use of furniture and reuse of materials for furniture design as much as possible instead of households discarding it, and in particular, before a bulky waste collection takes material for disposal. 3R- REDUCE, REUSE AND RECYCLE The environment pollution has reached its threat on a global scale, being on the verge of attacking the human kind and its vital space needed for living. One of the most important pollutants for environment is human activity. The human kind, looked as a living organism, produces waste during its existence. During the industrial and daily activities of the human kind result solid waste as furniture, household items, cloths and etc. Much kind of these wastes are biodegradable and others are directly looked as toxic waste for the environment. As mentioned above; waste management includes of some steps: Prevention, minimisation, reuse, recycling, energy recovery and disposal. The waste hierarchy mainly refers to the 3Rs of “reduce, reuse and recycle”, which classify waste management strategies according to their design ability (Figure 2). To explain these methods briefly;

Figure 2. 3Rs offer an environmentally friendly alternatives to deal with growing generation of wastes and its related impact on human health, economy and natural ecosystem (URL-2).


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Reduce refers to lessening the amount of items or resources that are consumed, using only amount that is needed, and looking for alternatives that will lessen our use. And reuse means extending the life or repurposing an item rather than discarding or throwing it away. The concept of reducing what is produced and what is consumed is essential to the waste hierarchy. The logic behind it is simple to understand – if there is less waste then there is less to recycle or reuse. The process of reducing begins with an examination of what you are using, and what it is used for. Using multi-use items is essential to beginning reduction. For example multifunctional furniture is a nice application. The purchase of the one item means that you don’t use two. It reduces the amount of production, and the amount of waste packaging material that will be generated (Fiksel, 1996). Reusing your old things for a little longer can play a major role in reducing lot of waste in your surroundings. So, the next time you dispose or recycle anything, give a second thought as whether it still has any life left in it. One of the best examples for how this is being done today is the modular construction of homes and office buildings that is being created out of discarded shipping containers. These large, semi-truck sized metal containers represent a huge waste problem. Repurposing them as homes and offices saves them from the landfills and doesn’t require the additional expenditure of nature resources to melt down and reconfigure the metals used to create them. Recycle means to process old, used items in order that the material can be used to make new products. Examples of things that are often recycled are glass, plastic, papers, aluminium cans, and batteries. Recycling is the processes of collecting, processing, remanufacturing and reusing materials instead of discarding them. This helps conserve raw materials and energy that manufacturers would otherwise use in producing new products. Recycling also reduces the amount of material going into landfills and helps lessen the pollution that may result from waste disposal. Reducing our consumption of materials and reducing the waste of materials also add to the conservation of our natural and economical resources (Demirarslan & Demirarslan, 2008) (Table 1). Table 1. The major advantages of employing of 3R in our daily lives (URL-3). Type of 3R Here are the major advantages of employing this policy in our daily lives Reduce -Helps in saving energy and money. -Helps in utilizing a product to its fullest extent. -Helps in saving natural resources. -Helps in reducing pollution caused by harvesting of new raw materials. Reuse -Helps in the reduction of gas emissions, which is majorly contributing to the global climate change. -Helps in sustaining the beautiful surroundings and environment for our future generations. -Helps in reducing waste that needs to be recycled or sent to incinerators and landfills. Recycle -Helps in the conservation of natural resources like water, minerals, timber, etc. -Helps in the prevention of pollution. -Helps in the creation of new jobs in the manufacturing and recycling industries of the countries.

