and amounts of shungite for the treatment of produced water. For the first ... of water purification, as coliform bacteria were not found in experimental samples.
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 113 (2017) 116 – 120
,QWHUQDWLRQDO6FLHQWLILF&RQIHUHQFH³(QYLURQPHQWDODQG&OLPDWH7HFKQRORJLHV´&21(&7 ±2FWREHU5LJD/DWYLD
&KHPLFDODQGPLFURELRORJLFDOQDWXUHRISURGXFHGZDWHU WUHDWPHQWELRWHFKQRORJ\ $OLPD7XUND\HYDD*XOLD-DPDORYDD8PXW0XVVLQDD0HOV2VKDNED\HYD /HOGH7LPPDE -HOHQD3XEXOHE'DJQLMD%OXPEHUJDE a
Institute of HiTech and Sustainable Development, Satbayev Kazakh National Technical University (KRNTU), Satpaev St 22, Almaty, Kazakhstan b Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University, Azenes iela 12/1, Riga, LVí1048, Latvia
$EVWUDFW 7KH SDSHU VWXGLHG WKH FKHPLFDO DQG PLFURELRORJLFDO QDWXUH RI WKH SURGXFHG ZDWHU 7KH DLP RI VWXG\ LV WR GHVFULEH WKH LQWHUGHSHQGHQFHRIWKHFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQDQGPLFURELRORJLFDODFWLYLW\RIWKHSURGXFHGZDWHULQFRPELQDWLRQZLWKYDULRXVW\SHV DQGDPRXQWVRIVKXQJLWHIRUWKHWUHDWPHQWRISURGXFHGZDWHU)RUWKHILUVWWLPHSURGXFHGZDWHUIURPWKH.XPNROILHOGZDVVWXGLHG 7KH SUDFWLFDO YDOXH RI UHVHDUFK LV WR GHYHORS D PHWKRGRORJ\ ZKHUH WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI ELRWHFKQRORJ\ IRU D KLJK GHJUHH RI SXULILFDWLRQLVJLYHQ)URPDSUDFWLFDOSRLQWRIYLHZFDUERQDWHVKDOHVKXQJLWHLVRILQWHUHVWEHFDXVHLWSURYLGHGWKHODUJHVWGHFOLQH LQFKORULGHV DQGWKHVPDOOHVWLQFUHDVHLQVXOSKDWHV 8VHRIDOOVKXQJLWHKDVDEHQHILFLDOKHDOWKHIIHFWRQWKHSURFHVV RI ZDWHU SXULILFDWLRQ DV FROLIRUP EDFWHULD ZHUH QRW IRXQG LQH[SHULPHQWDO VDPSOHV %DVHG RQ WKH UHVXOWV IURPPLFURELRORJLFDO DQDO\VLVWKHPRVWEHQHILFLDOHIIHFWRQWKHDFWLYLW\RIWKHVWXGLHGWD[DDIIHFWVFDUERQDWHVKDOHVKXQJLWHDQG5XVVLDQVKXQJLWHKDVD UHODWLYHO\QHXWUDOVWDQFHRQWKLVFKDUDFWHULVWLF 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG © 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHVFLHQWLILFFRPPLWWHHRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO6FLHQWLILF&RQIHUHQFH³(QYLURQPHQWDODQG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Scientific Conference “Environmental and &OLPDWH7HFKQRORJLHV Climate Technologies”. Keywords:SURGXFHGZDWHUFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQVPLFURELRORJLFDODFWLYLW\VKXQJLWH
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU E-mail address:OHOGHWLPPD#JPDLOFRP
1876-6102 © 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Scientific Conference “Environmental and Climate Technologies”. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.04.032
Alima Turkayeva et al. / Energy Procedia 113 (2017) 116 – 120
117
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x
x
x
x x
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±KRXUVWRGHWHUPLQHWKHJURZWKRIWKHFRORQLHVRQGHQVH QXWULHQW DJDU IRU KHWHURWURSKLF EDFWHULD SODWH FRXQW DQG FROLIRUP EDFWHULD DQG IURP WR KRXUV WR GHWHUPLQHWKHJURZWKRIWKHFRORQLHVRQGHQVHQXWULHQWDJDUIRUActinomycetalesDQGMicromycota 6WDWLVWLFDODQDO\VLVRIWKHUHVXOWVZDVFDUULHGRXWXVLQJPDWKHPDWLFDOELRORJ\WHFKQLTXHV>±@ %LRWHFKQRORJLFDOUHVHDUFKWKHVFKHPHRIZKLFKLVSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJ$VVHHQLQ)LJIRXUW\SHVRIVKXQJLWH FDUERQDWHVKDOHFDUERQDWHVKDOH5XVVLDQ ZHUHXVHGIRUWKHSXULILFDWLRQRISURGXFHGZDWHU7KHDPRXQWRI WKHVKXQJLWHLQDOOH[SHULPHQWVZDVJOSURGXFHGZDWHU
118
Alima Turkayeva et al. / Energy Procedia 113 (2017) 116 – 120
7KHFDVHVWXG\ZDVFRQGXFWHGIRUWKHSURGXFHGZDWHULQWKHRLOUHVHUYRLURIWKH.XPNROILHOGLQ.\]\ORUGDUHJLRQ .D]DNKVWDQ7KHPDLQDFWLYLWLHVRIWKH.\]\ORUGDUHJLRQDUHRLODQGJDVSURGXFWLRQDQGSURFHVVLQJ)RUHFDVWVRIWKH .\]\ORUGDUHJLRQRLOSURGXFWLRQLQGLFDWHDJUDGXDOGHFOLQHLQRLOSURGXFWLRQE\DWWKHOHYHORIWKRXVDQG WRQQHVSHU\HDU dLJƉĞƐŽĨĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚ
WƌŽĚƵĐĞĚǁĂƚĞƌ н ƐŚƵŶŐŝƚĞĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞ
WƌŽĚƵĐĞĚǁĂƚĞƌн ƐŚƵŶŐŝƚĞƐŚĂůĞ
ϲϬŐͬů
ϲϬŐͬů
WƌŽĚƵĐĞĚǁĂƚĞƌн ZƵƐƐŝĂŶƐŚƵŶŐŝƚĞ
WƌŽĚƵĐĞĚǁĂƚĞƌн ĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞͲƐŚĂůĞ ƐŚƵŶŐŝƚĞ ϲϬŐͬů
ϲϬŐͬů
)LJ%LRWHFKQRORJ\WUHDWPHQWRISURGXFHGZDWHUXVLQJGLIIHUHQWTXDOLW\VKXQJLWH
5HVXOWV 7KHIRUPDWLRQZDWHUIURPWKH.XPNROILHOGLVDZHDNO\DFLGLFVROXWLRQKDVKLJKFRQWHQWRIFKORULQHDQLRQVDQG PL[WXUHVRIFDOFLXPVRGLXPSRWDVVLXPPDJQHVLXPVDOWVROXWLRQDUHKLJKO\FRUURVLYHEHFDXVHRIWKHKLJKFRQWHQWRI FDOFLXP DQG PDJQHVLXP FKORULGHV 7KXV WR UHGXFH WKH DJJUHVVLYHQHVV RI WKH SURGXFHG ZDWHU LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR GHYHORSDPHWKRGWKDWZRXOGUHGXFHWKHVDOWFRQWHQWWRDWKUHVKROGOLPLWYDOXHOHYHO 3.1. Changing the chemical characteristics of formation water samples by using different kinds of shungite
0DVVIUDFWLRQRIFKORULGHVJO
0DVVIUDFWLRQRIVXOSKDWHVJO
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
63:
6&
66
&66
56
63:
6&
66
&66
56
)LJ&KHPLFDODQDO\VLVRISURGXFHGZDWHU.XPNROILHOGEHIRUHDQGDIWHURIWKHH[SHULPHQWZKHUH63:±VDPSOHSURGXFHGZDWHU 6&±VKXQJLWHFDUERQDWH66±VKXQJLWHVKDOH&66±FDUERQDWHVKDOHVKXQJLWH56±5XVVLDQVKXQJLWH
119
Alima Turkayeva et al. / Energy Procedia 113 (2017) 116 – 120
