repulsive ones (represented by the two tall towers). Particles ... is a saddle point in between the two repulsive pole towers. ...... Wardenclyffe tower. It seems like ...
Physics of the New Millennium Birth of the New Paradigm Copyright (c) 2015 by Eue Jin Jeong All Rights Reserved.
ISBN: 978-1-310-30969-4
Printed in the United States of America First Edition Printing: 2016
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Table of Contents Acknowledgement ..................................................... 4 Prologue ....................................................................... 5 Chapter One: Chronological Order ................................6 Chapter Two: Dipole Gravity ..........................................26 Chapter Three: Electromagnetic Free Energy Principle .......................................................................................222 Chapter Four: Tachyonic Monopole Magnet Neutrinos ............................................................................. 401 Chapter Five: Elementary Particle Physics Theories ................................................................................................440 Chapter Six: Coral Castle Mystery, Electromagnetic Antigravity ................................. 479 Chapter Seven: Eugene Wigner's Writing ........... 504 Epilogue................................................................................ 524 About the Author .................................................... 532
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Acknowledgement I would like to thank physics Nobel Laureate Dr. Martinus Veltman for his inspiring lecture at the elementary particle physics class when I was attending the University of Michigan Ann Arbor. The dimensional regularization scheme he invented in particle physics with his former student t'Hooft was a pinnacle example of how mathematics can be used to help understanding the mystery of the universe. He was such an inspiring teacher. I would like to thank my private mathematics tutor and mentor Mr. Shin when I was eleven years old for his enlightening teaching and inspiration. He taught me the power of mathematics in my early ages and inspired me to explore the physical wonders of the universe. Most of all, I thank my father who provided me with the discipline of the bigger picture of the society than self-servicing moral values. Without their support, inspiration and encouragement, this book could not have been written.
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Prologue These knowledge may have been known somewhere in some other universe since hundreds of millions of years ago. These are not new inventions. Moreover, some advanced civilizations in the universe may have mastered this technology to be able to visit the earth throughout the history. These are merely the collection of the knowledge that were known and have existed somewhere in the universe for eons. It just happened that they turned out to be the collection of the revelations of the multiple fallacies in science that humanity has handed down for generations and mistakenly believed to be the truth. None of these can be new in the cosmic library of the books on the secret of the universe. I may happen to remember these ideas from the long forgotten memory of our collectively forgotten past civilizations. Why did it feel odd when I first learned the calculation of the stored energy of the capacitor in the science class at school? Why did it feel odd when I heard that the plasma and magnetic field solved the problem of the jets from the black hole accretion discs? At the time, I did not understand exactly why. They indeed were registered odd as I remember now. The truth or fallacy of the scientific paradigm cannot be hidden. They are destined to be revealed in one way or another. Here is the collection of the truth of the physical universe as far as I could expound them.
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Chapter One: Chronological Order In the late 1970s, the prospect of the plasma fusion as a physically viable alternative energy for safe and abundant future energy source was widely publicized and conveyed as very promising. As an undergraduate student in physics, I imagined the world where abundant clean energy is available because of the successful solution provided by physicists’ active research. It will certainly be a rewarding career helping humanity to have abundant energy and clean environment. At the third round of exam for the national scholarship competition for the study abroad program, one of the examiners asked me what would I major for my graduate study. I replied I will study plasma fusion to solve the energy problem for humanity, not knowing exactly what is involved in pursuing such a career path and what will be my evolving interest among the wide branches of the graduate study of physics. These events point to a plausible certainty that I’ll be keeping the quest for energy in close touch even though I may drift away from the subject for a while. I eventually became as one of two recipients of the national scholarship in the year 1980 in the physics division for the study abroad program offered by the education ministry in South Korea. It was a great honor. My whole extended family including great aunts (my grand father’s sisters) came to the airport to see my departure to America. The whole family believed that somebody who will brighten the Jeong family as prophesied throughout the Korean prophecy books may have come out and he is going for his life long journey to the west. I decided to attend the University of Michigan Ann Arbor for the graduate study program after receiving several admission offers from other universities. Despite my answer to the
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examiner's question that I would study plasma fusion in my scholarship examinations, I was more inclined to study elementary particle physics as I believed it would widen my perspective of the foremost advanced field in physics. Most of the study in physics is basically mathematics. Once a well defined mathematical rule is discovered in the specific field of physics, physicists are ready to apply it to understand the wide spectrum of phenomena happening in that specific field until they find a specific domain that the rule will no longer be valid. We see this pattern of events happening in the field of gravitation at the moment. Dark matter problem, black hole accretion discs and the jet phenomenon have been out of touch of true understanding for a long time. It has been long over due that something fundamental has to be discovered. This is the point where that specific branch of physics needs a new clue, a new adventure. The numbers calculated by the welldefined mathematical procedure predict the quantity that will be compared with the measured number by experiment and the accuracy of the theory will be determined by how closely the theory predicted the measured number. When the theoretically predicted number consistently matches with the experimental results, we believe we have a correct theory that can be used to predict even further unknown physical phenomenon. For example, Maxwell’s theory of electricity and magnetism is one of the most well tested theories that have weathered numerous hard test and verifications. Most of the electromagnetic phenomenon can be explained by using Maxwell’s theory of electricity and magnetism and physicists are well aware this fact. This also means that any new mathematical findings in the solutions of the theory of electricity and magnetism will have powerful implications on uncovering and understanding of the new physical phenomenon.
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Formulating the Theories of Elementary Particle Physics During the time studying at the University of Michigan, I was particularly interested in the way the mass of the elementary particle is generated in the high-energy particle physics. The chiral symmetry of the field theory has to be broken for the particular fields to acquire mass. Where the mass of the elementary particles come from? Why the actual field theoretical calculation of the mass always turns out to be infinite? How these infinities are subtracted for the purpose of the development of the theory and still we can we make the theory meaningful? Why the quarks inside the proton seem to be confined so strongly and never been observed outside? The mathematically infinite self energy was subtracted from the calculation of the quantum field theory and they still could make sense out of it as long as the subtraction of the infinities can be performed consistent manner so that the strict rules are observed. This mathematical process has been known as renormalization. Then all the measurable quantities in the particle interactions can be predicted with amazing accuracy. Physicists tend to try anything that is possible to extract the secret information of the physical nature using any available mathematical tools. So it takes a certain amount of physical intuition in addition to the mathematical fluency to study and succeed in physics. The most important trait to be a physicist is to be able to relate the physical reality with the corresponding mathematical description of the phenomenon. Simple mental picture of the physical motion of the particles can save tremendous amount of time and mathematical calculation to understand how the fundamentals work. It is not the detail of the mathematical calculation that matters; it is the ballpark figure of the numbers that can be significantly important in the interpretation of the physical reality that
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matters. Also in understanding on what kind of physical effect can be predicted from the given form of the potential energy profiles in gravity, electromagnetism and elementary particle interactions, and most importantly the ability to catch the minor yet significant anomaly that was not expected from the known physics. In the course of learning the elementary particle physics, while still having no advisers for the thesis project. I stumbled upon the idea that there is a specific ratio between the mass of the particle in QCD (quantum chromodynamics) and QED (quantum electrodynamics) when the calculation was performed by using the dimensional regularization method invented by t'Hooft and Veltman. The formal infinities have the same mathematical structures so that they can cancel out when the ratio was taken. Moreover, when the known coupling constants were plugged in, the ratio between the mass of QCD and QED turned out to be the ratio of the electron and proton. This was an interesting yet unexpected result. However, this was a bit baffling because QCD is actually representing the field associated with the quarks. So the ratio of the mass of the quark and the electron has turned out to be the mass ratio between the electron and the proton, which is awkward because the proton is supposed to consist of three quarks. What could this possibly mean? It could mean that the ratio only represents the stable configuration of the mass of the quark and the electron, which is the mass ratio between proton and the electron. It still requires a lot of investigation to be done in this field. I continued investigation on the issue of the coupling constant and the mass. Then eventually came up with a successful and original form of QCD and QED potentials. In physics, any type of interaction potential can become the basis of the understanding of the mechanics of the corresponding entire array of physical
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phenomenon. That is the reason finding the first principle potential function of any interaction in physics is so important. These papers were not published but the mathematical results still have relevancy to the present day theory of elementary particle physics. There were so many unanswered questions in the field of elementary particle physics that were not supposed to be asked or taken for granted to accept it as the way it is without question. If everybody accepts that as fact and continue the same path, we may not be able to find any truthful answer to all the questions. Someone has to ask questions as plainly as possible why the things are the way it is when it does not seem to make sense from a purely mathematical and physical point of view. I just tried that and that was also about the time when the scale dependent coupling constant from the renormalization group equation was calculated and published for strong interactions and the Nobel Prize in Physics 2004 was awarded jointly to David J. Gross, H. David Politzer and Frank Wilczek "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction". When I tried to convert the scale parameter into the length element using the simple conversion function,
a exp(
r
)
, where μ is the scale parameter and r is the length element, when this transformation function was substituted into the scale dependent couple constant at the Yukawa form of nuclear potential when κ was set to 2, it became,
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Ck C g 2 1 8 V (r ) exp( ( )1 / 2 r ) A A r B B 2 r r2 1
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This strong interaction potential was derived from the first principle of the elementary particle physics. It does have the capacity to explain many unexplained strong interaction phenomena in the elementary particle physics. This line of research has resulted in several of very interesting papers which are still relevant and valid in the field of elementary particle physics today including the manuscript on “Quark Confinement”.
Relativistic Center of Mass Shift In 1982, while studying at the graduate school at the University of Michigan Ann Arbor, I stumbled onto the fact that there is a second order mathematical term in the linearized theory of general relativity that has been discarded as physically meaningless which was a mystery considering that this term could be the most important term in general relativity as its physical strength is right next to Newtonian gravity. The problem with this mathematical term was that once this term is pronounced to have physical meaning, Newtonian mechanical principles have to break down. According to Newtonian mechanics, an object without being subjected to an external force in the direction of the movement cannot and will not change its position of the center of mass. An object will stay at the same position as long as there is no external force imposed on it. However, this turns out to be not the case when a spinning hemispherical object considered in light of special relativity. The calculation of the center of mass of the spinning hemisphere turns out to have its center of mass shifted depending on the angular frequency of the rotor when the special relativistic mass increase effect applied to the individual mass components. It is interesting to notice that the dipole gravity equation does not ask if the system is in rotation. The only parameter that the
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equation is asking is if there is a finite length element of the shift of the center of mass. For miraculous reasons, I found out that this could be achieved by rotating hemisphere, cone or funnel shaped rotor when the special relativistic mass increase effect is incorporated. The equation certainly does not demand that it has to be a rotational motion that creates such a shift of the center of mass. We tend to restrict the meaning of an equation with our preconceived concept that we expect to happen from the known expectations. The reason for making this point is to leave the door open for the possibility that there may be cases that this type of the shift of the center of mass can occur without the actual physical rotation of the object. The inevitable relation between the spinning motion of the rotating hemispherical object and the finite shift of the relativistic center of mass was the key to the discovery of the gravitational dipole moment. This means that we found a way to parametrize the rotational frequency of the specific source into a measurable length element in the second order term of the linearized theory of general relativity. This opened the floodgate of the possibilities of the new mechanics that can explain the variety of hitherto unexplained mysteries in cosmology. These include the origin of the Saturn ring, black hole jets, dark matter problem, Lense-Thirring force, GPB experimental anomaly etc. On the other hand, the thoroughly and extensively studied general relativity has concluded long time ago that there is no dipole gravitational field from the rotating spherical mass while the earlier investigation of the rotating mass shell by Lense and Thirring in the weak field limit of general relativity has shown that there are indeed nonzero components of the second order gravitational field near the center of the rotating spherical mass shell. The radial horizontal component of this force was identified by Einstein as the manifestation of the induced centrifugal force according to Mach’s principle.
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The problem was that there was an additional component of the force in the longitudinal direction in the Lense-Thirring force as if there is a force pulling in from both of the poles toward the center, for which there was no physical explanation at all. So, the result of Lense-Thirring’s calculation has remained as a mystery in the arena of general relativity. The book “Gravitation” doesn’t deal with the calculation of LenseThirring force in any of their chapters. It has literally remained an enigma in the field of general relativity and gravitational physics. Another astounding consequence of this rotating longitudinally asymmetrical object like hemisphere and cone etc is that this object can be used to extract energy from space by constructing an elaborate mechanical device with it. I subsequently published the paper concerning the possibility of extracting gravitational energy from the space purely by mechanical means. The motivation to publish this paper is to wake the mass of the people who have been indoctrinated to believe that the energy cannot be created in space up to the fact that this doctrine is not absolute at all. In terms of actually creating the gravitational free energy device, the rotor used inside would have to rotate with tremendously fast speed and the bulk size of the device would not be very practical compared to the amount of energy that will be generated. It was a proof of concept device that will certainly work and another purpose of it was to show how general relativity was not very well understood. It was a fundamental challenge to the well-known Newtonian mechanics. However, it was also a challenge to the existing interpretation of general relativity in which gravitational dipole moment was completely abandoned as a mathematical artifact devoid of having any physical meaning.
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It was a result of the simple gedanken experiment “what happens to the center of mass of a hemispherical rotor if the mass increase effect of special relativity is introduced to each mass element comprising the hemispherical rotor”. It could have been an utterly boring question that no physicists would be interested in asking because it seemed like there was no interesting physical feature in it. They will probably say “what about it?” with absolute disinterest, “do not waste your time on day dreaming”, something of that nature. I was asking this particular question to myself after I was back to the United States after working for five years in South Korea for the Pohang Accelerator project. Actually, it was not the object in motion itself that intrigued me; it was rather the mathematical calculation inside the picture of my mind showing its astonishing conceptual result showing the non-Newtonian shift of the center of mass. The mass increase effect of special relativity inside the rotating hemisphere creates non-uniform mass density increase. So when the center of mass of the rotating hemisphere was calculated in the mental picture the new center of mass of the rotating hemisphere is not at the same location!!!!! The exact amount of the displacement was not an important issue. The issue was in the fact that there is a nonzero displacement of the center of mass in this particular system of the rotating object. On the other hand, a rotating "sphere" would have the same center of mass due to the geometrical symmetry of the sphere, effectively canceling out the displacement from the two opposite half spheres. In fact, the discrepancy itself of the behavior of the center of mass between a rotating sphere and a rotating hemisphere was a huge anomaly. According to Newton’s first law of motion, an object should stay at the same location unless there is an external force applied to it. The center of mass of an object
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defines the exact point of the location of the bulk object for calculating the trajectory of its motion in Newtonian mechanics. So if the effective center of mass moves just by simply spin rotating it, which should not according to Newton’s first law of motion, we have a serious anomaly and a legitimate exception to the laws of Newtonian mechanical principle. The existence of this particular mechanical object proved that Newton’s law of motion is not absolute!!!! One can certainly take an opposite theoretical stance that “if that is the case, special relativity must be wrong” except that the matter is not that simple. Scientists have proven that special relativity is correct in numerous occasions and the concept of the Lorentz invariance, which is based on special relativity, has been the core principle in the modern elementary particle physics. There is no turning back as long as the concept of special relativity is concerned. It is a proven scientific fact. If that is the case, then Newton’s first law of motion is not correct and an object can move effectively without forced to move in the direction of the movement by an external force. It was a lightening like shock that have prompted many mathematical calculations and the proof of concept verifications happened at the same time inside the analytic part of my brain. People normally do not forget some strange experiences or puzzling sense of reality. That's when I remembered that I read the news article in 1982 when I was a graduate student at the University of Michigan Ann Arbor regarding the story that physicists finally solved the mystery of the jet phenomenon in the black hole accretion discs by using the mechanism of magnetic field and plasma. Somehow, it did not convince me and I thought, “If that is the case the length of the jets from one of poles should be much shorter than the other because there is a huge difference between the mass of the electrons and the ions”. Because the
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plasma is a material state, where the electrons and ions are mixed like soup and the magnetic field will separate them and shoot them out in opposite direction if my understanding of the theory of electricity and magnetism was correct. In general, the published report of the length of the jets shows about the same length of the jets according to the pictures that took from the astronomical telescopes. If there can be a mechanism that can explain the jets from the black hole accretion discs, it has to be from some unknown gravitational phenomenon, I thought, and went further to spend sometime to look up the book “Gravitation” by Kip Thorne et al. at the department library. I was searching for the mathematical term next to Newtonian gravity in the low energy limit of general relativity. The second term was there in the linearized theory but they deemed it as a removable mathematical artifact and they dismissed it and literally threw it away as a physically meaningless term. The reason was because according to Newtonian mechanics, the center of mass of an object can always align with the center of the coordinate system and there is no such thing as energy dependent shift of the center of mass in Newtonian mechanics. If the center of mass changes by any means, it will be due to the continuous translational motion of the object due to the momentum conservation principle, which is nothing new. It did not take long to remember this little excursion from the memory and I started making connections to this mysterious shift of the center of mass of the rotating hemispherical or conic object that has longitudinal asymmetry yet has circular symmetric form in the x-y plain. It was amazing to see that all these puzzles were starting to unravel in a moment of a fraction of a second.
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The gigantic theoretical puzzle and the reality of the universe were converging together at the speed of light. Newtonian gravity was not the full theory of gravity after all. In the absence of such proof that Newtonian mechanics could be violated, the interpretation of general relativity could not be made correctly and the jets from the black hole accretion discs, Saturn’s ring, GPB experimental anomaly could not be explained at the same time within the known concept of general relativity. The magnitude of this controversy in science would be too big to comprehend. I remember the strong shock of electricity flowing through my spinal cord the moment I realized the implications of the meaning of this observation. I started calculating the gravitational dipole field in the superposed configuration of rotating sphere and published the result in the journal Physica Scripta. The journal editors were supportive of the manuscript enough to accept the paper for publication where I derived the Lense-Thirring force from the principle of dipole gravity including the mysterious longitudinal force component. The conventional calculation of this effect from the rotating sphere in the weak field limit turned out to be zero as they have concluded long time ago that there is no dipole gravitational moment. In the early days of general relativity, Lense and Thirring calculated the general relativistic effect near the center of the rotating spherical shell and published the result. Einstein was pleased by their result because the result showed the component of the radial force resembling the centrifugal force. They named it consequently the “induced centrifugal force”. However, there was an additional axial force along the direction of the Z axis that came out of the calculation of Lense-Thirring force, the origin of which remained a mystery. No one could figure out what this mysterious longitudinal component of Lense-Thirring's force was about.
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After finished working at the Pohang Light Source Project for 4 years to finish the requirement of having to serve at the academic or research institute in return for receiving the scholarship, I was free to choose what may be my next move in my career. I moved back to the States in 1994 and settled in California with my two boys and wife near San Francisco, Castro Valley to decide what I will be doing next for my career. It may be about a couple of months since I started living there that the idea of the relativistic shift of the center of mass from hemispherical rotor came out while reading a book at the local library for leisure. There was no focused intention to find out or learn anything particular. While I was there, I might have been looking to read a fun and informative story of an extra terrestrial experience allegedly happened to a farmer living in Mexico. It was a story about the alleged abduction of a farmer named Billy Boas in Mexico where he reported that he observed the rotating cupola in the space ship where he was about to be boarded. Somehow, I was fixated on the paragraph in the book mentioning about the rotating cupola that the farmer saw being attached to the craft that he was about to be abducted. It was a good entertainment story for a physicist who has no particular duty or schedule to follow on a lazy Saturday lunch time in Castro valley California at the outskirt of San Francisco to kill a little bit of time in 1995. Of course, cupola is a hemispherical object and my curiosity started sparking on this particular physical object. It was quite natural for me to ask casually what this rotating cupola could possibly be related to the propulsion mechanism of the craft. What is so special about the rotating hemisphere? I asked as if there could really be something special about it. It was a meaningless question because a rotating cupola may or may not have anything to do with any physics or the actual propulsion mechanism of the craft in the first place. Then I remembered reading somewhere that the center of mass has something to do
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with the exotic propulsion mechanism. That’s when I asked what happens to the center of mass of the rotating hemisphere if the principle of special relativity is incorporated? I immediately started calculating the center of mass of the rotating hemisphere in my mind using the relativistic mass increase effect. Moreover, I noticed, to my complete surprise and astonishment, that the center of mass of the hemisphere in rest state is not the same as the center of mass of the spinning hemisphere. It moves slightly depending on the frequency of the rotation toward the flat side of the hemisphere. That was the moment I felt the strong electric shock flowing through my spinal cords. when I realized that, the center of mass of the rotating hemisphere moved without an external force in the direction of the movement in violation of Newtonian mechanical principle. I also remembered immediately the time when I paid special attention to the second order term in the linearized theory of general relativity when I was a graduate student at the University of Michigan Ann Arbor 13 years ago. Many mysteries in physics started unraveling in my mind on the deepest secret of the nature. It was hidden in plain site waiting patiently to be discovered and it was the Gravitational Dipole Moment!!!!! The time to process all this information was very fast. It was like a lightening speed. I stumbled upon the phenomenon of the relativistic shift of the center of mass from the rotating rigid hemispherical mass shell in 1995, which was the key to the physical realization of dipole gravity that they dismissed from the early days of general relativity. The mathematical term was there in the linearized theory of general relativity from the beginning but the fundamental mechanism to attach the real physical meaning to it was not known. While this phenomenon is physically as real as the bright day light, the so far known
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physics has not recognized its presence and the early handlers of general relativity have not found the significance of it either. Sometimes, incidences that have nothing to do with the question we have in our mind can provide us with the vital answer to the problem that we have been seeking. Moreover, it happens more often than not. Every body sees and knows apples fall to the ground. However, it suddenly struck someone’s core of scientific perception when he was deeply involved with the question of the planetary motion of the solar system. There was even a colorful and exotic moment described by the farmer, which added to the effect of reducing the daytime boredom substantially. On the other hand, I may have had some vague background intentions to learn something about the propulsion mechanism of those crafts however nonsensical it may sound. To get a hint of the technology that is so far advanced from our civilization, one can’t miss any slightest chance of obtaining some kind of a hint. After all, one may learn something new from there unexpectedly but only when and if he has certain relevant questions in the back of his mind. Without asking questions, our mind does not provide answers. Mind works in a very strange way and we cannot predict what it will come up with in the next few seconds. The best way to utilize the best of our mind is to let it go and let it follow its own curiosity. Read and experience everything you possibly can and have a certain objective in your mind to find the answer or solve the questions that you have deep interest in it. Out of the wilderness, desert, and seeming total chaos, there appears the order, the order so beautiful and glorious that it will literally shock your spinal cord from the neck all the way to the tail bone. Even though the rotating hemisphere may look like staying at the same location, due to the inhomogeneous mass increase effect stemming from the longitudinal asymmetry, the rest of
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the universe, views the object has moved toward the flat side by a definite distance. This object will be the key to many mysteries of the universe. The reason is that it is a rare yet very real physical anomaly that has not been expected to happen in the theory of Newtonian mechanics. Shifting the center of mass of a matter object without giving it an external momentum will never happen in classical Newtonian mechanics and/or in the hitherto known theory of general relativity. Yet this phenomenon is as real as any physical manifestation. It may take years of exploration, derivation and diligent comparison with experimental data to understand the entire physical nature of it. However, there was no doubt that I have just opened a Pandora's Box by the discovery of this phenomenon. What will it bring to the understanding of the universe will be truly overwhelming. There could be many more mysteries involved in this particular mechanical system than we can possibly imagine.
On the Physical Nature of the Neutrinos and the Capacitor Anomaly In 1996, after I came back to Austin Texas, I was pondering deeply about the physical nature of the elementary particle neutrinos and came to the conclusion that neutrinos must be tachyons. There were no ifs or buts on this conclusion. If a particle that has imaginary mass does not violate Lorentz invariance, then it can be a good candidate for a physically real particle. There was no other possible alternative to this conclusion. I published the paper “Neutrinos must be Tachyons” based on these observations at the LLNL archive in 1997. At the time, I was also preparing for the publication of the paper “Non Newtonian Force Experienced by Gravitational Dipole Moment at the Center of the Two Mass Pole Model Universe” at the journal Nature. They did not accept the paper for publication, but later the Swedish Journal Physica Scripta
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accepted it for publication in 1999. The first paper on dipole gravity was titled “Center of Mass Shift: Gravitational Dipole Moment” which was published earlier at the LLNL archive and then later at the Hadronic Journal. From the year, 1995 to 2000 was the period that most of the studies on dipole gravity, neutrinos and capacitor anomaly were made. The discovery of the phenomenon of “capacitor anomaly” in 1998 which showed that the energy stored in the capacitor is always larger than the energy needed to charge the capacitor was so fascinating that until the year 2006 I did not make any serious attempt to apply the theory of dipole gravity to the actual cosmological problems, hoping that someone else may pick up the idea and develop it further to explore the cosmological mysteries. In the mean time, I was developing and experimentally testing the theory “Physics of Free Energy Device” based on the fact that the mathematical calculation of the energy stored in the capacitor is much larger than the energy needed to charge it. I uploaded the main point of this exploration in the public forum YouTube in Aug 4 2009. This scientific fact did not need the scrutiny of the major referees of the scientific journal to realize that what I was presenting was mathematically and physical conceptually correct. I believed it would save time to propagate and awaken the public on the obvious fallacy of the modern physics. Moreover, I didn't feel like I need a focal attention for such a discovery to publish it in the prestigious journal as the nature of the discovery was obvious to anyone who had a little bit of training in physics after a few minutes of examination. After all, the local energy does not conserve in the process of charging the capacitors. Instead, capacitor gains energy in the form of repulsive electrostatic potential energy in large quantities in the charged capacitors.
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I presented the mathematical proof of this physical anomaly by using the concentric spherical capacitor as an example.
Sign Error in the Lense-Thirring Force In 2007, while applying the theory of dipole gravity to the phenomenon of the jets and the dark matter problem, I noticed there might be a serious error in the signs of the Lense-Thirring force. After I reversed the signs, the entire cosmology of the jets and the dark matter problem started to make perfect sense including the reasons why the rings form around the Saturn. I published these findings on my blog “Dipole Gravity” in 2007. At this point, the issue of recognition for these discoveries has become a non-issue. The magnitude of the past mistake was too outrageous to bring it to the review of the refereed journal. I was busy publishing them in the blog as soon as I realize that they are very important so that people in the field can get informed of those findings as quickly as possible. I may have been tired of dealing with the pretentious referees in the field when I was merely trying to publish papers that are describing obvious physical facts and exposing the old fallacies that anyone in the related field of physics community can easily verify after a little bit of investigation.
Coral Castle Mystery and Electromagnetic Antigravity While publishing these findings on dipole gravity and its cosmological implications, the idea of actual physical embodiment of the “capacitor anomaly” has mostly occupied my spare time. I needed to find out the key electronic peculiarities that can make these devices available commonly for our daily lives. This step would be more like an engineering challenge; however, there still seemed to have quite a few of additional obstacles that I needed to address in detail in terms of the fundamental mathematical principles of physics.
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The next step of scientific investigation that I was interested in was on the mystery of Edward Leedskalnin's secret on anti gravity device that he might have used to move the gigantic stone sculptures in his Coral Castle. I also presented the details of these investigations in this book.
Scientific Truth Prevails Uncovering the secret of the universe itself is a tremendous joy and rewarding by itself. If I had the public recognition as the first priority in mind, I would have stopped right after writing the theory of the quark confinement in the elementary particle physics when I was 31. There are number of competent professionals in physics community who are not happy about the way scientific recognition is assigned even though their contribution was much earlier and more fundamental than the ones that have been recognized. As such, fighting for recognition has become very devious and vile in this field. I think scientists should not worry about recognition by the peers. Instead, they should concentrate their energy more on developing and finding solutions to the mysteries of the universe as there are so many of them waiting for someone to discover them. Surprisingly, I noticed that most of the key mysteries of the physical universe are lying there in plain sight waiting to be discovered. It is only a matter of looking in the right direction and being persistent about it. The beauty of the mathematics and its accurate description of the nature intrigued me beyond any otherworldly pleasure of sports or entertainment. When someone's favorite leisurely activity is searching for the solution to the mystery of the universe in the entire spectrum of the branches of physics with incessant curiosity and passion, along with the hard-earned
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mathematical training, no one will be able to beat the efficacy of it. I believe I was destined to find these solutions to the mysteries of the universe. There is no other way to describe it. If I do not let the public know of these findings, with my best good will intentions, it will be a tremendous disservice to the humanity. I hope that the next generation of humanity does not have to suffer from the past fallacies of the physical scientific knowledge that the academic world has handed down to us for many generations. All the mystery of the universe should have reasons, and therefore there must be solutions. For an example, the simplest mystery that I was so much intrigued yet could not find answer was why the mass of the electron has to be 0.511 MeV. Without asking questions, there will be no answers. I hope future physicists will find an answer for it. I believe we are at the verge of the next scientific revolution. I hope that this book will spur the very movement forward in our current civilization.