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These three R ’s – reduce, reuse and recycle – all help to cut down on the amount of waste we throw away. They conserve natural resources, landfill space and energy. Plus, the three R’s save land and money communities must use to dispose of waste in landfills. Siting a new landfill has become difficult and more expensive due to environmental regulations and public opposition. FURNITURE AS A SOLID WASTE AND 3R: REDUCE, REUSE AND RECYCLE Furniture is a domestic solid and a hazardous waste. There are textile, plastic, glass and other materials in furniture wastes. It is difficult to predict the environmental effects of furniture made from different materials. The use of poor quality materials in the furniture makes it impossible to reuse the furniture as it shortens its life. Biodegradable materials in furnishings increase greenhouse gas emissions, especially in storage areas. The chemical substances used in the furniture cause difficulties and additional costs for recycling workers. Consumer unconsciousness and the absence of spare parts of furnishings are influences that increase the amount of waste. Furniture repair, collection, transportation is very costly. Especially the renovation of the upholstery is a very expensive operation. Second-hand furniture demand is also a reason to increase the amount of waste. But people do not have second hand furniture in the World. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) reports 9.8 million tons of furniture waste annually. Furnishings are the least recycled items in the rooms of houses. It is estimated that the USA will spend $ 121.7 billion to rebuild furniture by 2015 for ecologically approach in life. On the other hand, in Europe, 4% of total urban wastes constitute furniture waste. Estimated furniture waste at the state level varies between 2-19%, which is 5-20% of urban waste (Figure 3) (URL-4).

Figure 3. Furniture waste by EU Members (URL-4). Approximately 1/4 of the total amount of furniture produced in the world is produced in EU countries. Every year, more than 10 million pieces of furniture are thrown away by producers and consumers in EU countries, and these wastes are


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taken to storage or incineration. In the EU, 80% to 90% of household waste is burned together with household waste. 10% is recycled. The majority are sold as secondhand or are evaluated in charities (URL-4). It is possible to reproduce the samples; In Finland, about 100 thousand tons of furniture waste is found every year. According to a study done, 70-80% of these wastes can be used by being improved. In Finland, a furniture manufacturer bought 2200 tons of used furniture in 2012, bringing new owners to 30 thousand. Here, lining renovation, floor renovation or reproduction processes such as done. The rest of the materials are recycled. According to the 2016-2022 waste plan in Spain, a recycling and reuse policy was developed for 50% of the waste. Furniture waste is also included in this policy. In France, the main objectives are to recycle 45% of the waste. In 2015, 55% recycling and 86% reuse were applied to 0.85 million tons of furniture (URL-4). In the EU, 30 million used beds are thrown each year, and an estimated 60% of them are stored regularly and 40% are sent to incineration plants. The biggest problem here is the filling material inside the beds. Inside of the beds are polyurethane foam, steel, latex, synthetic fibres, natural fibres, synthetic wools and polypropylene (URL-4). In the USA, 254 million tons of waste was produced in 2013, 3 million tons more than in 2012. Approximately 87 million tons of waste has been recycled or composted. Excluding composting, 65 million tons of waste is recycled. Wastes collected for composting and park-garden wastes have been 22 million tons in 2013. The wastes that are going to be stored in the USA include packaging, newspapers, office paper, bottles and boxes, wooden pallets, food, textiles, furniture, automobile tires, electronics and batteries (URL-5). According to researches of Turkish Statistical Institute, in Turkey the quantity of domestic solid waste is per capita 187 kg /year, the total amount of domestic solid waste is 12 megaton (Demirarslan & Demirarslan, 2008). 12 per cent of them are recyclable wastes. In this context, in concepts of environmental pollution, recycling and disposal of solid wastes have become an important issue for sustainable environment. Disposing of these domestic solid bulky wastes such as to the garbage dumps has caused some pollution: Soil, ground and water pollutions. Because, these wastes are stored in landfills, they cause to loss of ground. In the Regulation of Hazardous Wastes Control, when it was firstly published in 1985 and was secondly published in 2005, the wastes of furniture manufacturing are determined as hazardous wastes (Demirarslan, 2005). For these purposes as a design method, 3R methods are used by contemporary designers and these methods are very important steps in furniture design for sustainability. Because different worldshaking consumption policies are effective factors for using of furniture, furniture and household items have been frequently changed owing to several decoration styles. Hence, highly constitution of solid wastes has occurred. For this purpose, different mass production technologies have been used and cost analyses have been ascertained. In this respect, detail drawings of furniture should be considered as ecologically by designer. According to these methods of furniture design for sustainability, the context of recovery of furniture and daily use- household items which have been used in interior spaces has become an important concept. Within the context of recovery of furniture; -Reduce using of furniture,

