Nov 27, 2013 - audible click of a ball entering the vending machine and were not able to monitor the behaviour of the chimpanzees. Balls were thrown to the ...
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
$EVWUDFW &KLPSDQ]HHV KDYH EHHQ VKRZQ WR EH DGHSW OHDUQHUV ERWK LQGLYLGXDOO\ DQG VRFLDOO\ @ 7KH FKLPSDQ]HHVVSHQGDOOWKHLUWLPHRXWVLGH LQFOXGLQJWKHQLJKWV H[FHSWIRURQHKRXUIRRGSURYLVLRQLQJVHVVLRQSHUGD\GXULQJ ZKLFK WKH\ UHFHLYH DGGLWLRQDO IUXLWV DQG YHJHWDEOHV LQ WKHLU LQGRRU KROGLQJ IDFLOLW\ 6XEMHFWV ZHUH FKLPSDQ]HHV PDOHV UDQJLQJ LQ DJH IURP \HDUV 7KH PDMRULW\
1RYHPEHU_9ROXPH_,VVXH_H
&KLPSDQ]HHV3UHIHU3D\RIIRYHU&RQIRUPLQJ
)LJXUH 6FKHPDWLF RYHUYLHZ RI WKH H[SHULPHQWDO VHWXS LQ 6WXG\ D /HLS]LJ =RR D DQG 6WXG\ E DQG &KLPIXQVKL :LOGOLIH2USKDQDJH7UXVW E GRL MRXUQDOSRQH J
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³3ULQFHV%DNHU\´ IRUWKHPDMRULW\DQG³* *%DNHU\´IRUWKHPLQRULW\ VHH)LJXUH
3/2621(_ZZZSORVRQHRUJ
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³VSDWLDOO\GLVWLQFW VWUDWHJLHV GHVLJQ´ LQ RUGHU WR PDNH LW HDVLHU IRU WKH VXEMHFWV WR REVHUYH ZKLFK VWUDWHJLHVWKHRWKHUVXEMHFWVZHUHXVLQJ)RUWKHILUVWVL[GD\V ERWK YHQGLQJ PDFKLQHV ZHUH RSHUDWLRQDO \LHOGLQJ RQH SHDQXW SHU EDOO DXWRPDWLFDOO\ 'XH WR PDFKLQH PDOIXQFWLRQLQJ GXULQJ WKH ILQDO IRXU WHVWLQJ GD\V H[SHULPHQWHUV PDQXDOO\ FRQWUROOHG IRRG GLVSHQVDWLRQ WKURXJK WKH PDFKLQHV ZLWKRXW EHLQJ YLVLEOH WR WKH FKLPSDQ]HHV 7KH H[SHULPHQWHUV UHZDUGHG XSRQ WKH DXGLEOH FOLFN RI D EDOO HQWHULQJ WKH YHQGLQJ PDFKLQH DQG ZHUH QRW DEOH WR PRQLWRU WKH EHKDYLRXU RI WKH FKLPSDQ]HHV %DOOV ZHUH WKURZQ WR WKH VXEMHFWV LQ D UDQGRPL]HG RUGHU XVLQJ D UDQGRP QDPH VHOHFWLRQ SURFHGXUH ZLWKRXW UHSODFHPHQW DW D SUHGHILQHG GLVWDQFH RI DSSUR[LPDWHO\ PHWHUV IURP HDFK YHQGLQJ PDFKLQH ZLWK RU EDOOV SHU WKURZ 'HYLDWLRQ IURP
1RYHPEHU_9ROXPH_,VVXH_H
&KLPSDQ]HHV3UHIHU3D\RIIRYHU&RQIRUPLQJ
$QDO\VLV RI DOO FKRLFHV PDGH E\ WKH PLQRULW\ FKLPSDQ]HHV WKXVLQFOXGLQJVWROHQWRNHQVLQ6WXG\DDQGORFDWLRQFKRLFHV ZKHUHRQHYHQGLQJPDFKLQHZDVDOUHDG\RFFXSLHGE\DQRWKHU FKLPSDQ]HH LQ 6WXG\ E \LHOGHG VLPLODU UHVXOWV ILGHOLW\ WR WUDLQHG VWUDWHJ\ : Q S ERWK LQ 6WXG\ D PHGLDQ UDQJH DQG E PHGLDQ UDQJH