Chapter Two: Dipole Gravity 26
On the Mystery of the Jets from the Black Hole Accretion Discs How did this question lead to find the secret of dipole gravity in general relativity? Someone sent me an email a while ago after taking a look at the mathematical form of dipole gravity, “this is not general relativity!!!” he proclaimed. He must have been a student or a professor of general relativity who has studied the discipline in depth for a while. What is it then? It has been there in the second order of the linearized theory of general relativity from the beginning but everybody who studied it threw it away including the one who created it. It has remained an orphan for the last 80 years so I picked it up and took a good care of it. It was in 1995. I helped finding and tracing its legitimacy within the family of general relativity. Then what could that makes me of, foster parent of dipole gravity? I think by all common laws and regulations this child is my offspring. A person has no right to call the “enigmatic offspring” her/his child after abandoning it for the last 80 years. They will call it Jeong’s gravity just like Newtonian gravity. I just proved that it belongs to general relativity by its DNA though. That does not necessarily mean that it belongs to Einstein and/or his disciples. They trashed and abandoned it long time ago. That is why they do not want to recognize it even if I proved mathematically that it is a part of general relativity. Now they hate it and wish that it never existed. How sad is the situation? The family threw it away and now they hate it for even sharing DNA with that family. I mean DNA here as the unmistakable and undeniable mathematical linage. You can deny hearsay, rumor, unproven claims etc. However, denying the mathematical proof, which is
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the same as the DNA evidence in the forensic criminology? This would be a travesty of cosmic order. Physics has a way to legitimize nonsensical mathematical procedures to predict the physically measurable data like the well-known renormalization procedure in the elementary particle physics. This is not to diminish the value of dipole gravity because in this case the mathematics is standard and very precise. The only problem was that the initial investigators of general relativity could not find the particular length element that is physically legitimate as the energy dependent shift of the center of mass. By shifting the origin of the coordinate system to the center of mass of the object, the textbook claimed that you can make the gravitational dipole moment to disappear. On the other hand, there was a mysterious force known as “Lense-Thirring force” that was calculated from the second order general relativity with the approximation limited to close to the center of the coordinate system from the rotating spherical shell model universe. Therefore, there was indeed the second order gravitational force from general relativity. The irony of this force was that immediately after the paper was published or perhaps even before the publication according to recorded communication between Lense-Thirring and Einstein on this issue, the radial component of the force was identified as the manifestation of the "induced centrifugal force" in general relativity. However, Cohen and Sarill has reported later that the LenseThirring force represents the quadrupole field effect in their paper published in the journal Nature, 19 Cohen, J. M., Sarill, W. J. and Vishveshwara, C. V., Nature, 298, 829 (1982). Their paper did not receive much attention and it was lost in the jungle of many other scientific reports. It did not change anything about the previous concept of the Lense-Thirring force
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that there is nothing new about this force and that it was just a manifestation of the old known centrifugal force. It was certain that they could have raised controversy by their report but in the absence of a complete explanation of the origin of the force and the detailed picture beyond the realm close to the center of the rotating sphere, their report did not help starting any new development in this particular branch of general relativity. The most baffling problem was that there is longitudinal force in the axial direction of the rotating sphere that no one can explain where it came from. Since the longitudinal force appears in package with the radial force, it cannot have any physical meaning attached to it when they designated the radial force as the centrifugal force. Moreover, it was by Einstein’s approval who invented the theory of general relativity. Who are to challenge his interpretation? Unless someone presents a concrete and detailed mathematical proof, this issue will not be resolved in a satisfactory scientific conclusion.
Beginning of the Quest for Dipole Gravity in General Relativity I was not particularly interested in studying gravitational physics for my PhD thesis when I first entered the graduate school of physics at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. I was more interested in studying the theory of elementary particle physics and the quantum field theory. In the mean time, I was listening to the widely publicized story regarding the British physicists’ discovery of the mechanism for the jet phenomenon in the gravitational physics in 1982. The jet from the black hole accretion disc was completely new information that I encountered and it gave me wonders about the workings of the universe. I was craving for any new knowledge in physics at this time. The major story in the news was that the British scientists Blandford, R. D. & Znajek, R. were able to explain the black hole jet phenomenon using the principle of the plasma and the magnetic field. It was widely
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publicized news broadcast through the media and it attracted my special attention. Upon considering how the magnetic field and the plasma would work together to produce such a magnificent jet from the black hole accretion discs; I started drawing mental pictures on how that might be possible. Due to the directional polarity of the magnetic field, if the particles ejected from one direction through the North Pole were electrons, for example, the particles ejected from the South Pole would have to be positive ions. The positive ions are much heavier than the electrons and therefore, the length of the jets of the positive ions will be much shorter than the length of the jets of the electrons. However, the observed jets seem to have nearly identical lengths contrary to the expectation. This was an intriguing puzzle. It didn’t seem like the plasma and the magnetic field explanation of the jets can weather the simple gedanken experimental test. For some reason, by intuition and intense curiosity and not because of having any test or homework assignment regarding general relativity at the time, I decided to look at what the book “Gravitation” says about the second order term in general relativity that one can find next to the monopole Newtonian gravity. Moreover, I asked why this term could not explain the jet phenomenon as it should if general relativity is the correct theory of gravitation in the universe. It was purely a theoretical curiosity at the fundamental level knowing what mathematical theory is about and what it should be able to accomplish. I was wondering mostly why they have to use the magnetic field and plasma model to explain the jets from the black hole accretion discs. Why don't they use general relativity to explain it? The professionals in the field could have laughed at me for asking such a naive question. I was curious about what else beyond Newtonian gravity was uncovered from general relativity.
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I looked up the book Gravitation written by Kip Thorne et al. to see what else is there that they have discovered regarding the next order gravity beyond the Newtonian. I was surprised to learn that there is virtually nothing extraordinary beyond Newtonian gravity except the quadrupole radiation in general relativity. There was a full-scale attempt to detect the gravitational quadrupole radiation coming from the space through LIGO project. Observations at LIGO began in 2002 and ended in 2010 and they have not reported detecting gravitational waves from the experiment. The basis of the experiment was waiting for some sort of strong burst of gravitational energy wave coming from the cosmos to hit the detector to be able to prove that there is indeed the gravitational quadrupole radiation as predicted by general relativity. Upon carefully examining the textbook on the subject further, I found that there is indeed the second order mathematical term next to Newtonian gravity called gravitational dipole moment in the linearized theory of general relativity but they dismissed it as a purely mathematical artifact that does not have any physical meaning. This was the first big surprising puzzle. When I took a closer look at the chapter describing the details, I was astonished to find out that the reason the second order term in the linearized theory of general relativity was a mute, meaningless mathematical term was because one can always shift the center of the coordinate to the center of mass of the object in consideration. The book “Gravitation” writes “if he chooses the origin of the coordinate carefully, he can make dj=0 where dj is the mathematical symbol for the gravitational dipole moment. This created the second-deep puzzle inside my mind regarding general relativity and the gravitational physics. Shifting the origin of the coordinate system is not something that one can call a physically meaningful activity. The origin of
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the coordinate system can be anywhere and it should not change any physical reality of the system in consideration. The coordinate system is there to make the mathematical calculation easy for solving the problem. Where about of the origin of the coordinate system cannot be used to dismiss the second order mathematical term because it is an irrelevant issue I thought. The location of the origin of the coordinate depends entirely upon the ease of solving the problem while the shifted center of mass in the second order term was asking something entirely different. The mathematical term does not tell us what it needs to become a physically meaningful quantity. It is up to the humans to decide what the shifted center of mass means to render the mathematical term physically meaningful. The principle of conservation of momentum allows an object to move constantly in a liner fashion without any external force or addition of energy. The known Newtonian mechanics up to the time of the discovery of general relativity did not have the finite shift of the center of mass that depends on the energy of the system. There is a simple translation of the origin of the coordinate system, which has nothing to do with the physical process. It is a process of setting up the coordinate system to study the mechanics of the physical object in motion, where the center of mass is usually set at the origin of the coordinate system. Once the origin of the coordinate is set at the center of mass of the source from the start, it does not need to be changed. Therefore, if we had already started by setting the origin of the coordinate at the center of mass of the object, as always, the mathematical equation was asking something else other than the coordinate translation without telling us exactly what it is. One should be able to set the origin of the coordinate system at any point in space without changing the physical property of the mechanical system. However, the book “Gravitation”
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presented the case as if he/she is being careful he/she can shift the origin of coordinate system in such way that the center of mass of the object matches with the origin of the coordinate and we don’t have dipole gravity any more, as if it is a significant achievement. Furthermore, they already knew Lense-Thirring force is the second order effect of general relativity with non-zero value. Therefore, anyone who paid close attention to this matter could have seen that there is some fundamental problem with the second order gravitational field in the linearized theory of general relativity. This second order mathematical term can possibly have very important physical significance only if we can find a way to make it physically meaningful. Yet there was no solution. There was no foreseeable perspective that any one can attach any physical meaning to it when I first encountered the puzzle. Therefore, the book “Gravitation” concluded that this dipole term is a physically meaningless term that came out of general relativity for which no specific physical significance whatsoever you can attach to it. However, if general relativity was the correct theory of gravity that can explain the vast majority of the gravitational phenomena in the universe, this dipole term should be the one that has the most significant qualification for the task. Anyone who understands the mathematical expansion of a complex function should have wondered about this unfortunate state of the matter. In general, the strength of the second order integral solution of a differential equation in mathematics is many orders of magnitude smaller than that of the first term. And the third order term would be many more orders of magnitude smaller than the second term so on and so forth. So any significant correction to the Newtonian gravity has to come from the second order term if there is any. This is a mathematical
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imperative. Yet the manner the dipole term was dismissed was too matter of fact, frivolous or rather uncharacteristic for serious researchers to handle such a potentially important mathematical term in physics, I thought. This was deeply puzzling to me, yet I had no idea what was missing. I could not resist the feeling that they may be missing something very big. This kind of deep impression lasts long and the mind waits patiently for the moment when the solution pops up out of nowhere in many cases of serendipity. However, I have not even entered the door of the class of general relativity and there were no faculty members at the physics department, who were teaching the subject at the time. I would not have bothered to ask the professor regarding this strangeness even if there was a faculty who might be teaching the subject at the department. That was an extremely brief episode of encountering general relativity purely out of curiosity. In fact, looking back, I was staring at the core problem of general relativity without even setting my foot inside the door of the gravitational physics. This odd impression of general relativity stayed in my deep subconscious mind for a long time only to pop up unexpectedly at much later time. We have a theory here that is supposed to explain the phenomenon as it should because the phenomenon was under its theoretical capacity (legal jurisdiction so to speak) yet it didn’t and the whole scientific community had to invent a hybrid theory from the electrodynamics to make any sense out of the cosmological phenomenon. This hybrid theory has become known as “gravito-electro-magnetism” (GEM). The basic concept of GEM was that accelerating mass creates magnet like gravitational field just like moving electrons create magnetic field. The rotating sphere creates gravitomagnetic field H like in the following diagram according to the theory of gravito-electro-magnetism.
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Gravitomagnetic field H due to (total) angular momentum J. Comparison between “Gravito-Electro-Magnetism (GEM)” and Maxwell's equation and General relativity GEM equations
If anyone compares these two theories carefully, it is apparent that GEM looks more close to Maxwell’s equation than general relativity. The last experiment of GPB (Gravitational Probe B) was designed to prove the validity of GEM and the experiment was announced a failure. The important question nobody bothers to ask is “was it the failure of GEM or the GPB experiment itself?” My humble opinion is that the experiment
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was a success but the theory that the experiment was set out to prove was wrong. Physicists in the field of general relativity have modified the theory of Electricity and Magnetism to fit the cosmological data hoping that it will explain the variety of rotation induced gravitational effect that has not been accounted for by Newtonian gravity nor by the known theory of general relativity. In fact, if you take a look at the Gravitomagnetism closely, it is not the same as the theory of Electricity and Magnetism but it is not close to general relativity either. This shows the level of desperation that existed in the field of gravitational physics to understand the rotation (acceleration) induced gravitational effect in the early days of general relativity. In fact, it was the consequence of the dismissed gravitational dipole moment in general relativity from the beginning except that no one has noticed the correlation. If the gravitational field from the rotational motion of a spherical object is like a magnetic field, the rotation induced gravitational field from the North Pole will be repulsive but the same field from the South Pole will be attractive. This does not explain the almost identical length of the jets from the fast rotating black holes. In addition, it does not explain the accretion or the ring formation around the fast rotating gravitational center even from a purely topological analysis. If one wants to devise a phenomenological theory of gravity to explain the jets and the accretion phenomenon at the same time, he would be more likely consider the rotating hemisphere as a unit of gravitational magnet that has the repulsive force at the domed side and the attractive force at the flat side. And it will be like the full rotating sphere is made of the two gravitational magnets superposed in opposite direction. Therefore, the repulsive force lines come out of the both poles and they merge
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at the horizontal plane and then pulled back to the equatorial center of the black hole. This will make a perfect phenomenological theory of gravity except that there is no theoretical justification for it unless someone can demonstrate theoretically how a rotating hemisphere can become a unit of the gravitational magnet. As it turned out, the theory of dipole gravity did exactly that except that it is not a phenomenological theory. It is the theory revived from the linearized theory of general relativity by virtue of the principle of the relativistic center of mass shift. It is indeed the magnet like gravity derived from the first principle of general relativity. The entire rotation effect condenses onto the single parameter called the relativistic shift of the center of mass. The topological configuration of this force makes the rings, accretions, jets and dark matters as one unified integrated natural phenomena without having to introduce any other implausible assumptions. It is a physically valid mathematical term and it explains the hitherto unexplained gravitational phenomenon as if it was very familiar with those gravitational effects already. In a sense, dipole gravity was an abandoned baby from birth by the unanimous consensus of his own family if we can compare it to the matters in human society. If a child grows up and his/her clothes do not fit anymore, parents buy new cloths for the child. They do not make the child smaller to make him/her to fit in the old clothes. General relativity was a grown up child who has huge potential to be the king, but it had to remain dress up the clothes of Newtonian mechanics that was too small and did not fit. Instead of fixing the cloth to a bigger one, people decide to cut the arms and legs of the child to make him shorter, which has made the child disabled. This child was dipole gravity embedded inside general relativity, which could not function fully well because of the Newtonian mechanical clothes that they put on it.
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Looking back, in those days at the University of Michigan Ann Arbor, I was fascinated by the way physicists made the quantum field theory to work, on how the infinities of the self energies of the fields are managed by systematic subtraction and the result was astonishingly accurate to predict the measured physical quantities. Physicists will try anything to learn the secrets of the universe, although some of those procedures may not satisfy mathematicians.
What was the Falling Apple for Dipole Gravity? Abandoned Gravitational Dipole Moment If you have picked up something other people have thrown away unanimously as being meaningless like a trash, but you found out that it was actually very important and significant in such a way that you can designate the absolute physical significance to it and revived it to its full value, it is no doubt yours in every legal sense assuming that we can make an analogy like it is a material object. This is exactly what happened to the gravitational dipole moment. The creator of the theory “general relativity” abandoned it and so many of his disciples did the same as well. So who would dispute the fact that the gravitational dipole moment is my brainchild? I picked it up, groomed, and raised this baby to its full strength like an adult. I even fixed the upside down jacket he wore when I picked him up. I’m talking about the reversed sign that LenseThirring has designated for it long time ago. This baby will grow up to be as strong as his brother (Newtonian gravity) to explain the mystery of the universe with its full power, starting from the jets from the black hole accretion discs, Saturn ring, dark matter problem, the gravitational propulsion mechanism, and GPB experimental anomaly, etc. It is not just a simple insignificant number that makes this theory to be a strong candidate for the extended gravity; it’s the
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entire topological consistency that it provides us for the large number of mysteries that have been plaguing the gravitational physics so long. The absolute proof of its validity was in the reproduction of the mathematical form of the Lense-Thirring force that has provided the clear understanding of the root where the dipole gravity force has come from. In a way, dipole gravity and Lense-Thirring force were mutually assuring that they do belong to general relativity from the beginning. Any type of modified Maxwell's equation will not be able to replace dipole gravity. These two theoretical frameworks look similar in respect that they are both long ranged and 1/r^2 dependent force. However, the similarity does not extend very far beyond this level.
Serendipity There was a book about the abduction story of Billy Boas in Mexico where he reported that he observed the rotating cupola in the space ship where he was about to be abducted. This was a good entertainment story for a physicist who has no particular duty or schedule to follow in a lazy Saturday lunch time in Castro valley California at the outskirt of San Francisco to delve into for a little bit of entertainment in 1995. Of course, cupola is a hemispherical shaped object and my curiosity started to spark on this particular physical shape. What is so special about the rotating hemisphere? I asked myself that you would consider it natural for a lazy physicist might like to ask in the library on a peaceful Saturday afternoon in the bay area outskirt of San Francisco. Then I remembered reading somewhere else that the center of mass has something to do with certain kind of propulsion mechanism. That is when I asked, “What happens to the center of mass of the rotating hemisphere when the principle of the special relativistic mass increase effect is incorporated?”
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At the exact moment, I felt strong electric shock flowing through my spinal cord, because I realized that the center of mass of the rotating hemisphere is not at the same location before it started rotating. I also remembered immediately the time when I paid special attention to the second order term in the linearized theory of general relativity when I was a graduate student at the University of Michigan Ann Arbor. I remembered the oddity of the mute and meaningless dipole term in the linearized theory of general relativity that I encountered at the physics library at the University of Michigan 13 years ago. When I was a young boy around the age of 6, the adults in my family used to tell me that I do not forget once I hear something. I didn’t think too much of it but then they may have been right all along. Everything started to unravel in the mind of a physicist on the fundamental secret of gravitation hidden in plain view waiting someone to discover it. I just found the very extraordinary mechanical system in physics that could have a profound physical significance enough to change the entire theory of gravitation. I wondered about the mystery of the missing dipole gravity in general relativity for a long time, on and off, but I did not plan for this discovery. It just fell down upon me from heaven like a miracle.
The Gravitational Dipole Moment!!!!! Now suddenly everything started to make sense and this peculiar mechanical object started divulging the secret of the universe one after the other. The major physical problem with it was the fact that a fixed amount of displacement of the center of mass that depends on energy of the mechanical system doesn’t exist in Newtonian mechanics.
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Therefore, if one wants to adhere to the old doctrine of Newtonian mechanics, there is no other choice but to dismiss this strange second order mathematical term in the linearized theory of general relativity. Unless Newtonian mechanics is not entirely accurate, one cannot avoid this conclusion. The perpetual dislocation of the dynamic center of mass from its stationary one is puzzling and it is entirely a new physical phenomenon. The object seems like in a stationary state yet the dynamically shifted center of mass and the stationary one seem to form a positive and a negative gravitational magnetic pole respectively. In my first paper, “Center of Mass Shift; Gravitational Dipole Moment” I theorized that this object cannot be stationary. The static and the dynamic center of mass are in perpetual contradiction and the object will try to pull the static center of mass toward the dynamic center of mass. This only means that there will be a perpetual linear force exerted toward the new dynamic center of mass, which is located closer to the flat side in the case of the rotating hemisphere. In addition, if the perpetual and continuous linear acceleration is possible without any further external energy input, one can use the hemispherical rotor extract gravitational energy from the space by using them like horses turning a gigantic milling wheel. Therefore, here came the idea to demonstrate how we can use it to harness the gravitational energy “conceptually” from the space.
Relativistic Shift of the Center of Mass: Non-Newtonian Displacement of Center of Mass Due to the Spinning Motion of a Rigid Hemispherical Rotor The following is an illustration of the analytic computation of the shift of the relativistic center of mass in a rotating rigid hemispherical shell.
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I In the above, rc is the new center of mass that has been shifted by the relativistic mass increase effect, while ro is the original center of mass of the hemisphere when it was at rest. When the rotational speed is slow, which may be the case in most of the terrestrial experiment, the relativistic shift of the center of mass of a rotating hemisphere becomes
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The gravitational dipole moment for this system in a slow rotational speed is given by the mass M times the above delta rc.
This is the charge of the gravitational dipole moment in the weak field limit just like in the case of the electric dipole moment in the Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism.
It is noted that this is not a radiative field, it is a long ranged static gravitational filed which has the strength next to Newtonian gravity. The calculation of the shift of the center of mass is obvious in the sense that whoever has the knowledge of special relativity and a little bit of calculus background will be able to get this mathematical result easily. The harder part would be to recognize that this is a very abnormal mechanical system within the scope of Newtonian mechanics. The next odd step would be to make a connection of this mechanical system to the missing gravitational dipole moment in general relativity. If any one of these steps is missing, it would be difficult to get the accurate understanding of dipole gravity.
Lense-Thirring force and Dipole Gravity Since the birth of general relativity, Lense-Thirring force has been remained like an outcast. It was really a mystery in the sense that at the beginning the radial component of the LenseThirring force was identified as centrifugal force by Einstein and then the longitudinal components of the force have remained unexplained. Since the longitudinal component of the Lense-Thirring shows up in package with the horizontal radial force, there is no way this attractive longitudinal component of the force can belong to anywhere in the known physical phenomenon.
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However, like the last piece in the jigsaw puzzle, just by flipping the sign of the last piece, the whole puzzle started revealing itself like magic. The horizontal radial component of the Lense-Thirring force has to be attractive force and as a result the longitudinal z component of the force has to become repulsive. This was a small glimpse of the entire picture where the gigantic repulsive force from the both poles becomes the cause of the jets and the incoming radial force becomes the cause of the accretion disc when applied to the fast rotating, strongly gravitating galactic center. The following is the original calculation of the second order force from general relativity reported by Lense-Thirring in the form of the equation of motion. In some versions of their papers the constant factor was reported as1/3 and -2/3 instead of 4/15 for the x, y and -8/15 for the z dependent forces. The z directional force is like a harmonic oscillator and the radial force is a cascading outward force. Since the entire force was written in the form of equation of motion, it is difficult to assess if the signs of the force were from the original calculation or put in by hand to fit the interpretation of the centrifugal force.
Is it possible to change the signs that came out of general relativity without violating the total integrity of the theory in detail? Lense-Thirring calculated the original second order gravity force with regard to the rotating spherical shell model universe. If they calculated the force from the viewpoint of the rotating spherical universe, the force from the observer at the center has to be the opposite of the force viewed from the
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universe. This subtle difference may not have mattered much when they discovered that the radial force was repulsive (positive sign) which coincides with the original interpretation of the centrifugal force by Einstein. This was a typical case of biased interpretation due to the preconceived notion. The following is the Lense-Thirring force derived from the principle of dipole gravity where the
velocity dependent force was not included and the signs are matched to that of the original Lense-Thirring force. There is a 2/15 factor difference between the Lense-Thirring and the dipole gravity result. This difference may be expected because the origin of the coordinate system for dipole gravity is located half the radius of the sphere away from the origin of the coordinate of Lense-Thirring which is at the center of the sphere. I corrected the signs and announced it later in 2006 when I found out that the jet phenomenon was not compatible with the original configuration of the forces that were hand adjusted to match with the Lense-Thirring force. The corrected dipole gravity force at the poles is repulsive and the radial horizontal force is attractive toward the center, which is in accordance with the spiral form of the galaxy. The original harmonic oscillator like form of the Lense-Thirring equation along the Z-axis will make the motion of the particles swinging back and forth along the polar axis while the matter will be accelerated horizontally outward direction, which does not have correlation with any observed physical effect. After all, we have to consider the Z component of the force and the radial
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component together to form a gigantic one single magnet like cosmological engine of dipole gravity. The odd behavior of these equations should have raised suspicion of its validity at first before sending the manuscript to the journal Physica Scripta. However, it was not the time to worry about the signs of the Lense-Thirring force. It was time to claim that dipole gravity produces the known form of the second order general relativistic force known as Lense-Thirring force. I was ecstatic just by the fact that the theory of dipole gravity produced the structurally identical form of the LenseThirring force near the center of the coordinate system even before examining the details. The Z directional axial force at least suggested a possibility of the jet like linear trajectory formation along the z-axis by its harmonic oscillator form from the original equation. That was enough at the time even before scrutinizing the actual details. In fact, looking back, the reversed signs of the original LenseThirring force may have contributed to the misunderstanding of this particular subject in general relativity in the end. It has caused unnecessarily harsh dilemma and added to the oddity of the Lense-Thirring force in the history of general relativity. Of course, this was a minor blunder of Einstein due to his obsession to the Mach’s principle and the centrifugal force from a rotating body. The idea of the corrections to the reversed signs of the Lense-Thirring force happened 7 years later in 2006 after the initial publication of the theory of dipole gravity at the journal. I announced this finding in my dipole gravity web blog after the careful study of the jet, accretion phenomenon and the dark matter problem within the same theoretical framework. Looking back, this whole subject of the sign fiasco of the LenseThirring force was so outrageous and painful to write in a piece of paper. I kept checking the sign error repeatedly to make sure that I was not making mistakes and the result was horrifying.
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The sign error was unmistakable. There was no way the original signs of the Lense-Thirring force could have been correct. I found myself in a very uncomfortable position to expose LenseThirring and Einstein for making a historical (unintended) mistake on the signs of the second order mathematical force calculated from the first principle of general relativity and I have become a part of it in my paper published in the Journal Physica Scripta. However, it is never too late to correct mistakes and move on, because we will never correct our mistakes until we admit there are mistakes. Now the corrected form of the Lense-Thirring force should have been with negative sign on the right hand side of the equation. In my investigation of the theory of dipole gravity, I did not consider the velocity dependent Coriolis force since it is not a part of the new long ranged force. We are considering only the distance dependent dipole gravity force. Now, the sign corrected Lense-Thirring force given by
After correcting and integrating all the signs, the dipole gravity explained the jet phenomenon as well as the whereabouts of the dark matters and the flat rotational velocity curves. Even though the space may look empty except most of the visible galactic plane, the matters ejected from the poles of the massive rotating galactic center travel back to the galactic plane and recycle back to the center following the dipole gravity force lines that are coming out of both of the poles. They merge at the
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galactic plane and then pulled back into the center of the galaxy only to be ejected again back to the space from both of the poles. This is a beautiful and magnificent picture of the entire rotating galaxy beyond Newtonian gravity. The rotating sphere is made of two dipole gravity magnets attached in opposite direction where the both of the poles are gigantic portals of the antigravity force ejecting matters throughout the universe as predicted by dipole gravity. In the process of return, the matters do not have a chance to accumulate enough mass to start thermonuclear fusion reaction to radiate lights and become visible as the force line is transitory and does not provide the chance for the accumulation of the matter. And they can aptly and deservedly be called dark matter. The main reason that we have flat rotational velocity curve is because of the flux like nature of the ejected dark matters. The flux density times the surface area has to be constant and that is exactly what happens when there is a welldefined source of the matter at the center of the galaxy at the both poles of the jets from the dipole gravity potential. The physical range of the population of the dark matter cannot extend to infinite because the mass of the galactic center and its speed of rotation will be finite. On the other hand, due to the statistical energy distribution of the ejected matters from the black hole, the density of the dark matter population will stay the same only until the limit reached and then it will decrease with certain form of tapering function instead of the abrupt termination of the population density. This could be due to the natural kinetic-thermal energy distribution of the matters at the origin of the rotating black hole. This point has been discussed with the prominent NASA physicist at the UC California system a while ago in relation to the recently published paper dealing with this particular subject.
Identity of the Gravitational Dipole Moment
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Quest for the magnetic gravity effect, Dipole gravity The quest started by asking the simple question “why general relativity cannot explain the black hole jet phenomenon?” and noticing that there is indeed the second order dipole gravity in the linearized form of general relativity. In addition, 13 years later I had a chance to ask "what is so special about a rotating hemisphere?" and “how about the center of mass” when it was noticed that a rotating “hemisphere” shifts its center of mass while a rotating “sphere” doesn't. What was the cause of this anomaly? One could have tried to claim that special relativity was wrong, based on the argument that such a shift of the center of mass cannot happen in Newtonian mechanics. However, fortunately special relativity has developed on its own to prove it valid in the field of elementary particle physics. The invariance of physical quantity within the Lorentz transformation has become the corner stone of the modern day elementary particle physics. Physicists have verified the correctness of it without a shadow of doubt. One cannot write a theory of particle physics without first starting from the Lorentz invariance platform. Otherwise, the theory will not work. Therefore, it is already too late to discard the validity of special relativity just because of the anomalous phenomenon of the relativistic center of mass shift. Once we admit that the rigidity condition of a matter can exist in certain regime in consideration, there is nothing to prevent the existence of the gravitational dipole moment due to the relativistic shift of the center of mass.