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-Reuse of furniture, -Recycling of materials in furniture design. And in this paper, we should explain these methods in the context of ecological approach to furniture design. Reduce Using of Furniture As a dangerous solid waste, in order to reduce the harm that the furniture has on the environment, the furniture is not only functioning; should be considered multifunctional. In addition, the ecological approach to furniture design is to make furniture suitable for modular use, easy to install, minimal modifications and designs to serve a new purpose. In England, 10 million pieces of furniture are laid each year, and it is estimated that more than 1/3 of them are made up of sofas. But; reuse of 1 tonne of sofa prevents the release of 1.45 tonnes of CO2 equivalent atmospheric greenhouse gas. This equates to 55 kgCO2 equivalent greenhouse gas per sofa. On average, 63% chipboard, 9% foam, 8% wool-cotton, 8% timber, 8% low alloy steel, 3% polyester, 1% flame retardant (phosphorus) and 1% melamine are used in the average sofa. In the UK, 37,000 tons of sofas are being reused. This figure equals 17% of all sofas taken and the remaining 83% is disposed of via recycling, energy recovery and storage (URL-6). Reuse of Furniture As mentioned above, furniture can be very bulky. The disposal of furniture more rapidly increases the rate at which landfills will reach their capacity. Many items of furniture are now coming to end of their lives at a time when the options for their disposal, such as incineration and landfill are disappearing. Burning old waste furniture is not considered environmentally- friendly because of creation of dioxins, carbon dioxide and other harmful emissions. International sentiment is also growing against landfills. For example; in Germany, legislation has already been established to ban the dumping of materials containing more than 5 per cent of organic compounds by the year 2005, and this law is expected to be introduced in other European countries. CIPFA (The Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy) reports bulky waste collections in 2001/02 (England only) as being 2.7 % of total household waste arising, amounting to 612.050 tonnes. The figure varies between 1.4 % for all non- metropolitan districts combined, and 5.0 % for all metropolitan districts combined. This is equivalent to 15.8 kg/hh/yr and 59.8 kg/hh/yr respectively. Reuse currently prevents approximately 85.000 tonnes of material from going to disposal, representing some 2 million items. This is equal to a recovery rate of 12 per cent (URL-7). In the future, reusing of furniture will increase. Hence, some developed countries have preferred to reuse of furniture method as an ecological approach to furniture design. For example, there are around 300 furniture reusing and recycling projects throughout the United Kingdom and it is estimated that these projects redistribute over £13 million of furniture every year. In the method of reuse of furniture, existing furniture or household items are taken in hand once again and are designed as new furniture (URL-6).


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Reuse method is to use an item more than once. This includes conventional reuse where the item is used again for the same function and new-life reuse where it is used for a new function. In application of this method we need a central information system. This central information system would need to be set-up preferably at the local community level- functioning as the central contact point for citizens as well as second- hand stores, craftsperson, etc, who repair and sell furniture. Used furniture should be collected from private households, separately, before the furniture is dismantled, and placed in front of the house. It would be selected according to reusability with or without being repaired, and delivered to community owned or private second-hand stores, if they are not entitled to collect the furniture on their own. In this context, the co-operation of different actors, especially, local authority, households and second-hand shops concerning the value of used furniture and its safe collection. Let us we define this method to understand the ecologically approach to furniture design. Colour, fabric and other elements of furniture typically become worn or outdated over time. This method involves disassembly, cleaning, repair, replacement and design. As a result of changing of household needs or ever- changing design movements, end-of-life furniture or household items cause some environment pollutions as solid wastes. Especially, as mentioned above, in some European Union countries as United Kingdom (Municipality of Trondheim) and Germany (Municipality of Oberhausen) end-of-life furniture and items are collected by municipalities and several non- governmental organizations (Demirarslan & Demirarslan, 2008). And then they are restored and allocated to demanding person in an effort to reduce of solid wastes. Hence, furniture as solid waste is used as original form. In this situation, reducing energy consumption and solid waste amount in furniture production is possible. In this purpose, some municipalities in Europe Union put the law in operation about collecting and reusing of furniture and household items. The amount of recoverable material present in bulky waste is a key factor in determining potential diversion rates and reusable situation. Table-2 shows the approximate proportions of material estimated to be reusable. Overall the figures suggest that at least one third of bulky goods material is potentially reusable. The environmental impacts of using furniture concentrate on the reduction of resources used for the manufacturing of new furniture or reusing of furniture. Table-3 shows the main components of furniture in Europe (URL8). It is seen that; natural and artificial woods and metals are commonly used in furniture industry as basic materials. Table- 2. Estimated recovery rates of bulky items by type (URL-7) Type of bulky item Hard furniture: e.g. chair, table, chest of drawers, bookcase, cupboard, shelves, sideboard etc. Sorf furniture: e.g. bed, sofa, armchair, mattress etc. Other furnishings: e.g. carpets, underlay, bath, sink, toilet etc. General: e.g. bike, ironing board, seesaw, duvet, roof, felt, ladder etc. Large wee: e.g. cooker, washing machine, fridge, tumble dryer, dishwasher etc. Other wee: e.g. lawnmower, record player, tv, video, computer, fan etc.

