Combined Lint Cleaning System Particle Size ... - Dr. Michael Buser

Combined Lint Cleaning System Particle Size Distribution Characteristics for Cotton Gin G using Method 17 and Laser Diffraction Analyses Part of the National Characterization of Cotton Gin Particulate Matter Emissions Project

Report ID: 07-PSD-GG-17 September 2014 Submitted to: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Submitted by: Dr. Michael Buser (contact) Dept. of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Oklahoma State University 113 Agricultural Hall Stillwater, OK 74078 (405) 744-5288 [email protected] Mr. Thomas Moore Dept. of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Oklahoma State University 117 Agricultural Hall Stillwater, OK 74078 (903) 477-2458 [email protected]

, Ph.D.

icultural Engineering versity

8 hone ax

Dr. Derek Whitelock Southwestern Cotton Ginning Research Laboratory USDA Agricultural Research Service 300 E College Dr. Mesilla Park, NM 88047 (575) 526-6381 [email protected]

Acknowledgments: Funding Sources: California Cotton Growers and Ginners Association Cotton Foundation Cotton Incorporated Oklahoma State University San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Study Agency Southeastern Cotton Ginners Association Southern Cotton Ginners Association Texas Cotton Ginners Association Texas State Support Group USDA Agricultural Research Service USDA NIFA Hatch Project 02882

Air Quality Advisory Group: California Air Resources Board Missouri Department of Natural Resources North Carolina Department of Natural Resources San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District Texas A&M University Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department Texas Commission on Environmental Quality US Environmental Protection Agency – Air Quality Analysis Group US Environmental Protection Agency – Air Quality Modeling Group US Environmental Protection Agency – Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards US Environmental Protection Agency – Process Modeling Research Branch, Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division US Environment Protection Agency Region 4 US Environment Protection Agency Region 9 USDA NRCS National Air Quality and Atmospheric Change Team

Cotton Gin Advisory Group: California Cotton Ginners and Growers Association Cotton Incorporated National Cotton Council National Cotton Ginners Association Southeastern Cotton Ginners Association Southern Cotton Ginners Association Texas Cotton Ginners Association Texas A&M University Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department

Page 2 of 66

Table of Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Answered Submitter Review ............................................................................................................ 5 Answered Regulatory Agency Review ............................................................................................. 6 Outlier Tests ...................................................................................................................................... 7 OSU Technical Report ..................................................................................................................... 8 Field and Laboratory Data .............................................................................................................. 30 Process Calibration Documents ..................................................................................................... 47 Dry Gas Meter Calibration.............................................................................................................. 49 Type "S" Pitot Tube Calibration ..................................................................................................... 54 Nozzle Inspection............................................................................................................................ 59 Cyclonic Flow Evaluation............................................................................................................... 62 Chain of Custody ............................................................................................................................ 64 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... 66

Page 3 of 66

Introduction The submitted information corresponds to the National Characterization of Cotton Gin Particulate Matter Emissions Project conducted by Oklahoma State University and USDA Agricultural Research Service. This report contains particle size distribution data for the cotton Gin G combined lint cleaning system based on laser diffraction particle size analyses of Method 17 filter and wash samples. As part of the National Characterization of Cotton Gin Particulate Matter Emissions Project, there were several individual submitted reports for the cotton gin combined lint cleaning system. These test reports were separated by cotton gin and testing method. For the combined lint cleaning system there will be 3 Method 17 reports for total PM; 3 Method 201a without a PM2.5 sizing cyclone reports for total PM and PM10; 3 Method 201a with a PM2.5 sizing cyclone reports for total PM, PM10 and PM2.5 and 3 Method 17 coupled with particle size analyses for PM10 and PM2.5. The cotton gin identifiers for these reports are Gin D, Gin E and Gin G.