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Superposed Dipole Gravity Potential inside the Rotating Sphere From the purely mathematical point of view this can be considered another way to calculate the physical quantify that was hidden and buried in the complexity of the mathematical integration. Physicists in the field could not accurately calculate the Lense-Thirring force beyond the close proximity to the center of the coordinate system due to the mathematical difficulty. Without the approximation very close to the center, there is no way the integral of the function can be accomplished by analytic means. The mathematical “trick” of dipole gravity was that by dividing the sphere into two opposite faced hemispheres, the calculation becomes a usual addition of the two units of the scalar field displaced by the distance of the radius of the sphere. In addition, this technique divulged the entire spectrum of the gravitational dipole field that was hidden under the premises of the non-existing gravitational dipole moment doctrine in general relativity. The rotating hemispherical object forms a unit of the gravitational magnet by itself. The rotating sphere happens to be a combination of the two opposite rotating hemispheres and naturally, it becomes a static quadrupole moment as it consists of the two superposed dipole gravitational moment in opposite direction. So, the earlier report made by Cohen and Sarill was correct. They have reported that the Lense-Thirring force was a manifestation of
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the quadrupole field effect in 1982 in their paper published in the journal Nature. The above diagram of dipole gravity inside the rotating spherical shell shows that there are indeed four distinctive poles of gravity. Two of them are the repulsive gravity centers within the boundaries of the radius of the rotating spherical mass. In retrospect, what Cohen and Sarill did not realize was that this quadrupole structure came from the two oppositely positioned dipole fields from the two rotating hemispheres. Once being recognized and approved by the scientific community, the laws of physical science take the position of high authority and it does not allow exceptions in the ongoing propagation of the scientific knowledge. On the other hand, once it is found that there is a legitimate exception to the laws of the nature, it no longer qualifies to be a valid scientific law. Moreover, if the new found exception is so obvious and irrefutable yet was hidden in plainly visible sight right in front of our eyes that means we are staring at the major scientific upheaval in our physical sciences. It could possibly contain the solutions to many of the unsolved mysteries of the universe as well. Using the fact that the potential function is a scalar quantity, we can add the potentials from the two opposite hemispheres to construct a full dipole potential for the sphere with the consideration of the fact that their individual centers of mass are located now R/2 from the center of the sphere toward the positive and negative directions of the z axis respectively. This slight separation (by the distance R) of the two centers of mass of the individual hemispheres within the sphere is the key to this solution because if the two centers of mass were exactly at the same location, this dipole effect would have been canceled out exactly.
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The above diagram is a graphic depiction of the quadrupole gravitational potential for a rotating sphere derived from the theory of dipole gravity. The four poles are aligned along the rotation axis of the rotating spherical shell. This indicates that the rotating sphere forms a static quadrupole gravitational moment, formed by two opposing dipoles, which is not the radiating kind. The total gravity potential (Newtonian plus dipole) corresponding to the diagram in an analytic form is expressed by,
Total Static Gravity Potential from the Rotating Spherical Mass Shell The two deep potential wells (front and back) indicate the existence of two attractive dipole gravity force centers and the repulsive ones (represented by the two tall towers). Particles coming into the attractive dipole potential well along the rotation axis suddenly feels the giant wall of the repulsive potential and they are repelled back to the outside of the ultra compact rotating star, forming two-way jet streams of the rotating black holes. One can notice that there is a saddle point in between the two repulsive pole towers.
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Saddle Gravity Potential from the Original Lense-Thirring Force A metal ball placed on top of the saddle point will roll down either one side or the other depending on the initial condition in a manner of harmonically increasing velocity. This is the same force as that Lense-Thirring found in 1918. They concluded that this force is the evidence of the proof of Mach's principle by general relativity because of its similar nature of behaving like centrifugal force (r^2 dependence). That was the reason Thirring called it "Induced Centrifugal Force" in his paper. Bass and Pirani suspected this interpretation since it can be made to disappear formally by reducing the mass density of the shell of the amount increased by the special relativistic effect. They argued that this should not if the force were truly the centrifugal force. While their argument was correct, their fatal mistake was in the fact that they regarded the dynamic mass increase as being the same as the permanent mass density increase. Later, Cohen speculated intuitively that this force must be due to the quadrupole effect (note the bulging effect of the sphere toward the side) which was a very close observation. Thirring also had the force in the axial direction, which is the harmonic oscillator as you can read off from the above graph. Now as we can see these forces are all due to dipole gravity effect, superposed inside a rotating spherical mass shell. As it turns out, Lense-Thirring force was a small local feature close to the center out of the large diverse features of dipole gravity
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ranging from zero to infinite distances and the full angular variation. The potential also shows the dips around the equatorial plane, meaning that there is none zero contribution of dipole gravity force around the equatorial plane of the rotating stars. It also indicates that satellites tend to align along the equatorial plane when the stellar object is in fast motion of rotation because of the angular dependency of dipole gravity. It will be interesting to see if this potential will be able to account for most of the dark matter problems or will there still be missing matter problem even after the inclusion in the numerical computation and the curve fitting study. In a recently published paper (2007), astronomers have observed jets from rotating neutron stars. Unless someone proves that neutron stars are also driven by the plasma and the magnetic field to emit strong jets, the original theory of Blandford is losing its ground very fast. In other words, the black hole and the generally assumed associated complex mechanism of the plasma and the magnetic field may not be the requirement for jets to form from the ultra compact rotating stellar objects. Any massive dense stellar object with high frequency of spin angular rotation is capable of generating jets on its axis according to the theory of dipole gravity. Note: The original dipole gravity diagram has been fixed to make the potential to match with the original Lense-Thirring force. It is noted that the repulsive nature of the radial component of the dipole gravity force in the diagram is not consistent with the dark matter problem. This issue is discussed in detail in the "Sign Error in Lens-Thirring Force?" page. Perhaps the phenomenon of the relativistic shift of the center of mass may not have much significance to a lot of students and professionals in physics and many people who have no specific
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interest in gravitational physics. However, as we know what physics is, it is a huge anomaly, especially when you realize that this finite shift of the center of mass does not happen when the full sphere is used as a model because of the cancellation from the two opposing hemispheres. As a result, this effect was hidden when the predominantly preferred model that is the spherical form of source was introduced and therefore looking for this particular effect from rotating “sphere” would not give the desired answer as it happened in the earlier days of general relativity. For people who were trained in Newtonian mechanics, there was no reason to use hemisphere as a unit mechanical system in the first place. Traditionally, a perfectly round sphere was the standard model object in gravitational physics and there was no particular reason to change this convention until it was discovered that the hemispherical or, in general, longitudinally asymmetric objects like hemisphere, cone and funnel have unusual mechanical property that deserves them to be treated separately as a unit of mechanical model in rotation.
Personal Turmoil and the Pride of the Family Not long after this discovery, I learned the sad story that my father passed away from the stomach cancer that he suffered quite a while. I went back to South Korea to attend his funeral. I would have explained to him everything I discovered to make him proud. As he was a mechanical engineer himself, he would have been greatly interested and proud of my discovery. He was my loving father. I learned later from his business associate in Japan who spoke English very well, that he always talked about me but not about any other siblings in the family. Always stern yet being generous to many unfortunate people around him, he was my favorite father. He once told me a story of his father (my grandfather) and his grand father. They both went to a bazaar in the town and while walking through the narrow passage among the merchants’ tables, my great-great
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grandfather happened to tip over the stacked up ceramic jars of a merchant at the bazaar and it broke many of the huge sized jars and the merchant was very unhappy. Realizing the situation, according to my father’s story, my grandfather paid the whole prices for the broken ceramic jars, doubled it, and offered many apologies to the merchant. My father said to me, that is the way of the long and deep tradition of Jeong’s family. What he meant was that it was the tradition of Jeong’s family as a member of the prominent high ruling class society since Koryo dynasty to put the public interest and justice before their own.
Back to Austin and Meeting Dr Donald Hinson After taking care of closing down of my father’s business since I did not have the necessary experiences to run it, I came back to the states and went back to Austin Texas where I graduated at the graduate school of the University of Texas. I worked for my former thesis adviser Dr. James Erskine as a research scientist for his experimental work that he had to finish up. I met a research associate Dr. Donald Hinson, who worked at the same laboratory. We got along very well and soon became friends and he helped me in his spare time to plot the dipole gravity potential diagram for the rotating spherical mass shell, which was a part of the diagram published in the paper at the Swedish Journal Physica Scripta in 1999.
Sign Error and the Oddity of the Original Lense-Thirring Force The Lense-Thirring force can easily be read off from the dipole gravity potential diagram in the above. It is only a very tiny region close from the center of the potential in the diagram. The saddle form of the potential at the center indicates that the radial potential is repulsive and the longitudinal force is harmonically attractive. Einstein interpreted the repulsive form
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of the radial potential as "induced centrifugal" force. The difference between the Lense-Thirring force and the dipole gravity potential is that the dipole potential diagram is showing the details of the second order gravity in the entire space surrounding the rotating spherical mass shell contrary to the Lense-Thirring force that is only showing the details close to the center. The complexity and the intricacy of the information in the dipole gravity potential surrounding the rotating sphere are astounding. At least everything seemed perfectly all right and the mystery of the origin of the Lense-Thirring force seemed to be completely solved. However, I was not ready to apply these results to explain the jets and the dark matter problems. I sincerely hoped that somebody else will pick up this result and expand it further to explain many mysteries of the universe after the publication of the theory in 1999. Instead, it was in 2006, 7 years after the publication of the paper on dipole gravity and the Lense-Thirring force at the journal Physica Scripta that I started to actually apply dipole gravity potential to explain the jets and the dark matter problem. Part of the reason was because around this time I was deeply involved with the mystery of the capacitor anomaly, which shows that the capacitor seems to have more energy stored than the actual energy required to charge the capacitor. Another reason that I actually started looking at the problem more closely was because of the widely publicized success of the MOND theory in explaining the dark matter problem at the time, since I knew instinctively that dipole gravity would explain the dark matter problem as well as the black hole jet phenomenon at the same time more naturally. In an attempt to make their calculated force to make any sense in relation to the observed cosmological phenomenon, I had a suspicion that Lense-Thirring may have fudged the sign of the force so that the force in the x-y plane to look like the centrifugal force as Einstein envisioned it to be. How many times we physicists just flip the sign from our calculation to make sense
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with the known physical facts? While contemplating the detailed mechanism of the black hole jets with the parameter of the dipole gravity, it suddenly dawned on me that the signs of the Lense-Thirring force were awfully out of touch of reality. If the radial force component in the x-y plane is repulsive, as it supposed to be if it is the centrifugal force, the longitudinal force has to be attractive. The jets are not ejected in this configuration. It is constantly pulled in instead. It took a while to realize this inconsistency even after the publication of the paper at the journal Physica Scripta. I remember adjusting the sign of the calculated result to make it fit to the result of LenseThirring’s without thinking much. On the other hand, if I had insisted on the reversed sign, the paper may not even have been accepted for publication at the journal after all. As I tried to apply dipole gravity to explain the dark matter problem as well the jets, I noticed gradually that the direction of the radial and the longitudinal force of the Lense-Thirring's did not seem to match very well with the observed data and it looked awfully awkward. The published dipole potential diagram has the repulsive radial gravitational force and the attractive incoming force at both of the poles like harmonic oscillator in accordance with the Lense-Thirring force. However, the main mystery of the spiral galaxy was in the fact that there seems to be more mass than predicted by Newtonian gravity in the universe. If that was the case, we need more attractive force in the radial direction than the repulsive one. Also at the poles, the attractive longitudinal force is not conducive to the jet phenomenon either. Now let us see what it would be like if we reverse the sign. The longitudinal axial force is now repulsive and the radial force is attractive. This seems much more natural than the opposite signed dipole gravity force. When I further examined the force in every direction, the mystery began to unravel by itself. The sharply rising flat rotational velocity curve near the center was due to the strong attractive dipole gravity force near the center of the galaxy. The jets are created by the
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strong repulsive gravity force at both of the poles. And the visible light is cause by the massive firework due to the collision of the incoming and the outgoing stream of the matter particles. Once the ejected matter reaches the region in space, where the Newtonian gravity repulsive becomes stronger than the dipole gravity potential, the Newtonian gravity will take over and this is the point where the matter particles start being pulled back in. So, these were the reasons that I had to come to the conclusion that the original sign of the Lense-Thirring force was reversed. It was only after trying to fit the mathematical result from dipole gravity with the actual accretion and the ejection mechanism of the jets that I realized that the signs of the force had a serious flaw. Once the direction of the horizontal force of the Lense-Thirring was set to be attractive, that is attractive and not repulsive toward the center, the entire spiral shape of the galaxies and the jets started to make sense. The ejected material through the jets would come back to the horizontal plane and attracted toward the center and eventually they will be recycled perhaps during the billions of years of time period. In effect, this picture of the galaxy explained the dark matter problem without any contradiction. What it was saying was that the space off the galactic plain is not entirely empty. It is filled with the materials ejected from the rotating super massive galactic center and these matters are floating the space until they reach the galactic plane and being recycled. While these matters are floating the out of the plane space, they do not have enough chance to form a planetary system due to the completely irregular orbit they are traveling and they become virtually invisible and they cannot be counted in the total mass of the universe from the observational astronomy. These are the dark matters and they still exert gravitational forces around the galactic object in the long range and register all the characteristics of the dark matter that has been one of the most compelling and baffling mysteries in astronomy.
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The published dipole gravity potential diagram at the journal Physica Scripta was made to confirm that the theory of dipole gravity produces the same sign as that of Lense-Thirring force at the small distance from the center. This sign mistake was not noticed until much later when I tried to explain the jet phenomenon more closely in detail with the black hole accretion and the dark matter problem. The jets and accretion should be two features coming from same physical law. The repulsive force at the horizontal radial direction cannot explain the clusters being pulled into the center of the galaxy in a spiral form. The attractive harmonic oscillator force at the poles cannot explain the ejection of the jets although it may suggest a possibility of the existence of linear trajectories at both of the polar axis north and south with the same length. In this picture, the matter particles have to go straight through the center along the z axis as if there is no massive gravitational center at z=0 which is not realistic. That was the point when I said to myself, let us reverse the sign and see what happens. Now the force at the polar axis becomes repulsive and the horizontal radial force becomes attractive, because all the signs should be reversed at the same time. Now the accretion and the jets phenomenon have become a natural and integral part of the dipole gravity force. Is it free to change signs in a mathematical theory of physics? Signs of certain mathematical terms cannot be fixed or changed. It should come with the correct sign from the beginning. However, when we are facing with a completely new physical phenomenon, people may have assigned wrong sign to mathematical terms they have calculated to make it fit their expectations. In this particular case, the expectation that this force should be centrifugal force by the originator of the theory of general relativity could have affected its outcome. I think the repulsive component of the radial force of Lense-Thirring force was “modified” or “fixed” to match their results with Einstein’s
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earlier expectation of the induced centrifugal force. They certainly would not have wanted to confront Einstein with their opposite signed second order radial force of general relativity. On the other hand, if the signs of Lense-Thirring force were correct(reversed) from the beginning, it would still have been useless for any physical application of it in the first place, because it would have been totally out of touch of reality for not even being the centrifugal force at the time. It could have made two prominent scientists’ hard endeavor to look useless. They had to attach some meaning to it with the one that was already known and expected at the time, i.e., the induced centrifugal force. This is how our science evolves in human society. The most important fact out of this confusion was that the theory of dipole gravity has produced the accurate sign correlations and the reasonable constant factor 2/15 to be able to recognize that they are indeed the correct reproduction of the Lense-Thirring force from the two totally different approaches. It was the crucial mathematical confirmation proving that the theory of dipole gravity was indeed the missed part of general relativity. The oddity of assigning the radial force as centrifugal force became apparent from the fact that after identifying the radial horizontal force of Lense-Thirring’s as the centrifugal force, there remained the attractive longitudinal component of the force that has no physical interpretation available at the time. It did not seem to belong anywhere. Since these two forces came out as a package, the centrifugal force interpretation of the Lense-Thirring's radial force cannot be a complete answer. In fact, the centrifugal force comes naturally from the continuous angular acceleration of the rotating object constrained to the center of the rotation by physical attachment like hanging on a string, which is basically a byproduct of Newtonian mechanics.
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It is essentially due to the momentum conservation law in Newtonian mechanics. If one asks why the momentum is conserved, then we may have to find the answer from the tachyonic neutrinos in the background of the universe. Einstein believed this is caused by the matter particles distributed in the universe acting by the long reaching gravitational force law, which was known as Mach's principle. This is how LenseThirring force has remained an oddity in general relativity. The text book “Gravitation” doesn’t even have a chapter for LenseThirring force.
Detailed Examination of Dipole Gravity vs MOND The main reason I started examining the cosmological problems in light of dipole gravity in detail late in 2006 was that I was heavily involved in the experimentation and testing of the electromagnetic over unity energy devices demonstrated by Tesla and others in the early 1920s and 30s based on the surprising discovery of the capacitor anomaly in 1998. I was convinced that dipole gravity will be able to solve the jets and the dark matter problem but the detailed mathematical analysis and the comparison with the experimental data has not been made until 2006. I sincerely hoped that someone will pick up the theory published in the journal Physica Scripta on dipole gravity that has proved that the gravitational dipole moment was the cause of the Lense-Thirring force, and apply it to the well known cosmological problems. At the time around 2006, there was extensive publicity of MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics) in relation to the dark matter problem. I was interested in the theory of MOND and decided to learn how the theory explains the dark matter problem. I contacted Professor McGogh at the University of Maryland astronomy department, as he seemed to be the most active researcher in the field, to understand the physical nature of the dark matter problem and to see how the theory of dipole
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gravity may be applied to solve the mystery in comparison to MOND. The theory of MOND was very popular and was considered as one of the major candidates to solve the problem of the dark matter at the time. However, the detailed investigation of the theory convinced me that MOND could not be the ultimate solution for the dark matter problem. Its scope was limited solely to explain the flat rotational velocity curves and not much anything else. The beauty of a fundamental physical theory is that it provides us with the solution to the problems that are already known to exist widely but also provides the solutions to the problems that we haven’t realized they even existed. Even though the new theory may break the old principle and paradigm, it would do so only for the valid reason. After in depth investigation and extensive discussions with Professor McGogh from email correspondences, I published the following article in the blog dipole gravity. It would be unethical to criticize a theory without looking into the details of it. I believed I learned enough of it and I was compelled to write the following article in my web blog on dipole gravity.
Why Mondian Cosmology is wrong It is not in what the theory explains, it is rather in the fundamental assumptions the theory is based on. MOND demands the Newtonian dynamics to be modified in the largescale universe. However, Newtonian mechanics has been proven correct in the large macroscopic scale of the solar system. There is no compelling reason it should not work and need to be modified in the large-scale universe since it has never been proven wrong in any other branches of physics, except for the case of anomalous center of mass shift that creates dipole gravity. Moreover, the assumption does not seem to shed any new lights on any other major cosmological problems. Furthermore, the problem is not only in their assumption, but also in the missed understanding of the additional long-range
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gravity force that has been eluding the physics community for a long time. Typically known as the tidal gravity force is a conceptually misunderstood force that has never been mathematically formalized but thought to exist if the equivalence principle is assumed correct on which general relativity is fundamentally based. The fact that Lense-Thirring force could be derived from dipole gravity force indicated that Lense-Thirring, tidal gravity, the magnet like gravity forces are fundamentally the many different manifestations of the same dipole gravity force resulting from the rotation of a longitudinal axially asymmetric object like a cone or a hemisphere due to the component wise accumulation of the acceleration induced gravity force. A theory starting with an unjustified assumption and with the missed long-range gravity force cannot be correct even if it may explain the anomalous galactic rotation curves. The more serious problem with the theory may be on what it does not explain. The jets from the black hole accretion discs and the planet Saturn mystery seem to have nothing to do with MOND. Of course, one can always argue that MOND was not meant to explain the jets nor the planet Saturn mystery but obviously, that is a self-defeating argument because other theory may not even have meant to explain anything other than finding its own place in general relativity. I am talking about the natural beauty of dipole gravity in its details to explain most of the major galactic phenomena when it was not intended to explain them from its basic mathematical structures. Ironically, dipole gravity will be the single most powerful proof that Einstein’s theory of general relativity is the
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correct theory of gravitational phenomenon in honor of his legacy. Now we will discuss the known puzzles in the universe in detail one after the other using the newfound mathematical tool of dipole gravity.
Flat Rotational Velocity Curves The fundamental mystery in the dark matter problem is in the flat rotation curve as the distance becomes large from the galactic center.
Flat Rotational Velocity Curve {Courtesy from Dr. Greg Bothun} Within the framework of the usual dark matter halo hypothesis, if we assume the density of the halo is constant, it will not generate the logarithmic potential, which is necessary to address the flat rotation curve. If one wants to make up an arbitrary density function to make it fit the rotation curve, one has to explain how the distribution has come about that way. However, if the dark matter halo is made of the continuous
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cycling flux of the matter ejected by the jets from the center, as predicted by the theory of dipole gravity, the volume density of the dark matter halo will not be constant, instead the flux density will be a constant, because it has the definite source located at the center of the rotating galaxy. The effective gravity potential produced by the dark matter halo can be written by
in general form, where ρ(r) represents the density function of the dark matter halo. Since the source of the dark matter halo is coming directly from the jets from the rotating galactic center, the total mass of the matter particles populated within the volume defined by 4 π r^2 times the unit length of r will be the same until the density of the halo diminishes to zero. So, the effective gravity potential within the applicable regime becomes
where M is the sum of the total mass within the volume element 4 π r^2 times the unit length of r. The logarithmic gravitational potential is the typical signature for the flat rotational velocity curve. The strong dipole gravity force dominates the gravitational force within the relatively short distance from the center of the rotating galactic source
as derived previously, which explains the sharply increasing slope in the rotational velocity curve near the galactic center.
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On the Invisibility of the Dark Matter and Its Origin One can see from the general dipole gravity force lines around the rotating spherical mass that the latitude angular dependent force of dipole gravity actually can force the matter around the rotating galaxy to move toward the equatorial plane. This means that the matters ejected through the poles by the jet mechanism especially the ones that drift away from the straight line of the rotation axis can actually come back to the equatorial plane to recycle the whole process again. Those matters that are on the way of coming back toward the equatorial plane will not be visible because of the lack of the force that can make them stay in the same location for long enough period of time for thermo nuclear fusion reaction, and also because of the significant reduction of the collision cross section between the incoming and outgoing particles off the course from the axis of rotation. So there is a strong possibility that the dark matters are not only populated around the equatorial plane but also around the whole space surrounding the rotating galactic center like a halo (dark matter halo). They are there but cannot be visible. There is an issue of the visibility of the dark matters when they are made of gases and dusts. However, in the jet mechanism, because of its sudden expansion of the volume when they are ejected from the port of the poles, there is a strong chance that the matters will be cooled down quickly and condensed into much bigger size than gases or dusts. The force lines in the magnet like gravity effect of dipole gravity makes it a lot clearer on how the matters will behave around the fast rotating ultra compact stellar objects. Due to the point source nature of the active galactic nuclei compared to the sheer size of the volume of the galaxy itself, matters ejected from the ports form a distribution function in such a way that the outgoing flux density is constant, which is the main cause of the flat rotational velocity curves observed in the spiral galaxies. Of course, this density distribution function is valid only up to the point where
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the finite boundary of the dark matter halo ends. Naturally, it is expected that the distribution function will be a sharply decreasing function than the typical 1/r as it comes close to the galactic boundary.
Greg Bothun’s Insight "However, it's important to realize that the "dark matter" problem exists only in the context of one known long range force (gravity). Suppose there is another long-range force that we are ignorant of. If this is discovered by future physicists, then they will look back at this "dark matter" cosmology much the same way we now view the early "geocentric" cosmologies," writes Dr. Greg Bothun of the University of Oregon in his web page on dark matter. In my opinion, this is the most profound insight by someone who perceives clearly where the crucial problem lies with the full spectrum of the knowledge on the observational astronomy. What people have forgotten in the pursuit of the answers for the dark matter problem was where this problem has originally started. It was from the observation that the spiral galaxy's rotational velocity curve does not follow the ones that Newtonian gravity has predicted. More specifically, the velocity curve becomes flat as if there is a lot more mass than what has been observed. The distribution of the unseen matter was in such a way that the flux of the matter is constant as if the origin of the source of the matter flux was located at the center. Strictly speaking, it was not the problem of the cosmos itself. Instead, it was the problem of our lack of the understanding of the universe. When we do not understand some of the workings of the universe, we name it as a problem as if it was somebody else's.
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However, I think it is unjustified why people believe all of the matter in the universe should be visible in the first place. For a simple example, meteorites, comets, satellites are invisible. If someone decided to calculate the density of the comets and meteorites by observing the frequency of their appearance, and their general distribution, considering the vast size of the space, since those space debris seems never exhaust their presence, in the long history of time, one may be able to calculate some approximate transient density of those asteroids in our own galaxy. Because in essence, we tend to ignore the presence of those space debris as accidental or ephemeral that is not worthy of consideration. It is possible that this space debris exists in the space as never ending transients of the space residents themselves that we cannot fundamentally remove them out of the consideration, because our calculation ignores the presence of any or all of this unseen debris and their possible contribution to the mass of the universe. The frequency of their appearance and the magnitude of their mass may be averaged over a long period of time and the corresponding size of the space they occupy for given period. Even if they may seem as insignificant individually, the vast size of the volume of the universe can make their presence significant. In fact, this may turn out to be not small at all. The bright part of the galaxy is certainly the region where a lot of mass is populated. However, the presence of light only means that those mass are in constant motion and colliding with each other or in a state of thermonuclear fusion. On the other hand, when the flow of those massive particles are in orderly manner, there will be no light visible from their presence. The jets are the source of the dark matter flux within the context of the interpretation by dipole gravity.
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Whoever has gone through reading up to this chapter with the theoretical flow of the dipole gravity with general relativity in mind will have no problem understanding that dipole gravity is the fundamental solution to the dark matter problems. It is not even a phenomenological theory. It came out of general relativity as the second order term in the linearized solution. Obviously, this astounding fact has not very well been conveyed to the general public. The public is still in the darkness of what is going on in the field of the dark matter problems. This is why there are science writers who write fundamental physical principles to the public with easily understandable terms. Since no science writers have picked it up now, I am trying to explain it to the general public as simply as possible. On the way to make such an attempt, we need to keep in mind that the true power of a physical theory is not in its ability to fit a limited group of experimental data within its perimeter. The real power of a successful physical theory is in its ability to explain the physical phenomenon that it was not even expected to explain. In fact, if general relativity had been clearly interpreted with the non trivial dipole gravitational moment earlier, we may not even be struggling with the dark matter problem in the first place. Greg Bothun's insight was right after all. We missed the additional long range dipole gravity force that was staring at us right in front of our nose in the form of the linearized theory in general relativity. It becomes apparent that the real beauty and the gem of general relativity is dipole gravity than anything else. What an irony to realize this!!!! For the record, deriving Newtonian gravity from general relativity cannot be a big accomplishment, because, otherwise, there would be no need to consider general relativity as a viable theory of gravity in the first place. The quadrupole radiation was too weak to detect even with the most
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sophisticated LIGO instrument due to the dominating local and global noise problems. The unexpected success of dipole gravity in the explanation of many of the contemporary cosmological problems will be recorded as the proof of the monumental success of general relativity itself. Of course, this will also be the most serious fundamental obstacle whoever wants to discredit dipole gravity as well. The simplicity of the solution is so mind boggling with dipole gravity that most of the astronomers who have learned the solution of dipole gravity by private communication have lost their words. I have hard time trying to make them to talk to me. If I kept trying to make them to respond to me, I would be charged for badgering. So, I made a joke to one of the authors of the most influential book who I respect most that I may have to torture them to make them to talk, with a good laugh. In any case, I do not want to bother the poor souls who must be pounding their heads onto their own desk for missing such a (seemingly) easy solution. But listen, even if you know you would lose the battle, don't you think you have to come out and fight when a serious challenge was thrown up in front of you? I am talking about the open, free and candid scientific discussions over and over again until we reach some kind of a consensus and make some realistic progress in science. Since I first look up the book Gravitation on the part of the dipole gravitational moment in the weak field limit in 1982, this curious problem never left my subconscious mind until I found the answer in 1995. The argument of removing the shift of the center of mass by moving the center of the coordinate system sounded too frivolous, too fast tongue in cheek. It cannot be that simple, I thought, not knowing exactly why. The prevailing impression of my inner thought at the time was that "if general relativity, as the leading theory of gravity, is to explain any number of additional gravitational mysteries of the universe, the dipole term should be the answer because of its strength
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next to Newtonian gravity", "if this term really doesn't have any physical meaning, it could possibly mean the failure of general relativity itself". Anyone who learned the series expansion of a mathematical function knows that the magnitude of the value of the function decreases rapidly as the order increases. Therefore, this general relativistic second order term can have a tremendous potential importance. On the other hand, how mindlessly this term was thrown away? I probably should not say it was a mindless decision. It could have been a gut wrenching decision because it seemed there was no other alternative to make it physically meaningful to the experts studying general relativity including Einstein himself. I had a chance to speak over the phone with Dr John Archibald Wheeler when I was in Austin in 1997, the first direct disciple of Einstein and the leader of the school of general relativity in Princeton. He was such a humble and gentle soul. I sent him a copy of the manuscript of the paper “Relativistic Center of Mass Shift; Gravitational Dipole moment”. But I never had a chance to speak with him regarding the content of the paper. Shifting the origin of the coordinate to the center of mass of the object is not a physical process. It has no physical meaning and therefore it cannot be used as a valid argument against the presence of dipole gravity because the coordinate system has already been set its origin at the center of mass of the source. These thought processes were behind the fundamental basis of the deep puzzle. My friend, a physics professor at Yon Sei University, asked me one day, how I made the connection between the relativistic center of mass shift from the rotating hemisphere and the general relativistic gravitational dipole moment. I told him I had this puzzle in my memory for the last 13 years. I believe in
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the mechanism of the human subconscious mind. It works day and night until you find the solution. But you have to have a deep sense of puzzle and curiosity and the desire to solve it with your deepest sense of existence. It only looks simple when somebody serves you with the finally finished product on a silver plate. The process of fierce fighting against the unseen forces of the anonymous referees that try to block this solution from the public view was not pleasant at all. And if it was so simple and easy as some of the professionals in the field may scorn inside of their mind, why this solution had to wait for the last 90 years since the birth of general relativity? This event must have been predetermined long time ago. The odd for this solution to become my cup of tea is beyond imagination. Without the correct implementation of dipole gravity in the formation of the galaxy and the universe, any conjecture about of the origin of the universe will be premature. I'm talking about the big bang theory of the universe. The physical time travel idea is not in fruition either. It may take another 100 years for us to achieve such a feat, if ever, and I would be glad to be wrong. The book Gravitation and the similar ones of others are a good number of eggs without the yolk. Now imagine how many literatures related to this subject would have to be permanently trashed and/or rewritten and on what excuses? We simply have missed this one big long-range force in the universe, which is the dipole gravity force. In this respect the genius of Einstein will not be diminished by any means, he is still the great inventor of general relativity. They may say that the reason I could see it first was that I was not inside the forests and the jungles of the indices within the general relativistic mathematical formulation. I was only focused on what I need to see and comprehend based on the
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general mathematical rules. It was natural for me to ask what the next meaningful mathematical term next to Newtonian gravity was in the linearized theory of general relativity. They could have anticipated that the second term of general relativity must have physical meaning and Newtonian mechanical principle may have to be broken at the same time. But the general consensus was like because the first term which is the Newtonian gravity and its mechanical principle is absolute, there cannot be any further physically meaningful second term. However, somehow the third term in the linearized theory of general relativity kept its legitimacy and has become the intense object of experimental search as seen in LIGO, LISA projects. Prior to this development there was an issue of rigidity of rotating object that has been a subject of extensive investigation in general relativity theory. The basic argument was that there could not be rigid body within the context of relativity theory. Could this argument have prevented the natural discovery of dipole gravity from general relativity for unnecessarily long time? I think it is entirely possible. When the free exchange of the vital information is willfully blocked or suppressed, there is always a group of people who loses either their time or money or both. This is especially true in the financial stock market situation. That is the reason why there is a law prohibiting insider trading in the financial stock market. On the other hand, the insiders in the scientific community can block the vital information and try to perpetuate their false influence over the entire field of scientific community indefinitely without giving the justice of fair information sharing with the rest of the scientific world. I believe this activity is as criminal as the insider trading in the financial stock market. The inherent nature of this type of
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activity or inactivity in the particular branch of society is called deception by omission. When the people in the field of general relativity blocked the idea of dipole gravity from publication, they had no concern or sympathy for the people who are spending enormous amount of time and energy to understand the cosmological problems like the dark matters, jets and anomalous red shift etc. The scientific fields are all interconnected and no one fully understands how one field of science can be applied to all other fields in such way that they can be mutually benefited. The merit of a theory or an idea is always on its own logical and mathematical consistency. The more general a theory is, the wider the related field of science that will be critically influenced by it. In this respect, the magnitude of the arrogance of the people in this field at the present time is staggering. Now, some people may want to ask me why I did not come forward on this particular issue of the sign error in LenseThirring force earlier. I am already being accused of using the internet blog, popularizing the fundamental physics without using the proper channel of the refereed journals by some group of people. However, most of the ideas in these chapters could not have been originated without the paper published at the journal Physica Scripta. In fact, most of the themes in this chapter can be deduced from the paper “Non Newtonian force experience by dipole gravitational moment at the center of the two mass pole model universe” without a gigantic leap of faith. If anyone had picked this idea up early, all of these themes and ideas could have been found easily and registered as his/her own credit. The major reason for the answer to the question is that I had other scientific field of interest that had me occupied for the last seven years which I consider was as important as the idea of dipole gravity, perhaps more as they will be explained in the later chapters.