Proportion reusable 49% 31% 18% 49% 30% 36%


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Reuse of 1 tonne of cane prevents the release of 1.45 tonnes of CO2 equivalent atmospheric greenhouse gas. This equates to 55 kgCO2 equivalent greenhouse gas per couch. Approximately 100,000 meal tables are reused each year in England. 17% of the waste boards are disposed of annually and the remaining 83% is recycled. With reuse, 1 ton meal table prevents 0,38 ton CO2 equivalent greenhouse gas from being released into the atmosphere. This equates to 10 kg of CO2 equivalent greenhouse gas per table. On average, 63% chipboard, 9% foam, 8% wool-cotton, 8% timber, 8% low alloy steel, 3% polyester, 1% flame retardant (phosphorus) and 1% melamine are used in making of a sofa (URL-9). Table-3. Main components of furniture in Europe (URL- 8 ) Material Wood Metal Plastics Fittings PU foams Fabrics/textiles Glass Rubber Others

Composition 60% 11.9% 5.9% 5.4% 4.0% 3.4% 2.0% 0.7% 6.7%

Nowadays, in the developed countries the reuse of home furnishings takes place in a wider range than furniture. Reusing of furniture conserves natural resources by extending the life of resources already in circulation, such as aluminium, steel, plastics, and synthetic fibres. Reused furniture is stripped to its bare parts, reassembled, and made to resemble a new product - all at lower costs. Moreover, reusing of furniture creates resources for lower-income families, nonprofit organizations, and other needy causes. Today’s, the method of reuse of furniture has generally been preferred as office furniture by companies and office offers corporations a way to manage their supply of furniture once it’s been used, while giving companies an attractive alternative to purchasing new products. Not only does remanufactured furniture look as good and perform as well as new office furniture, but companies can expect an average savings of 30 to 50 per cent just by buying recycled. Reusing creates multiple lives for everything from machinery to consumer products, and it can save companies 30 to 70 per cent over original costs. In addition, this method typically uses only about one-fifth of the energy required for first-time manufacturing. The new business model of today integrates environmental responsibility with environmental opportunity to produce economical value. Within this model, reusing method is applied as strategies for investment recovery, rather than wastedisposal management (URL-10). Recycling of Materials in Furniture Design There is little information in the literature on the recycling of furniture products. Recycling of bulky waste such as furniture is beneficial to local governments and societies, especially the environment. Recycling plays a notable role in designing


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for the environmental impact of materials’ end-of-life treatments. In this method, furniture is designed by using of different solid wastes. Recycling is the breaking down of the used item into raw materials which are used to make new items. By taking useful solid wastes and exchanging them, without reprocessing, reuse help us save time, money, energy and resources. Stages of recycling materials of furniture design are: Collection and transportation, identification and separation, disassembly and/or crushing, cleaning, pre-production of secondary raw materials and design. By using recycling method in furniture design many furniture can be designed. Both methods of defined above conserve labour and manufacturing energy, particularly the energy required for production when raw materials are kept out of different process. They also reduce the pollution caused by the manufacturing process. Especially, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulphur oxides (SOx), nitrous oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate matters are all reduced by recycling of furniture. Lower levels of these contaminants achieve a reduction of global warming, acid rain, photochemical smog, and other forms of air pollution. Table 4. Maximun benefit available 100 % recycling of discarded furniture (URL11). Furniture Item Kitchen furniture Mattresses Metal Furniture Non Upholstered seats Other Furniture Upholstered seats/sofa Wooden furniture

