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TWO NEW ECTOPARASITIC MITES (ACARI: PODAPOLIPIDAE) OF RHYNCHOPHORUS SPP. (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) FROM INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, THE PHILIPPINES AND WEST AFRICA
Robert W. Husband 1 and Barry M. 0Connor2 1. Biology Department, Adrian College, Adrian, MI 49221 USA., e-mail:
[email protected]. of Zoo logy, Univ. ofMichigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA, e-mail: bmoc@umich. edu.
2. Museum
ABSTRACT- Rhynchopolipus brachycephalus n. sp. (Acari: Podapolipidae) is described from Rhynchophorus phoenicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) collected in Cameroon, West Africa. Rhynchopolipus swiftae n. sp. is described from Rhynchophorus vulneratus and R. fen-ugineus collected in Indonesia, Malaysia and The Philippines. The new species are compared with related species from weevils. Key words - Acari, Podapolipidae, weevil mites, Indonesia, Malaysia, The Philippines, West Africa.
INTRODUCTION The genera and species of podapolipid mites which are ectoparasites of Curculionidae include: Rhynchopolipus rhynchophori (Ewing, 1924) from Rhynchophorus palmarum L.; Podapolipus komareki Storkim, 1927 from Hylobius abietis L.; Stigmacarus lukoschusi Feldman- Muhsam and Havivi, 1977 from H. abietis L.; S. stantoni Husband, 1985 from Lixus sp. and Tetrapolipus fundi Husband, 1987 from Rhinoscapha leguilloni (Guer.). New records of Rhynchopolipus spp. from Africa and the islands off Southeast Asia with description of 2 new species are given here and compared with related species.
bined Scientific Supply, Fort Davis, Texas. The technique for removing mites from pinned beetles is described by Husband and Dastych (1998). Measurements were taken with the aid of a Wild phase contrast microscope with drawing tube calibrated with a stage micrometer. All measurements are in micrometers (~m) . Setae which are no longer than the setal acetabulum are listed as ms ( microsetae), mis if missing m for male and o if absent. Terminology follows that of Lindquist (1986). Family PODAPOLIPIDAE Ewing, 1922 Genus Rhynchopolipus Husband and Flechtmann, 1972
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Type species- Tetrapolipus rhynchophori Ewing 1924.
During an examination of large numbers of Rhynchophorus spp. from the Bishop Museum , Honolulu, Hawaii and Insect Collection of the California Academy of Science, San Francisco, podapolipid mites were found at mesothoracic wing bases, under the elytra and on mesothoracic tergites of these weevils. Hans Klompen, now of Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, made available Rhynchophorus spp. which he collected in the Philippines. Podapolipid mites were removed from these weevils as well as from Rhynchophorus sp. purchased from Com-
Diagnosis -The genus Rhynchopolipus is defined as follows: female propodosoma ca. 1/3 as wide as metapodosoma, legs III, if present, much reduced, stigmata at anterolateral border of idiosoma, without ambulacral claw or sucker, with tarsus I seta s strong, claw-like. Male genital capsule extends to or beyond anterior border of gnathosoma, with prodorsal plate divided and with anterior lobes. Setae VJ, V2, sc1 ms and sc2 long. Larval female chelicera! sty lets 115-130, with 3 femur I and genu
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I setae, 2 femur II sete and seta v' present on genua II and Ill, ambulacrum I claws small, ambulacra II and Ill claws moderately developed. Rhynchopolipus rhynchophori (Ewing, 1924) Tetrapolipus rhynchophori Ewing 1924: 66-69, Naudo 1967:32, Regenfuss 1968:212, 1973:183-186, McDaniel 1969: 553 -556, McDaniel and Morrill 1969: 1467-1468, Husband 1972: 519-522, Feldman-Muhsam and Havivi 1977: 552. Rhynchopolipus rhynchophori , Husband and Flechtmann 1972 : 519-522; Husband 1973 : 463 , 1979: 165-166, Ochoa et al. 1995: 25-28.