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In fact, the idea that the signs of the Lense-Thirring force were reversed was the hardest to catch. It was the most painful discovery as well if you ask me. The centrifugal force interpretation of a part of the Lense-Thirring force was endorsed by Einstein in the early stages of the development of general relativity. So who am I to challenge his interpretation? However, without finding the reversed signs of the LenseThirring force, the dark matter problem would have still been out of touch within the scope of general relativity. In this process, I contacted Dr. McGough of MOND proponent early and proposed that the dark matter problems may be solved if we employ dipole gravity. He was skeptical. When I examined the theory in 2006, which I published 7 years earlier carefully, the extended radial component of the Lense-Thirring force will exert the repulsive gravity force beyond the radius of the star in consideration. However, the spiral galaxy needs additional attractive radial gravity and not the repulsive one to make the sharply rising rotational velocity curve near the center of the galaxy. Also the repulsive force at the poles of the rotating black hole would be much more natural for the jet phenomenon than the other way around. In fact, the first paper “Anomalous Center of Mass Shift: Gravitational Dipole Moment” published in the LANL archive had the attractive force on the flat side of the hemisphere and the repulsive force at the dome (pole), since the object was predicted to accelerate toward the flat side of the hemisphere. But that paper was written independently without the consideration of either Lense-Thirring force or general relativity. It was purely from the consideration based on Newtonian mechanics and special relativity.
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The well-defined jets observed in the universe are actually the ones that have a very well coordinated spin axis without precession. In general, the spin axis of the core of the galaxies does not have to be precession (wobble) free. So, instead of the well defined jets, the majority of the rotating core of the galaxies can have invisible jets that spewing the debris all around the poles without having the well defined visible incoming trajectories. So, it can be looked like it has no jets because there will be no incoming matters that will cause the collision with the outgoing stream of particles thereby creating the long line of visible lights on both directions.
Mechanism of the Jet Phenomenon Black Hole Jet Engine The intricate structure of the jet engine can be studied from the three dimensional picture in association with the Z directional dipole gravity potential at the center of the star. The latitude angular dependent and attractive quadrupole gravity (two oppositely superposed dipole gravity) force has the effect of collecting the dark matters scattered around the rotating star toward the equatorial plane. This same force squeezes the matters and feeds them into the central location of the black hole engine because that is where all the quadrupole gravity force lines are merging into. Please note that if the signs of Lense-Thirring force (that is out going force from the center) had not been correct, this compressing force would not have been possible. Now the Z directional potential indicates that the matters accumulated at the center of the engine are pushed away from the dead center toward the direction of the both sides of the poles as the central Z directional potential below indicates the down hill slope toward the center of the each of the hemispheres.
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Longitudinal Component of Dipole Gravity Field from the Rotating Spherical Source Close to the Radius R As the more and more matters accumulate on these shallow potential dips with the extremely hot temperature because of the enormous pressure due to the continuous feeding mechanism of the radial dipole gravity force, some of those hot matters will be pushed over to the edge of the hills toward the potential dip on both sides of the poles. As both sides of the potential dips are filled up with the matter particles of tremendous pressure, the energy of these matter particles will reach the peak of the strong repulsive potential on both the south and the north poles. Once the kinetic energy of the matters reaches the top of the potential peaks, they will cross over the repulsive potential peak and down the hill and they will be pushed out of the poles like rolling down the steepest downhill that has ever existed in nature. The rapid expansion of the volume will make them cool down very quickly while still under the enormous repulsive force from the poles of the black hole until the monopole Newtonian gravity takes over and starts to bring them back especially the ones went straight line following the axis. In this process, some of those coming back will collide with the ones still coming out of the poles later to generate the enormous firework of visible radiation. Since the repulsive potential peaks are a little bit inside the boundary of the radius R, viewed from the diagram, the rotating spherical source will have a deep tunnel of passage for the outgoing matter particles at both of the poles, the depth of
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which could be close to 1/4th of the radius of the rotating source. This phenomenon may also be used to explain the seemingly large hollow holes on both sides of the poles of Saturn. The matter particles that went off the lines of the axis will be pulled back by both the monopole and the dipole gravity force toward the horizontal plain and also toward the center to recycle the whole process again. These matters on transit in the entire space of galaxy for the recycling constitute the dark matter halo around the surrounding space of the active galactic nuclei. The reason they are not visible is that they are in constant motion following the magnet like dipole gravity force lines. The lobes at the end of the jets can be explained as due to the stationary state of those particles because it gives them enough time for condensation and gravitation as well as the nucleosynthesis. At the end of each of the jets, the ejected particles are in a complete balance between the repulsive gravity force of the dipole and the attractive monopole gravity force and they will virtually stop their motion. It must be noted that the two mechanisms that make the cosmic matter visible from the hundreds of millions of light years away are either by the massive collisions among themselves or by the mutual gravitation and the subsequent nucleosynthesis. If those matters are constantly traveling and spreading out in space, there will be no way they can be visible. It must also be noted that this intricate black hole jet engine mechanism does not require any other assumptions than the dipole gravity effect from the rotating black hole itself. The jet mechanism starts from the first principle of the dipole gravity force. The extremely hot temperature and the corresponding high pressure of the hot matters inside the galactic center are not the enough conditions to allow them to be ejected from the black hole. Without the strong repulsive gravitational force from dipole gravity, light itself will be trapped and there will be
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no chance for the high-pressured hot matter to escape the event horizon. So, it is puzzling how anyone can explain the jet phenomenon without invoking the repulsive gravity effect without contradicting him/herself. Because once the event horizon is defined as the line that cannot be crossed even by the light, there is no escaping for any matter with any pressure or temperature regardless of whether they are in plasma state or under intense magnetic field. There simply will be no probability for matters to escape from it according to the definition of the event horizon. The horizontal force lines at the center of the two superposed dipole gravitational moment are incoming (attractive) and that of the both poles are outgoing (repulsive). At the center of these two dipole gravity magnets facing the same type of poles (attractive) in the middle, the force lines along the equatorial plane will form array of horizontal incoming force lines with the strong velocity dependent force causing the massive spiraling motion as observed in the spiraling motion close to the center of the galaxies. This analysis confirms that the extension of this force lines at the center between the two dipole gravity cannot be outgoing, proving that the following expression of Lense-Thirring force has the wrong sign (remember the centrifugal force is radially outgoing force).
Original Lense-Thirring Force
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The fundamental physical reason for this is that the continuity of the force lines either in magnetism or in gravity does not allow the change of its direction on its path 180 degree. Therefore, the radial component of Lense-Thirring force has to be attractive harmonic force toward the center in the equatorial plane in total contradiction to the original claim and also the force along the rotation axis must behave like repulsive avalanche force as shown in the above potential diagram along the Z axis (notice the potential near the center (Z=0) of the diagram) instead of the attractive harmonic force shown in the above expression and in the previous saddle diagram. This brings us to the clear conclusion that Lense-Thirring force has nothing to do with the centrifugal force. The radial component of the Lense-Thirring force was a simple manifestation of the attractive radial dipole gravity force near the center of the rotating spherical shell. Now, let us reverse and switch the signs of the Lense-Thirring force and see how the theory will work. In the original paper published by Lense-Thirring, the sign of the radial component of the force in the direction perpendicular to the rotation axis was repulsive and harmonic which has been considered as the general relativistic confirmation of the centrifugal force and the Mach's principle. In the paper published in 1999, I also used the result of Lense-Thirring to confirm that my calculation of the superposed dipole gravity force inside a rotating sphere matches with the previously published results of Lense-Thirring. However, after a careful investigation of the dipole gravity potential and comparing it with the observed cosmological data, it has been found out that there are sign errors in the dipole gravity paper originally published in 1999. In the Lense-Thirring's case, obviously, it was their desire to prove that general relativity conforms to Mach's principle as
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well as the wishes of Einstein or vice versa. In case of dipole gravity, it was my desire to make sure this result conforms to Lense-Thirring's in the presentation of the diagram in the hope that the manuscript will be taken seriously for publication. However, this sign assignment did have serious flaws. The major reason for this was in the direction of the radial component of the dipole gravity force in the equatorial plane. If the lines of the force resemble that of two opposing bar magnets within the sphere, the radial force line will be outgoing (repulsive) around the equatorial plane just like the way LenseThirring force behaves near the center of the sphere. And it should be that way if anyone wants to claim it is the evidence of the centrifugal force. The problem with this interpretation was in the fact that the direction of the outgoing radial force in the equatorial plane is not consistent with the accretion phenomenon or the dark matter problem. Also at the poles, the direction of the dipole gravity force is incoming which makes it hard to explain the jets considering that the Newtonian gravity force line is also incoming. So, the jet phenomena can be explained consistent way if the Z directional potential is like the below than it's upside down form where the entire sign is reversed.
Sign Corrected “Lense-Thirring” Force Derived from Dipole Gravity The potential at the center is exactly the parabolic z component of the Lense-Thirring force where if one put a metal ball at the
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center it will roll down the hill on either side of the parabolic curve. The avalanche potential that is responsible for the jets is still further outside from the center. We can see now that the Lense-Thirring force was only a tiny fraction of the entire dipole gravity potential spectrum for the entire space around the source. In the above shape of the potential along the Z axis, where the both poles represent the center of the repulsive gravity force, any density overflow from the central pocket region toward the poles will be automatically ejected along the rotating axis of the source. And the longer range Newtonian gravity will bring them back to form the two-way jet streams. The two-way jet stream means that there will be continuous collision of these particles along the rotation axis of the black hole on both the north and south poles. The only problem with this reversion was that the original Lense-Thirring force had to have its sign reversed and the original signs are not compatible with the astronomical observations. While the direction of the dipole gravity force can be mathematically obscure, when it was presented in a form of the equation of motion, because the direction of the center of mass shift can be defined either way depending on the convention, it has to be consistent with the observed physical data. Also, to solve the dark matter problem, we need an additional long range radial gravity force in the equatorial plane that is not repulsive but attractive. If this is the case, that is crucial evidence that the original Lense-Thirring force has its sign reversed. The original sign assignment must have been made by Lense-Thirring so that it matches with Einstein’s original interpretation that it has to be the centrifugal force. The derivation of the radial force in the equatorial plane presented in here has the correct sign, because it was derived directly from the sign corrected original potential.
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As such, it is corrected at this point that the dipole gravity force in the rotating hemisphere is attractive on the flat side and repulsive on the domed side, instead of the other way around. It makes the jet phenomena explained in a much more natural and elegant way and so is the dark matter problem. It is interesting to note that the way the dipole gravity moves itself in space defies common sense of the aerodynamics because the flat side becomes the front and the domed side becomes the tail instead of the other way around. It proves that the space propulsion physics has nothing to do with the aerodynamic propulsion. Then there is nothing of common sense about the cosmology anyways. It purely follows the mathematics. The alternative method of detecting dipole gravity force by experiment mentioned in the following page will prove on this point by showing the direction of its actual movement in space. Now, it seems that the overall consistency on the sign issue of the Lense-Thirring force has been resolved. Let us blame it on Mach. It was all his fault. Of course, I am trying to be humorous here if anyone has noticed it. It's Lense-Thirring's fault and my fault as well when I modified the dipole potential diagram to fit the result of LenseThirring's as shown in my paper published in 1999 at the journal Physica Scripta, and then how about the obsession of Einstein's onto the centrifugal force interpretation of the radial component of the Lense-Thirring force, and then how about those who didn't check it out all the way through? Let us try to be happy at least we found the error and corrected it. Trying to blame this type of error on someone particular would not produce anything constructive. As scientists and scholars, we move on with the truth of the nature and teach our future generations with the correct scientific discipline. We learned the important lesson that no humans are free from making errors.
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Radial Dipole Gravity Force in the Equatorial Plane of Rotation The radial component of dipole gravity force from the rotating spherical mass in the equatorial plane per unit mass boils down to
in the range r>>R, where M is the mass and R the radius of the rotating spherical center and delta rc the relativistic center of mass shift for the corresponding hemisphere. Because of the latitude angular effect, the force has 1/r^4 dependency instead of 1/r^3 as one may expect from the dipole gravity force. Simple addition of this force to the Newtonian gravity itself may not be enough to explain the velocity curve, however, it must be noted that the matter distribution in the equatorial plane near and around the center will no longer be like a simple Keplerian orbital distribution. It is expected that there will be a lot more of matter distribution in the long stretch of the equatorial plane starting from the center as shown in the following diagram as the rotational speed gets stronger.
The shape of galaxies in the order of increasing rotational frequencies
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Those intermediary matters cannot form independent stars because of the excessive gravity forces that prevent them from forming a stable, condensed stellar object. Dark matters could be just normal matters (baryonic) that cannot be visible because they could not be condensed hard and large enough to start the usual stellar thermonuclear fusion process. As soon as the effect from this fast decreasing 1/r^4 dependent force dies down, in addition to the subsequent reduction of the intermediary matters, the velocity curve shows substantially different path than would be expected from the simple Newtonian gravity. Two Dipole Gravity Potential Placed in the Opposite Direction Inside a Rotating Sphere
Long Range Static Dipole Gravity Potential Although it should be obvious up to this point of the discussion regarding dipole gravity, I would like to present the succinct mathematical form of the static portion of the extended gravity
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potential for the rotating hemispherical (in general, longitudinal axially asymmetric) object.
The first term is the Newtonian gravity and the second term is dipole gravity where the information regarding the rotational frequency and the geometrical shape of the object are included in the parameter "delta r" which is the relativistic dynamic shift of the center of mass. The direction of the shift vector of the center of mass is toward the direction where it will move away from the stationary state in the strong field regime. The potential is written as if there is a point mass at r=0 and the dipole gravitational moment M delta rc. Note that the traditional interpretation of general relativity did not allow us to include this information regarding the rotational frequency of the source. This was the reason they could not use general relativity to explain any of the rotating cosmological bodies. As a result, most of the problems related to the fast rotating cosmological objects including the spiral galaxy were out of touch of general relativity. This was also the reason we have MOND, gravitomagnetism, concordance model and other phenomenological theories to explain them. The above gravitational potential is from the isolated single rotating hemisphere. To obtain the correct dipole gravity potential from a rotating full sphere, we have to add another set of dipole gravity potential from the hemisphere with 180 degree flipped orientation to the one above. Since the potential function is a scalar quantity, we can add as many units of dipoles as far as their coordinates are adjusted with respect to the one single coordinate system. If two dipoles overlapped in the exact opposite configuration, at the identical center of mass location, the dipole effect cancels out. However, since the centers of mass of the two
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hemispherical dipoles in a single sphere are separated by the distance r (radius of the sphere in the rest state). The full gravitational potential including dipole gravity for a rotating spherical shell becomes,
As can be seen above, the dipole gravity does not cancel in the rotating sphere since the two second-order terms in the potential do not share the exact same mathematical expression. This dipole gravity potential can be strongly effective when the source has gigantic mass and in a high frequency of rotation. We can now see that the poles of the fast rotating spherical condensed objects can be strong repulsive gravity (anti-gravity) centers. This second order gravity effect can be used for the explanation of the phenomenon of the hollow poles and the rings of the Saturn, as well as the observed jets from the fast rotating neutron stars and the black holes. This effect can also cause the stationary communication satellites to oscillate back and forth from the equatorial plane of the Earth, which has been observed, and by now a well-known fact due to the GPS misalignment problem. The equatorial plane of the fast rotating cosmological body is a shallow potential dip of the latitude angular dependent dipole gravity force, which causes the debris and the satellites to oscillate back and forth centering on this potential dip. As the debris loses kinetic energy due to collision and other frictional effect, they will permanently settle down at the equatorial plane to form layers of rings when the rotational speed of the source
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does not increase enough to create the accretion phenomenon as in the case of the spiraling galactic center. The following is a detailed illustration of the dipole gravity potential in respect to the formation of the Saturn's ring
Saturn’s ring and the effect of rotation on the surrounding planetary objects There is nothing in Newtonian gravity nor in the known Einstein’s general relativity dictating that a fast rotating heavy planet like Saturn should have such a well defined perfectly flat thin layer of rings around it. Newtonian mechanics will say most likely that the debris around the planet should be spherically uniformly distributed instead. The known general relativity does not have anything to offer other than quadrupole radiation, which cannot be the cause of the ring formation around the Saturn. The alternative theory of gravity called gravitomagnetism, which is the modified theory of Maxwell's equation, does not offer a solution to this phenomenon either. The well-defined ring formation seems to be more likely a result of a very well defined additional long-range gravity force. So what are we missing in the fundamental understanding of the gravity? Why this question could not be answered? What an arrogance of our scientists to contemplate the origin of the universe without even understanding such a basic and fundamental gravitational anomaly? What if the mechanism that creates the ring like formation around the fast rotating objects is a universal physical phenomenon? How this universal gravitational phenomenon will affect the formulation of the theory of the origin/beginning of the universe? It is reminded that the current theory of big bang does not include the dipole gravity force even though it is certainly the additional longrange gravity force that will affect the early formation in the theory of the origin of the universe. That only means that without understanding the true origin of such a remarkable
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celestial phenomenon, any attempts to understand the origin of the universe would be a premature adventure that will have to be completely overhauled in the end. In fact, few researchers (Cohen and Sarill) have questioned the origin of the force and what it could possibly mean. They came up with the answer in their papers that the Lense-Thirring force could be a manifestation of the quadrupole gravitational field effect. There simply was no reference to trace the meaning of this mysterious longitudinal force at the center of the rotating spherical shell. The importance of it was in the fact, as found out later, that if it had been known to be a part of the dipole gravity force, like the magnetic flux line, the dipole gravitational force line would be continuous and far-reaching and it would form a closed loop. So this problem remained as unsolved mystery for a long time. The fact that Einstein identified one of these forces (radial horizontal force) as the manifestation of the centrifugal force didn’t help solving the problem at all. The way this mystery was unraveled may be one of the most excruciatingly painful scientific drama in the history of science. It began by a gedanken experiment of the rotating hemisphere for whatever reason that inspired me for that experiment. You may call it divine inspiration, pure luck, synchronicity, serendipity, omnipotent intervention, totally random coincidence etc. No matter how it may have started, it matters very little. What matters is that it started the understanding of the mystery of the universe by a simple gedanken model experiment. While rotating hemisphere would mean almost nothing to most of the scientists, I happened to ask the question of “what would happen to the center of mass of the rotating hemisphere if the special relativistic mass increase effect was incorporated to it?” Due to the longitudinal asymmetry of the object and the varying instant velocity of the mass element at each moment of rotation depending on their distance from the
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center, the center of mass does not stay at the same position. It moves toward the flat side of the hemisphere. If one has a solid background of the Newtonian mechanics, he will realize that this shift of the center of mass should not happen. The center of mass of an object is the point where the entire mass is considered to be concentrated for the extended sized solid object viewed from the rest of the universe. It is the equivalent physical location where the entire object is considered to be located at as a point mass for the purpose of calculating the object's Newtonian mechanical trajectory. In other words, the object practically has moved to the new location without the external force applied to it in the direction of the shift of the center of mass just by spin rotating the extended object. This is a huge violation of the Newtonian mechanics. The force required to rotate the rotor and make it spin is not even in the same direction as the shift of the center of mass has occurred. I have just found a large group of mechanical systems that blatantly violates the Newtonian mechanical principle. When it is found that there is an exception to the known law of the nature, it can no longer be qualified as the absolute law. When this mechanical system was investigated in light of general relativity in detail, it becomes obvious that this is the one true source of the gravitational dipole moment. As I mentioned earlier, I looked up the book “Gravitation” for this particular question in 1982 at the physics library of the University of Michigan Ann Arbor to understand the origin of the jets from the black hole accretion discs from the general relativistic point of view. I was deeply puzzled by the absence and the abandonment of the dipole term in the linearized theory of general relativity. With this particular system of object and the solid energy dependent shift of the center of mass, contrary to the coordinate
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adjustable shift of the center of mass, which does not depend on energy, I found everything to reclaim the abandoned real physical gravitational dipole moment. However, the story was not over yet. As soon as I was able to derive the Lense-Thirring force using the two oppositely superposed rotating hemispherical mass shell, it became obvious that the Lense-Thirring force was a tiny manifestation of the dipole gravity field near the center of the rotating spherical shell. After getting the graphic diagram of this force from my colleague, I was able to publish the article in the Swedish journal Physica Scripta. It was only to show that the Lense-Thirring force can be calculated from the rotating hemispherical mass shell and as such to identify that the origin of the Lense-Thirring force was in fact due to dipole gravity. This was a serious blow to Einstein’s earlier interpretation that the radial force of the Lense-Thirring was the centrifugal force. The interesting aspect of this force was that it has the farreaching longitudinal force along the rotation axis that suggests a strong possibility that it could be the true gravitational source for the Jet phenomenon except that the direction of the force was inward from both of the poles. I did not consider the accuracy of the signs of the LenseThirring forces in detail since the mathematical expression seemed exact match with the Lense-Thirring force. Assuming that Lense-Thirring have done the correct calculation and had the approval from Einstein for their result, the signs should be correct. So the radial force was outward and the longitudinal force was incoming like a harmonic oscillator. It looked like accurate match in the beginning with the well-known result of Lense and Thirring. The journal Physica Scripta accepted the paper for publication and no one seems to be complaining about the results anyway. The signs were a mistake though as I found out later. On the
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other hand, I doubt if the paper could have been published in the Swedish journal in the first place if I had insisted that the signs of the Lense-Thirring force were reversed and needs to be corrected in addition to other new findings. It was only much later from in depth investigation when the detailed mechanisms of accretion and the jet were examined that the signs of the Lense-Thirring force seemed to be awfully awkward. The incoming longitudinal force in the Z direction cannot create jets since there will be no collision of the matter against each other because the Newtonian gravity is also incoming direction, although the linear trajectory of the matter may be expected along the axis of rotation. The linear trajectory is essentially harmonic oscillator passed over the massive gravitational center, however, it is unlikely that the particles will be able to bypass the blockage of the center of the gravity as if there is nothing and then keep going back and forth. On top of that, since the original Einstein’s interpretation of the outgoing centrifugal force was no longer valid by this revelation, the alternative interpretation of the force was absolutely necessary and possible. The original paper “Center of Mass Shift, Gravitational Dipole Moment” also indicated that the dipole object will be accelerated toward the flat side of the hemisphere in accordance with the physical interpretation that there will be repulsive gravity flux coming out of the domed side of the poles. Once the signs of the forces of all of the radial and longitudinal components are reversed, everything started to make perfect sense. The horizontal radial force along the galactic plane was in fact should be attractive instead of being repulsive. Therefore, this is the force that attracts the matter into the fast rotating spiraling galactic center making the swirling motion and getting pulled into the horizontal plane of the center of the galaxy. Now once the accretion induced matter particles are accumulated around the core at the center of the galaxy, the repulsive
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longitudinal force takes over and ejects the material as far as possible with the strong repulsive gravity. In the process of calculation, it becomes obvious that the attractive radial force and the force lines from the poles all the way around to the horizontal plane make a shallow potential dip in the horizontal plane where the latitude gravitational force is minimum which helps the matters to form stable residence along the horizontal plane. So what happens is that the ejected matters from the poles can either come back to the pole center in straight line as the attractive Newtonian gravity takes over or come around the entire space and back to the horizontal plane to be recycled again. The return of the matter particle starts when the kinetic energy of the outgoing particles that was obtained from the dominant repulsive force of dipole gravity becomes equal to the Newtonian gravity potential. Also, the horizontal plane of the fast rotating stellar object becomes the lowest latitude dipole gravity potential region where matter particles tend to park there as long as they can. This is the cause of the rings formed around the planet Saturn. Instead of being uniformly populated around the entire space of the Saturn, the fast rotating motion of the planet creates the latitudinal low dipole gravity region as a form of a disc in the horizontal rotation plane. When the gyroscope mounted on the GPB took the polar earth orbit, there will be a flip over of the dipole gravity force every time the gyroscope passes the horizontal equatorial plane and this will create the number 8 shape of Lissajous curve, which has been observed by the GPB experiment. The dipole gravity force explained the cause of the rings around the horizontal plane of Saturn as well as the anomaly of the GPB data. Physicists are very adamant about the prediction of the precise number that matches with the measured data to approve a theory to be a correct one. At this point we have broadly general topological consistency of the prediction from dipole gravity.
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Since the accepted alternative gravity theory gravito-electromagnetism (GEM) did not predict the potential dimple on the horizontal equatorial plane of the earth, the observed Lissajous curve from the GPB data would have been a complete surprise that disproved the validity of the theory of gravito-electromagnetism out of hand. The comparison of the measured number predicted by the theory of GEM and the GPB data does not even matter in this case. No matter what number of data they may come up with, the figure number 0 is not the same as the figure number 8 in the Lissajous curve.
