Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing
ISSN: 1079-8587 (Print) 2326-005X (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tasj20
Class attendance management system using NFC mobile devices Mohamed A. Mohandes To cite this article: Mohamed A. Mohandes (2016): Class attendance management system using NFC mobile devices, Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, DOI: 10.1080/10798587.2016.1204749 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10798587.2016.1204749
Published online: 31 Aug 2016.
Submit your article to this journal
Article views: 3
View related articles
View Crossmark data
Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tasj20 Download by: [King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals]
Date: 04 September 2016, At: 02:10
Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10798587.2016.1204749
Class attendance management system using NFC mobile devices Mohamed A. Mohandes Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
ABSTRACT
Monitoring students’ class attendance in any educational institution is an important process as it is directly linked to academic performance. Collecting the student attendance manually results in loss of precious time, and also delays in subsequent processing of the collected data. In order to help faculty members concentrate on teaching, a solution is proposed for automating, monitoring, and further processing attendance collection, This paper describes a prototype of Class Attendance Management System (CAMS) that has been developed and evaluated using an NFC enabled mobile device and an NFC (or RFID) tag/card. This system helps school/university faculty in taking attendance in a class using his/her mobile phone in a quick and simple way, thus saving precious time in a classroom. Faculty can monitor students’ attendance throughout an academic term, issue warnings, and request withdrawal of a student due to poor attendance as per the policy of the institution. The application in the NFC enabled phone reads a student ID by simply tapping it against an NFC student ID card. The application depends on the NFC enabled Android devices to read the student campus card, and extract his ID number to be used as a student identifier in CAMS. The developed system has been evaluated at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia during two academic terms. Positive feedback has been obtained from faculty and administration.
1. Introduction Smart phones are becoming ubiquitous as their adoption increases due to the convergence of value-added services in these devices. One of the technologies, which will enhance this convergence is Near Field Communication (NFC) (Fischer, 2009). NFC technology holds much more potential than barcodes and Bluetooth in many applications offered on mobile devices. It uses a system embedded in mobile phones to act as an ID card, e-purse, library card, attendance control, and means of access control. Thus, the mobile phone will be the only thing a person needs to carry wherever he goes. NFC-enabled mobile phones and services are gaining popularity lately. According to market research (http://www. nfcworld.com/2013/06/05/324448/one-in-three-mobilephones-to-come-with-nfc-by-2017/), 32% of all mobile phones will be NFC-enabled by 2017. Also, NFC services heavily rely on the data network; therefore mobile phone service providers are promoting NFC-enabled phones as potentially an additional source of revenue. Traditionally, class attendance is collected manually by having the instructor make a roll call at the beginning of the class, which can take up to 10 min depending on class size. Late comers may cause further delay to the process. Moreover, monitoring the overall attendance of each student and sending warnings when needed taxes the already overloaded faculty members. Automating the process will improve class attendance thereby improving academic performance and ease the burden on the faculty and save their time. Several attempts have been made lately to automate the class attendance process. These include commercial systems and
CONTACT Mohamed A. Mohandes © 2016 TSI® Press
[email protected]
KEYWORDS
Automated class attendance; management system; NFC; RFID; mobile phone
research studies. Top Hat developed a class attendance module to be associated with its web-based educational interface. Their system provides an online forum for conducting activities like participation in class discussions, creating quiz questions and providing feedback to instructors (https://tophat.com). It allows instructors to take attendance in class to find absent and attending students. The module automatically generates a 4-digit ID code that is made available for attending students to enter using a computer or a mobile device. However, an attending student may send this code to other absent students, who may use the code from anywhere to record their attendance, without the instructor being able to detect this misuse. Engineerica (http://www.engineerica.com) developed a system for class attendance using an RFID key fob (for each student) and a compact reader for the instructor. The reader has to be connected to a computer to read the tags. The key fob has to be brought to about an inch from the reader to record attendance. There is an option for an RFID wristband as well. The company offers several modules other than class attendance, like academic center management software. (Kumbhar, Wanjara, Trivedi, Khairatkar, & Sharma, 2014) developed an attendance monitoring system using Android platform. The system consists of two Android Package Kit (APK) files one for the instructor and one for students. These APK files are installed in the corresponding instructor and students Android devices. A student will record his attendance by a single click on his device. Instructors can generate report by a single click as well. The instructor can activate the system to allow students to record their attendance and then the instructor can deactivate the system after a specified time.
