Chemical Water and Wastewater Treatment IX Proceedings of the 12 Gothenburg Symposium 2007 20–23 May, 2007 Ljubljana, Slovenia th
Edited by Hermann H. Hahn Erhard Hoffmann Hallvard Ødegaard
Published by IWA Publishing, Alliance House, 12 Caxton Street, London SW1H 0QS, UK Telephone: +44 (0) 20 7654 5500; Fax: +44 (0) 20 7654 5555; Email:
[email protected] Web: www.iwapublishing.com First published 2007 © 2007 IWA Publishing Printed by TJ International (Ltd), Padstow, Cornwall, UK. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1998), no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, or, in the case of photographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the appropriate reproduction rights organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to IWA Publishing at the address printed above. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for errors or omissions that may be made. Disclaimer The information provided and the opinions given in this publication are not necessarily those of IWA or of the authors, and should not be acted upon without independent consideration and professional advice. IWA and the authors will not accept responsibility for any loss or damage suffered by any person acting or refraining from acting upon any material contained in this publication. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 1-84339-145-7 ISBN 13: 978-1-84339-145-6
Preface One day you read that the Millennium goals in the realm of Water Supply and Sanitation will be met and then the next day you find reports that it is impossible to stay abreast of the steadily deteriorating situation. It seems that this discrepancy is not caused by a lack of technological instruments. Sometimes we are informed that the new instruments of “public-private-partnership” (PPP) will bring us closer to a solution of these problems. Yet the apparent need for equal opportunities to all, at affordable costs, sheds doubt on the suitability of such PPP concepts. It is this dilemma that determines our work to a larger degree than many a technological development. For these reasons, this symposium and these proceedings start with clear statements and tested recommendations on economic and organisatorial aspects. It is in part legal framework that the European Union and the United Nations provide, which guide the economic criteria reported in these papers. But the reader also finds practical experience and the underlying economic and managerial theory as it contributes to solutions to organisational questions, developed by decision makers, economic experts and operators. It is technology, foremost water technology, which determines the content of this book. But then the incipient consideration of economic and sociological parameters of former books has given way to a clear focus on regulations, finances and organisation in the very beginning of the symposium. Experts from all over the globe contribute solutions to technical, economic and organisational problems in drinking water treatment and wastewater (and stormwater) collection, treatment and reuse. There are new ideas in the field of chemicals, proven concepts in plant operation, and possibilities for disinfecting all kinds of waters and recovering secondary resources. The editorial team, with its shared responsibilities, hopes that the readers of this book will be pleased with the information it contains. Hallvard Ødegaard structured the program work and Erhard Hoffmann cooperated successfully with Karin Knisely to present again a well-formulated and readable opus. But most of all, the editors are indebted to the authors of all the outstanding papers collected in this book.
Karlsruhe/Trondheim Mar 2007 H. H. Hahn E. Hoffmann H. Ødegaard
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Committees
Organising Committee Hermann H. Hahn, University Fridericiana, Karlsruhe, Germany Torsten Hedberg, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden Jan Nobel, Kemira Kemwater, Sweden Hallvard Ødegaard, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
Members of the Programme Committee E. Arvin, Denmark P. M. Huck, Canada P. Balmér, Sweden R. Mujeriego, Spain M. Boller, Switzerland M. Ottaviani, Italy M. Swiderska-Broz, Poland R. Pujol, France B. Jimenez Cisneros, Mexico F. Rogalla, UK S. Dentel, USA Y. Song, China D. Dixon, Australia J. C. van Dijk, The Netherlands P. Dolejs, Czech Republic Y. Watanabe, Japan J. Fettig, Germany T. Tuhkanen, Finland S. S. Ferreira Filho, Brazil H. Ødegaard, Norway N. Graham, UK
Contents
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Regulations, Finance and Political Influence The Principle of Cost-Recovery in Article 9 of the Water Framework Directive – a Price Driver for Water? ................ 3 P. Kessler Water Privatization Models: Reasons, Characteristics, Difficulties & Lessons ...................................................................... 11 J. Allouche and M. Finger Project Financing as a Model of Private Participation in the Sewerage Sector ................................................................... 25 Z. Mahmutspahic Chemical Wastewater Treatment The Potential of Chemical and Physical Wastewater Treatment Technologies within the Scope of the EU Water Framework Directive ..................................................... 37 A.F. van Nieuwenhuijzen, W.F. Slotema and J.F. Kramer Microscreening in Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment ......... 49 M. Ljunggren, L.-G. Alm, B. Nilsson, E. Persson, R. Strube, L. Svensson and J. la Cour Jansen Optimising Chemical Dosage in Primary Settling Tanks ................. 59 J.P. Hangouet, R. Pujol, P. Bourgogne, D. Ropert and G. Lansalot Overcoming Limitations of Biofilm Reactors: Optimising the Solids and Energy Balance ...................................... 69 T. F. Chan, F. Michelet, F. Rogalla and A. Cheng Operational Experiences in Wastewater Treatment Control of Filamentous Foam Formers by Chemical Addition ......... 83 C. Kragelund, B. Nilsson, K. Eskilsson, K. Fritzson, A.-M. Bøgh and P. H. Nielsen Phosphorus Removal at the Wastewater Works of St.Petersburg, SUE “Vodokanal of St. Petersburg” .................. 93 A. Kinebas, B. Vasilev, A. Jantunen, L. Joensuu, P. Peuraniemi and A. Klimenko