On the question of the rigidity of a rotating object in relativity theory Initially there was an argument against the presence of rigid body in the early days of relativity theory first proposed by von Laue, in 1911, von Laue [1] presented an argument of a general nature against the existence of a rigid body in relativity theory. 1 von Laue, M., ““Relativitaetstheorie fourth edition, (1921), Vol. 1, pp. 203E204. However, the nature can have hidden miracle that humans may not aware of. So however unnatural the concept of the rigid body in the universe within the relativity theory may look like, it will be ludicrous to limit our adventure into the realm of the future physics just because of such a theoretical restriction. The reason for this type of debate is because if we assume that there is a rigid rod of 100,000 km long, just turning one revolution per second of this rod from one end will make the other end to travel twice the speed of light. The mass of the rod will make it break somewhere in the middle before the outer end reaches the speed of light because the relativistic mass will become infinite as the end of the rod reaches the speed of light. However, it must be noted that this is only an extreme example case. There can be many cases that the
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source withstands the extreme condition and still exhibits the fundamental characteristics of dipole gravity. As long as the material object can hold together without changing the shape or suffering serious deformation, there can be substantial range of physical domain that dipole gravity effect can manifest itself. The strength of the material depends on the atomic or molecular bonding of the substance itself. If the material happened to have the density of a black hole, the hypothetical deformation would be negligible. So there is nothing wrong to assume that there could be an ideal rigid body in the universe because the entire physical mechanism happens in relative condition. For a very slow rotation, a steel bar would be an ideal rigid body. On the other hand, for a relativistic speed of rotation, the rigidity of a black hole will be required to guarantee the ideal rigidity. So for any given rotational frequency and the length of the object, one can always find an ideal material that can have the enough strength to hold the object together. So in a way, it is also possible that the non existence argument of the rigid body in the early days of general relativity may have inhibited the progress of the understanding of general relativity in the long run. Let us see what is involved with dipole gravity in all of the known cosmic mysteries.
Negative Mass and Dipole Gravity One of the typical objections to the existence of dipole gravity has been the simple argument that "there is no negative mass in gravitation, so there cannot be dipole gravity”. But gravity is not electromagnetism. It seems that people have already forgotten about that fact. The analogy breaks down fast because there is no apparent magnetic counter part of gravitational phenomena in gravity like in the theory of electricity and magnetism. This was puzzling and the researchers in the field
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continued to bring the analogy of gravity with the theory of electricity and magnetism until they came up with the theory of gravitomagnetism, which is a modified theory of Maxwell’s equation to understand the gravitational current effect in circular acceleration. Strange yet perfectly understandable, the early quest from the Princeton Wheeler group in gravitation was to look for this particular magnetic counter part of the gravitation. There are evidences that people considered seriously a rotating doughnut shaped object to create gravitomagnetic effect because this configuration resembles the flow of the mass current in the circular motion as the magnetic effect is created by the electrical current in electromagnetism. No attempts produced any meaningful results of confirmation for gravitomagnetism. However, it is surprising to note that the formal mathematical expression for the actual dipole gravitational moment in the weak field limit of the linearized theory is rather simple. The mathematical expression for the gravitational dipole moment simply asks for a displacement of the center of mass of the object in consideration without saying exactly what kind. Unfortunately, all that has been known about the finite displacement of an object in physics up to then was either by coordinate translation or by giving it a simple momentum and make it stop. Both processes are physically meaningless because they can be transformed away, in field theoretical term, i.e., the phase angle is constant. Moreover, having a displacement of the center of mass of an object without any external force in the direction of the displacement is an unthinkable proposition in Newtonian mechanics because object simply will not move or jump from one position to another without a proper cause.
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The concept of the relativistic mass increase effect has been known since the theory of special relativity was published, but the relativistic shift of the center of mass due to this effect has not become an issue until the system of the rotating hemisphere was found to be very peculiar. It is clear from a moment of thought experiment using a rotating hemispherical object that it does shift the dynamic center of mass without the proper cause known in Newtonian mechanics, which could have caused alarm in the early days of special relativity but it did not. A theory in physics is like computer software in modern term, which means the mathematical symbols in the equation mean nothing unless we humans attach the correct meaning to it. As is well known in the software science, if one puts in "garbage" data, the software will provide us with "garbage" output information. The mathematical equation in physics is very cold and impersonal in that sense. It ignores our stupidity and laughs at us from behind. It waits patiently until the meaning that it deserves granted to it before starting to talk. So it is very prudent to assume that every artifacts of mathematical quantity arise from the well developed theoretical physical equations have definite significance to it although the physical meaning may not be attachable at the moment. Who would have thought the negative resistance in the theory of electronics could actually have any physical meaning? Who would have thought the imaginary mass in the relativistic quadratic mass-energy equation could actually have any physical meaning as well? Surprisingly though they do have actual meaning that has definite counter part in reality. We will discuss these examples in the following chapters. Negative resistances do have counterpart in reality in the electronic circuit theory and so does the imaginary mass in relativity theory.
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Quasars from the Perspective of Dipole Gravity In general, the angular orientation of the remote galaxies concerning their accretion plane and the jets can be very diverse. In other words, there is no known mechanism to dictate the orientation of the other galaxies in the universe relative to ours. Since it has been observed that a rotating neutron star can produce jets, it is clear by now that the conventional wisdom of the plasma and the magnetic field powered jets concept cannot be applied to all of the cases of the cosmological jet phenomena. After all, it might as well be that the plasma and magnetic field powered jet concept was not correct at all from the beginning for any galaxies because the nature does not work on double principles that are totally incompatible to each other. Now, we can safely assume from the perspective of dipole gravity that the quasars are a phenomenon of the result of the particular viewing angle of the ordinary remote galaxies from our observational point. When the viewing angle is within 45 degrees from the direction of the axis of the jets, the accumulated intensity of the electromagnetic energy radiation resulting from the massive collisions of the matters along the passage of the incoming and the outgoing matters can be intensely magnified. In addition, even when the viewing angle is less than 30 degrees, for example, the jet would still be visible as if it is going 90degree angle from the plane of the accretion disc, which is a perceptual aberration rather than reality. We can also expect, in such cases, that the opposite directional jets will be very faint if not totally missing from the view. The main peculiarity of the quasars noticed by the early astronomers was their extraordinary property of the light, which is unusually strong in their intensity, and the wide range
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of the electromagnetic spectrum compared to the light coming off ordinary star system. In retrospect, I think this anomaly was closely related to the mechanism of creating the wide ranged electromagnetic energy spectrum, which cannot be explained without considering the kinematic nature of the production of the jets by the mechanism of dipole gravity on exactly how the massive matter-to-matter collisions can happen along the axis of the jets. If, at the core of the source of the light, there is a strong gravitational center comparable to the black hole or its equivalent, the significant amount of gravitational red shift of the light spectrum cannot be entirely ruled out. This also means that those strongly red shifted light sources do not necessarily be moving away fast from our own galaxy (Doppler Effect).
The Polhode Motion of GP-B Gyro, 2 x 1 Lissajous Curve, GPB data Anomaly was not from Electrostatic Patch Effect Despite the initial announcement of the Dr. Everitt’s group regarding the polhode motion of the GPB gyros to be an electrostatic patch effect, there are many unsettling questions on the plausibility of such an interpretation. Just for the moment, let us assume that GP-B data was correct and there was no electrostatic patch effect or magnetic flux disturbances that might have caused such an elaborate gyroscopic motion. If we assume this is the case, the interpretation of the polhode motion becomes rather simple. Note that the observed polhode motion is the same as the figure of the number eight. The GP-B gyro experiences the reversal in the direction of the second order (dipole) gravity force, which is oriented along the direction of the latitude angle during the motion of the
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spacecraft from the North Pole to the South Pole. As shown extensively in this article, the half of the rotating sphere constitutes a gravitational magnet and therefore, the rotating sphere forms two gravitational magnets superposed in the opposite direction. Since the axis of the gyro points to the remote star, the magnitude of the force causing the precession changes along the 1/4th revolution of the craft like in a sine wave and then the force changes its direction after the craft crosses over the equator for the next 1/4th revolution up to the south pole.
Polhode Motion of GPB Gyroscope Therefore, there is a 2 to 1 ratio of the period of the force influencing the precession of the gyro, i.e., the direction of the force on the gyro changes along the latitude angle (from zero to 180 degree) while the force along the direction of the motion of the surface of the earth does not change in the azimuthal direction in half of the revolution of the space craft around the path from the north to the south pole, in which case, the GPB gyro's precession has to be a 2 x 1 Lissajous Curve
2 x 1 Lissajous Curve
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In general, the Lissajous curve is not closed when the ratio of axb is not an integer multiple. The observed 2x1 closed Lissajous signature is unique and it is hard to imagine that this type of precession can be caused by random electrostatic patch effect. This analysis is rather qualitative; however, given the fact that the details of the raw data of the GPB experiment have not been released, it will be one of the interesting preliminary interpretations of the GPB results. On the other hand, the frame dragging force, which is perpendicular to the motion of the spacecraft, does not change its direction during the half cycle of the spacecraft's journey. If there was no dipole gravity effect, but only the frame dragging effect, the precession of the gyro would have been circular (effectively 1x1 Lissajous Curve). Assuming that there was no significant systematic error, like the claimed yet unproven electrostatic patch effect, the 2x1 Lissajous curve was a direct proof of the effect of dipole gravity detected by GPB experiment. Now, after this analysis, going back to the initial electrostatic patch effect hypothesis, what will be the probability that the random electrostatic patch could precisely emulate the dipole gravity effect for all four gyros used in the experiment? This will have to be an astronomical coincidence. It will be equivalent to saying that the faces in the mount Rushmore were a result of a natural weather phenomenon. Besides, due to the enormous repulsive force among themselves, electrostatic charges rarely clump together in a constrained region on the smooth conducting surface of an object. On the other hand, the separation of the charges positive in half of the sphere and negative in other half of the sphere would be even more difficult to create. A few volts of the charges to suspend the sphere inside the housing would not be enough to do the job in such a magnitude to influence the gyro as observed in the GP-B experiment. If the surface of the object were spiky, charges may be able to cling together onto the tips of the spikes, which was
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not the case because the quartz gyros used in the GP-B experiment were coated with superconducting material. If the observed huge polhode motion of the gyro was a systematic error caused by the electrostatic patch effect, they are admitting that their experiment was a total failure from the beginning. There can be no proof of anything from their experiment. The signal to noise ratio is simply too large. If they believe this effect was really caused by the electrostatic patch effect, it should have been predicted and corrected before the launch of the spacecraft or they simply do not know what kind of mess they are in, when they announced that the polhode motion of the gyro was caused by the electrostatic patch effect, after spending 700 million dollars of tax payer's money in the project. They should have announced instead, "there was an unknown effect that is much larger than expected". In summary, so far up to this qualitative data point, it looks like the GPB mission was not a failure. It looks like it was a triumphant success for dipole gravity only if they had used the correct theory to compare their data with. The failure was rather in the old school's mistake of adopting gravitomagnetism as the viable theory for the magnet like gravity effect stemming from general relativity. It must be noted that gravitomagnetism has nothing to do with general relativity. The Gravity Probe B experiment was conducted supposedly to detect the frame dragging effect "predicted" by general relativity aka by "gravitomagnetism". However, if we look at the theory of gravitomagnetism carefully, we can realize that it is "not" in fact general relativity. It is a theory derived from the modified Maxwell's equation to make it look like gravitational effect. I could not believe that the official web page of Gravity
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Probe B in NASA openly announced that they are testing general relativity.
The History and Truth of Gravito-Magnetism It has long been speculated and conjectured that there must be magnetic counter part in gravity, like in the theory of electricity and magnetism. One of these lines of pursuit was the conventionally known as "gravitomagnetism", which is entirely different from the one presented here as dipole gravity. The traditional gravitomagnetism starts from the modification of Maxwell's equation to accommodate the known facts in gravity. For example, there is only one known charge(mass) and the force between them is attractive. This resulted in the equation,
Gravito-Magnetism where E represents the regular gravity, B the gravitomagnetic field and G the gravitational constant. The entire concept is based on the assumption that the constantly moving charge (mass) creates a gravitomagnetic field around its path like in the case of the moving electric charges. However, this formulation didn't result in any new understanding of the gravitational phenomena. A rotating toroidal ring is its basic model to create a gravitomagnetic effect. However, a rotating metallic ring did not produce any new physical effect. It did not succeed in deriving the Lense-Thirring force at the center of the rotating sphere. And it was not useful in solving the emerging mysteries
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of the universe. In retrospect, one can see that this conventional gravitomagnetism was heavily relied on Maxwell's equation than general relativistic gravity effect itself. It is a modified Maxwell's equation with the single charges and the attractive force among themselves. According to the concept of the equivalence principle, an accelerating frame is indistinguishable from the gravitational field itself. However, constantly moving electrons can create magnetic field around their path, which means that the modified Maxwell's equation will predict a gravitomagnetic effect from a constantly moving mass, which is in direct disagreement with the equivalence principle. We can only see it more clearly in the light of dipole gravity, how and why it went wrong. The first and crucial problem was that they tried to find the answer from the outside of general relativity, which has been the most successful theory of gravity that has started from the equivalence principle. Moreover, beyond the fact that the both forces are long-range forces, there is little that is common between the two forces. According to the theory of dipole gravity, accelerating mass in rotating frame is not the sufficient condition to create a true magnet like gravity effect. A rotating infinite cylinder does not create Lense-Thirring force, which has also been reported by Bass and Pirani earlier. This fact itself already should have put a major suspicion on the centrifugal force interpretation of the Lense-Thirring force. The only way to create a net long-range dipole gravity field is by the rotation of a longitudinal axially asymmetric object like a cone, hemisphere, funnel and etc. Only in those cases, the rotational degree of freedom of motion is translated into a finite length element of the dynamically shifted center of mass, which forms the basis of the gravitational dipole moment.
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Let us be reminded what is the purpose of testing the atomic fine structure constant in such an accuracy? The physical science is after all about the accuracy and the precision. Whether it is in the matter of the fine structure constant or in the theoretical conceptual details in general relativity, we strive to be accurate. The dipole gravity effect that came out of the dynamic shift of the center of mass from the rotating rigid body may look like an inconsequential, tiny, drop in a bucket effect as it truly looks like one. But this dipole term is the strongest gravity effect next to Newtonian in general relativity. It cannot be dismissed by any means. On top of that, that's what science is all about, finding the minute details to reach the greatest accuracy. They spent close to a billion dollars to investigate the rotational gravity effect with GP-B. Yet they are comparing their data with the modified Maxwell's equation not with the genuine general relativity. It is like comparing an apple with an orange. They simply cannot match. And the NASA announced that the GP-B experiment was a flop. One may try to argue that, after all, general relativity might not have been correct at all. The so far known solution of general relativity has been wrong on the part of the gravitational dipole moment by dismissing it without due consideration. However, that is a very different issue compared to the question of if general relativity was correct for the entire gravitational phenomenon. General relativity is such a gigantic yet simple framework of the theory of gravity that there is not much to go wrong except the detailed solutions that humans may miss in the learning process of the theory. After all, Einstein himself missed it. He did not realize dipole gravity could be a meaningful solution of general relativity that he invented.
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Someone asked me a while ago "Are you greater than Einstein? to say Einstein missed the solution of dipole gravity that you found in his own theory?” I am a very modest and reclusive person. However, if my discovery of dipole gravity can make me greater than Einstein, so be it. It is not my duty to assess my own achievement. It is up to the people in the coming generations in the field of science to decide. The questions like that should not be used to block our way to advance our physical knowledge forward for the future of humanity. However, by considering the magnitude of the data measured from the GRB experiment, if they knew the strength of the dipole gravity was so large, as predicted by dipole gravity, the level of the precision they achieved in their equipment for the GPB experiment would not have been necessary. Even the GPS satellite could have been enough to test the dipole gravity effect. The well-known effect of the oscillation of the GPS satellites along the equatorial plane above the ground in the satellite orbit was already a direct proof of dipole gravity. However, the general relativity community has already concluded that the magnet equivalent dipole gravity does not exist in general relativity long time ago. The mathematical term corresponding to dipole gravity exists but it was concluded that the term has no physical meaning. This conclusion is written in the textbooks of gravity including that of John Wheeler, Kip Thorne and Charles Misner. Then what is this theory called "Gravito-Magnetism"? It has the DNA of the Maxwell's equation but it is not exactly the same as the Electromagnetism. In the early days of the development of general relativity, the gravitational physicists desperately needed to find the magnet like gravity from somewhere, but they could not find it inside the general relativity because they have already dismissed the mathematical term that was known as the "gravitational dipole moment". Therefore, they created one by picking a piece from here and another piece there by
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modifying the Maxwell's equation and made up the theory called gravitomagnetism. The assumption that the magnetic gravity will be topologically identical to the electromagnetism expressed by Maxwell's equation was a pure conjecture that was not tested at all. Even in the approximation, there was no guarantee that it will be the true depiction of the physical reality. It was obviously not a pure legitimate child of general relativity from the beginning. It was born out of Maxwell's equation and then adopted by general relativity community and since then it went by as a child of general relativity without being contested. This was the birth history of the theory of gravito-electromagnetism. I can understand that they did not know how the center of mass of an object could be shifted without any external force contrary to the prediction of Newtonian mechanics. However, they know now. I showed it in my two papers listed in my scientific document list. It does not take an hour to show how the shift of the center of mass happens in the framework of relativity theory with 100 percent certainty, with the precise mathematical form for the model object. The irony is that they do not seem to care of this revelation. Somehow, it does not seem to matter to them. "We know now we have been wrong but who are you to tell us we all have been wrong?" was a kind of their attitude. What kind of arrogance is that? Are you saying that the truth in science does not matter? What is the purpose of measuring the atomic fine structure constant in such accuracy in the first place? The physical science is after all about accuracy and precision, isn't it? Whether it is in the matter of the fine structure constant or in the theoretical conceptual details of gravity, we scientists strive to be accurate. The dipole gravity effect that comes out of the dynamic shift of the center of mass from the rotating rigid body may look like a
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tiny, drop in a bucket effect as it truly looks like one. However, still that dipole term is the strongest gravity effect next to Newtonian in general relativity. There is no other term that is qualified to become the magnet like gravity in general relativity. As such it cannot be ignored by any means. On top of that, that is what science is all about, finding the details to reach the greatest accuracy? We spent close to a billion dollars to investigate the rotational gravity effect with GP-B. Yet they are comparing their data with the modified Maxwell's equation not with the genuine general relativity. It is like comparing an apple with an orange. They simply cannot match. And the NASA announced that the GP-B experiment was a flop. If your experimental result doesn't produce the predicted effect, isn't it time to investigate if the theory was correct in the first place at the same time investigating if there was any error in your experiment? Both activities should go hand in hand. There is no reason for anyone to pretend he/she is the absolute authority on all knowledge in physics just because he/she has developed a certain theory that turned out to be correct. The reason is that the very authority could be as wrong as any other researchers could in their particular subject in physics. If my theoretical inductions turned out to be wrong in the future, I urge anyone not to hesitate to make a point and correct it. After all, I am as fallible as anyone is in the scientific community. I do not allow my mistake(s) preventing the future generations from making a gigantic step forward. These are the reasons that the GP-B experiment data is crucial to test the reality of dipole gravity as well as general relativity itself. That is why it is so important. If I were one of them who have conducted the GP-B experiment, I would try to reproduce the so called "electrostatic patch effect" from the earth bound laboratory test to prove their own conjecture regarding the source of the error. If they cannot reproduce the same error, the
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patch effect conjecture cannot be right. Moreover, this will give their experimental data much more credence. However, if they had known earlier that the effect of dipole gravity was so large as shown in the polhode motion of the gyros, the level of the precision they achieved with their equipment would not have been necessary. Even GPS satellites could have been enough to test the dipole gravity effect. The oscillation of the GPS satellites along the equatorial plane of the rotating earth above the ground has been well known and it is already a direct proof of dipole gravity. What baffled the GP-B experimental team initially was that they detected the unexpectedly large signal that they never expected to observe. Basically, they detected the new force that is topologically and quantitatively different from the one predicted by the theory of the gravito-magnetism which was a direct proof that gravity has no resemblance to the electromagnetism, defying the widely spread conjecture that the rotational gravity will follow the Maxwellian paradigm. When they announced that their result matched with the theory of gravito-magnetism within 10 percent or so was after the subtraction of this huge signal, which they regarded as error, from their data. This of course is a total nonsense. The systematic error cannot be larger than the signal, which was the reason in the first place, that NASA announced the GP-B experiment was a flop. For a net dipole gravity effect to manifest itself not only the rotation but also the longitudinal asymmetry of the rotating body is necessary, the fact of which could not be deduced from the analogy with the Maxwell's equation. In other words, the conventional gravito-magnetism was an unfortunate attempt of the theoretical experiment that did not turn out to be correct.
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The fundamental premises of the conventional theory of gravito-magnetism was that like in the case of the Maxwell's equation where the movement of the charge creates the magnetic field, the motion of the mass will create the magnet like gravity, regardless of the geometrical shape of the rotating body, which was the totally failed assumption. General relativity had its own way of creating the magnet like gravity.
In Search of Gravitomagnetism by NASA The following is a quote from the NASA's web site on "In Search of Gravitomagnetism". "Gravitomagnetism is produced by stars and planets when they spin." It's similar in form to the magnetic field produced by a spinning ball of charge," explains physicist Clifford Will of Washington University (St. Louis). Replace charge with mass, and magnetism becomes gravitomagnetism. We don't feel gravitomagnetism as we go about our everyday lives on Earth, but according to Einstein's theory of General Relativity it's real. When a planet (or a star or a black hole ... or anything massive) spins it pulls space and time around with it, an action known as "frame dragging." The fabric of space-time twists like a vortex. Einstein tells us that all gravitational forces correspond to a bending of space-time; the "twist" is gravitomagnetism." It is not very hard to see that the above statements are faulty scientific conjectures in light of the theory of dipole gravity. General relativity states that acceleration is indistinguishable from gravitational force. However, it does not say modified Maxwell's equation will represent the gravitational phenomenon all together. This NASA web site was still active even after I talked to Dr. Clifford Will by sending a copy of the
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paper published in the journal Physica Scripta, proving that dipole gravity is the cause of the Lense-Thirring force. The obvious problem with the spinning charged ball analogy with gravity is in the fact that it doesn't answer the question on what determines the north and south pole of the magnetic gravity. Does that mean the north of the earth will have gravity that is more attractive while the south will have a little bit less gravity? Does the clockwise and/or anticlockwise rotation make any difference? If so, has it been proven by experiment or has any of such effect manifested in nature in some other part of the universe? The answer, of course, is NO. The gravitomagnetism (modified Maxwell's equation) is not general relativity. In fact, it has very little to do with general relativity. I was listening to Francis Everitt of Stanford University lecturing on Gravity Probe B and amazed to see how fuzzy idea he has on the theoretical model that his experiment is based on. One time, he mentioned "spin two of gravity" in the calculation of the effect of gravitomagnetism. Gravity does have spin two according the model of gravity from the theoretical high-energy physics. However, what does that have anything to do with the effect of gravitomagnetism that is the modified Maxwell's equation? I tried to inform him by email that the theory gravitomagnetism he was trying to prove by experiment is not general relativity but dipole gravity is. His experimental data will never prove gravitomagnetism but it will prove dipole gravity instead. It seems that he never wondered in his entire life if the theory he was trying to test was the genuine theory of general relativity or far from it. Well, he probably did not have to wonder because the theorists who developed "gravito
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magnetism" by the "unanimous" consensus "guaranteed" that it is the real genuine general relativity or close to it. Obviously, the field of gravitational physics now is in total disarray. I tried very hard to convince Dr. Everitt by email that he doesn't have to try to prove he has failed in his experiment using the wrong theory. Because if he had used the correct theory of the second order gravity derived directly from general relativity, his experiment would have been a monumental success. I believe his experiment has already proved dipole gravity and he didn't have to manufacture the excuses of the electrostatic patch effect for the anomaly he detected. What it needs in this field of science is that the authorities in the field of general relativity has to come forward and admit they made a serious mistake in the field by discarding dipole gravity and tell the world we should study dipole gravity in all of its applications for many of the known cosmological problems. I have informed Dr. Kip Thorne of Cal-tech of the discovery of dipole gravity long time ago as early as in 1995. Since he was the first to be contacted when I found the anomaly of the rotating hemispherical object and perhaps from many inquiries he may have received from the readers of my internet articles. Moreover, obviously he had nothing to recommend to Francis Everitt of his experiment knowing that he is struggling with the experimental data that he obtained at the expense close to a billion dollars supported by the US taxpayers. I think this is outrageous travesty. Some people in the field are too embarrassed to admit this scientific fact and/or, too scared of the repercussions they may face by admitting it. But the truth is something that it is always better for everybody to face it earlier than later. We are not living in the old world of Galileo; we are living in a far more advanced society than that. For average people outside
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of the science, we get benefit by knowing the truth and knowing that the scientific world is doing the right thing and this will eventually save people's resources from being wasted on many of the unnecessary physics adventures. I wonder if LIGO and LISA will ever detect the quadrupole gravity wave in any time soon. The more realistic and practical side of the question would be “what do we gain by proving the existence of the quadrupole gravitational radiation by spending billions of dollars?” “What kind of scientific advancement would it provide?” First off, its detection would not produce any result that may challenge the existing paradigm of science although it may provide one more test that proves general relativity is a correct theory of the universe. Secondly, I seriously doubt if there will be any tangible industrial applications or benefits of the result since the system involves astronomically massive objects to produce the quadrupole gravitational radiation effect. In science fiction story, one could easily argue that we can have a very different communication technology using quadrupole gravitational radiation. However, in terms of the available energy scale, this will be hardly practical. Would it be a waste of money, time and energy? I would not necessarily call it that way as there were no other alternatives to prove the validity of general relativity up to then. But now when the new test of general relativity is proposed and available, a part of the effort of LIGO/LISA can be used to test the predictions of dipole gravity because it will cost much less and the impact of the result can be significant in all aspect of our civilization. Or just spending part of the resources to
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reanalyze the GP-B data in light of the newly discovered theory of dipole gravity would be very beneficial. Mond theory, Dark Matter Problem and the Neutron Star Jets How many researchers in the field of general relativity do not realize that there is something fundamentally missing in the currently known theory of general relativity even after the publication of dipole gravity in the journal Physica Scripta in 1999? It must be noted that there has been no known general relativistic solution for rotating gravitational mass. There was not much difference in the scope of handling the gravitational phenomenon between the Newtonian gravity and the known general relativity. Instead, there have been numerous patch works to explain the particular cosmological phenomenon. One of these patch theories is the currently known explanation of the plasma induced jets phenomenon from the rotating black holes. Strangely, though, no one expects it to explain neither the dark matter problem nor the jets from the neutron stars. If the wellknown gravito-magnetism, via the modified Maxwell's equation, was a correct theory of gravity it should be able to explain the dark matter problem and also the jet from the neutron stars or may be the phenomenon of the Saturn ring, but how strange is it that no one demands or expects it. Looking back, I did not have a clue how the modified Maxwell's equation entered inside the domain of general relativity, which is topologically incompatible to each other in the first place. Science progresses by searching for answers to the problems even though the correct answer may not be available at the immediate moment. I think that is how the human society is making progresses. We try many different possibilities and sometimes we go off the track and then come back to the original spot where we started from and find answers and so on and so forth.
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If the rotating spherical mass creates a gravitational magnet by the mechanism of gravitomagnetism, which side becomes the North Pole and which side the south? Does it depend on the direction of the rotation? In fact, there is very little that is common between gravity and the electromagnetism except that both laws satisfy the Gaussian flux law which is nothing more than the fact that both satisfies the 1/r^2 force law which is common between Newtonian gravity and Coulomb's law of electrostatics force where the similarity ends. For a simple example, a constantly moving object does not create additional gravity due to its motion other than the original mass itself. On the other hand, a constantly moving charge will create a magnetic field to affect the ferromagnetic particles to align circularly perpendicular to the motion of the charged particle. This is one of the stark differences between the electromagnetism and gravity. The GPB (gravitational probe B) experimental team believed that they were testing general relativity while in fact they were testing nothing close to it. I had hard time trying to informing them of this fact. Their valuable data was analyzed based on the theory (modified Maxwell's equation) that has nothing to do with general relativity. The MOND was another example of one of those attempts to understand the gravitational effect from the rotating gravitational mass to solve the dark matter problem. MOND has no idea what is causing the jets from the center of the black hole accretion discs. The fundamental flaw of the idea in MOND is that it tries to explain the gravitational effect generated from the rotating gravitational mass without considering the rotation itself. In fact, if you study MOND carefully, this rotational parameter is hidden in the FischerTully relation. The faster the rotation of the galactic core, it is
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natural to expect that it will cause more radiation at the core as it exerts more of the second order gravitational force. The phenomenological concordance model succeeded because it sticks to its own principle from the beginning with the correct assumption that there should be missing mass in the surrounding space of the rotating galactic core. The only fundamental problem with the CDM model was where is the proof of the dark matter with such an elaborate distribution? The experimental evidence of this dark matter started to show up in the observation of the cosmological collision between the two bullet clusters. The observational evidence showed there is impeccable and undeniable distribution of the matter around the rotating galactic source. This was the crucial physical evidence of the existence of such an unseen matter distribution. Now the next fundamental question is why, how such matter can exist, and why it is in such a specific distribution. Without answering this question properly, the CDM model will also be in doubt. There have been all kinds of possible explanation of what may constitute this dark matter from the source of the predictions from the super string theory to super symmetric gauge theories. However, once the second order (dipole) gravity from general relativity is included in the complete picture, all these speculations regarding the possible composition of the dark matter become unnecessary. To explain what is happening in the fast rotating galactic core according to the second order gravity force of general relativity, it is important to realize that the rotating hemisphere is the unit source of dipole gravity. In this paradigm, the domed side of the rotating hemisphere becomes the repulsive gravity pole and the flat side of the hemisphere becomes the attractive side of the gravitational dipole magnet. These two hemispheres can form a rotating sphere to create the quadrupole gravitational unit.