2
M. A. Mohandes
However, the paper does not indicate how to protect against students recording attendance without being in the class. (Separkhojayev & Guvercin, 2012) developed a class attendance system using passive RFID MIFARE contactless smartcard. Attendance is taken when students enter the classroom through a reader connected to a PC that sends collected information to a server by end of the class. An additional Web camera takes photos to prevent a student from giving his card to a classmate to falsely record him as attending. The instructor compares the photos with stored students’ photos in the database later after the class. The system uses RFID and a camera, in addition to the manual authentication of students’ photos. Several implementations have used biometrics for class attendance. Singh et al. used face recognition for class attendance (Singh et al., 2014). A camera captures images of attending students in the classroom. After image enhancement, skin area is detected and all other pixels are set to black. Face recognition is accomplished by Principle Component Analysis (PCA). The detected face is compared with database of faces of all students enrolled in the class. Finally, the attendance is marked in the database. However, this method is affected by variation of background and lighting conditions. Other forms of biometrics have been used for class attendance like fingerprint Basheer and Raghu (2012), Jingli (2015), ear (Jawale & Bhalchandra, 2011), iris (Kadry & Smaili, 2007), and speech (Dey et al., 2014). This paper describes a developed system using NFC technology on mobile phones for managing class attendance over the entire term. The developed system helps a faculty member in taking attendance in a class using his/her mobile phone in a very quick and simple way thus saving precious time in a classroom. Upon reading, the system produces a click sound indicating the successful attendance recording, as occasionally, a card may not be read successfully. Additionally, successfully recorded attendances are displayed in green on the screen. Although the system is fully automated, still the instructor has full control, as he has the option to manually set an absent student as excused or set an attending student who may not have his smartcard as present or record attendance when a card stops working. Excused students are shown in the screen in gray to be distinguished from attending or absent students. Moreover, the system shows the instructor the updated number of absences and excuses for each student and alerts the instructor to allow the system to automatically send warnings to students approaching specified limits of absences. Cases of exceeding allowed limits of excused and non-excused absences are forwarded to the university registrar for further actions. The system went through several rounds of modifications and improvements based on comments and feedback from participating faculty members and students.
2. Near field communication systems NFC is a short-range high frequency wireless communication technology, which enables the exchange of data packets between devices over a short distance (a few cm). The technology is a simple extension of the ISO/IEC 14443 proximity-card standard that combines the interface of a smartcard and a reader into a single device. It is based on RFID technology that uses magnetic field induction to enable communication between electronic devices in close proximity. It provides a seamless medium for the identification protocols that facilitates secure data transfer. This enables users to perform intuitive, safe, contactless transactions, access digital content and
connect electronic devices simply by touching or bringing devices into close proximity. NFC is distinct from other wireless technologies, not only in its implementation, but also the applications envisaged. NFC does not require initial setup as Bluetooth technology. It operates within the globally available and unlicensed radio frequency ISM band of 13.56 MHz. The supported data transfer rates include: 106, 212, 424 or 848 Kbit/s. The NFC Forum (http://www.nfc-forum.org) has created specifications for NFC, layered on top of the air protocols, delineating three types of operations, these are; card emulator; reader/writer and peerto-peer. The different operating modes are based on the ISO/ IEC 18092 NFC IP-1 and ISO/IEC 14443 contactless smart card standards. 2.1. Card emulation mode In this mode, the NFC device itself acts as a tag, appearing to an external reader much the same as a traditional contactless smart card. It eliminates the need for a physical object like credit cards, keys, and coupons. For instance, in payment applications, the use of NFC mobile phone eliminates carrying credit cards or cash (Cappiello, Puglia, & Vitaletti, 2009). In an electronic key application, NFC usage eliminates carrying physical key for access control (http://nfc-forum.org/ nfc-in-access-control-unlocking-the-future/). 2.2. Reader/writer mode In this mode, the NFC device is capable of reading NFC tags, such as in the scenario of reading an NFC smart poster tag. This mode is compliant to the ISO 14443 and FeliCa schemes. For example, in electronic voting application, NFC tags are used to read candidates data before voting (Kerem, Coskun, & Aydin, 2010). In remote grocery shopping application, tagged grocery items in a shopping brochure help customers shop from home by simply touching their mobile devices to the item they intend to purchase. Patients can upload their medical information using NFC technology from their homes (http://nfcnearfieldcommunication.org/healthcare.html). Smart posters using NFC are used to give information to students, staff and faculty (Ruiz & Gomez-Nieto, 2008). 2.3. Peer-to-peer mode In this mode, two NFC devices can exchange data. It follows the ISO/IEC 18092 standard. It is used for device pairing, networking and file transfer operations. For example, users can make new friends by touching their mobile devices to other users’ devices. Users can also exchange their business cards by touching their NFC-enabled mobile phones (Youn, Cha, & Ji, 2014).