Max. Recycling benefit, tonne CO2 eq. per tonne of material -0,07 -2,64 -3,20 -1,70 -0,59 -1,42 >>-0,0158

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Industrial development in the world leads to irreversible pollution and environmental problems. These environmental problems can be easily controlled when an ecological planning approach is applied. Ecology is a branch that examines the life systems and examines their relations with each other. Examination of life systems affects various areas of design as well as every aspect of life in various ways. Especially, nowadays, ecological approach to furniture design has come to the agenda. The ecological approach to furniture design can be defined as the development of the use of resources for the design, manufacture and use of furniture, and the least damaging use of living systems. In recent years, solid waste management is an important issue as an ecological approach to the design of furniture. The assessment of furniture as solid waste is a component of solid waste management. Many countries are faced with the problems of landfill exploding, odour pollution, groundwater pollution, soil pollution and lack of suitable land for dump sites as much as waste management (fuel consumption, noise, air pollution, etc.). As we have noted, sustainable design has become associated with waste management, as waste creates serious environmental problems in many

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countries. Waste describes undesirable substances. Waste is directly related to human development, technologically and sociologically. Waste management is the collection, transportation, processing, recycling and disposal of waste. In addition, waste management is often associated with items produced for human activities; environmental, aesthetic and human health. Waste management includes solid, liquid, gas and radioactive materials; each of which is implemented in a variety of methods within its area of expertise. Waste management is the collection, evaluation and disposal of various wastes in human control within an ecological approach. Waste management is to reduce the negative effects of waste on society and the environment. Today, solid wastes are defined as solid waste, semi-solid waste and large waste in terms of sustainability. The large volume of solid waste is described as bulky, too much space, and household goods and furniture that cannot be thrown into garbage cans. Today, fashion and technological changes have created a consumption society that is changing the ending furniture and electrical household appliances with increasing frequency, and an urgent need to remove unwanted object deposits has arisen. According to environmental engineering application principles, it includes some methods such as solid waste management prevention, reduction, reuse, recycling, energy conservation and disposal. The waste system is mainly concerned with “reduction, reuse and recycling”, which is classified by waste management and known as 3R. As space design product furniture, and other items such as doors, windows, cabinets are important issues for the liveable environment. Often, the adverse environmental effects that arise from these occur mostly after raw material use, production and use. In the majority of these items, materials and energy are needed and emissions in production are increasing. Transportation and packaging are also very important. Another important issue is the life of the furniture. The life of furniture provides a useful life. In short, material supply, material handling, production and transportation, use and waste are significant pollutant effects for the liveable environment in the use and production of interior architectural items and furnishings. In other words, there are some pollution stages in the production and use of space items. For example, in the furniture and wood industry, the amount of waste generated should not be ignored. Certain wastes from the furniture industry are treated wood fragments, acids, acid solutions, alkaline and solutions, arsenic, copper compounds, timber preservatives, solvents, paints, textile preservatives and bleach. Because some wastes contain adhesives, paint and varnishes, their use as raw materials is also restricted. Today, manufacturers and designers use sustainable design methods to reduce the effects of pollutants resulting from the production and use of space elements. These methods, 1-Ecological design: Ecological design aims to use environmental approaches in product development and design. 2- Design for 3R: Design economy for 3R. It is the use of natural resources as economically as possible. To this end, designers and manufacturers often apply methods of reduction, reuse and recycling, called 3R in waste management. The aims of these methods are; a) Reduction of input quantity: Material and energy. b)Reduction of output: Waste, emissions and harmful substances.