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When this is formed, the north and south poles of the rotating sphere become the point where the matters can be ejected because it is where the repulsive gravity poles are formed. It is noted that the conventional theory of black hole does not include this effect; rather, it is a solution from a perfect static mass. The applicability of this kind of static gravitational system is very limited, because, without a rapid rotating mechanism of the source, a gravitational mass can rarely achieve the density of the black hole because a non-rotating mass generally cannot make its satellites to collide with the center and form the heavier mass of itself. The gradual acceleration of the rotational speed and its dynamical consequence is not present in the static gravitational model depicted by the conventional theory. When they developed it further into the theory of wormhole, using quantum gravity, it did not include this dipole gravity effect either. The fundamental problem with this was that even if one may quantize a theory that did not have dipole gravity in the classical limit, one could not make it to appear just by quantizing it. The famous result of this is the speculation of time travel, because it looks like there is a two-way traversable time lines along the axial path of the rotating cylindrical mass shell. If they had known there is a strong quadrupole mass pole structure inside the rotating spherical mass shell, this time machine idea would not have come out in the first place. Of course, the validity of the quantum gravity is a separate issue due to its notorious nonrenormalizability. If a quantized theory is not renormalizable, what it means that it cannot become a quantitatively verifiable theory, which means it becomes a nonsensical theory. Now, let's get back to the effect of the mechanical universe. The reason that the poles of the rapidly rotating cosmological object becomes the anti gravity pole is because of the accumulative
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effect of the original equivalence principle proposed by Einstein which states that the acceleration of the mass is fundamentally the same as the effect of gravity. The general effect of this was never translated into a closed form of a mathematical expression since Lense-Thirring calculated this effect at the core of the rotating mass shell. The full brute force calculation of it over the whole space surrounding the source is too horrendous to perform in the region beyond the close proximity from the center of the spherical shell. Of course, this does not mean that there are no solutions for the entire region around the rotating sphere; instead, it simply means that they have not found a proper way to calculate it. After many futile attempts to calculate this force farther away from the center, it was generally assumed and decided that this force doesn't exist other than the region close to the center of the rotating sphere. Now let's see what it means that the poles of the rapidly rotating gravitational mass becomes anti gravity pole. It means that the poles of some of the rapidly rotating planets around the Sun may show some kind of hollow structure at the poles when the planets are heavily covered by clouds because of the repulsive force it produces by the fast rotation.
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Saturn's Ring Did we see this effect from the photograph of Saturn? And also, the equatorial plane of this kind of fast rotating planets can form a return path for the object that came off of the poles and they certainly can form rings. The equatorial plane forms the lowest potential well in the latitudinal component of dipole gravity force which explains why the fast rotating cosmological objects generally create planar shaped equatorial plane no matter if it is a galaxy, a star or a planet. But it is when this effect becomes so strong in the galactic scale that the true magnificence of this effect manifests itself. In the fast rotating black holes, the dipole gravity force at the poles will be so strong that the matters at and around the poles will be ejected with such a tremendous force that they will fly hundreds of millions of miles away from the center. Moreover, at certain point this dipole anti gravity force will be overcome by the attractive Newtonian gravity and the matters will be pulled back toward the poles. Now the ejection process of the black hole did not stop when the matters that were ejected earlier started being pulled back since this is a continuous mechanical process that happens due to the fast rotation of the extremely dense gravitational source.
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The result of this continuous ejection of the matter and the earlier ejected matter being pulled back by Newtonian gravity is the magnificent cosmic firework that occurs due to the collision of the incoming and outgoing matters along the path of the axis of the rotation of the gigantic rotating mass in the galactic scale. Obviously, this is the cause of the jets whether it was from the rotating black hole or from a rotating neutron star. The central gravity source does not have to be a black hole; it can simply be a dense rotating neutron star for the jet phenomenon to happen. However, this is not the entire picture of the phenomenon, the majority of the matters ejected from the poles will not go out straight line, instead they will follow the magnetic field like dipole gravity force lines toward the entire space and then back to the equatorial plane to merge with the matter that was ejected from the other side of the poles and then they will begin to be pulled back into the center of the black hole. The dark matter consists of these matters in transit from the poles toward the equatorial plane. The dipole gravity force law dictates them to be populated in the space the way they are as they have been observed from the collision of the bullet clusters. This is the true picture of the universe that was hidden from our view for so long. It is reminded that there was another dramatic fiasco that happened in the process and it was the correction of the signs of the Lense-Thirring force and its complete dissociation from the previous centrifugal force interpretation. Now to understand the history of the gravitational physics, we cannot miss the history of the theory of gravitomagnetism.
Additional Long Range Gravity Force Next to Newtonian One of the well-known astrophysicists has stated that the theory of dipole gravity is confusing when it comes to the explanation of the relativistic jets. The theory itself is not difficult but what
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makes it confusing may be that the same terminology and similar concept that the theory of gravitomagnetism has been using to explain the fundamental concept for a long time. One cannot build a new house without demolishing the ragged old one at the same place. Largely this is in the minds of the experts in the field than the actual physical construction. So, here is the more concise description of what it is. The fundamental difference between the theory of dipole gravity and other astrophysical theories of the relativistic jets (plasma and magnetic field caused), MOND and the dark matter hypothesis is that, dipole gravity is a theory derived from the first principle. In fact, the jets and the dark matter problem were not in immediate consideration when the theory of dipole gravity was conceived. Of course, the reason behind the perception of the need for such a theory in the background was the inadequacies of the previously proposed theories and the physical mechanisms surrounding them. It all started from the theoretical physical anomaly observed from the simple mechanical system of the rotating hemisphere when special relativistic mass increase effect was incorporated into the calculation of the center of mass. Consider this, why and how the center of mass of a hemisphere changes when it is in rotational motion even when there is no external force (in the direction of the shift) applied to it. And why this is not the case for the rotating sphere? Newtonian mechanics states that an object should be at rest unless an external force is applied in the direction of the motion. Being at rest by definition mean that the center of mass is at the same position relative to the entire distribution of the matter in the universe. If the mass increase effect of special relativity is the real physical phenomenon and not some kind of an illusion, one cannot
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avoid this anomaly of the relativistic center of mass shift from rotating hemispherical system. It is a very real physical effect and it fundamentally challenges the paradigm of the conventionally known mechanics. It can mean many things though. The rotating hemisphere (longitudinal axially asymmetric object) somehow may experience an external force which causes the shift of the center of mass. But the fundamental mystery of this system is that the shifted the center of mass will move along with the object itself. So it is possible that the system may be in a perpetual mode of acceleration due to the cosmological external force as predicted in the first paper on the gravitational dipole moment. Not surprisingly, it didn't take long to find out that the same mechanical system has been totally neglected in general relativity as well. The hitherto abandoned dipole term in the linearized theory of general relativity starts having the real meaning because such a shift cannot be transformed away in field theoretical terminology. It is the real physical effect that depends on the energy in the system. If we have a dipole gravitational moment placed in the two mass pole model universe, it will certainly be in a perpetual mode of acceleration until it reaches to one of the poles. The paper basically describes the effect of this force, but the real point of the paper was that it has justified the reality of the dipole gravitational moment which is the source of the additional long range gravity force which we have been missing in the history of the physical science. Now it is natural that we try to apply this fundamental long ranged force of gravity derived from the first principle to the hitherto unsolved cosmological problems. First of all, according to dipole gravity potential from the rotating spherical object, the jets from the rotating black holes or neutron stars are totally natural and it is built into the system from the beginning.
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During the process of the application of dipole gravity to the dark matter problem, it has become clear that the original signs of the Lense-Thirring force cannot be consistent with the accretion phenomenon because the radial component of the Lense-Thirring force is repulsive (outgoing). The accretion and the jets phenomenon cannot be considered separately, and when the signs of Lense-Thirring force were corrected, jets, accretions and flat rotation curves started making perfect sense. The point source nature of the jets at the center of the galaxy creates the 1/r dependent dark matter density distribution that was required to explain the flat rotational velocity curves. So, the real physical nature of the dark matter is that it is a group of a constantly moving debris (pretty much like comets and asteroids) in the spiral galaxy following the dipole gravity force lines (from the poles to the equatorial center) that resembles the two superposed gravitational magnets around the rotating ultra compact stellar object. Since the dipole gravity force line is spreading out at the poles and circle around the galactic sphere until they come together at the central accretion plane, the ejected matters cannot be visible while they are in transit until they reach the rotational plane where the massive collisions among the debris occurs and generates visible radiation. Therefore, the luminosity close to the galactic nuclei may represent the strength of the jets and the density of the matters being recycled and this could be used as a valid parameter for the prediction of the flat rotation curves as they did in MOND. In fact, the sources of the asteroids that bombarded planets that left so many scars on the surfaces of the planets in the solar system can be explained if we assume that these kind of dark chunks of matters are pervasive and persistent in our galaxy as well.
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Rocketless Propulsion by Dipole Gravity and Space Travel Now we have learned that the axially asymmetric object like a cone or hemisphere becomes a unit of the gravitational magnet. This magnet will be propelled toward the end of the universe by itself. On the other hand, the constant velocity of the spin rotation will not cause any additional expenditure of energy because of the law of the angular momentum conservation. It may not make itself into a practical machine but this is purely a conceptual contraption that can either be created into an actual device or can be used as a conceptual platform for more sophisticated machine. The rotating hemisphere becomes, in a way, an etheric propeller machine. It is propelled toward the flat side of the hemisphere. The domed side of the hemisphere is where the repulsive gravitational magnetic flux is emitted like in the rocket engine. Needless to say, this is the same mechanism that creates the jets from the black hole accretion discs. The major advantage of this propulsion unit is that it does not spend energy in the process. This may sound too good to be true. That is the mathematical prediction of the general relativistic gravitational dipole moment. The practicality of the system depends on how strong material this object has to be made of to withstand the relativistic rotation to create enough thrust, and how to control the force and the direction, which will be a formidable task unless we know the details of the engineering technique. The next question is what is exactly coming out of the domed side of the rotor to make this side of the dipole object to become the repulsive gravity pole. I would like to speculate without concrete proof here that this is the background etheric neutrino particles pervading the universe. In the later chapters, this subject will be discussed in different angles from the perspective of the elementary particle physics in detail.
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Mechanical Nature of the Ether When a physical waveform like sounds and electromagnetic wave propagate in space, it is a good sign that there is something that mediates the propagation of the waves. In case of the sound wave, the pressure variation of the local atmospheric air molecules causes the propagation. We can prove this is the case by trying to send sound wave in the outside of the atmospheric sphere of the earth where sound wave will not propagate in the absence of the atmospheric air molecules. If we assume that this will be the case for outer space, we will have to find out what can be the candidate for those particles. In the later part of this book, I will present the compelling reason why these particles should be tachyonic neutrinos.
Dipole Gravity Challenges the Fundamental Local Energy Conservation Principle In general, science makes a drastic progress when a certain experimental result confirms or disproves the known existing theoretical framework that defines the contemporary paradigm of science. This happened in history when Galileo found that Jupiter has eclipse like the moon and has four moons of its own which provided the strong evidences that support the heliocentric view of the universe while it has been generally believed that the earth was at the center of the universe mainly due to the Biblical doctrine as well as Aristotle’s teachings if not the obvious daily sensory perception that the Sun circles around the earth day in and day out It may not be off the mark to state that the current major paradigm of mechanical universe is still defined by Newtonian mechanics where the momentum is conserved when there is no external force that compels the motion of the object in the direction of the movement and the energy is also conserved
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within the same moving object. Thermodynamics, known electromagnetism and all other major physical disciplines do not circumvent this major paradigm of the presently known scientific doctrine called energy conservation principle. Note that I intentionally put “known” in front of electromagnetism because I noticed there is also a remarkable anomaly within electromagnetism itself that seriously challenges this well known paradigm of modern science. If anyone has noticed, the discovery of the long ranged dipole gravity in general relativity means that the major challenge to this paradigm has already begun. It proposes a major mechanical system that can break the threehundred-year old paradigm of physics. What it means is that the local energy momentum is influenced by some unknown energetic particles in the universe in such a way that one can devise a specific mechanical system that can funnel the background energy into the local arena. When an ultra compact stellar object rotates fast, this is exactly what is happening in the surrounding area of the rotating star in such a way that the jet streams gain tremendous amount of energy while being ejected. Within the paradigm of dipole gravity, this is natural and inevitable. To corroborate this observation, the astounding energy efficiency factor of the jets has been studied and reported in the recently published paper by Steve Allen and Christopher Reynolds.
Gradient of the Dipole Gravity Potential In the following, we will discuss the gradient of the dipole gravity potential. This shows the detailed picture of the actual force associated with dipole gravity. This program is accomplished by taking the gradient in the spherical coordinate system on the isolated dipole potential.
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where the function f is replaced by the following expression which is the total gravity, i.e., the Newtonian gravity plus the dipole gravity for a rotating hemisphere.
In the case of the radial component (r dependent force) of the dipole gravity force,
where dz is the gravitational dipole moment and the latitude angle theta is measured from positive Z axis of the rotation. Since the center of mass moves toward the flat side of the hemisphere while in rotation, convention has to be made in such a way that the flat side of the hemisphere faces the positive Z-axis. The value of the cosine function changes its sign from positive to negative as it crosses over the equatorial plane of the rotating hemisphere, which is located at half the length of the radius down from the flat side of the hemisphere toward the dome, where the latitude angle is 90 degrees. This is the fundamental cause of the repulsive gravity force at the domed side of the rotating hemisphere and the unidirectional acceleration of the isolated dipole gravitational moment in the matter-filled universe and the justification for the experiments proposed in the following.
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Alternative Method of Testing Dipole Gravity Effect In fact, there is an alternative way to detect dipole gravity effect. It is to use the rotating hemispherical rotor itself as a moving projectile. It is not a method of detecting the force directly from the rotor using a probe as a detector. It is rather a method of detecting the force the rotor experiences itself by its interaction with the universe. This method has several inherent advantages over the other by the fact that even if the force is very small, the long time accumulation of the force can manifest itself in a significant spatial displacement of the rotor. 1. The size of the rotor does not have to be very large. Because of the force law, the displacement will be the same regardless of the size of the rotor, although the force does depend on the rotating speed. 2. Rotational speed does not have to be extremely large, because the effect can manifest accumulated for a long period of time. The key point of this experiment is to mount the rotor on one side of a long balanced arm resting on a pivot, positioned horizontally, in such a way that the axis of rotation is aligned to the tangential direction of the circle of its path and let the force of the nature to turn the arm. In other words, let the hemispherical rotor to turn the wheel. It may take weeks or months to notice any displacement of the rotor depending on the force it experiences with the nature. The amount of displacement depends on the square of the time measured in seconds
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Assuming the force on the rotor per unit mass would be in the range of 10^-14 m/sec^2, which is extremely small, the rotor at the end of the arm will still move 5 meters in circle in one year. Possible errors that may be experienced and need to be dealt with in this experiment will be the rotation of the rotor due to the minute initial imbalance. In most of the cases, however, the motion due to the imbalance will be finite, up to the final lasting balanced position. The second source of the error may be in the vibration. If the rotor vibrates excessively, there is no meaning of measuring such a precision motion, the rotation could simply be attributed to be caused by the vibration. In conclusion, though, this is not a very difficult experiment and the risk involved in the experiment is very small. The result may come out in the first few weeks if not a few months because it is easy to measure the minute displacement of an object in space using the various methods utilizing interferometer. The actual force may be calculated by assuming the model universe in which the total mass M is located at the distance r in a form of a thin shell as in the case of Lense-Thirring or by using the simple two mass pole model universe in which the two poles of mass M/2 each are located at the distance r from the center in the opposite directions. In effect, this experiment may measure the total mass and the average distance they are located from us for different kinds of models of the universe. It must be noted that this is the same force that produced the Lense-Thirring force near the center of the rotating spherical shell when the two rotating hemispheres are superposed face to face to form a single rotating sphere. The latitude angular dependency of the dipole gravity force
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is represented by the force in the direction from the flat side of the poles toward the domed side following the latitude circular curvature of the radius r. The strength of this force is maximum at the equatorial plane which is at the 90-degree latitude angular position and it is minimum when the latitude angle is either at zero or 180 degree. At this point, it must be noted that the directions of the force lines resemble exactly that of a dipole bar magnet. In all the similarities and qualifications, this is the gravitational dipole magnet as stated in the introduction, the true magnetic gravity that has been searched for a long time. After all those effects and calculations, there is one new physical entity stands out, that is this new negative gravitational mass pole at the domed side of the rotating hemisphere which exists temporarily with the angular momentum. Since the angular momentum is conserved, the negative mass pole does not disappear as long as the angular momentum stays on. It can also be seen that this negative gravitational mass pole cannot exist in the universe in isolation. It has to accompany the positive mass pole like in the case of the electromagnetic dipole. The ϕ (circumferential angle) dependent directional dipole gravity force is zero because there is no ϕ dependency in the dipole gravity potential due to the circumferential angular symmetry of the spinning source. The "frame dragging force" calculated from the conventionally known gravitomagnetism is given by
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The 1/c^2 dependency makes this term extremely weak. This was the reason the sensitivity of the detector in the GPB experiment has been increased significantly. However, the signal detected by the GPB experiment was unexpectedly large so that they suspected that it was the error caused by the electrostatic patch effect in the gyros. This hypothesis could have been verified in the laboratory inside a high vacuum chamber. However, there was no report if this test has been performed in the laboratory. If the result of Gravity Probe B had been analyzed correctly in light of dipole gravity, it would have confirmed dipole gravity effect with much stronger signal, although, the strong 2x1 Lissajous curve shown from the first test of the run already confirmed the topological uniqueness of dipole gravity.
Scientific Truth It may be true that the more absolute a scientific doctrine is believed to be the truth, the more absolutely it can be broken. I wondered at certain point of time in the past, why somebody or anybody did not raise the question on the validity of special relativity based on the fact that it violates the Newtonian mechanical principle of motion by invoking the shift of the relativistic center of mass in the rotating hemispherical rotor. One can’t move the center of mass of an object (which defines the location of the object) without exerting an external force to the object in the direction of the movement. Therefore, special relativity violates Newtonian mechanics head on, so it cannot be a valid theory. Obviously it never occurred to anybody to raise objections to special relativity based on this observation. Fortunately, special relativity has survived and has become the corner stone of the modern elementary particle physics. Lorentz invariance (four dimensional transformation invariance) has
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become the fundamental principle of the modern elementary particle physics and as such the validity of special relativity cannot be disputed. If that is the case, the only option we have is to conclude that the Newtonian mechanical principle of motion was not entirely correct for this particular object of rotating hemispherical rotor. This is a lot of hammering and fixing yet nevertheless it needs to be done, if not now, anytime in the future. And we now have dipole gravity. It was formally a part of general relativity but because they threw it away long time ago, they, the clan and the original school of general relativity, cannot claim it now that it is theirs. Even if they try, it will be awfully awkward after so many years of abandonment. So I have become the caretaker of dipole gravity. But I would not mind if they decide to adopt it back to their family. After all, the true blood relationship is there. They may be looking at it by now with disdain not knowing what to do with it. However, the scientific truth doesn't have prejudice nor preponderances. We love scientific truth because it cannot be broken. This special rotating hemispherical rotor is an unstable physical object. In any physical position while rotating, the rotating hemispherical object has the duel center of mass: one that of the rest state and the other of the rotating state. It looks like in an attempt to pull the two centers of mass together, the object starts to move toward the new center of mass, yet the new center of mass is still out of reach from the old center of mass and the object continues following the new center of mass and the whole object is in continuous acceleration. The detail of this study was published with the title, Anomalous Center of Mass Shift: Gravitational Dipole Moment. I present here the full copy of the original paper published at LLNL archive and later at the Hadronic Journal in 1997 Volume 20, 95.
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Anomalous Center of Mass Shift: Gravitational Dipole Moment Eue Jin Jeong Department of Physics, Natural Science Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea Abstract The anomalous, energy dependent shift of the center of mass of an idealized, perfectly rigid, uniformly rotating hemispherical shell which is caused by the relativistic mass increase effect is investigated in detail. It is shown that a classical object on impact which has the harmonic binding force between the adjacent constituent particles has the similar effect of the energy dependent, anomalous shift of the center of mass. From these observations, the general mode of the linear acceleration is suggested to be caused by the anomalous center of mass shift whether it's due to classical or relativistic origin. The effect of the energy dependent center of mass shift perpendicular to the plane of rotation of a rotating hemisphere appears as the non zero gravitational dipole moment in general relativity. Controlled experiment for the measurement of the gravitational dipole field and its possible links to the cylindrical type line formation of a wormhole in the extreme case are suggested. The jets from the black hole accretion disc and the observed anomalous red shift from far away galaxies are considered to be the consequences of the two different aspects of the dipole gravity. Keyword(s): gravitational dipole moment, center of mass shift, general relativity, worm hole, anomalous red shift, jets from black hole accretion disc. PACS number(s): 03.30.+p, 04.30.+x
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I. Introduction One of the puzzling issues in gravitational theory is how one can generate a directional gravitational field to produce linear acceleration. Conjectures and speculations abound on the topics of space travel, worm hole and time machines [1][2] [3][4]. However, the problems largely remain unsolved and the key mechanisms have been waiting to be unfolded. In this paper, the anomalous shift of the center of mass of an idealized perfectly rigid spinning axisymmetric object which has the point asymmetry with respect to the center of mass is investigated in detail, which may help shed a light on this particular issue.
II. Anomalous Center of Mass Shift 1. Hemispherical Rotor Consider an infinitesimal moment of time t during which a measurement is made on the mass of the mass components mi forming an idealized perfectly rigid hemispherical shell (Fig. 1) placed in an asymptotically flat space-time region at rest except one angular rotational degree of freedom along the symmetry axis. The system is located in the empty space totally at rest initially and then a slight tap is applied at the rim of the rotor in the tangential direction perpendicular to the rotational symmetry axis to impart a torque to the system. The system has reached a uniform angular frequency of rotation . The mass of the component mi is observed to be increased by
by the special relativistic effect where ri is the distance from the rotation axis to the position where mi is located, and the angular frequency of the rotor, where the hemispherical rotor is
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assumed to be made of such an ideal material that it retains its original shape even at extremely high rotational velocities so that ri remains fixed independent of . The center of mass is defined as a point in the space where the total mass of a system of objects is regarded to be concentrated by the rest of the universe at the instant moment of measurement. The center of mass can be expressed in terms of a summation of the contributions from the individual mi s as follows (see Fig. 1):
If the mass elements mi and therefore mi * are made sufficiently small, this expression can be approximated by the integral for
in the limit the elements of mass mi approaches zero. This method is identical to that of the Thirring's work [5] on the rotating spherical mass shell where the integral has been performed in the rest frame of the rotor by employing the four velocity, length contraction and the constant mass density .
For the axisymmetric hemispherical case shown in Fig. 1, only the z component of the center of mass is non zero, and it is explicitly given by 0
2 R 2
2
rc 2 R
0
2
2
R cos sin d 1
2 R 2 sin 2
c2 sin d
1
2 R 2 sin 2 c2
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R 1
1 1
sinh
1
1
where
2 R2 c2
and is the inertial mass per unit area of the
hemispherical shell with uniform thickness. Depending on the angular speed and consequently the rotational kinetic energy of the rotor, the system can have its center of mass at any position between R / 2 and 0. It is a smooth function of comprising the center path of the curve shown in Fig. 2. Note that the usual rotational kinetic energy of a spinning object has become like the "potential" energy since the energy has developed a dependency on the physical length. The "anomalous center of mass shift" is defined as the distance between the center of mass of an energetically excited system at a given moment of time and that of the assumed ground energy state of the same 2 system at the corresponding moment of time.
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Fig. 1. A hemispherical shell of radius R rotating with the angular speed ω Mass component mi is located at ri from the rotation axis. Therefore, the anomalous centers of mass shift rc for the hemispherical shell shown in Fig. 1. is given by
where r0 is the ground state center of mass with zero angular speed of rotation. It is a very slowly increasing function of α which is approximately given by
for R c . The above length element defined as the "anomalous center of mass shift" arising from the energy dependent center of mass has the following characteristics. 1. It is related to an internal energy of the system. 2. The larger the shift of the center of mass, the greater the stored energy. 3. It can be returned to zero upon releasing the related internal energy. According to Newtonian mechanics [6], shifting the center of mass of an object without impressed external action in the direction of the movement of the object is a nonsensical proposition. However, since the relativistic mass increase effect has been experimentally proven to be correct to a high degree of accuracy, the anomalous shift of the center of mass presented above must be a physically observable effect. This apparently represents a case of violating Newton's first and third law of motion since the spinning hemisphere is capable of spontaneously developing a displacement of its own center of
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mass perpendicular to the plane of rotation independent of the choice of the coordinate system. Even if we take into account the external source of the force that has given the torque to the system, the direction of the center of mass shift is not consistent with the force applied for the torque since they are perpendicular to each other. Consequently, we face a conflict between Newtonian mechanics and special relativity apart from the well documented problem of the frame of reference. Here, we are forced to choose the path of the notion that special relativity is correct and that there are cases in which an object experiences the shift of its center of mass without impressed action, in stark contradiction to the Newton's first and third law of motion. Once we follow such path, Newton's first and third law of motion must be regarded as a special case of the generalized version which will be stated shortly since this system represents an unequivocal exception to these laws in the form in which Newton originally cast them.