3. Development platform The development of the NFC application was performed using Google based Android phones. Android (http://developer. android.com/reference/android/os/package-summary.html) is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. The diagram in Figure 1 shows the major components of the Android operating system (http://developer.android.com/reference/android/ os/package-summary.html)
Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing
Figure 1. Android architecture.
The top level is the Android Applications layer, which includes basic applications such as calendar, email client, SMS program, maps, making phone calls, accessing the Web browser, accessing the contacts list and others. The Application Framework contains APIs to manage the phone’s basic functions like resource allocation, switching between processes or programs, telephone applications and keeping track of the phone’s physical location. The libraries tell the device how to handle different kinds of data and are exposed to developers via Android Application framework. Some of these libraries includes media, graphics, 3d, SQLite, web browser library etc. The Android Runtime (RT) layer, which includes a set of core java libraries and DVM (Dalvik Virtual Machine) is also located in the same layer. The Linux kernel layer includes Android’s memory management programs, security settings, power management software and several drivers for hardware, file system access, networking and inter-process-communication. The kernel also acts as an abstraction layer between hardware and the rest of the software stack. Google provides software development kits (SDKs) for Android mobile application development. The latest Google Android phones provide APIs for the NFC-based application development. The development environment is Eclipse-based in Java using the Application Development Toolkit (ADT) plugin provided by Google. Google also provides APIs for NFC tag programming (http://developer.android.com/tools/ sdk/eclipse-adt.html).
4. Class attendance management system Regular attendance of students to lectures is very important for student learning in any academic institution. Studies [24–28] have shown that attendance is directly linked to academic performance at least at the undergraduate level (Paisey & Paisey, 2004), (Ford, Fitzgibbon, Lloyd, & Thomas, 2008), (Moore, Armstrong, & Pearson, 2008), (Chen & Lin, 2008), and (Balfanz & Byrnes, 2012). Most academic institutions have attendance policies for students which require them to maintain an attendance percentage of at least 70%. Failing attendance policies, leads a student to be issued a warning or even to be withdrawn from a course.
3
Traditionally, attendance has been collected manually in different ways, which results in loss of precious time, interruption during the class, and also causes delays in processing the collected attendance data. In order to simplify the whole process for faculty members, this paper proposes automating the attendance collection and management process. Attempts in the past have been made to use smartcard reader at doors of classrooms for taking attendance. However, there are limitations with such smartcard reader based applications. The system cannot accommodate students who forget to carry their cards on a particular day, nor can it stop students from abusing the system when they carry their friends’ cards to mark them attended. Further, some students may simply flash their cards for attendance, but skip the lecture. In terms of cost, it would cost more to set up a smartcard reader based system as it would require one reader for each classroom and each reader would need to be connected through a network to a server. The limitations of a smartcard based system can be overcoming with the use of the ubiquitous mobile devices. A mobile application allows faculty to collect student attendance in a simple and quick way, monitor attendance over a term/semester, issue warnings, etc. Moreover, it gives faculty greater flexibility and control over how the application is used and managed. The mobile application gets the ID number from the student card using NFC technology. The application depends on the NFC chipset embedded in the modern Android devices to read the student ID card, parse the data, and extract the student ID number. This ID number is then used as the identifier for the student in the attendance process. 4.1. Proposed solution The proposed solution to the attendance process is to build a system that is: • Easy to use and portable in addition to being cost efficient • Connected to the institutions’ central database • Accessible by the faculty anytime, anywhere The most suitable solution for the above requirements is a mobile application due to the following reasons. Firstly, mobile devices and smartphones are becoming increasingly popular, widely available, and easy to use. It does not take long for users to become familiar with their mobile device and start using the available applications. Secondly and most importantly, as the proposed system is a mobile application, it does not require setting up any additional network infrastructure. The only thing it requires is that the phone is NFC enabled. Most ID cards in use these days are passive RFID tags or smartcards. Since an NFC enabled mobile device is capable of accessing and extracting the available data on RFID tags and smartcards, existing ID cards can be easily used with the proposed attendance management system. The mobile application on the NFC enabled device can read the student identifier from his/her own student card and use this ID for further processing by the proposed system. This is depicted in Figure 2 below. 4.2. System components The Class Attendance Management System (CAMS) is constructed from 4 major components, as shown in Figure 3. These
4
M. A. Mohandes
Figure 2. Class Attendance Management System.