Rhynchopolipus hrachycephalus n. sp. (Figs. 1-6) Female (Figs. 1, 2)- Gnathosoma longer than wide: length 73-74, width 65-66, palp length 11. Chelicera! stylets slender, smooth 44-46. Phmynx width 40. Idiosoma -elongate, smooth, no setae, plates indistinct: length 540-820, width 290-340. Stigmata on broad processes, at anterolateral margin of idiosoma. Legs - 3 pairs, pretarsi I, II , III without claws or ambulacral suckers. Tarsus I subunguinal seta, terminal, hook-like. Setae tc' of tarsus II with a single point, setae u with 3 tines in most views. Legs III lightly sclerotized, segmentation indistinct. Male (Figs. 3, 4) - Gnathosoma: length 21 -25, width 44-45 ; dorsal gnathosomal setae vestigial, ventral setae 4; palps reduced. Chelicera! sty lets 20, less than 112 width of gnathosoma. Idiosoma - length 174-175, width 136-145. Prodorsal plate narrow anteriorly , setae SCJ mis, sc2 7 4-80, v J, v2 ms. Plates C/D fused , poorly sclerotized. Genital capsule length 98 from base in plate C/D, width at midlength 5-6, discontinuity in shaft about 1/4 the distance from base. Setae Cl, c 2 not evident, setae d represented by acetabulum. Venter with apodemes I meeting medially at sternal apodeme. Coxae III fused ; setae la 2-3, 2a 4, 3a not seen, 3b 3. Legs - ambulacrum I with a single claw. Tarsus I subunguinal seta hook-like, solenidion omega not evident. Tibial solendion phi and seta k 8. No tibial spine-like setae. Femur I seta d3 , seta v" 11-13. Tibia III seta d 18, tarsus Ill seta tc" 39. Ambulacra II, Ill claws moderately developed. Leg I, II, III setation for femur, genu, tibia, tarsus (including solenidia and spinelike setae) : 3-3-7-7, 2-1 -4-5, 0-1-4-5. Larval female (Figs. 5, 6) - Gnathosoma: length 63 -75 , width 66-78 : dorsal setae blunt 15-17, ventral setae thin 14-22; palps 2-segmented, palp setae thick, blunt 5-7. Chelicera! stylets smooth, slender, 118-130. Idiosoma: length 228-240, width 152-188. Prodorsal plate length
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75, width 111. Setae VI 3-4, v2 mis, sc2 137-147. Plates CID fused: setae C1 3-5, c2 85-102, d 75-89. Plate EF length 48-56, width 64-70. setae f 67-96. Plate H width 33-39, setae ht 268-290, setae h2 10-12. Setae c2, d and f blunt, thick and minutely barbed. Distance between setae f 40-43 . Perimeter of genital opening posterior to plate EF, lightly sclerotized. Venter with apodemes 1 joining medially at anterior sternal apodeme. Setae 1a 3-5, 2a 3-6, setae 3a 3, setae 3b 5-7 . Coxae III separated from each other and coxae II. Legs -Ambulacrum I with 2 small, terminal parallel claws, fused at base. Solenidion phi 8-9, adjacent seta k 8-9, Femur I seta d 5-6, v" 32-47, tarsus III seta tc" 90. Ambulacra II, Ill claws moderately developed. Leg setation as in male. Eggs- Length 197-240, width 130-138. Type data - Holotype 1m-val female (RWH111 93l); Cameroon, Cameroon Mountain, 3500 ', Sassa near Buea (4°12'N, 9° 11 'E), February 1951 from under the elytra of female Rhynchophorus phoenicus F. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), by S. Tita. Deposited in the collection of the California Academy of Science, San Francisco, CA, 49 118, U.S.A. Allotype male (RWH 11193-6); same data as holotype, deposited with the holotype. Paratypes: 2 adult females, 2 !aJ"Val females, 3 slides with both male and laJ'Val female, 2 males, 1 vial of 70% ethyl alcohol containing larval females and males, same data as halotype; 2 larval females, 2 males and 1 vial of mites, Cameroon, Mabetta (4°00 'N, 9°15 'E), Victoria District, July/August 1949 from R. phoenicus by S. Tita; 2 laJ'Val females, Cameroon, collected by Mueller (no date) ; 1 male plus exoskeleton of !aJ"Val female , Cameroon, Ebolowa, 8 November 1931 by H.C. Wing; 2 females, 1 male, 1 larval female and 1 vial of mites, Ghana, Kade, E. Region, July 1982, collector unknown. One female, 1 male and 1 larval female to the Museum of Zoology, the Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, U.S .A.; 1 female, 3 males, 4 larval females and 3 vials of mites to the Acarology Collection, Adrian Col lege, Adrian, MI 49221 , U.S.A. ; 1 female, 1 male and 1 larval female to the Entomology Dept., B. P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96817, U.S.A. ; 1 female, 1 male and 1 larval female to the U. S. Museum of Natural History , Washington, D.C. , U.S.A.; remaining paratypes to the California Academy of Science with the holotype. Etymology - The species name refers to the broad width of the gnathosoma of the male. Diagnosis - The gnathosoma of male Rhynchopolipus brachycephalus is nearly twice as broad as long. The ratio of dorsal gnathosomal setae to pharynx width is about 1: 1 in larval female R . brachycephalus while the ratio is 2:1 in R. rhynchophori and R. swiftae n. sp. Opisthosomal accessory structures evident in R. rhynchophori are not present in la1-val R. brachycephalus. Setae
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v2 are prominent (5) in R. rhynchophori but microsetae in R. swiftae and R. brachycephalus. Setae C2, d, and fare short and nearly equal in length in R. rhynchophori but the lengths of setae c2, d and fare at least equal to the width of the gnathosoma in the other species. Female R. brachycephalus and R . swiftae have a vestigial 3rd pair of legs while females of R. rhynchophori lack the 3rd pair of legs.