Fig. 2. The anomalous relativistic center of mass of a spinning hemispherical shell (Fig. 1) as a function of α (computer generated based on the equation for rc ) It is noted that neither Newtonian mechanics nor the presently known results of general relativity has the scope of handling
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this phenomenon. It is clear that this idealized hemispherical system exhibits a peculiar mechanical property which requires close scrutiny. It is also noted that this property is totally due to the specific geometrical configuration of the hemisphere, which has the longitudinal axially asymmetric shape in which the individual mass components are constrained to rotate collectively. Although the individual mass components do not exhibit anomalous physical effect in isolation, the whole system does. We have seen many times in physics that whenever the symmetry of a physical system breaks down, there appear new physical phenomena. It can also be seen easily that the translational gauge symmetry in general relativity is broken in this system. The usual constant phase factor that used to shift the coordinate system without affecting the system's energy content can not be a constant anymore in the present case. It has to carry the information about the rotational kinetic energy of the source which depends on the time derivative of the angular orientation (ω=dθ/dt) of the rotor to know the exact effective center of mass of the system. This breaking of translational gauge symmetry also implies the breaking of energy and momentum conservation law which are the direct consequences of the Newton's laws of motion. The crucial question here may be "How would the system behave by having created its anomalous center of mass shift?" 2. Mechanics of a Ball on Impact To investigate the physical significance of this shift further, consider a classical example of an elastic metallic ball at rest hit by a bat instantaneously during the infinitesimal moment of time δt. The location of each atomic component of the mass mi is shifted by - δri at the moment of impact. The over all shift of the center of mass of the ball is expected to be in the opposite direction to that of the impact since the inertia resists changing
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its position. The reason for this is also because the bat contributes temporarily to the total mass of the body at the moment the impact is applied. Therefore, the shifted center of mass of the ball at time t=0 is given by
while
And
The δrc is the momentary internal shift of the center of mass at the moment the ball is subjected to the impact. The motion of the ball at the later time t0 is obvious from our day to day experiences. The internal center of mass recovers its original position instantly and the ball moves at a constant speed in the direction in which the temporary shift of the center of mass has occurred. In classical mechanics, the impact
is given to the ball by the step function and the force is given by the delta function
Now, the force F must be related to the sum of the restoring forces of the harmonic oscillators in the solid upon impact which are given by
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The net component of the restoring force toward the direction of the impact is written by
Where θ is the angle between xˆ and the displacement δri and xˆ the unit vector defined by rc / rc . We can assume this restoring force is the same as the force F acting on the object.
with the identification that t is the mean relaxation time required for the damped harmonic oscillators to return to at rest. By scaling down the mass component mi to the individual atoms of the solid, it is represented by the atomic mass ( mi = m ) and the force constant k i by the atomic force constant. In the limit, the center of mass shift becomes
since the components perpendicular to the direction of the center of mass shift are canceled by themselves. Assuming also that the atomic force constant k i is the same for all atomic oscillators ( k i = k ), the force F can be written
Therefore, the acting force is given in terms of the center of mass shift by
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and the total impact by
where rc (t ) is the time dependent center of mass shift obtained by solving the damped harmonic oscillator with the appropriate initial conditions. It is noted that this center of mass shift conforms to the definition of the anomalous center of mass shift and also has all the subsequent characteristics. 3. Mach's Principle From the above discussions, the following general rules can be stated on the dynamics of an object subject to acceleration. 1. The strength of the force acting on an object is proportional to the anomalous center of mass shift of the object. 2. The acting force is the same as the restoring force arising from the anomalous center of mass shift Note that the motion of an object under an external force is described in terms of the anomalous center of mass shift of the object perceived by the rest of the universe. This statement is in fact Mach's principle written in terms of the physically measurable quantities. It is considered that these rules are an extension of Newton's first and third law of motion since they don't mandate the presence of obvious external force acting on the body only if there is the anomalous center of mass shift perceived by the rest of the universe for a reaction to be initiated on the object. In 1893 Ernst Mach stated the hypothesis: The influence of all the mass in the universe determines what natural motion is and how hard it is to change, which was labeled "Mach's principle" by Einstein. The rest of the universe somehow abhors a local system of objects to develop the anomalous center of mass shift by forcing it to return to zero as quickly as possible. Newtonian mechanics is based on the
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assumption that any spatially extended object can be conceptually reduced into a point mass for the purpose of describing the trajectory of the object, where the position of the point mass is tacitly assumed to be at the unequivocal, rotation independent center of mass of the object. This works well for all spherically symmetric objects and any object which has axisymmetry and also point symmetry with respect to the center of mass, assuming the object is in rotational motion along the symmetry axis, and also for non rotating systems. As shown so far, this assumption doesn't work for the rotating hemisphere since the center of mass is not rotation independent. Once the hemisphere is reduced into a point mass, it would no longer be able to develop the anomalous center of mass shift. The reducing process destroys the important mechanical characteristic of the object. In fact, the assumption would not work in general for objects of arbitrary shape in arbitrary rotational motion. For an idealized point mass for which the rotational degree of freedom is not defined, imparting the momentum (either to or from) is also seen to be conceptually impossible. Such an idealized point mass is out of context for both the Newtonian system and the Machian presented in this paper. Since any spatially extended object must have the structure due to the binding force, the anomalous center of mass shift becomes a general feature of such an object on impact or transfer of momentum in general.
lll. Universal Linear Force The physical similarity between the two cases lies in the fact that the shifted center of mass represents an energetically excited state and once the stored energy is released the anomalous center of mass shift returns to zero for both systems. According to the above rules, the hemispherical rotor must experience the force toward the shifted center of mass proportional to amount of the shift in the center of mass,
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assuming that the laws derived from the motion of a ball on impact can equally be applied to the anomalous center of mass shift caused by the special relativistic mass increase effect. To find out if this is indeed the case, one can see the picture in a quantitative basis by the following classical arguments. The center of mass of the hemispherical rotor at the rotational ground energy state ( = 0) is denoted by RCM and the excited state center of mass by NCM as shown in Fig. 3. In classical rotations, the centrifugal force of the rotating object is perpendicular to the rotational symmetry axis and outward with respect to RCM which is also the center of the centripetal force and the total sum of these forces acting on the rotor is zero as long as the structure remains in equilibrium. The centripetal force is exerted by the atomic or molecular binding force of solids, on the other hand, the centrifugal force caused by inertia is believed to be exerted by the rest of the matter in the universe according to Mach. It is noted that these two forces have completely different origin from each other. And there is no reason to expect that these two forces have to always cancel each other out in every physical situation. For example, if the centripetal force were happened to be weaker than the centrifugal force from the rotational motion, the rotor would be torn apart. Tapping the hemispherical rotor at the rim in the tangential direction perpendicular to the rotation axis has resulted in the longitudinal axial displacement of the center of mass of the rotor due to the relativistic mass increase effect. Now the question is how an object can effectively move from point A to B and stop without any linear force being involved in the system. The inertial principle of motion suggests it is not possible unless some form of force is invoked in the process. To find out if there is any force that can be the cause of the unknown force, consider the following. As the rotation reaches certain uniform angular frequency (Fig.
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3), there arises the problem of the mismatch between the centripetal and the centrifugal force because of the development of the two slightly different center of mass, which does not happen in the case of a rotating sphere. While the center of the centripetal force is still considered to be at the stationary point RCM, the centrifugal force exerts its outward normal force with respect to the symmetry axis and NCM which has now become the effective center of mass of the rotor (Fig. 3). The problem can be described more clearly by considering the rotating hemisphere equivalently as a system of a circular disc which has the same mass, inertia and the rest state center of mass as that of the rotating hemisphere. Obviously, rotating this disc would not cause the shift of the center of mass. The unexpected effect of the anomalous center of mass shift from the rotating hemispherical system (Fig. 1) is the same as if the rest of the universe exert uplifting force to the disc in addition to the usual outward normal force so that the effective center of mass of the disc can be aligned with NCM while the center of the centripetal force in the disc is left at RCM (Fig. 3). The centripetal force is not capable of balancing the vertical component of the force as it would with the radial component since the vertical component of the force is not symmetrical inside the structure of the hemisphere. If one assumes that the center of the centripetal force must always be the same as the point where the centrifugal force is centering around, there may not be the vertical component of the force since the centrifugal and the centripetal force will be aligned in exactly the opposite direction. But then there still remains the problem of explaining how an object can jump from point A to point B and stop without any force being involved in the system. The principle of inertial motion does not allow such type of movement for a massive object. In either explanation, it is obvious that there must exist a vertical component of force
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involved in the mechanics of this system. Either the RCM will try to get close to NCM or vice versa. If we choose the proposition that the tendency of the restoring force to return to the ground state makes the NCM to move toward RCM, the net result is that there remains non zero vertical component of force in the hemispherical system with respect to the rest of the universe. This linear force can easily be calculated by the triangular law (In Fig. 3, Fcentrifugal pulls outward centering around NCM and RCM feels the internal stress of the vertical component of force toward NCM and the restoring force is opposite to that direction) for small shift of the center of mass, which is given by
for R c , where 2 / 3R is the effective radius where the total mass is imagined to be concentrated while giving the same inertia as that of the hemisphere for R c . This relation conforms the first rule by its explicit linear dependency on the anomalous center of mass shift. The centrifugal force is given by
for the hemispherical shell for 1 .
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Fig. 3. The shift rc is enlarged for the illustration purpose. The shift in the center of mass causes the non-zero component of the internal stress toward the positive z axis.
In this case, the linear force is given by
for R c . The force is proportional to the fourth power of the angular speed and to the third power of the radius of the hemisphere and the direction of the angular velocity does not affect the direction of the linear force. Calculation shows that the idealized perfectly rigid hemispherical shell of radius 1 m must rotate about 550,000 rpm to generate acceleration g. The in this case is about 57,500/sec and R / c 1.92 104 . If the 3 same system rotates at R / c equal to 1.92 10 which is still in the non relativistic regime, the linear acceleration would become 10,000 g which is quite extraordinary. One may use an ultra centrifuge of 1,000,000 rpm with a typical 20 cm diameter
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hemispherical rotor to test the increased gravity of 0.011g assuming the rotor is a hemispherical shell made of an idealized perfectly rigid material. Since the angular momentum must be conserved for the axisymmetric rotating object, this continuous linear force is a mysterious one that could not have been deduced from Newtonian mechanics. This local system gains energy as expected from its violation of Newton's first and third law of motion. After all, mechanics has been the basis of all of the thermodynamical energy conservation principles as demonstrated by the kinetic theory of gases. As is well known, kinetic theory is based on the experimental verifications from the energetics of the confined ideal gases which are typically of spherical or longitudinal axially symmetric in shape. Therefore, this new principle has not been tested rigorously in this area. Even if this result is perplexing, the above conclusion seems unavoidable. The origin of the centrifugal force and the inertia is not known well except that it may be from the action of the rest of the universe upon the local rotational motion of an object according to the notion of Mach. Since the linear force which is caused by the anomalous center of mass shift is a vectorial part of the centrifugal force, the origin of this force may also be attributed to that of Mach's. Newton himself once pondered that the centrifugal force may be the source of the gravitational force as shown in his experiment on a rotating bucket filled with water.
lV. Gravitational Dipole Moment Now the question is "What does this result have to do with the so far known results of general relativity?" General relativity allows the empty space solution even with the cosmological constant intact as shown by de Sitter. By his demonstration, it is proven that general relativity doesn't contain Mach's principle
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which requires the ever present matter filled universe, contrary to Einstein's expectation. Because of this result, one may suspect that the general relativistic equivalent of the Machian description of the mechanics shown in this paper may not be found in general relativity. To investigate if this is indeed the case, consider the dipole term in the linearized field equation of general relativity. The dipole term comes as the second term next to the monopole field which is basically the source of Newtonian gravity in the multipole expansion from the linearized weak field solution to general relativity. Since we are dealing with a terrestrial system with sufficiently small mass and rotational velocity, the weak field approximation should be enough for the investigation of the problem. In the near zone ( r ), but outside the source so that vacuum Newtonian theory is nearly valid, the potential is
For any nearly Newtonian, slow motion source, the condition
is satisfied. Therefore, one can write
The dipole term obtained from the expansion of the above potential is given by
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where the gravitational dipole moment
is equal to the total mass times the anomalous center of mass shift M rc calculated previously where the origin of the coordinate system is set at the rest state center of mass of the hemisphere. The mass-energy density of the object depends on the total mass-energy of the individual mass components comprising the rotating source. If one tries to be accurate in describing the system even to the level of taking into account of the kinetic energy of each individual mass components comprising the spatially extended object, one must include the mass increase due to the special relativistic mass increase effect in the total mass-energy. This is equivalent of taking the explicit account of the internal energy U ( , r ) in addition to the rest mass energy m0 (r ) and the gravitational potential energy
( r ) since the second major term in the expansion of the relativistic mass is the kinetic energy 12 m 2 . In this case, the internal kinetic energy arises from the collective rotational motion of the mass components comprising the source, which means that the mass-energy density T 00 can not be a constant, to be precise, for an idealized perfectly rigid rotating source. Therefore, one has to make sure that the special relativistic mass increase effect is left in the volume integral of the dipole term no matter how small the rotational velocity of the source may be, which has not been the usual practice in the multipole expansion of the potential for slowly rotating sources. The importance of this treatment becomes obvious when we choose a slowly rotating idealized perfectly rigid hemisphere as a source, since by neglecting this effect, we are in fact throwing out any possibility of the anomalous center of mass shift from the beginning except for the trivial displacement that can be eliminated by the simple spatial translation of the coordinate
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system. According to the standard view, this dipole term can be made to vanish because it has been falsely assumed that one can "always" align the origin of the coordinate system to the center of mass of the object by translating the coordinate system. This assumption holds only for objects which have axisymmetry and also point symmetry with respect to the center of mass while the object is in rotational motion along the symmetry axis and also for non rotating systems. However, as we have shown so far, the assumption doesn't work for the idealized perfectly rigid rotating hemisphere which develops the shift of center of mass without external action in the perpendicular direction to the rotational plane independent of the choice of the coordinate system. This effective center of mass changes continuously depending on the angular speed of the source and aligning the origin of the coordinate system to the effective center of mass would not eliminate this kind of dual structure in the center of mass. In fact, one can not choose the origin of the reference frame depending on the angular speed of the source, since, by doing so, the coordinate system loses its meaning as a reference frame. It is seen now clearly how consistently the rotating hemispherical type source becomes a peculiar and baffling mechanical system for both Newtonian mechanics and general relativity as shown above. It is obvious that this energy dependent anomalous center of mass shift must be identified as the true source of the dipole term in the multipole expansion of the linearized field equation, not the trivial displacement that can be eliminated by simple spatial translation of the coordinate system. The absence of direct physical evidence for such force in a terrestrial environment may have contributed to the total negligence of the dipole term from the beginning when it appeared in the Newtonian limit of general relativity. Most of the terrestrial physical problems can still be explained by
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Newtonian mechanics except for few esoteric phenomena which are related to the dipole gravity in cosmological scale, for example, the jets from the black hole accretion disk and the observed anomalous red shift which will be discussed later, unless one created an artificial dipole system in a terrestrial environment on purpose. The multipole gravitational field may now be written (with G restored)
where is the angle between r and the anomalous center of mass shift vector r and M the mass of the source. The positive sign in the dipole term comes from the fact that the shift is toward the negative z axis when the hemisphere is placed like a dome in the xy plane. Contrary to the quadrupole radiation proposed by Einstein [7], the dipole field can assume the static field configuration under the presence of counteracting external fields without the loss of energy. An object placed above the rotor in Fig. 1. would be repelled from the dipole and one under it attracted according to the inverse r 3 dipole force law for . Note that this dipole field and the direction of the polarity are consistent with the linear force acting on the hemispherical rotor derived previously from the totally different concept. These are unexpected coincidences corroborate the evidence for both the linear force and the gravitational dipole moment. This dipole moment would not be accelerated in an empty universe, although it may generate its own gravitational dipole field around it, which is also consistent with the Mach's principle since there will be no centrifugal force in the empty universe. Evidently, we have a Machian equivalent mechanics in general relativity which is directly related to the presence of the gravitational dipole moment.
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V. Conclusions Since the theory predicts the existence of the dipole field in general relativity which is much stronger than the quadrupole radiation from the binary stars [8], one can perform a controlled test by putting a massive object near the symmetry axis of a spinning hemisphere and measuring the force it receives from the rotor as a function of r and . Since the gravitational dipole moment has the force line which resembles exactly that of the electric or magnetic dipole moment, the logical extension of this dipole gravitational field created by the anomalous center of mass shift along the symmetry axis in the weak field regime into the strong field regime would be the creation of a worm hole in the extreme limit which has been found in the Schwarzschild metric which connects two universes by the two funnel type holes attached to each other by their ends. It represents a type of a one-way traversable worm hole whose creation can not be separated from passing through it, in contrast with the one created by an infinitely long spinning cylinder proposed by van Stockum [9] which does not have such an embedded mechanism. The system will travel from zero to near the speed of light before it may create a worm hole assuming that the rotor is made of such an ideal material and structure that it can withstand the extreme stress of the centrifugal force and also that it satisfies the exotic material hypothesis [10]. Since the gravitational dipole moment has the force line which comes out of the top of the hemisphere (Fig. 1) and spread around to go back normal into the bottom of the rotating hemisphere, where the force line going into a source is defined as the attractive force, a beam of light passing from the bottom to the top will be defocused following the force line in the extremely strong field regime, which is, in fact, the statement that the gravitational dipole moment satisfies the exotic material hypothesis. To view the dipole gravity further in relation to the electromagnetic phenomena, note that the definition of the
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center of mass contains a term length times mass which is identical in form to the definition of the electric dipole moment. Since a spinning hemisphere seemingly at rest looking from a distance has in fact the center of mass different from that of an identical object without spin, one may view the spinning hemisphere as having developed the "dual center of mass", the source of the gravitational dipole moment. Restorable energy is required to separate the opposite electric charges from the neutral state to produce the electric dipole moment. Restorable energy is also required to produce the "dual center of mass" to create the gravitational dipole moment. The fact that there doesn't exist negative mass (negative energy density) in the universe has contributed to the notion that there is no gravitational dipole moment. However, it is noted that the repulsive pole of the gravitational dipole moment gives the same effect of defocusing a beam of light passing through it as the negative mass (exotic matter) would. The physics for this gravitational dipole moment happens to be the same as if there were negative mass at the position NCM and the usual mass at RCM of equal absolute amount, only if one does not attempt to derive the total monopole mass from this analogy. To avoid this confusion, this negative mass may aptly be named as the "negative image mass" which doesn't really have the mass except its effect. In this analogous system, it is defined that the negative mass repels normal mass while the same kind of mass attracts each other in contrast to the case of electrostatic charges. In retrospect, general relativity did predict the presence of the gravitational dipole moment. There simply was no corresponding experimental data in the classical level to recognize the dipole term as a physically meaningful source. The effect is barely observable at the extremely fast rotational speed of 100,000 rpm for a 20 cm diameter hemispherical rotor, which is indeed a very fast rotational motion according to our common present day experiences but still far down in the non relativistic regime
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as far as the special relativistic criterion of the instantaneous speed at the rim of the rotor is concerned. A sphere or a flat circular disc would not produce the net directional force no matter how fast it rotates, according to the present theory. Concerning this effect, the results of the experiment performed by Hayasaka and Takeuchi [11] are closely related to the present theory [12]. However, there are three factors which indicate that the present theory and their experimental result may represent a different physical effect. In the present theory: 1. The force is proportional to the fourth power of the angular speed of the rotor from the start. 2. The force is independent of the rotational mode of the rotor (either clockwise or counterclockwise). 3. The force depends on the asymmetry of the rotor. On the other hand, in the Hayasaka-Takeuchi experiment: 1. The weight reduction depends linearly on the angular speed of the rotor. 2. The weight reduction depends on the rotational mode of the rotor (cw or ccw). 3. The weight reduction is not claimed to be dependent on the asymmetry of the rotor (the detailed shape of the gyros and the configuration of the motor is not provided in their paper except that the figure suggests the gyros are cylindrical type solid objects). Therefore, it is unlikely that the present theory and the experiment represent the same physical effect concerning the unknown force generated by the rotational motion of the rotor. Especially the linear dependency of both the angular frequency and the effective radius of the rotor on weight reduction in their experiment don't seem to fit the dimensional requirement for the force. And any similar attempt to try such an experiment could not have been the controlled one enough to satisfy both
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conditions; the shape of the rotor and the rotational speed for the prescribed effect without guidance from a theoretical prediction. As an another example, the two opposite jet streams coming out of the black hole accretion disk can also be explained by this mechanism by considering the spinning black hole as a system of two dipoles attached face to face on the flat side of the hemispheres. Depending on the strength of the dipole moment, the amplification of the oscillations of the particles along the z axis may exceed the attractive force of the monopole field. The observed jets 18 are considered to be the manifestation of the particle's trajectories experiencing this force although the detailed mechanism may need to be clarified. The two opposite jets also conform to the fact that the polarity of the dipole moment is independent of the direction of the rotation of each hemispheres as predicted. It is also noted that this mechanism has the potential to explain the anomalous red shift by considering the blue shifted galaxy as one chunk of the rotating point asymmetric body the rotation axis of which is pointing toward our own galaxy. In this picture, it is possible for galaxies to move in any predetermined direction depending on its asymmetry and also on the rotational speed at the time of its birth apart from the Hubble expansion.
References [1] S. W. Hawking, Phys. Rev. D 37, 904 (1988) [2] Michael S. Morris, Kip S. Thorne, and Ulvi Yurtsever, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 1446 (1988) [3] C. W. Misner, K. S. Thorne and J. A. Wheeler, Gravitation (Freeman, San Francisco, 1973) [4] John L. Friedman and Michael S. Morris, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 401 (1991) [5] Z. Thirring, Phys. 19, 33 (1918); and 22, 29 (1921)
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[6] Issac, Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Londini, 1967(1687)) [7] A. Einstein, Sitzungsber, Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Phys. Math. K1 1916, 688 and 1918, 154. [8] J. H. Taylor, L. A. Fowler, and P. M. McCulloch, Nature 277, 437 (1979); J. M. Weisberg and J. H. Taylor, Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 13, 1(1981) [9] W.J. van Stockum, Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, Proc. 57, 135 (1937) [10] Frank J. Tipler, Phys. Rev. Lett. 37, 879 (1976) [11] Hideo Hayasaka and Sakae Takeuchi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 2701 (1989) [12] John Sangster, private communication 19
Frank Tipler’s Rotating Cylinder The rotating cylinder in general relativity poses an interesting mechanical system. It is a system that the researchers in the field considered seriously for time machine that may be possible in the strong relativistic regime. Without going into a detailed mathematics, we can visualize what is going to happen in the rotating cylinder within the scope of dipole gravity and tachyonic mechanics. Due to the special relativistic dynamic mass increase effect, the effective gravitational field outside of the rotating cylinder will increase. So, the second order effect from general relativity will be the additional attractive force toward the center of the rotating cylinder. If the Lense-Thirring force had the right sign, we would have to come to the conclusion that this second order effect of general relativity for a rotating cylinder would have to be outgoing, which isn't. Of course, this is another confirmation that the conventional signs of the Lense-Thirring force cannot be correct. Also, there will not be any axial component of the force because the rotating infinite cylinder does not create the shift of the center of mass along the axial direction.
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In the tachyonic mechanical point of view, the rotating cylindrical mass disperses and prevents the tachyonic particles from getting inside the cylindrical shell, and consequently creates a relatively higher ether vacuum, which corresponds to the increased gravitational force when viewed from the outside, but reduce inertia on the object inside the shell. In the extremely strong field regime, when the cylinder rotates in a relativistic frequency, the inertial mass of the object inside the shell will virtually disappear. Therefore, any slight external force will make the object inside the shell to accelerate with a tremendous speed. The time and the spatial coordinates are entangled in such a way that the motion inside the shell can no longer follow the conventional Newtonian mechanics. But the question on the time machine is a great mystery. Will it be possible to violate the causality? Even if we can travel at the speed greater than the speed of light, after the round trip, we will still be at the later time than we started, once we arrive at the original location, although we may find our friends and relatives are already deceased and we may be looking at their children. What this means in reality is that the time travel for a physical body is prohibited within the doctrine of general relativity. The known general relativity interpreted by the conventional Princeton-Wheeler group of the school of gravitation was not a complete understanding of the full scope of general relativity which has resulted in the erroneous concept of the time travel by a physical body. At least we do not have that possibility within the full scope of our known physics. However, this does not exclude the possibility of the tachyonic particles travel across the channel of the rotating cylinder. The information carried by the tachyonic particles can be transmitted from the future to the past or vice versa, which may
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hint the fact that successful predictions of a short or a long term future, commonly known as the prophecies or predictions may be possible.
Conservation Law of Energy Although, according to Noether’s theorem, the time translation symmetry of the Lagrangian is directly related to the conservation of energy of the system, the crucial point of the importance of the energy conservation is what is the range that the law specifically covers? Does it cover the entire universe or only the local system? To elaborate the point of the argument, here is a suggested Gedanken experiment. For an example, suppose there is a test mass in a thermally isolated container. One decided to influence the energy of the test mass inside an adiabatic container from outside and moved a heavy mass back and forth to change the gravitational force on the test mass. Following the external influence, the test mass initially set at rest started to oscillate and gained a definite kinetic energy delta E. Of course, one will argue that the applicable range of the total energy of the system has to be extended beyond the closed adiabatic container where the test mass is located. But suppose that the heavy mass outside of the container is located so far away from the test mass that the existence of the heavy mass’ external influence is not verifiable. Now one can see that the boundary of the local conservation of the energy law has to be stretched to infinity which is the practical range of the force of gravity. Therefore, in general, it can be stated that the local energy conservation law cannot be respected for the long range forces. One can always try to reformulate and enforce the law but when the boundary is infinite, what is the purpose of such enforcement? There are always possibilities that one can devise
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a system that the local energy is practically gained at the expense of the energy loss from somewhere else in the universe. The mentioned influence of the external force can be initiated by manipulating the specific local configuration of the test mass, for example, by the rotation of the longitudinally asymmetric object which produces dipole gravity effect. After all, general relativity and Maxwell’s equation are the theories describing how the matters are interacting with each other within their own principles of interactions in the universe, and they are not about to acting like a watchdog for the local energy conservation. The inherent nature of the long rangedness (infinity) of these forces makes the local energy conservation within those principles meaningless. However, the strong force and the molecular binding force which are short ranged and holds the nucleus together will definitely conserve the local energy as proven to be correct abundantly in the nuclear physics and in the kinetic theory of gases.
The Book “Gravitation” by Charles W. Misner, Kip S. Thorne and John A. Wheeler If you are a graduate student of the gravitational physics, you will most likely be using the book “Gravitation” as the class material. The instructor or the professor can choose different textbooks but in all likelihood, this will be the book of their choice. This book prepares the future physicists who will practice the profession of performing the research or teaching gravitational physics for the future generation. Due to the sheer size of the volume of the book, it is not easy to sift through all the materials and get to the necessary information. The shear amount of the information presented in the book can easily intimidate one. What is written in the book is considered an
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accurate presentation of the up to date knowledge regarding the solution(s) of general relativity. Now let’s open the page 991 of the book and pay attention to the equation (36.19a). The newer version of the book may have different equation number but this is from the version printed in 1970. There are other chapters dealing with this equation but this page has the most details. What the equation (36.29a) presented in the book is from the weak field approximation of general relativity for a slowly rotating source which is very close to a planetary solar system. As you can see, there is the Newtonian gravity and then the dipole gravity (dj) plus the quadrupole moment (Ijk). If there is a general relativistic solution for the solar system, this equation must be it. In the 1970 version of the book, regarding the (gravitational) dipole moment, it says [if he chooses the origin of coordinate carefully, he can make dj=0].
However, this choice of the origin of the coordinate system will not remove the relativistic shift of the center of mass from the rotating hemisphere. This is how the gravitational dipole moment was thrown out in general relativity. The reasons we have “gravito-magnetism" the modified version of Maxwell’s equation for gravity” is because they dropped this gravitational dipole moment term long time ago. You may say “but that term
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has no physical meaning since the beginning of general relativity and regarded as such”. It doesn’t matter how long “wrong” it has been wrong. It is still wrong. A false cannot become truth just because it has been false for a long time or mistaken to be truth by many. If this term was really zero and had no physical meaning, the Lense-Thirring force should also have been zero also because they are from the same origin. But Lense-Thirring forces are not zero and have been known as such. This was also the reason people have suspected that general relativity may fail because it doesn’t have the solution for rotating matter source. The dark matter problem couldn’t be solved using general relativity because they tossed out this dipole term very long time ago and no one has challenged such interpretation. What we are witnessing here is an apocalyptic revelation. And the deadly attempt to hide the passed down mistakes. This may be the human nature Einstein himself has been referring to about the "infinity of human stupidity". The gigantic jigsaw puzzle was solved by one stroke of the correct reasoning. The dipole gravity is a totally new long range force of gravity in nature. Considering that there are only four known forces in physics, the importance of it cannot be under estimated.
Why Have the Early Investigators Overlooked Dipole Gravity? According to Newtonian mechanics, there is no permanent displacement of the center of mass relative to the origin of the coordinate system that depends on the energy of the mechanical system. One can always shift the origin of the coordinate system in such a way that such a displacement can be removed. In fact,
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there is no such concept as the energy dependent displacement of the center of mass in Newtonian mechanics at all. The question here would be, should general relativity honor the conclusion of the old Newtonian mechanics? The answer is no; it doesn’t have to. The reason is because general relativity may contain information that can be valid only if the new mechanical principle is adopted. The more fundamental reason is because general relativity may contain a new paradigm of physics which can be thrown away easily if the old mechanical principle is imposed mindlessly onto the new theory of physics, which is exactly what happened. In fact, the phenomenon of the dynamical center of mass shift should have been raised as an important issue of a physical anomaly as soon as special relativity was published, because the rotation of a conical or hemispherical rotor creates an unexpected type of dynamical shift of the center of mass not known in Newtonian mechanics. If this issue had been studied and examined in depth prior to the publication of general relativity, the adaptation of dipole gravity as a member of the family of general relativity would have been easy and painless. But unfortunately this didn’t happen. At the first cursory look, special relativity didn’t look like violating the Newtonian mechanical principle. But as we can see directly from the example of the rotating hemispherical rotor, the Newtonian mechanical principle breaks down immediately because the object in rotation shifts its effective center of mass without being pushed in the direction of the shift of the center of mass in direct violation of the first law of the Newtonian mechanics.
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The end of the old era of physics happened with the publication of special relativity, yet it was not recognized by the people in the field. And this trend continued even after the publication of general relativity. Now it is easy to see that the time has come to organize all these messy contradictions and physical anomalies and make a brave and gigantic conclusion. The Newtonian mechanics was not complete. There are cases that the center of mass of an object can change without the external force that makes the shift of the center of mass. This also means that there are cases that a body can obtain acceleration without the due external propulsion force in the direction of the shift of the center of mass. The discussion on this subject has been published in the first paper on dipole gravity. This paradigm shift will nicely fit the recovery of dipole gravity and the modification of Newtonian mechanics. This is the physics of the next civilization that will be valid for thousands of years to come.
Dipole Gravity, a Result of Equivalence Principle If someone says a “theory” people normally become immediately skeptical about it thinking “ok, what kind of unlikely assumption is proposed in there?” MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics) is certainly a “theory” which is riddled with unjustifiable contradictions, like non conserving energy and momentum without a justifiable reason. Whenever I mention about the theory of dipole gravity, this is a kind of a general reaction. There are so many shaky theories that are unverified, untested, yet circling around in the field of physics that sometimes it is hard to tell which the correct theory is and which isn’t. First of all, the theory of Big Bang will never be tested by experiment so it will remain as a “theory” as long as it exists.