• Application Flow
id System Components
Attendance Mobile application
Website
Attendance Web service
backend Database
Figure 3. Software components of CAMS.
components are; Android mobile application, web service, backend database, and administration website. All four components work together to provide the service to be used by the faculty to manage student attendance. Besides allowing a faculty to collect attendance in the class, the mobile application is used by a faculty to retrieve his courses, classes, and students from the central database and saves them locally on his mobile. The web service works as the interface between the mobile application and the backend database. The website is used to provide a way for faculty to access their accounts online and manage their courses. The backend database contains each faculty’s courses, sections, and students’ data. 4.3. Mobile application The application is developed using the Android SDK. It is used by faculty to retrieve all their sections, courses, classes, and students from the Internet by connecting to the attendance web service. The mobile application will save all the retrieved data locally in the SQLite database.
The application starts by displaying the splash screen and then moves to the main screen. Main screen contains the faculty’s sections. The faculty can select the “Sync” menu item to synchronize with the central database. Synchronization involves fetching the faculty member’s sections of classes, and students from the central database and sending the attendance update back to the central database. When a class starts, the instructor opens the application and selects the current section/course of the class. This will display the list of class meetings for that section over the semester. The instructor selects the class meeting by date and then makes his/her mobile device available for a specified period for attendance collection at the beginning of the class. The instructor collects attendance using the student card by bringing it near the back of the mobile to read the ID number. The mobile application reads the tag, decrypts the data, parses the data, and then extracts the student ID. The application also marks the student in green to show that he is attending the class. Moreover, through the mobile application the instructor can easily excuse a previous absence if students show official documents. If a student forgets his ID card, the faculty can swipe to the right over the student’s name to mark him as present. The class attendance screen also shows the instructor the total absences along with the excused ones for each student so that he can approve taking further actions in case the absence limit is exceeded. The mobile application is composed of four main screens in addition to the splash screen. • Main screen The main screen displays a list of all the faculty’s courses and sections. These courses are retrieved from the backend database by connecting to the attendance web service and saved to the mobile database. Faculty can select
Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing
one of these courses (sections) to show their classes and move to the classes screen. The main screen also contains a menu item called Synchronize. By selecting this menu item, faculty can retrieve or update data to the backend database. This action is also executed through connecting to the attendance web service. The retrieved data is that of all courses sections, classes, and students in these classes for the faculty. The updated data is that of all the students IDs and classes which they attended. • Classes screen This screen displays a list of all classes in the selected course (section) from the main sections screen. The list contains
the class dates for each section. An instructor can select one of these classes to move to the attendance screen. • Attendance screen This screen lists the names of all students in this class. The instructor uses this screen to collect attendance by tapping the mobile device to the student ID card. The application extracts the unique ID number and compares it with the list of the students’ IDs existing in the current class. If the student ID exists in this class, then the application marks this student as attending, otherwise the application will ignore that ID. The names of attending students are highlighted by green color and excused students in gray for ease of reference.
gray Figure 4. Application screenshots.