WKHUDQGRPL]HGRUGHUVRPHWLPHVRFFXUUHG HJZKHQVXEMHFWV ZHUH QRW SUHVHQW 2QFH RQH FKLPSDQ]HH REWDLQHG RQH RU PRUH EDOOV WKH H[SHULPHQWHU ZRXOG ZDLW IRU WKLV LQGLYLGXDO WR H[FKDQJH WKH EDOO V DQG OHDYH WKH YHQGLQJ PDFKLQH EHIRUH WDUJHWLQJ DQRWKHU LQGLYLGXDO 7KLV SURFHGXUH ZDV DGRSWHG WR LQFUHDVH WKH OLNHOLKRRG WKDW FKLPSDQ]HHV FRXOG FKRRVH EHWZHHQ WKH YHQGLQJ PDFKLQHV ZLWKRXW RQH RI WKHP EHLQJ RFFXSLHG E\ DQRWKHU LQGLYLGXDO $OO VHVVLRQV ZHUH UHFRUGHG XVLQJ-9&*@ WR GLVWLQJXLVK FRQIRUPLW\EDVHGRQWKHGHVLUHWRFUHDWHRUPDLQWDLQDSRVLWLYH
3/2621(_ZZZSORVRQHRUJ
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
1RYHPEHU_9ROXPH_,VVXH_H
&KLPSDQ]HHV3UHIHU3D\RIIRYHU&RQIRUPLQJ
WDS LQWR DQ\ IRUP RI QRUPDWLYH FRQIRUPLW\ ,Q OLJKW RI WKH DEVHQFH RI FRQIRUPLW\ LQ RXU SDUDGLJP ZKHUH ZH H[SRVHG NQRZOHGJHDEOHLQGLYLGXDOVWRPDMRULW\GHPRQVWUDWLRQVLWZRXOG EH LQWHUHVWLQJ WR WLWUDWH WKH HIIHFWV RI LQFUHDVLQJO\ ODUJH UHODWLYH PDMRULW\ VL]HV RQ FKLPSDQ]HHV¶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
3/2621(_ZZZSORVRQHRUJ
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¶ FRQVHUYDWLYH GLVSRVLWLRQ >@ DJDLQVW WKHLU SRVWXODWHG WHQGHQF\ WR DGRSW PDMRULW\ VWUDWHJLHV >@ 8VLQJ WZR FRPSOHPHQWDU\ GHVLJQV LQ ZKLFK ZH GLVHQWDQJOHG WKH WHQGHQF\ WR SHUVHYHUH LQ XVLQJ ILUVWOHDUQHG VWUDWHJLHV IURP FRQIRUPLW\ DQG YHULILHG WKDW PLQRULW\ FKLPSDQ]HHV DFWXDOO\ SHUFHLYHG FRQIOLFWLQJ VRFLDO LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP WKH PDMRULW\ RI JURXS PHPEHUV VHH WKLV VWXG\ LQGLFDWHV WKDW FKLPSDQ]HHV PD\ QRW UHDGLO\ FRQIRUP WR PDMRULWLHV FRQWUDU\ WR SUHYLRXV FODLPV >@ ,Q FRQWUDVW LQ WKH VHFRQG VWXG\ WKH LQFUHDVHG HIILFLHQF\ RI WKH DOWHUQDWLYH VWUDWHJ\ GLG LQGXFH EHKDYLRXUDO DGMXVWPHQW LQ WKH FKLPSDQ]HHV ZKLFK VHHPV WR LQGLFDWH WKDW FKLPSDQ]HHV DUH PRUH LQFOLQHG WR DEDQGRQ IDPLOLDU EHKDYLRXU IRU UHZDUG PD[LPL]LQJ KHXULVWLFV WKDQ IRU PDMRULW\ ELDVHG KHXULVWLFV 0RUHRYHUWKHREVHUYDWLRQWKDWFKLPSDQ]HHVGLVFDUGLQJUDLQHG EHKDYLRXUDOSDWWHUQVIRUEHWWHUDOWHUQDWLYHV WKLVVWXG\ FDOOVLQWR TXHVWLRQ WKH DUJXPHQW WKDW FKLPSDQ]HHV ODFN FXPXODWLYH FXOWXUH RZLQJ WR WKHLU FRQVHUYDWLYH QDWXUH VHH 7KLV TXHVWLRQLQJ LV VXSSRUWHG E\ UHFHQW HYLGHQFH VKRZLQJ WKDW FKLPSDQ]HHVFRQWLQXHGH[SORULQJDSX]]OHER[DIWHUPDVWHULQJ D UHOLDEO\ UHZDUGLQJ VWUDWHJ\ > @ DQG XSJUDGHG WKHLU ILUVW OHDUQHG VWUDZKDQGOLQJ WHFKQLTXH ³VWUDZGLSSLQJ´ DIWHU REVHUYLQJDFRQVSHFLILFXVLQJWKHPRUHHIILFLHQW³VWUDZVXFNLQJ´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