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What we have learned from the classical mechanics was that we can predict what is going to happen to the bodies of a celestial object when they are influenced by the law of Newtonian gravity. Detailed calculation is hardly necessary to understand the general properties of the fundamental trajectory, for example; either if it is an elliptical orbit or a parabolic one. The principle is basically the same with dipole gravity. We can predict many features of the motion of the celestial bodies without resort to detailed calculation. The fundamental gravity force lines are the ones that the cosmic objects will follow in their orbit or the passages that are running perpendicular to it. From this observation, the presence of the dark matter halo becomes evident around the fast rotating ultra compact stellar objects as well as the jets. The visibility issue is only a matter of considering if there will be enough collisions among the matter particles specifically for the case of the jets, and if there is going to be long enough time for them to coagulate and proceed to the thermonuclear synthesis for the generation of heat and energy as seen in the case of the stars. Unfortunately, it took seven years after the publication of dipole gravity to realize that the Lense-Thirring force had the wrong sign. Without this finding, there would have been no consistent understanding of the jets and the dark matter problem within general relativity. It was also difficult to tell the world that the first mathematical result that was born out of general relativity had the wrong sign because it was carrying the endorsement of Einstein. It must be noted that dipole gravity is not a phenomenological “theory” as one would normally think of a theory made to fit the experimental data. It is a part of general relativity that came out of the first principle of equivalence between gravity and acceleration. The fact that it took so long to find the solution doesn’t mean that it had to be a horrendously difficult problem.
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On the contrary, it was an exceedingly simple solution when the right concept was introduced After all we are all human beings that are fallible and susceptible to error. I don’t think I’m infallible either. I set the sign of the dipole gravity force to match with that of the LenseThirring force in the 1999 paper without thinking too much. On the other hand, the paper may not have been accepted for publication in the first place, if I had insisted that the signs of the Lense-Thirring force were reversed. I was not aware of the errors of the signs of the Lense-Thirring force at the time. But I publicly announced in 2006 that the signs of the Lense-Thirring force were wrong despite its general acceptance in the physics community for the last 90 years without contest, after careful scrutiny of the various problems of cosmology. It was not an easy conclusion to draw, because it has passed the test of numerous physicists and the brightest minds. So unless you're absolutely sure, no one will make such a drastic and outrageous claim. But I'm hundred percent positive about this claim, "Lense-Thirring force had the wrong sign". What matters is not what others think in regard of you or anyone. What really matters is “what is the real truth of the nature?” Any theory in physics or science or any field of study for that matter can and should be allowed to be challenged, modified or/and improved upon detailed scientific examination.
Communication with a Prominent Astrophysicist In a recent communication with a prominent astrophysicist, I noticed that there is a general misconception about the theory of dipole gravity. Somehow people seem to think dipole gravity is some kind of a modification of general relativity. This is far from the truth. Dipole gravity is not a modification of general relativity. Although it may sound bizarre, the general
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relativistic gravitational field both the inside and out of the rotating spherical source has never been fully worked out. In Newtonian gravity, the gravitational field inside a spherical shell is zero. However, due to the equivalence principle, general relativity predicts that there will be induced gravity field due the constant acceleration of the mass resulted by the rotational motion of the object. Because of the enormous complexity of the integral calculation, the only known solution to this problem was available only at the close distance from the center of the sphere which has been worked out by Lense and Thirring in 1918. In their original paper, they found the general relativistic gravity force close to the center of the rotating spherical shell which was given by,
These forces have been known as Lense-Thirring force. The x and y component of the force shows the radially outgoing structure which has contributed to the notion that it is a manifestation of the centrifugal force in accordance with Mach’s principle. However, the presence of the attractive harmonic z component of the force was enigmatic from the beginning. There are historical records showing that Thirring had correspondences with Einstein in several occasions regarding this problem. Obviously, it baffled Thirring as much as Einstein. It must be emphasized that the above expression is valid except the sign, and only for small x, y, z which is very close to the center of the rotating spherical shell. In other areas beyond the center of the sphere, the integral calculation is simply
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impossible. This form of the force ceases to have any meaning as soon as the distance from the center increases beyond the closest proximity. And the known solution to the linearized theory of general relativity has stated that the rotating spherical mass does not have a meaningful dipole term, which may be true only in the very far distances beyond the boundary of a galaxy. So this problem has been left out as an open question in general relativity since its birth. The conventionally known "gravitomagnetism", which is a modified version of Maxwell's equation, was one of the desperate attempts to understand the extension of the LenseThirring force and the acceleration induced gravity effect beyond the limit of the proximity to the center of the rotating source. Needless to say, there is no mention of the derivation of the Lense-Thirring force or any form close to it, from this formulation of gravitomagnetism at the distance close to the center of the rotating spherical shell. There simply was no known general relativistic solution in the intermediate area away from the center to the relatively close distance from the surface of the rotating spherical source or in the intermediate distance away from the source itself. This means that the general relativistic gravity field induced by the rotational motion of a spherical source has never been fully understood to include the entire space beyond the close proximity to the center. What the theory of dipole gravity has accomplished is that it calculated and showed by a compact mathematical form describing all the details of the field inside and out of the rotating spherical source. This was achieved essentially by dividing the sphere into two sectors of the hemispheres, and by calculating the fields individually and adding them together, which was possible because the gravitational potential function is a scalar quantity.
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The field close to the center calculated from this method produced the Lense-Thirring force of the form,
Several points can be noticed. 1. Both forms have the same sign correlations, e.g., the radial and the axial component of the forces has the opposite sign with respect to each other. 2. They have the equal functional form as second order differential equations. 3. There is a uniform difference of a constant factor 2/15 between the two expressions. 4. The form of the Lense-Thirring force derived from dipole gravity does not have the velocity dependent component of the force. In the theory of dipole gravity, it has been specifically pointed out that only the diagonal component of the metric tensor is considered. The velocity dependent force may be added later without loss of generality. The difference of the constant factor by 2/15 may be explained by considering the fact that the center of the sphere is separated from the centers of mass of the two separate hemispheres. The centers of the two hemispheres are singularity points where the dipole field becomes infinity (which is a mathematical artifact)
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and the field close to the center of the hemispheres within the range of R / 2 will not be exact (larger than actually it is), which explains the discrepancy. This problem can easily be fixed by introducing a form factor etha.
Now, the total potential without singularity can be written
Once the Lense-Thirring force was identified as the residual force from the two oppositely superposed long ranged dipole fields within the rotating spherical shell, the continuity of the force lines all around the space becomes an important issue. Since we are aware of the jets and the dark matter problems in cosmology, the conventionally known signs of the LenseThirring force become very problematic. The repulsive radial force is not consistent with the dark matter problem any more than the attractive axial component of the force for the jets. Dark matter problems will be solved easily if the radial component of the force is attractive and the jets would be explained easily if the axial component of the force is repulsive.
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In fact, the original formulation from dipole gravity without incorporating general relativity showed the reversed signs from the Lense-Thirring force already. However, since there was no compelling reason to doubt the correctness of the signs of the 90-year-old mathematical formula, before applying the force to the actual cosmological problems, I simply adjusted the signs to conform to the known results. The jet problem seemed working conceptually with the original Lense-Thirring force's configuration. It was only with the dark matter problems that the signs of the Lense-Thirring force looked awfully awkward. We cannot have the accretion phenomenon with the repulsive radial force, let alone the fast rotating spiral form of the galaxy. And the jet phenomenon seemed more easily explainable with the reversed signs of the Lense-Thirring force. The necessary presence of the dark matter halo which is an absolute requirement for the explanation of the flat rotation curves within dipole gravity and also in dark matter hypothesis was the final nail on the coffin of the original signs of the LenseThirring force. It simply can’t be the other way around. The matters ejected by the jets have to come back to the equatorial plane and eventually to the galactic center to be recycled. The force lines depicted by the corrected Lense-Thirring force matched perfectly with this picture. If the original signs of the Lense-Thirring force were correct, matters will be ejected radially from the equatorial center to the plane and come back to both of the poles which will be against all odds. More specifically, if this is the case, since the direction of the dipole gravity force lines and the Newtonian gravity force lines are in the same direction at the both poles, that are attractive, there will be no jets visible, because the accompanying two force lines do not allow the matters to collide among themselves. The dark matters are basically the debris of matter particles of
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various sizes in space in transit following the dipole gravity force lines. Einstein was inspired by Mach's view of the universe and of the origin of the centrifugal force when he formulated general relativity. Naturally he expected that his theory of gravity should reflect Mach's point of view. The Lense-Thirring force was at the right spot and at the right moment. In his mind and that of Lense-Thirring's, there was no doubt that the force they derived from the second order effect of gravity was the manifestation and proof of Mach's principle in the form of “induced centrifugal force”. But how many times in the history of science, investigators are inspired by something and discover something else totally different. But in general, there is a general tendency of bias when people strongly expect something to come out of their research activities. Now, it is clear that the total general relativistic gravity field including the Newtonian gravity can be written
for a rotating hemispherical source. In a multiply connected dipole configuration, the second term will be represented by sums of all the existing dipoles in the system. For example, the dipole field from a rotating sphere has to be a sum of the two oppositely connected dipoles within the source. Any cosmological problems involving a rotating source will need this formulation to accurately describe the mechanics of the system just like we use Newtonian gravity to describe the non-rotating (very slowly rotating) stellar configurations. It is not surprising at all that people had to make all kinds of extra assumptions to account for the baffling problems in cosmology, when the second order dipole gravity term was not
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present, even to the degree that the whole Newtonian mechanics has to be modified, let alone the plasma and the magnetic field for the jet phenomenon. The correct order of the approach to solve the problem would have been to apply this dipole gravity for the jets and the dark matter problems first and if it still doesn't work then use any additional tools to account for the further minute details since the law of dipole gravity comes out from the first principle. In this process of studying the effect of dipole gravity, I noticed that the GPB data have been analyzed using the theoretical results derived from the conventional gravitomagnetism which I believe was a wrong theory of gravity. The dipole gravity has the entirely different topological structure compared to the theory derived from the modified Maxwell's equation. A rotating spherical mass has four distinctive poles according to the dipole solution of general relativity instead of two. So, if the GPB data doesn't fit the predictions, they should have suspected that it may not be because of the systematic experimental error but because of the incorrect theoretical assumptions in the first place. My personal attempt to notify them on this particular development did not result in any positive outcome. I'm sure this is not the end of cosmology. I hope dipole gravity can inspire young minds and help them discover something much bigger than the surface it may have barely scratched. I also hope it becomes the beginning of the new era of the engineering of this new scientific concept for the future space adventure of the humankind.
How to Falsify Dipole Gravity? The followings are the typical objections to the theory of dipole gravity.
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1. There is no actual mass increase effect due to special relativity. 2. There is no ideal rigid object in relativity theory. 3. Hemisphere may deform while in rotation so that it may cancel the shift of the relativistic center of mass. 4. Relativistic shift of the center of mass has nothing to do with the dipole gravitational moment in general relativity. 5. There may be dipole gravity effect but the spherical shape of the source will completely cancel the effect. 6. Ehrenfest paradox negates the effect of the relativistic center of mass shift. 7. There is no negative mass so there can not be dipole gravity. The statement number 1 is a false. The special relativistic mass increase effect has been observed and confirmed. The statement number 2 has been discussed in the paper "Non Newtonian force...." In fact, the question of the rigidity must be considered a relative artifact. Depending on the binding force of the dense stellar object, the degree of rigidity can vary in such a way that at any given frequency of rotation, there can exist a stable state of matter that its rigidity exceeds the limit of the centrifugal force induced deformation. The statement number 3 can be disputed by the fact that, in general, the longitudinal asymmetry is all it needs to have a shift in the center of mass of a rotating object, so the deformation itself doesn't affect the fact that it will still have a shift of the center of mass. The statements number 4 and 5 can be disputed by the fact that dipole gravity reproduced the exact form of the length dependent LenseThirring force at the center of the rotating spherical shell. Now regarding the statement number 6, some readers of the dipole gravity article objected to the notion that there is a relativistic center of mass shift for a rotating hemispherical rotor by invoking Ehrenfest's paradox, which states that due to the length contraction effect of special relativity, the circumference of a rotating ring will be shorter than given by 2 R (the length of the radius will still be the same). So the mass of the rotating
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ring should be the same regardless of the speed of the rotation according to their objection. However, if we assume that the ring is made up of N number of atoms connected in series, each atoms will experience the special relativistic mass increase effect, and since the number of the atoms cannot change due to the rotational motion, the relativistic mass increase effect for the whole ring (as well as for the whole hemisphere) should still be effective. The next objection is from the simple comparison with the electromagnetic phenomenon. The electricity and magnetism has electric and magnetic dipole moment because there are two different charges in the theory of electromagnetism, i.e., positive and negative charges of electricity and north and south poles of magnetism, but there is no negative mass in gravity so there cannot be gravitational dipole moment. While gravity and electromagnetism are both long range forces, they are fundamentally different forces of nature. In fact, the fact that there is no observed negative mass in the universe has contributed greatly to the notion that there should be no gravitational dipole moment in the physical universe. However, general relativity in the linearized form only a physically meaningful shift (not the kind that eliminated by a coordinate translation) of the center of does not require the presence of negative mass realization of gravitational dipole moment.
asks for can be mass. It for the
The question on why this shift of the center of mass implicated in the linearized theory of general relativity should be identified with the relativistic shift of the center of mass of a rotating longitudinally asymmetric object may be very interesting. There is no reason it should be identified as such. But then there is also no reason it should not. It is certainly a kind of shift that
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cannot be eliminated by shifting the center of the coordinate system. At least the mathematical calculation using this identification confirmed that the result obtained turned out to be the same as the one obtained by the analytic integration by Lense-Thirring. As in the case of Dirac's equation on the relativistic theory of positrons, a mathematical equation can be interpreted by introducing a certain new physical reality. The entire justification for such an interpretation depends entirely on its predictive power on the existing physical phenomenon. So the last resort to falsify dipole gravity remains in the test of its fundamental predictions since all the features of the dipole gravity potential have been consistent with the observed cosmological data. Newtonian gravity was inspired from the conceptual extension of the force that was observed from a falling apple, although the real story behind will be much more complicated and deeper than can be described by such a simple story, the same force is exerted in the planetary system as well as in the physical reality of our daily lives. It seems clear that the massive cosmological phenomena like the jets and the dark matter problems should have a similar counter part in our daily lives so that we can observe it. Since dipole gravity is the second order effect from general relativity, its strength is much weaker than Newtonian gravity and as such its effect will be much harder to detect in the terrestrial environment. But it is certainly within our current technological reach to test it as shown in the previous pages. The following is a question and answer from the reader of the dipole gravity blog and I answered them to the best of my knowledge as I believed they were legitimate and sincere questions.
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Reader’s Comments in Regard to the Covariance of Dipole Gravity Dear Eue J, Is the theory covariant? Does it account for gravitational lensing? Can it explain the bullet cluster? These are all the sorts of questions people are probably asking you. I'm sure you have answers. Best wishes, daniel Hi Daniel, Thanks for your email with the questions. Let me try as best as I can. If you ask if Newtonian gravity is covariant, the answer will be no. Probably it's the same with dipole gravity. It's just a linearized weak field limit solution. But one may try to formulate a specific tensor metric to study the strong field regime of dipole gravity and then the question of covariance will become important. Just like Newtonian gravity becomes a black hole in the strong field regime of Schwarzschild metric, the result will be a predictable extension from the weak field limit behavior. One possible reason that it may be hard to find a tensor metric for dipole gravity is that it is not a stable gravitational system. The system will not be local. In other words, in the strong relativistic field regime, the gravitational dipole moment will not be at the local spot where one expects it to be because of the extremely strong accelerating force it experiences from the rest of the universe. Theoretically, in such a case, how one can devise a tensor metric where the acceleration can be so strong that the locality of the system cannot be well defined. If it is a moving system with a constant speed, it will be trivial, but how one can devise a tensor metric specifically for a constantly
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accelerating system while the constancy of the acceleration depends on the intrinsic (spin angular momentum and the longitudinal asymmetry) properties of the mechanical system under investigation. But I'm sure someone will come up with an answer. Basically, it's a metric where the source is a rotating hemispherical type (longitudinally asymmetric) rotor. Of course, nice thing about the linearized theory is that one can get a glimpse of the strong field regime without actually finding the metric sorely representing the gravitational dipole moment. The jet from the rotating ultra compact stellar object is just as common as the winds and storms in the earth environment. And the matters ejected from the poles can take a long route to come back to the center by following the dipole gravity force lines. Those matters in their transit toward the center of the rotating stellar object form dark matter halo in the surrounding space and the gravitational lensing becomes a natural consequence of it. It is surprising that the dark matters were actually found by studying the bullet clusters colliding with the stationary galaxy. Regarding the bullet cluster, if a small galactic system has started with the initial condition in such a way that it has a longitudinally asymmetric configuration with non zero spin angular momentum, the cluster will run in one direction accelerating as predicted by dipole gravity. As the longitudinal asymmetricity flattens out as time goes by, due to many possible reasons, the constancy of the velocity will be set in and it becomes a bullet cluster. The major development in the process of publishing the theoretical detail was the finding of the sign error in the LenseThirring force. After the correction, it flood-gated all the subsequent understandings, i.e., the consistent dipole gravity force lines, the dark matter halo and the details of the intricate black hole jet engine mechanism.
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Eue J Jeong
More answers to the question regarding the covariance of dipole gravity It looks like this is a common question in the minds of astrophysicists as I have encountered more than several times. When Einstein's field equation is linearized, the individual terms are not by themselves covariant. For example, Newtonian (monopole) gravity will not be covariant by itself, neither will be dipole gravity. While they are parts of the solution to Einstein's field equation, the exact validity of it will be diminished substantially as the system goes into the extreme relativistic regime. However, one can assume with great confidence that the major property of either monopole or dipole gravity will not change drastically as the system develops into the strong field regime. Black hole's gravity potential is different from the linearized weak field monopole (Newtonian) gravity, only in the way its functional variation over the close distances. The fundamental radial character of the monopole gravity force will not change. For example, the monopole gravity will not change suddenly into the dipole gravity just because the system goes into the strong field regime. So, one can see that dipole gravity is a totally new entity. Its weak field limit property will not change into something else (other than dipole gravity itself) even if the system goes to the extreme relativistic regime. We can see that there can be two different ways to perform research in general relativity to discover new physics. One is trying to find a totally new metric tensor that may reveal some type of new physics in general relativity, which is the way most of the gravitational physicists are focused into these days. The
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other method is to find an actual mechanical system that can be calculable in the weak field limit of general relativity, which is presented in the theory of dipole gravity as well as in the quadrupole gravitational radiation research, the path of which is limited and has not been sought by many physicists. While some type of metric tensors that have been found may not represent the actual universe, the linearized weak field solution found directly from the mechanical system will represent a part of the actual universe at least in the regime of the weakly gravitating source. PS; If we look back at the development of general relativity, it is not hard to see that dipole gravity is the true crown jewel of general relativity. Because the first term from the linearized theory which is the monopole (Newtonian) gravity was a totally expected one that cannot surprise anybody and the third term which is the radiative type of gravitational quadruple moment is two orders of (v/c) magnitude weaker than the monopole gravity, which makes it extremely difficult to detect its effect. And none of these two known terms of gravitation seems to explain the most prominent cosmological problems of today, namely, the jets and the dark matter problem. The second term in the linearized theory was a totally unexpected one since it didn't exist in the context of the classical gravitational physics. And it was not obvious if it does exist and meaningful within general relativity or not, so it was generally considered non existent and that the dipole term in general relativity was dismissed, although many hints were there suggesting that it could exist and be real. For example, LenseThirring force should have been taken more seriously because it carries the signature of dipole gravity. And also, since acceleration of mass creates gravitational field, according to the equivalence principle, the gravitational field from the rotating sphere should have been looked at more closely.
Communication with Professor McGogh
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From: "Stacy McGaugh" To: "ejeong" Sent: Wednesday, May 23, 2007 5:49 PM Subject: Re: Dark Matter is Real Yes, it is well known that in MOND there must be more mass than meets the eye (about a factor of two, presumably in some mundane baryonic form). The recent cluster press releases merely confirm this; they don't shed any light on the nature of the unseen mass (baryonic or non-baryonic) which makes all the difference. Professor Stacy McGaugh Department of Astronomy I think the whole matter will eventually boil down to the priority issue. We haven't exhausted the known theory of gravitation, i.e., general relativity. It looks like there are plenty of rooms for the dark matter problem to be taken care of within general relativity without the fundamental destruction of the existing Newtonian mechanics. That's a humongous assumption. Occam's razor makes it a little bit hard for us to take it in. Dipole gravity also demands the overhaul of Newtonian mechanics but not in such an arbitrary way. There is a clear cut path to the revision dictated by general relativity. There is no ad hoc assumption in dipole gravity. It is general relativity itself. Does MOND predict jets and provide the elaborate jet engine mechanism also? I don't think so. Does it provide any remote clues to the mechanism of creating the macroscopic wormhole, the ultimate method of space travel? No. I don't know why anyone would want to stick to MOND after the revelation of dipole gravity other than based purely on sentimental values, which scientists must avoid.
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Gravitational Free Energy Generator If the continuous acceleration is possible with this hemispherical rotor, it can be used to extract gravitational energy from the space by using it like horses turning the gigantic milling wheel. So here comes the idea to show how it can be used to harness the gravitational energy from the space. The simple principle of dipole gravity is that a fast rotating rigid hemisphere will be accelerated in the direction toward the flat side indefinitely without any external force applied to it. It can never sit still. The rotor has to be rigid and the rotation frequency is expected to be relativistic. If two of these rotating hemispheres are placed in space, face to face, the net directional force will be canceled out. But the gravitational field will still be generated in such a way that the field comes out of the both poles and merge into the rotational plane and come back to the center. This is exactly the mechanical principle how the jets are formed and the dark matters are created. However, interesting extension of this thought was that the dipole gravity rotor is basically a free energy unit by itself. By just setting them up to turn a wheel, they can be made to pull a gigantic mill to turn the rotor of an electric generator.
Extracting Gravitational Energy from the Homogeneous Isotropic Universe Eue Jin Jeong Department of Physics, Natural Science Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea Abstract
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The kinetic energy of a local system of objects placed in a curved space-time is gained by the subsequent acceleration of the object following the more contracted region of space-time. Normally this happens near massive gravitating stars. However, the gravitational dipole moment has been shown to be capable of self creating asymmetrically distorted space-time in its vicinity, thereby, capable of being accelerated indefinitely following the successive self created loophole of the space-time. Localization of this kinetic energy may be possible by designing a system that uses the artificially created gravitational dipole moments to rotate the main axis. A mechanical constraint is derived for the extraction of unlimited gravitational energy from such system. Keyword(s): gravitational energy; curved space-time; general relativity; dipole gravity; rotating hemisphere
PACS number(s): 03.30.+p, 04.30.+x It has been discussed in the previous paper that a longitudinal axially asymmetric rotating object violates Newton’s first and third laws of motion. In this system, the angular degree of freedom of motion is coupled to that of the linear one since the angular momentum produces the anomalous displacement of the center of mass along the direction of the rotation axis. This is a totally unexpected phenomenon from the view point of Newtonian mechanics. The translational gauge symmetry in the quantized version of general relativity is spontaneously broken for the rotating hemispherical system since the usual constant phase factor that shifts the coordinate system without affecting the energy content of the system is no longer the constant in such cases. It has to carry the information about the kinetic energy of the rotor which depends on the time derivative of the angular orientation dfi/dt as well as the exact geometrical shape of the rotor to know the exact effective center of mass of the
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object at any given moment of time. The result of this breaking of symmetry is the non conservation of energy and linear momentum which is the direct consequence of Newton’s first and third laws of motion. As is well known, all of the six degrees of freedom of motion (3 translational and 3 rotational) of an object must be independent from each other in Newtonian mechanics. And its validity has never been challenged in general relativity either. Any one of the degrees of freedom of motion should not affect any other degrees of freedom of motion, which seems not the case for the mentioned system. It seems that the space-time has lesser degree of freedom in such systems since the linear degree of freedom of motion is somehow intermingled with the time dimension through the angular frequency of rotation of the rotor. This new physical phenomenon has the potential to affect QM and EM and especially the Thermodynamics since the kinetic theory of gas has never scrutinized the longitudinal axially asymmetric type of gas like methane in the light of this new principle. The measured values of Cv and have revealed that there is no consistent law governing them [1] for the methane derivative gases like CH3Cl, CH2Cl2, CHCl3, CCl4 which are of the tetrahedral shape that can have the longitudinal axially asymmetric rotational modes. Thus, the Cv of the above gases may need to be recalculated in light of the present theory and compared with the previous experimental data. In general, linear displacement of an object occurs typically in mechanics in three cases. First, the coordinate translation, second the constant rectilinear motion with respect to the stationary coordinate system and third due to the accelerated motion of an object. The coordinate translation does not really describe the motion of an object. Its only a shift of the reference point. The second case is the typical rectilinear motion described by Newton’s first law of motion. The third case occurs when the object is subjected to a time
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rated change of the external action where the acting force is given by d(mv)/dt. In the first two cases, external energy is not required to change the orientation of the object. In the third case, the displacement is a function of the external force and the mass of the object. In case the object is subjected to a uniform external force, the displacement is the second order function of time. And in most of the other similar cases, Newton’s second and third law of motion can effectively deal with the mechanics of the system where the energy and momentum of the total system are conserved. There is yet another kind of displacement of an object which depends on the internal energy of the system. The idealized, perfectly rigid rotating hemispherical rotor which is an example case of longitudinal axially asymmetric rotor has been considered extensively in the previous paper which generates the shift of the center of mass perpendicular to the plane of rotation. The length element defined as the "anomalous center of mass shift" arising from the energy dependent center of mass has the following peculiar characteristics. 1. It is related to an internal energy of the system. 2. The larger the shift of the center of mass, the greater the stored energy. 3. It can be returned to zero upon releasing the related internal energy. As can be expected, this anomalous center of mass shift is independent of the coordinate system. Since the breaking of Newton's first law motion indicates the possibility of spontaneous linear movement of the object, it is expected that this local system will gain energy as it moves along. The possibility of extracting vacuum energy by using the attractive Casimir force between metal layers has been proposed by Forward [2] in 1984. More recently, Cole and Puthoff [3] have again raised the possibility of energy extraction from the vacuum. While the Casimir force is the manifestation of the electromagnetic zero point fields, the vacuum as contractible space-time seems to have other interesting properties in energetics purely from the relativistic point of view.
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The dipole gravitational moment represents a new physical entity that defies Newton’s first and third laws of motion in which the local energy is not conserved, which is similar to the case of a local system of objects placed in a non flat space-time in general relativity [4][5][6][7]. It is physically conceivable that the gravitational dipole moment given by where T 00 is the total mass energy density of the rotating source and rc the anomalous center of mass shift vector, would interact with the gravitational potential field pervading the universe and be directionally accelerated in the same way that an electric dipole moment would be propelled toward certain direction depending on its original position and orientation in a sparsely populated electrostatic charges in a non conducting spherical shell. Calculation of the actual amount of force using the distance and matter distribution in the real universe by integration is hampered by the fact that not only the universe is not in the three dimensional manifold but also that there is no confirmed data for the exact amount of total mass in the universe. Instead, one may be able to calculate the total mass of the universe using the measured linear force in the three dimensional approximation. As discussed in the previous paper, if we choose the proposition that the center of the centripetal force tries to stay at the rest state center of mass due to the inertial resistance while the centrifugal force exerts force centering around the shifted center of mass, the net result is that there remains non zero vertical component of force in the hemispherical system with respect to the rest of the universe. Then the linear force can be calculated to be, by using the triangular law,
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where rc is the anomalous shift of the center of mass and
2 / 3R the effective radius where the total mass is imagined to be concentrated while giving the same inertia as that of the hemisphere for R c . And subsequently,
for R c , where R is the radius of the hemispherical shell, m the mass and the angular frequency of the rotor respectively. Once the rotational motion of an idealized perfectly rigid object which is axisymmetric yet longitudinal axially asymmetric is proven to be capable of creating a locally asymmetric spacetime distortion and the corresponding force is given by the above expression where the force depends on the fourth power of the angular frequency , the next step of using this force to rotate the wheel(on the axis of which a generator may be attached to produce electricity) is straight forward. It must be noted at this point that there exists one important, well known, mechanical constraint in this process. The dipole rotor has to overcome the resisting force acting against changing the direction of its own angular momentum in the process of performing the work to rotate the main axis. Since overcoming this resisting force would require energy to be drawn from the system, the energy generated by the dipole rotor must be greater than the energy required to change its own angular momentum plus all other forms of energy loss for positive energy production. To determine the mechanical constraint for positive energy production following the above discussion, consider a device which has the shape of a large scale classic wind speedometer with four arms of equal length attached perpendicular to the main axis horizontally stretched 90 degrees to each other. The axis of four rotating hemispheres is attached at the end of each
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arms perpendicular to both the main axis and the arms respectively. Consider an infinitesimal distance dS = rdfi traveled by the dipole rotor attached at the end of the arms of the device due to the force exerted on itself. Assuming that all other moving components in the device are massless except one dipole rotor which is activated and massive, the amount of work exercised on the wheel during the infinitesimal travel is given by
, where R and are the radius and the angular frequency of the hemispherical rotor respectively and r the length and dfi the infinitesimal angular rotation of the arms. The energy spent to change the angular orientation of the dipole moment is given approximately for R c by
where is the angular frequency of the main axis in the system. Even with the assumption that all the frictional energy loss can be eliminated completely, this is the fundamental low limit of the energy loss required to make up by the force exerted on the dipole. The output energy must be greater than this fundamental energy loss, so that the condition
must be satisfied, which gives
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for the idealized perfectly rigid rotating hemispherical shell for R /c