Rhynchopolipus swiftae Husband and OConnor, n. sp. (Figs. 7-12) Female (Figs. 7, 8) - Gnathosoma longer than wide; length 59-7 5, width 52-72, minute ventral setae. Chelicera! stylets slender, slightly hooked at tip, length 38-45. Pharynx width 33-38. Idiosoma - NaiTOW propodosoma, hysterosoma bulging ante1iorly; length 430-680, width 240-470. No idiosomal setae, prodorsal plate width 72-150, with stigmata on processes at anterolateral margins; plate C divided, length 48-52, width 94-11 0; plateD divided, length 23-28, width 45-66; plate EF divided, length 20-28, width 48-61 . Legs- 3 pairs, pretarsi I, II, III without claws. Leg I subunguinal seta hook-like. Setae tc' on tarsi II with a single tine, setae u with 3 tines. Leg III lightly sclerotized, segmentation not distinct, length 20, a terminal spine-like seta evident in some specimens. Male (Figs. 9, 10) - Gnathosoma: length 28-40, width 27-38; dorsal seta thorn-like 3, ventral seta 5-7; palps reduced. Chelicera! stylets 18-20, about 2/3 width of gnathosoma, slightly hooked at tip. Idiosoma: length 150-21 6, width 108-147. Prodorsal plate narrow anteriorly, setae v1 , v2, sc 1 ms, sc2 85-105. Plates C and D fused , poorly sclerotized. Genital capsule length 85-95 from base of plate C/D, length at midlength 8-10. Setae c1, c2 not evident, d m. Venter with apodemes I meeting medially at sternal apodeme. Coxae III fused; setae 1a 3-5, 2a 3-5, 3b 2-6. Legs- Ambulacrum I with a single claw. Tarsus I subunguinal seta hook-like, solenidion omega not evident. Tibial solenidion phi 8-10, seta k difficult to distinguish 8-10. No tibial spine-like setae. Femur I seta I' 3-5, seta v" 13-23. Tibia III seta d 18-28, tarsus III seta tc" 57-64. Pre tarsi II, III with stout claws. Legs I, II, III setation for femur, genu, tibia, tarsus (including solenidia and spine-like setae) : 3-3-7-7, 2-1-4-5, 0-1-4-5. Larval female (Figs. 11-12) - Gnathosoma: length 60-70, width 62-65: dorsal setae blunt, minutely barbed 28-30, ventral setae thin 20-25; palps 2- segmented, palp setae thick 4-6. Chelicera! sty lets slender, slightly hooked at tip, length 118-129. Idiosoma: length 200-213, width 130-159. Prodorsal plate length 68, width 103. Setae Vl 4-7, v2 mis, sc2 100-118. Plates C/D fused: setae Cl 4-5, c2 63-80, d 67-78. Plate EF length 38-48, width 50-75, setaef58-80. Plate H width 31-45, setae h1 270, setae h2
105
11-20. Setae sc2, c 2, d and /blunt, thick and minutely barbed. Distance between setae f 31-40. Venter with apodemes 1 joining medially at anterior sternal apodeme. Setae 1a 5, 2a 4-5, setae 3a m-2, setae 3b 5-6. Coxae III separated from each other and coxae II. Legs -Ambulacrum I with 2 small, terminal parallel claws, fused at base. Solenidion phi 6-8, adjacent seta k with flame-like tip 9-10. Femur I seta d 6-7, v" 26-30, tarsus III seta tc" minutely barbed 75. Ambulacra II, III claws moderately developed. Leg setation as in male. Eggs - Length 222-247, width 142-151. Type data - Holotype lmval female (RWH11093l), Malaysia: Sarawak, Mirivai Valley , near Kapit, 180 m., secondary forest, (2°01 'N, 112°56'E), 29 July to 6 August 1958, from under elytra of Rhynchophorus vulneratus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), coli. T. C. Maa. Deposited in the collection of the B. P . Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817, US.A. Allotype male (RWH11093-3), same data as holotype, deposited with the holoty pe. Paratypes: 4 adult females, 3 larval females, 2 males, I vial of mites, with same data as holotype; 2 females , 2 males, 2 larval females, I vial of mites, Indonesia, Bogor (Buitenzorg) (6°35 ' S, I 06°47'E), no date , by F. Muir from R . vulneratus; 2 females, 2 males, 2 lmval females , Philippines, Luzon Is., Camarines Sur. Prov., 26 June 1932 by M. Canedas from R. vulneratus ; 2 males , 1 larva, 1 vial of mites, Philippines, Negros, Oriental Prov. Lake Balinsasayao, 3km. N, 14km. W. Dumaguete City (9°22'N, 123°10 'E, 8 May 1983, by P D. Heideman from R. vulneratus ; 2 females, 5 males, 6 larvae, 1 vial of mites, Philippines, Leyte Prov. , Biliran Is., 2.25 km . S., 3.5 km. W. Caibiran ( ll 0 34 'N, 124°35 'E), 700 m. 30 April to 2 May, 1984 by J. A. Schneider from R. vulneratus; 1 female, 1 male and 3 larval females, Philippines, Leyte Prov., Maripipi Is., 1.8 km. N., 3 km. W. Maripipi (11 ° 47'N, 124° 21 'E), 740 m., 17 April 1987 by J. S. H. Klompen fromR. vulneratus; 2 females, 8 males, 10 lmval females, 1 vial of mites, Indonesia, Java, Semarang (6° 58 'S, 110°25'E), from a female R. ferrugineus; 2 females, 3 males, 5 larval females, 4 vials of mites, Indonesia, N. Sulawesi, Tondano (1°19'N, 124° 54 'E), Dec. 1987, from R. ferrugineus. Two females, 6 males and 9 larval females to the Museum of Zoology, the Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; 1 female, 1 male and 1 larval female to the California Academy of Science, San Francisco, CA; 1 female, I male and 1 laival female to the US. Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., US.A.; 5 females, 6 males, 6 larval females to the Entomology Dept. , B. P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96817, US.A. with the holotype; remaining paratypes to the Acarology Collection, Adrian College, Adrian, MI 49221 , USA
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9 Fig. 6. Rhynchopolipus brachycephalus n. sp. -larval female- venter. Figs. 7-9. Rhynchopolipus swiftae n. sp. 7. adult female- venter, 8. adult female- propodosoma, 9. male- dorsum.
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12 Fig. 12. Rhynchopolipus swiflae n. sp. -larval female- venter.
Table 1. Comparison of leg setation of femur, genu, tibia, tarsus of larval stages of Tarsopolipus (primitive genus from scarab beetles) with podapolipid mites from weevils, Tetrapolipus fundi, Stigmacarus lukoschusi, S. stantoni, Podapolipus komareki, Rhynchopolipus rhynchophori, R. brachycephalus and R. swiflae (Solenidia are in parentheses) (F = femur, G = genu, Ti =tibia, Ta =tarsus).