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c)And to meet the needs in the best way and to provide the best service. In this way, it is possible to obtain the design elements of the space with an environmental approach. Based on all the above explanations, why the 3R principles in furniture design should be applied can be summarized as follows; • 3R provide an environmental conscious, • 3R help people on low incomes to get hold of the items of furniture they need at affordable prices or sometimes for free, • 3R extend the life of furniture that would otherwise be thrown into a hole in the ground at a local landfill site, • 3R provide a service for people who would prefer to give their items to a worthy cause; • 3R is an act as a resource for different agencies and social services. And benefits of these ecological approaches are: • Reuse and recycling methods in interior design protect and expand country’s manufacturing jobs and increase competitiveness. • Reuse and recycling methods reduce the need for landfilling and incineration, • Reuse and recycling methods prevent pollution caused by the manufacturing of products from raw materials, • Reuse and recycling methods save energy and money, • Reuse and recycling methods decrease emissions of greenhouse gases that contribute to global climate change, • Reuse and recycling methods conserve natural resources, • Reuse and recycling methods help sustain the environment for future generations, • Reuse and recycling methods maximise the positive contribution to living activity through the whole life of the interior spaces, • Re-use and recycling methods help to encourage productivity through being flexible for future use, building cost-efficiently and improving people’s living environment; • Re-use and recycling methods implement social responsibility. As is understood, ecological approaches to interior design include different efforts concerned with future. In this context, the aim of sustainable furniture design is to minimize environmental impact. This problem may be solved by taking certain measures such as using reduce, reuse and recycling methods in our designs from accessory to space. “Consuming less, using things longer, recycling materials, and probably not wasting household items”. This is a definition according to Victor Papanek as ecological approach to furniture design (Papanek, 1971). In recent years, as an ecological approach to interior design, waste management is an important subject. The treatment of furniture as solid wastes is a key component of waste management. So, designers will consider these environmental design methods in their interior designs in future for a liveable environment.

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REFERENCES 1. C. Vezzoli, e. Manzini, Design for Environmental Sustainability. Springer, London, ISBN 978-1-84800-163-3,2008. 2. B.Bilitewski, B., G. Hardtle, K. Marek, K.J. Fischer, Waste management. Springer, 1 edition, 1996. 3. K.O. Demirarslan, Kentleşme ve Çevre Sorunları Bağlamında Katı Atıklar ve Kocaeli Örneği. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kocaeli, 2005. 4. URL-1: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/waste-management.html (Accessed Date: 25.12.2017). 5. URL-2: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/dsd/csd/csd_pdfs/csd-19/ learningcentre/presentations/May%209%20am/1%20-%20Learning_Centre_9May_ ppt_Mohanty.pdf (Accessed Date: 25.12.2017) 6. J.Fiksel, Design For Environment, Mc Graw- Hill, 1996. 7. URL-3. http://www.norcalcompactors.net/safeguard-environment-three-rs-reducereuse-recycle/ (Accessed Date: 25.12.2017). 8. D. Demirarslan, K.O. Demirarslan, “Sürdürülebilirlik Bağlamında Geri Dönüşüm Açısından Mobilya Tasarımının Önemi”, Mekan Tasarımında Geleceğe Yönelik Yaklaşımlar , 1.Ulusal İç Mimarlık Sempozyumu, 22-23-24 Ekim 2008, MSGSÜ, İstanbul, 2008. 9. URL-4: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Waste_statistics (Accessed Date: 20.01.2018). 10. URL-5: https://archive.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/web/html/ ( Accessed Date: 12.02.2018) 11. URL-6: https://www.cbenvironmental.co.uk/docs/Recycling%20Activity%20Pack%20 v2%20.pdf ( Accessed Date: 12.02.2018). 12. URL-7: http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Collection_options.pdf ( Accessed Date: 12.02.2018). 13. URL-8: http://www.ueanet.com/furniturewaste/( Accessed Date: 12.02.2018). 14. URL-9: http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Domestic%20Furniture%20chapter_ final.pdf, /( Accessed Date: 12.02.2018). 15. URL-10: http://www.oodlesofpartsplus.com/recycling_news_2.htm) ( Accessed Date: 12.02.2018). 16. URL-11: file:///C:/Users/denizd/Downloads/Report-on-the-Circular-Economy-in-theFurniture-Sector.pdf 17. V. Papanek, 1971, Design For The Real World. New York: Pantheon Boks, 1971.