5
6
M. A. Mohandes
Table 1. The Backend Database Tables. Table Sections table Students table Section students table Classes table Class attendance table
Description This table contains all the Courses/sections along with the ID of the faculty that teach this course/ section. This table contains all students that are added to the system, identified by the student ID. This is a relation table to group both the sections and the students who register to this course/section. This table contains all the classes in a specific section. This table contains all the student attendance to classes
• Settings screen This screen allows the instructor to provide his ID number for identification to access the system. The ID number is also used by the application to save and retrieve data related to the instructor’s classes and sections. 4.4. Application screenshots The screenshots for the different application screens described above are shown in Figure 4. 4.5. Web service This web service is built using Microsoft WCF libraries and PHP. The function of this web service is to act as an interface between the mobile application and the backend database for retrieving and updating all relevant information. The web service uses the unique user ID for identifying both students and the instructor in the system. The main two operations in the attendance web service are: • Get faculty classes This operation is responsible for retrieving the instructor’s courses/sections, classes and students. The operation takes the ID number as the key to search and retrieve all the required data from the backend database.
Figure 5. Class Attendance database tables.
• Save attendance This operation will update attendance data (course/section, class, and student ID) on the backend database. 4.6. Backend database The backend database contains all the data related to the attendance service, which is saved in the main five tables, as described in Table 1 and shown in Figure 5. 4.7. Website The website is an online attendance administration tool. Using this website, an instructor can view his courses and classes, and add students to these courses, in addition to showing the attending students of a specific class. A snapshot of the website is shown in Figure 6.
5. System operational evaluation The system has been evaluated over a period of two semesters by several instructors at the department of Electrical Engineering, KFUPM. Feedbacks and suggestions received from these participating instructors have been incorporated in improving the system. To collect student attendance, it was observed that the best method is for the students to put their ID card on the desk and the instructor passes by with his NFC enabled mobile phone at the beginning of class. The instructor may leave the mobile phone on his desk for a few extra minutes if he allows late comers to be marked as attended without disrupting the class. To evaluate the performance of the system we conducted a survey asking students and faculty to provide feedback on the developed system. Several faculty members made a number of suggestions to improve the system like handling excused absences and providing overall manual control of the system. Ten faculty members were surveyed about the system, among them; seven strongly agree that the developed system saves precious class time and instructors’ time to handle
Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing
7
Figure 6. Snapshot of the Attendance website.
attendance reports. The remaining three faculty members, while agreeing with the deployment of the system, expressed their concerns with respect to losing the personal touch in getting to know the students names using the traditional attendance taking methods. After getting the faculty feedback and updating the system, students from five sections totalling 136 students were asked about two issues: The time saving of the system as compared to the traditional method, and their desire to see the
system adopted across the whole university. Figure 7 shows that 71% of the surveyed students either agree or strongly agree that the system saves class time. However, as Figure 8 shows, only about half the surveyed students would like the university to adopt the system. This of course is understandable as the students are usually very concerned about automatically linking class attendance across all courses that they take directly to their university record, as this may show an overall trend.
8
M. A. Mohandes
can be carried without the need of any action by the instructor or the students.
Acknowledgment The author would like to acknowledge the support of King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology in grant KACST AK 32-37 and the support of King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals. The author would like to thank C. Kassas, A. Abulhussain, F. Shaaban, and M. Riyazuddin, for their help in programming the system and valuable discussions. Figure 7. Students survey results (Efficiency) 1: Strongly disagree, 2: Disagree, 3: Neutral, 4: Agree, 5: Strongly agree.
Disclosure statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
Notes on contributor Mohamed A. Mohandes is an associate professor at KFUPM. He introduced and developed several prototypes of RFID applications including the use of wristband RFID tags for pilgrims identification and tracking.
References
Figure 8. Students survey results (System Adoption) 1: Strongly disagree, 2: Disagree, 3: Neutral, 4: Agree, 5: Strongly agree.