Leg II
Leg I
Tarsopolipus T. Jundi s. Jukoschusi s. stan toni P. komareki R. rhynchophori R. brachycephalus R. swirtae
F
G
4 3
4
2 2 3 3 3 3
2 2 2
1 3 3 3
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Ta 9(1) 7(1) 7(1) 7(1) 7(1) 7(1) 7 7
F
G
3 1 0 0 2 2 2 2
3 0 1 1 1
Ti 4 4 4
1
4 4 4
1 1
4 4
Leg III Ta 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
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3 0 1 0 1 1
1
1
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Ta 6
4 4
4
5 5 5
4 4 4 4
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Etymology - The species is named for Dr. Sabina Swift, acarologist of the B. P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii in tribute to her outstanding thoroughness in reviewing papers, dedication to acarology and support to her colleagues in acarology. Diagnosis - The length of the gnathosomal setae in larval R. swiftae are nearly I /2 the width of the gnathosoma while these setae in R. brachycephalus are less than I /4 the width of the gnathosoma. Setae c2, d and f do not exceed 7 in R. rhynchophori but exceed 50 in R. swiftae and R. brachycephalus. Opisthosomal accessory structures evident in larval R.. rhynchophori are not present in R. swiftae Dorsal gnathosomal setae are 30 in R. swiftae compared to 17 in R.. brachycephalus. Leg setalion is similar in all 3 species except solenidion omega is distinct in R. rhynchophori and not evident in the other species. In male R.. swiftae , the anterior lobes of the prodorsum extend anterior to the gnathosoma but do not extend beyond the gnathosoma in other species. The gnathosomas of mal e R. swiftae and R. rhynchophori are about as broad as long in contrast to the wide gnathosoma of R.. brachycephalus. Adult female R. swiftae and R. brachycephalus have vestigial legs III while female R.. rhynchophori lack legs III. Key to Rhynchopolipus spp.
ADULT FEMALES 1.Without vestigial legs III. ...................... . .... 2 With vestigial legs III ......... .R. brachycephalus 2.Idiosomal plate C divided ........... ....... ........... .R. swiftae Idiosomal plate C undivided .... ...... .... .. R.. rhynchophori MALES l.Gnathosoma about as broad as long ................ .. ... ......... 2 Gnathosoma about twice as broad as long ...... . ........ .......... .............. ........... ........ . R. brachycephalus 2.Prodorsal plate (lobe-like) extends beyond anterior margin of gnathosoma ................................... ..R. swiftae Prodorsal plate (lobe-like) does not extend beyond anteiior margin of gnathosoma ..... ..... .R. rhynchophori LARVAL FEMALES ...... 2 !.Setae c2 long, at least 50 Jlm...... .. .. .... ... ..... .... . Setae c2 shmt, at most 10 Jlm ...... ...... .. .R. rhynchophori 2.Dorsal gnathosomal setae longer than 25 Jlm ............. . ............. ...... ................... ............ ............ .... .R. swiftae Dorsal gnathosomal setae shorter than 20 Jlm .............. . ........... ......... ...... ........ ................... .R. brachycephalus
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DISCUSSION
Rhynchopolipus rhynchophori (Ewing, 1924) from the palm weevil, Rhynchophorus palmarum L. , is distributed in Central and South America (Ewing 1924, Husband and Flechtmann 1972, Ochoa et a!. 1995). A new record for R.. rhynchophori is: Costa Rica, Puntarenas Prov., Coto 47, 4 km Ciudad Neilly , 8°35 75 ' N, 82°58.04' W., 15m elev. , 13 November 1996, R. Ochoa & B. M. OConnor, ex. Rhynchophorus palmarus. The genus Rhynchophorus is worldwide in distribution in the tropics and subtropics. The 2 new species of Rhynchopolipus described here are the first species from Africa and Asia. Four genera ofpodapolipid mites are associated with the Curculionidae: Podapolipus, Stigmacarus, Tetrapolipus and Rhynchopolipus . The first two are associated with the same host, Hylobius abietis L., in Europe. The shapes of short genital capsules, lack of legs II, III in adult female Podapolipus spp., differing setal patterns and other characteristics do not support a close rel ationship to R.hy nchopolipus. All are highly specialized in comparison to the primitive podapolipid genus Tarsopolipus (Table I). Tetrapolipus fundi Husband 1987 is a parasite of the weevil, R.hinoscapha leguilloui (Guer.). No genu II, III setae are present in this species and the genital capsule of males is middorsal and very short. Although female and larval characters differ between Podapolipus komareki and R.hynchopolipus spp. , the numbers of setae on the leg segments are similar (Table I). The shapes of the genital capsules differ considerably but openings of the capsule are anterior in the two genera. At this point, there are far too few records of species of parasitic podapolipid mites of Curculionidae to be able to determine relationships among these mites. The discovery of primitive legs III in adult females of the 2 new species suggests that African and Asian Rhynchopolipus may be more primitive than the American species. The 3 species of R.hynchopolipus have numerous synapomorphies, many of which are not shared with the other 4 species collected from Curculionidae. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to Sabina Swift of the B. P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii and Roberta Brett of the California Academy of Science, San Francisco, California for the loan of specimens, opinions and other aid during visits to their respective museums. REFERENCES CITED
Ewing, H. E. 1922. Studies on the taxonomy and biology of tarsonemid mites, together with a note on the
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Lindquist, E. E. 1986. The world genera of Tarsonemidae (Acari: Heterostigmata): a morphological, phylogenetic and systematic revision with reclassification of family group taxa in Heterostigmata. Mem. Ent. Soc. Canada 136: 1-517. McDaniel, B. 1969. Lectotype designation from seven syntypes of Tetrapolipus rhynchophori Ewing (Acarina: Podapolipidae). Proc. Entom. Soc. Wash. 71 : 551-556. McDaniel, B. and W. Morrill. 1969. A new species of Tetrapolipus from Hippodamia convergens from South Dakota (Acarina: Podapolipidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 62(6): 1465-1468. Naudo, M. 1967. Contribution a !'etude des Acari ens parasites d' Orthopteres malagaches. I. Le genre Podapolipus (Podapolipidae): diagnoses preliminaires d'especes nouvelles. Acarologia 9: 30-54. Ochoa, R., C. Vargas, P. Naskrecki and R. W. Husband. 1995. Rhynchopolipus rhynchophori (Ewing) nuevo representante de Ia acarofauna Costarricense (Acari: Podapolipidae). Manejo Integrado de Plages 35: 25-28. Regenfuss, H. 1968. Untersuchungen zur Morphologie, Systematik und Okologie der Podapolipidae (Acarina, Tarsonemini). Z. wiss. Zoo!. 177(3/4): 183-282. Regenfuss, H. 1973. Beinreduktion und Verlagerung des Kopulationsapparates in der Milbenfamilie Podapolipidae, ein Beispiel fur verhaltengesteuerte Evolution morphologischer Strukturen. A. zoo!. Sust. Evolut.-forsch. 11(3): 173-195. Storkan, J. 1927. Eine neue Podapolipus-Art (Acarina) von Hylobius (Podapolipus komareki n. sp.). Zoo!. Anz. 71: 19-22.
transformation of Acarapis (Tarsonemus) woodi Renni (Acarina). Can. Ent. 54(5): 104-113. Ewing, H. E. 1924. New tarsonemid mites (Order Acarina, Family Tarsonemidae). Proc. Entom. Soc. Wash. 26: 66-99. Feldman-Muhsam, B. andY. Havivi. 1977. Stigmacarus lukoschusi , new genus and new species (Acarina: Podapolipidae) from beetles in Italy . Acarologia 18: 545-552. Husband, R. W. 1972. A new genus and species of mite (Acarina: Podapolipidae) associated with the coccinellid Cycloneda sanguinea. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 65(5): 1099-1104. Husband, R. W. 1973. Review of the genus Tetrapolipus and description of Tetrapolipus hunteri n. sp. (Acarina: Podapolipidae). Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc. 92(3) 461-467. Husband, R. W. 1979. The reproductive anatomy of male Rhynchopolipus rhynchophori, parasitic mite ofthepalm weevil. Micron 10(3): 165-166. Husband, R. W. 1985. New species of Stigmacarus (Acari: Podapolipidae) parasitic on weevils (Lixus sp., Curculionidae) from Tshikaji, Zaire. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 78(2): 461-467. Husband , R. W. 1987. Tetrapolipus fundi new species (Acari: Podapolipidae). Intemat. J. Acarol. 13(1) 55-60. Husband, R. W. and H. Dastych. 1998. A new species of Eutarsopolipus (Acari: Podapolipidae) from Chlaenius sericeus Frost (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from Athens, Georgia, U.S.A. Entomol. Mitt. zoo!. Mus. Hamburg 12(158): 317-326. Husband, R. W. and C. H. W. Flechtmann. 1972. A new genus of mite, Rhynchopolipus, associated with the palm weevil in Central and South America (Acarina, Podapolipodidae). Rev. Brasil. Bio. 32(4) 519522.
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