1RYHPEHU_9ROXPH_,VVXH_H
&KLPSDQ]HHV3UHIHU3D\RIIRYHU&RQIRUPLQJ
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¶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¶ OHDUQLQJ G\QDPLFV LV DQ H[FLWLQJHQGHDYRXUDQGFRQWLQXHVWREHDIUXLWIXOHQWHUSULVHIRU JDLQLQJ LQVLJKWV LQ VSHFLHVVSHFLILF EHKDYLRXU WKH H[WHQW WR ZKLFK OHDUQLQJ ELDVHV DUH GLVWULEXWHG DFURVV WD[D DQG ZKLFK VHOHFWLRQSUHVVXUHVPLJKWKDYHJLYHQULVHWRWKHLUH[LVWHQFH
UHIHU WR WKH LQGLYLGXDO SUHIHUHQFHV IRU WKH WUDLQHG VWUDWHJ\ WKH OHDVWSURILWDEOH FRPSDUHGWRWKHQRQWUDLQHGVWUDWHJ\ WKHPRVW SURILWDEOH 7,) 7DEOH 6 6XEJURXSV PDMRULW\ DQG PLQRULW\ LQ 6WXG\ D /HLS]LJ DQG E =DPELD ,QGLYLGXDOV ZKR DFWXDOO\ SDUWLFLSDWHG GXULQJ WKH WHVWVHVVLRQV DUH GHVLJQDWHG LQ EROG NLQVKLSUHODWLRQVDUHLQGLFDWHGE\PDWFKLQJV\PEROV 5DQN ZDV FDWHJRUL]HG E\ WKH DOSKD PDOH ³´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
6XSSRUWLQJ,QIRUPDWLRQ )LJXUH 6 'HSLFWHG DUH WKH YHQGLQJ PDFKLQHV XVHG LQ 6WXG\ E DQG 6WXG\ 7KH 3OH[LJODV VWUXFWXUH ZLWK WKH DXWRPDWHG SHDQXW GLVSHQVHU D DQG WKH SDLQWHG PHWDO IUDPHVZLWKWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJKROHVIRUWKHZRRGHQEDOOV KROH< DQGWKHIRRGUHZDUGV KROH; 7KH³3ULQFHV%DNHU\´ E DQGWKH³* *%DNHU\´ F ZHUHWKHWUDLQHGVWUDWHJLHVIRUWKH PDMRULW\ DQG PLQRULW\ UHVSHFWLYHO\ ZKHUH WKH ODWWHU ZDV XSJUDGHGLQ6WXG\ 7,)
$XWKRU&RQWULEXWLRQV )LJXUH 6 ,QGLYLGXDO SUHIHUHQFHV IRU WKH WUDLQHG VWUDWHJ\ RI WKH PDMRULW\ FKLPSDQ]HHV LQ =DPELD WKURXJKRXW 6WXG\ 'DWD SRLQWV DW WLPH SRLQW ³´ UHSUHVHQW WKH DYHUDJH SUHIHUHQFHV IRU WKH WUDLQHG VWUDWHJ\ RYHU WKH ILUVW GD\V SHULQGLYLGXDO 6WXG\E 'DWDSRLQWVDWWLPHSRLQWVWR
3/2621(_ZZZSORVRQHRUJ
&RQFHLYHGDQGGHVLJQHGWKHH[SHULPHQWV (-&9/.$&66-& '%0+ 3HUIRUPHG WKH H[SHULPHQWV (-&9/ 66 $QDO\]HG WKH GDWD (-&9/.&'%0+:URWHWKHPDQXVFULSW (-&9/.&-& '%0+
1RYHPEHU_9ROXPH_,VVXH_H
&KLPSDQ]HHV3UHIHU3D\RIIRYHU&RQIRUPLQJ
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|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qUH 1 :KLWHQ $ ,QWHJUDWLQJ WKH 6WXG\ RI &RQIRUPLW\ DQG &XOWXUHLQ+XPDQVDQG1RQKXPDQ$QLPDOV3V\FKRO%XOO GRL $3XE0HG 3HVHQGRUIHU0%*XQKROG76FKLHO16RXWR$+XEHU/HWDO 7KH 0DLQWHQDQFH RI 7UDGLWLRQV LQ 0DUPRVHWV ,QGLYLGXDO +DELW 1RW
3/2621(_ZZZSORVRQHRUJ
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
