Collaborators

11/5/2014

Evolution of Electron Beam (E-Beam) Treatment for Water Theresa R. Slifko, Ph.D. Metropolitan Water District of Southern California California-Nevada Section AWWA 2013 Annual Fall Conference

Collaborators Joan B. Rose, Michigan State University Bill Cooper, University of California, Irvine Regina Sommer, University of Vienna Michael G. Nickelsen, Haley & Aldrich, Inc. Kimberly Kunihiro, Orange County Utilities

CA-NV AWWA 2013 Annual Fall Conference

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11/5/2014

What is an “E-Beam”? Most of us (used to) have one or more in our home! Conventional CRT computer monitors or televisions Electron Gun  Accelerator emits electrons @ 25,000 Volts Scanned to create images

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egun.jpg Thermionic electron gun assembly found on a color Samsung CRT monitor. The gun produces three high speed individual electron beams for the three primary colors (Red, Green, and Blue)

CA-NV AWWA 2013 Annual Fall Conference

www.e-wastesolutions.net

E-Beam for Water Treatment Accelerator  Electrons @ 500,000 to 1,500,000 volts (75 kW or more) scanned to penetrate water or vapor.

CA-NV AWWA 2013 Annual Fall Conference

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11/5/2014

The Electromagnetic Spectrum Non-ionizing radiation

Ionizing radiation

http://www.scienceinschool.org/2011/issue20/em (ESA/AOES Medialab)

Some Common Irradiation Uses •

Foods: o

Insect control

o

Inhibits sprouting

o

Controls mold

o

Inactivates pathogens (e.g. E. coli, norovirus, Trichina parasite, etc.)

o

•

•

Not irradiated

Increases shelf life

www.NPR.org Lui Kit Wong/MCT /Landov

Irradiated http://www.globalpeace.go.jp/en/qfile/a07.html Photo provided by the Shihorocho Agricultural Cooperative Isotope Irradiation Center

Sterilization: o

Medical supplies & packaging

o

Hospital waste

o

Blood and tissues for transfusions

Materials Processing: o

Composite materials curing

o

Crosslinking

o

Semi conductor enhancement

CA-NV AWWA 2013 Annual Fall Conference

http://www.arserrc.gov/www/fsit/FoodIrradiation.htm

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Industrial Applications of E-Beam Sterilization

Source: tactic-tech.com via: http://www.homelandsecuritynewswire.com/dr20120408-ebeam-technology-to-keep-food-supply-safe

CA-NV AWWA 2013 Annual Fall Conference

CA-NV AWWA 2013 Annual Fall Conference

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Virginia Key WWTP (Miami, FL) Large Scale Studies

Treated Water: 100 – 150 gallons per min. CA-NV AWWA 2013 Annual Fall Conference

Virginia Key E-Beam Demonstration Scale Pilot Plant

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Electron Beam Research Facility at the Austrian Research Center, Seibersdorf, Austria

• • • • • •

Bench scale flow through system Flowing aqueous stream (3 m3/hr) 500 kV, 25 mA, scan width 1.2 m (High Voltage Engineering, USA) 400 up to 2000 Gy/s Enabled Cryptosporidium inactivation studies City of Vienna, Austria unchlorinated tap water

CA-NV AWWA 2013 Annual Fall Conference

Mobile E-Beam System: High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc.

Water Pumps & Air Cooling

Lead Shielded Accelerator Tube and Scanner Assembly 0.5 MeV ICT

CPU Control

Treatment Area CA-NV AWWA 2013 Annual Fall Conference

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Recycled water treated for aquifer storage & Recovery must meet “Full Treatment” defined under Florida Administrative Code 62-610

Orange County E-Beam Pilot Testing • • • •

Unchlorinated Reclaimed Water (Site 1) UF Permeate (Site 2) RO Permeate (Site 4) UF/RO Membrane Concentrate (Site 6)

CA-NV AWWA 2013 Annual Fall Conference

Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) • • •

•

AOPs are organic contaminant destruction processes. Rely on in-situ formation of hydroxyl radicals: •OH Involve two stages of oxidation: o

Formation of the strong oxidants (e.g. •OH)

o

Reaction of the oxidants with organic contaminants

Provide a barrier to both microbial and chemical contamination o

One process = multiple benefits & barriers

o

Effectively reduces/rem0ves low concentrations of organic chemicals

CA-NV AWWA 2013 Annual Fall Conference

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11/5/2014

Some Advanced Oxidation Processes AOP

In-situ generated radical species

Electron Beam

•OH (oxidizer) •H (both oxidizer & reducer) e-aq (reducer)

Ozone/H2O2

•OH

TiO2/UV light

e-aq H+

Fenton’s chemistry (Fe(II)/H2O2)

•OH

Sonolysis

•OH •H

UV/H2O2

•OH CA-NV AWWA 2013 Annual Fall Conference

Water Radiolysis: Formation of Free Radical Species in Water by Means of Ionizing Radiation

Gehringer, P. 2003 IAEA-TECDOC-1407.

CA-NV AWWA 2013 Annual Fall Conference

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11/5/2014

Simplified Model of the Competition for the Free Radical Species in a Natural Groundwater

Gehringer, P. 2003 IAEA-TECDOC-1407.