$V VHHQ LQ )LJ WKH FRQWHQW RI VXOIDWH LQFUHDVHG ZKHQ XVLQJ VKXQJLWH FDUERQDWH E\ VKXQJLWH VKDOH E\FDUERQDWHVKDOHVKXQJLWHE\5XVVLDQVKXQJLWHE\&KORULGHFRQWHQWLQFUHDVHGZKHQXVLQJ FDUERQDWH DQG 5XVVLDQ VKXQJLWH E\ DQG UHVSHFWLYHO\ ZKHUHDV WKH XVH RI VKDOH DQG FDUERQDWHVKDOH VKXQJLWHRQWKHFRQWUDU\GHFUHDVHGWKHFKORULGHFRQWHQWE\DQGUHVSHFWLYHO\ &RQFOXVLRQV WKH PD[LPXP LQFUHDVH LQ VXOIDWHV ZDV UHFRUGHG XVLQJ 5XVVLDQ VKXQJLWH PLQLPXP ± FDUERQDWHVKDOH VKXQJLWH PD[LPXP UHGXFWLRQ RI FKORULGH ZDV REVHUYHG ZKHQ XVLQJ FDUERQDWHVKDOH VKXQJLWH WKHVPDOOHVW±VKXQJLWHVKDOH )URPWKHVHILQGLQJVLWIROORZVWKDWIURPDSUDFWLFDOSRLQWRIYLHZFDUERQDWHVKDOHVKXQJLWHLVRILQWHUHVWEHFDXVHLW SURYLGHGWKHODUJHVWGHFOLQHLQFKORULGHV DQGWKHVPDOOHVWLQFUHDVHLQVXOSKDWHV 3.2. Changing the microbiological parameters of samples of produced water by using different kinds of shungite 7RWDOEDFWHULDOFRXQW7%& LVDTXDQWLWDWLYHLQGLFDWRURIWKHWRWDODPRXQWRIPHVRSKLOLFDHURELFDQGIDFXOWDWLYH DQDHURELF PLFURRUJDQLVPV LQ PO RI WHVW OLTXLG 7KLV WHVW KDV OLPLWHG YDOXH DV DQ LQGLFDWRU RI WKH SUHVHQFH RI SDWKRJHQLFPLFURRUJDQLVPVKRZHYHU7%&&LVDQLPSRUWDQWLQWHJUDOKHDOWKLQGLFDWRUZKLFKDOORZVXVWRHVWLPDWH WKHWRWDOPLFURELDOFRQWDPLQDWLRQRIWKHZDWHUERG\>@7%&YDOXHLVH[SUHVVHGLQFRORQ\IRUPLQJXQLW&)8 SHU PODQGPHWKRGLFDOO\UHSUHVHQWVWKHWRWDOQXPEHURIKHWHURWURSKLFEDFWHULDFRORQLHVWKDWJUHZIRU±KRXUVDWD WHPSHUDWXUHRI&RUDW&IRUKRXUV E\SODWLQJPORIZDWHURQVLPSOHPHGLXP>@'HWHUPLQDWLRQRI WRWDOPLFURELDOQXPEHUUHYHDOVWKHGHJUHHRIFRQWDPLQDWLRQRIZDWHUUHVHUYRLUZLWKLQGLFDWRURUJDQLVPV$FFRUGLQJWR WKHVDQLWDU\DQGK\JLHQLFVWDQGDUGVWKLVLQGLFDWRUVKRXOGQRWH[FHHGXQLWV7KHKLJKUDWHRI7%&LQGLFDWHVDKLJK SUREDELOLW\RIWKHSUHVHQFHLQZDWHURISDWKRJHQV 6KXQJLWHKDVDVLJQLILFDQWLPSDFWRQWKHJURZWKRIFRORQ\IRUPLQJXQLWVLQGHWHUPLQLQJWKH7%&VHH)LJ
Heterotrophic bacteria plate count 6DPSOHSURGXFHGZDWHU
Coliform bacteria 6KXQJLWHFDUERQDWH
Actinomycetales 6KXQJLWHVKDOH
Micromycota
&DUERQDWHVKDOHVKXQJLW
5XVVLDQVKXQJLW
)LJ*URZWKRIGHQVHFRORQLHVRQQXWULHQWDJDUIRUWKHVWXGLHGWD[DGHSHQGLQJRQWKHW\SHRIVKXQJLWH
)LJVKRZVDGLDJUDPLQZKLFK\RXFDQFOHDUO\WUDFHWKHYDULDELOLW\RIWKHVWXGLHGWD[DJURZWKUDWHE\GHWHFWLQJ WKHFRORQ\IRUPLQJXQLWVLQWKHGHQVHQXWULHQWDJDUDWKRXUVRIFXOWLYDWLRQIRU+HWHURWURSKLFEDFWHULDSODWHFRXQW FROLIRUPEDFWHULDKRXUVRIFXOWLYDWLRQIRUActinomycetalesDQGKRXUVIRUMicromycota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
120
Alima Turkayeva et al. / Energy Procedia 113 (2017) 116 – 120
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ɌȺ&KXUEDQRYD,1:DWHUFKHPLVWU\DQGPLFURELRORJ\06WUR\L]GDW >@ ,YFKDWRYDȺ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