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Contents
Decentralised Treatment of Runoff from Traffic Areas – Principles and Practical Aspects .................................................103 J. Fettig, M. Miethe and V. Pick Sludge Treatment and Residuals Recovery Kemicond – Sludge Conditioning by an Acidic Oxidative Treatment – Reaction Mechanisms and Process Optimization ...................................................................... 117 C. Schaum, P. Cornel, P. Faria, M. Recktenwald and O. Norrlöw New Technologies for the Improvement of Sludge Dewatering ....129 J. Kopp Experimental Comparison of Physico-Chemical Treatments for Excess Sludge Reduction in Wastewater Treatment Plants ........................................................141 G. Andreottola, P. Foladori and G. Ziglio Chemical-Thermal Disintegration of Floating Sludge .....................155 B. Heinzmann and G. Engel Coagulants and Flocculants Beyond DLVO: Advancing the Capabilities of Coagulation Process Models ..........................................................171 S. K. Dentel Nano-Inorganic Polymer Flocculant: From Theory to Practice......181 D.S. Wang, X.H. Wu, L. Huang, H.X. Tang and J.H. Qu Characterization and Coagulation Performance of Liquid Poly-Silicic-Ferric Coagulant (PSF) and Solid PSF .............189 F. Ying and Y. Shuili Coagulation in Drinking Water Treatment NOM Characteristics and Treatability by Coagulation: Comparison of Norwegian and Australian Waters .........................207 B. Eikebrokk, R. Fabris, M. Drikas and C. Chow The Effect of Iron and Aluminium Chemicals in Humic Water Treatment by High-rate Dissolved Air Flotation .............................221 P. Jokela, M. Vaahtera, T. Vuori and J. Meriluoto
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An Investigation into the Importance of Cell Shape and Algae Derived Organics on the Performance of Coagulation ..................231 R. Henderson, S. A. Parsons and B. Jefferson Disinfection Using Engineered Media to Minimize the Chemical Dependency of Filtration ................................................................247 M.B. Emelko, D. Scott, and J. Bolton A Mechanistic Approach to Predict Disinfection By-Product Precursor Removal during Conventional Coagulation ...............................................................257 E. Sharp, B. Borrill, E.H. Goslan and B. Jefferson The Use of Hyproform Disinfection System in Wastewater Treatment: Batch and Full Scale Trials ......................267 P. Ragazzo, N. Chiucchini and F. Bottin Membrane Filtration Impact of Coagulation on the Structure and Hydraulic Properties of Fouling Layers in Submerged Membrane Filtration .......................................................................279 P. Kovalsky, S. Santiwong, G. Bushell and T.D. Waite Ceramic Membranes and Coagulation for TOC Removal from Surface Waters .......................................................289 J. Abrahamsson, U. Eriksson, G. Milton, J. Clement, F. Rogalla, K. Hattori and K. Yambe Removal of Selected PhACs and EDS in Surface Water by Membrane Filtration with Biological Filtration Pre-treatment ..................................................................297 C. Guay, S. Peldszus, P.M. Huck, B. McPhail and D.B. Mosqueda-Jimenez Chemical Treatment for Management of Membrane Concentrate ..................................................................307 K. L. Mercer and J. E. Tobiason
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Oxidation in Drinking Water Treatment Impact of UV/H2O2 on Drinking Water Chlor(am)ine Demand and By-products ...............................................................319 N. Paradis and R. Hofmann Treatment of NOM-Containing Water by a Photocatalytic-Vacuum UV Reactor ..............................................329 K. Azrague, S.W. Osterhus and H. Ødegaard Adsorption for Removal of Micro Pollutants Performance Evaluation of Granular Activated Carbon for the Removal of Selected Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Substances from Drinking Water .................343 Z. Yu, S. Peldszus and P.M. Huck Removal of p-Nitrophenol by Different Types of Ultrafiltration and Powdered Activated Carbon Adsorption ...........353 I. Ivancev-Tumbas, R. Hobby, S. Panglisch, M. Sustrath, B. Kreckel and R. Gimbel Antibiotics Removal Using Oxidation, UV Irradiation and Adsorption ................................................................................363 K.-J. Choi, S.-G. Kim and S.-H. Kim Arsenic Removal Purification and Concentration of Phosphorous in Municipal Wastewater by Zirconium Sulfate-Surfactant Micelle Mesostructure ....................................................................373 T. Hanzawa, Y. Watanabe, H. Satoh, M. Iwamoto, S. H. Lee and K. H. Yeon Removal of Arsenic by Iron Oxides in Granular Sand Filters in Water Works Treating Groundwater .......................381 E. Arvin and L. Ramsay Elimination of Arsenic Substances from Groundwater for Production of Drinkable Water Using Microdrop Reactor System ..............................................................................389 E.G. Søgaard and C. Sønderby
Authors Index ............................................................................. 401