CA-NV AWWA 2013 Annual Fall Conference

E-Beam Disinfection Mechanism • •

Direct effects are extremely rapid (10-16 seconds) Induced through energy deposition at sensitive target sites, typically vital sub-cellular components: o

Enzymes

o

Nucleic acids

o

Genetic material

International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Research Applications and Utilization of Accelerators, Vienna, Austria 2009. Eb-Tech, Daejeon 305-500, Korea CA-NV AWWA 2013 Annual Fall Conference

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Irradiated foods, materials, water, etc., do not become radioactive. •

Particles that transmit radiation are not radioactive.

•

Irradiated water creates transient radicals

•

o

Hydroxyl radical (•OH-)

o

Hydrogen atom (•H+)

o

Solvated electrons (e-aq)

Free radicals damage DNA and intercellular structures within living cells.

CA-NV AWWA 2013 Annual Fall Conference

http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/01/12/145107755/why-x-rayed-foodisnt-radioactive-and-other-puzzles

Bacteriophage & E. coli Inactivation in Tap Water

Gerhinger et al., 2003. Bacteriophages as viral indicators for radiation processing of water: A chemical approach.

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Efficacy of E-Beam on Seeded Microorganisms -1.0 0.0

Log 10 Inactivation

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 0

1

5

10

15

20

E-Beam Dose (KGrays) Fecal Coliforms

PRD-1

MS2

Efficacy of E-Beam on HPC Inactivation of HPC by E-Beam -0.5

Log 10 Inactivation

0.0 0.5 1.0 2

R = 0.9377

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

2

R = 0.928

3.5 0

1

5

10

15

20

E-Beam Dose (KGrays) Site 1a

Site 6a

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Average Log10 Reduction of Infectious Cryptosporidium

Electron Beam Inactivation of Cryptosporidium (Potable Water) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Dose (Gy) 0



$0.01

CA-NV AWWA 2013 Annual Fall Conference





$0.12

$/1000 gal

Efficacy of E-beam on Selected DBPs for each Dose on Unchlorinated Reclaimed Water (Site 1)

Compound Ebeam Dose (Kgray) Dichloroacetic acid Total Haloacetic acids Trichloroacetic acid Bromodichloromethane Chloroform Total Trihalomethanes Removal Range

1 0.00 4.04 12.90 16.67 45.15 52.38 0 - 52%

5 52.94 62.32 82.90 >94.44 87.97 89.56 >53%

Percent Removal 10 77.94 84.85 >93.87 >94.44 >99.05 >99.27 >78%

15 80.44 86.57 >93.87 >94.44 >99.05 >99.27 >80%

20 85.29 89.90 >93.87 >94.44 >99.05 >99.27 >85%

CA-NV AWWA 2013 Annual Fall Conference

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Effects of E-beam Treatment on Select Organic Compounds DEET

Caffeine

90.0

25.00

80.0

Caffeine (ng/L)

20.00

60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0

15.00 10.00 5.00

10.0 0.0 Ebeam Inf (0)

Ebeam Eff (0)

Ebeam Eff (1)

Ebeam Eff (5)

Ebeam Eff (10)

Ebeam Eff (15)

Ebeam Eff (20)

0.00

Ebeam Inf (0)

Ebeam Inf (0)

Ebeam Eff (0)

Sample Collection Site and E-beam Dose (Kgray) Site 1

Site 2

Site 4

Triclosan

Site 6

Ebeam Eff (1)

Ebeam Eff (5)

Ebeam Eff (10)

Ebeam Eff (15)

Ebeam Eff (20)

Ebeam Inf (0)

Sample Collection Site and E-beam Dose (Kgray) Site 1

Site 2

Site 4

Site 6

140.0

Triclosan (ng/L)

120.0 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 Ebeam Inf (0)

Ebeam Eff (0)

Ebeam Eff (1)

Ebeam Eff (5)

Ebeam Eff (10)

Ebeam Eff (15)

Ebeam Eff (20)

Ebeam Inf (0)

Sample Collection Site and E-beam Dose (Kgray) Site 1

Site 2

Site 4

Site 6

Efficacy of E-Beam on DOC DOC 12.00 10.00

DOC (mg/L)

DEET (ng/L)

70.0

8.00 1a 2a 4a 6a

6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 Inf StartLoc 1a

0

1

5

10

15

20

Inf. Finish Loc 1a

Ebeam Dose (K Gy) CA-NV AWWA 2013 Annual Fall Conference

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11/5/2014

Efficacy of E-Beam on Color of Unchlorinated Reclaimed Water (250nm UV)

0.20

UV Absorbance (250nm)

0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 Ebeam Inf Start

0

1

5

10

15

E-Beam Dose (KGray)

20

Ebeam Inf Finish

Dose Ranges & Cost for Various Applications Ionizing effects are stated in terms of the absorbed dose Dose= energy absorbed per unit mass Dose is typically measured in kiloGray kGy (1 kGy = 1 kJ/kg) Crosslinking of polyethylene

$/ton

-150-

$5.82

Rubber vulcanization

-100-

$3.88

Curing of coatings

-50-

$1.94

-10-

$0.39

-5-

$0.19

-1-

$0.04

-0.5-

$0.02

-0.1-