6. Conclusion Regular attendance in class is a good indicator of academic performance. Automating the attendance collection process will definitely help faculty save precious time during a class and with monitoring student attendance and with issuing timely warnings to those students with poor attendance. In this paper, we described a solution, which riles on the ubiquitous world of mobile devices, RFID tags, and the fast emerging NFC technology. A mobile application has been developed that allows faculty to take student attendance by simply tapping a mobile phone against a RFID student card/tag, thus saving precious time in class. The mobile application also allows for synchronizing the student database held on the mobile with the institution’s central database, generating attendance reports, etc. A website has also been developed as part of the solution as it allows faculty certain administrative functions online such as adding classes, sections, students, and checking attendance reports, etc. We hope that this application will prove to be helpful to faculty in all academic institutions worldwide. However, the system still suffers from limitations, as it requires the instructor to move around the class or the students to come to the instructor’s desk to record their attendance. Some students may have consecutive classes in the same classroom and may stay in their seats between classes. NFC has a small reading range and would not allow taking attendance of students in the classroom without the need to come closer to the NFC enabled mobile phone. For future work, we plan to investigate the applicability of active RFID systems so that class attendance
Balfanz, R., & Byrnes, V. (2012). Chronic absenteeism: Summarizing what we know from nationally available data. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Centre for Social Organization of Schools. Basheer, K.P.M., & Raghu, C.V. (2012). Fingerprint attendance system for classroom needs. The 2012 IEEE Annual India Conference (INDICON), Kochi, 433–438, 7–9. Cappiello, I., Puglia, S., & Vitaletti, A. (2009). Design and initial evaluation of a ubiquitous touch-based remote grocery shopping process. In Proc. 1st International Workshop on Near Field Communication (pp. 9–14). Hagenberg, AUSTRIA: IEEE. Chen, J., & Lin, T.-F. (2008). Class attendance and exam performance: A randomized experiment. The Journal of Economic Education, 39(3), 213–227. Dey, S., Barman, S., Bhukya, R.K., Das, R.K., Haris, B.C., Prasanna, S.R.M., & Sinha, R. (2014). Speech biometric based attendance system. The Twentieth IEEE National Conference on Communications (NCC), 1–6. Fischer, J. (2009). NFC in cell phones: The new paradigm for an interactive world. IEEE Communications Magazine, p. 22. Ford, L.N., Fitzgibbon, K., Lloyd, S., & Thomas, S. (2008). A large-scale investigation into the relationship between attendance and attainment: A study using an innovative, electronic attendance monitoring system. Studies in Higher Education, 33(6), 699–717. Jawale, J.B., & Bhalchandra, A.S. (2011). Ear based attendance monitoring system. IEEE International Conference on Emerging Trends in Electrical and Computer Technology (ICETECT), 724–727. Jingli, W. (2015). The design of teaching management system in universities based on biometrics identification and the internet of things technology. The 10th IEEE International Conference on Computer Science & Education (ICCSE), 979–982. Kadry, S., & Smaili, M.K. (2007). Design and implementation of a wireless iris recognition attendance management system. Information Technology and Control, 36(3), 323–329. Kerem, O.K., Coskun, V., & Aydin, M.N. (2010). Usability of mobile voting with NFC technology. In Proc. IASTED International Conf. on Software Engineering (pp. 151–158). Innsbruck, AUSTRIA: Acta Press. Kumbhar, A.A., Wanjara, K.S., Trivedi, D.H., Khairatkar, A.U., & Sharma, D. (2014). Automated attendance monitoring system using android platform. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, 4, 1096–1099. Moore, S., Armstrong, C., & Pearson, J. (2008). Lecture absenteeism among students in higher education: A valuable route to understanding student motivation. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 30(1), 15–24.
Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing
Paisey, C., & Paisey, N.J. (2004). Student attendance in an accounting module—reasons for non- attendance and the effect on academic performance at a Scottish University. Accounting Education, 13, 39–53. Ruiz, I.L., & Gomez-Nieto, M.A. (2008). University smart poster: Study of NFC technology applications for university ambient. In Proc. 3rd Symposium of Ubiquitous Computing and Ambient Intelligence (pp. 112–116). Salamanca, SPAIN: Springer. Separkhojayev, N., & Guvercin, S. (2012). Attendance control system based on RFID-technology. International Journal of Computer Science Issues (IJCSI), 9(3), 227–230.
9
Singh, D., Hadke, R.S., Khonde, S.S., Patil, V.D., Kamnani, M., & Ingle, M.R. (2014). Attendance monitoring using face recognition. International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, 3, 633–636. Youn, J.H., Cha, B., & Ji, Y.K. (2014). Design of mobile application service of e-Business card and NFC. International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering, 9, 403–414.