Our submitter review and suggested regulatory review ITRs were developed using the procedures described by the Eastern Research Group (2013). Our answered submitter and regulatory review questions are located on pages 5 and 6. Information corresponding to the regulatory review questions has been highlighted within the reports with the associated questions attached as comments. To see these comments, hover the cursor over or click on the highlighted portions of text. If there are any questions regarding the submitted information, please contact Dr. Michael Buser ([email protected]). Table I.1- Submitter and suggested regulatory ITRs for Gin G, Combined Lint Cleaning System, Method 17 & PSD analyses. Total PM PM10 PM2.5 Submitter Regulatory Emission Factor Emission Factor Emission Factor PM Subset Review Review (lbs/bale) (lbs/bale) (lbs/bale) Total PM Run 1 79 100 0.138 0.044 0.002 Run 2 79 100 0.129 0.039 0.002 Run 3 79 100 0.103 0.033 0.001 79 100 0.123 0.039 0.002 Average

Page 4 of 66

Answers to Submitter Review Questions

1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Submitter Data Quality Rating Score Supporting Documentation Provided Response As described in ASTM D7036-12 Standard Practice for Competence of Air Emission Testing Bodies, does the testing firm meet the criteria as an AETB or is the person in charge of the field team a QI for the type of testing conducted? A certificate from an independent organization (e.g., Stack Testing Accreditation Council (STAC), Yes California Air Resources Board (CARB), National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Program (NELAP)) or self declaration provides documentation of competence as an AETB. Is a description and drawing of test location provided? Yes Has a description of deviations from published test methods been provided, or is there a statement that deviations were not required to obtain data representative of typical Yes facility operation? Is a full description of the process and the unit being tested (including installed Yes controls) provided? Has a detailed discussion of source operating conditions, air pollution control device operations and the representativeness of measurements made during the test been Yes provided? Were the operating parameters for the tested process unit and associated controls Yes described and reported? Is there an assessment of the validity, representativeness, achievement of DQO's and Yes usability of the data? Have field notes addressing issues that may influence data quality been provided? Yes Dry gas meter (DGM) calibrations, pitot tube and nozzle inspections? Yes Was the Method 1 sample point evaluation included in the report? Yes Were the cyclonic flow checks included in the report? Yes Were the raw sampling data and test sheets included in the report? Yes Did the report include a description and flow diagram of the recovery procedures? Yes Was the laboratory certified/accredited to perform these analyses? Yes Did the report include a complete laboratory report and flow diagram of sample Yes analysis? Were the chain-of-custody forms included in the report? Yes

Page 5 of 66

79

Answers to Regulatory Agency Review Questions

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Agency Data Quality Rating Score Supporting Documentation Provided Response As described in ASTM D7036-12 Standard Practice for Competence of Air Emission Testing Bodies, does the testing firm meet the criteria as an AETB or is the person in charge of the field team a QI for the Yes type of testing conducted? A certificate from an independent organization (e.g., STAC, CARB, NELAP) or self declaration provides documentation of competence as an AETB. Was a representative of the regulatory agency on site during the test? Yes Is a description and drawing of test location provided? Yes Is there documentation that the source or the test company sought and obtained approval for deviations from the published test method prior to conducting the test or that the tester's assertion that deviations Yes were not required to obtain data representative of operations that are typical for the facility? Were all test method deviations acceptable? N/A Is a full description of the process and the unit being tested (including installed controls) provided? Yes Has a detailed discussion of source operating conditions, air pollution control device operations and the Yes representativeness of measurements made during the test been provided? Is there documentation that the required process monitors have been calibrated and that the calibration is Yes acceptable? Was the process capacity documented? Yes Was the process operating within an appropriate range for the test program objectives? Yes Were process data concurrent with testing? Yes Were data included in the report for all parameters for which limits will be set? Yes Did the report discuss the representativeness of the facility operations, control device operation, and the measurements of the target pollutants, and were any changes from published test methods or process and Yes control device monitoring protocols identified? Were all sampling issues handled such that data quality was not adversely affected? N/A Was the DGM pre-test calibration within the criteria specified by the test method? Yes Was the DGM post-test calibration within the criteria specified by the test method? Yes Were thermocouple calibrations within method criteria? Yes Was the pitot tube inspection acceptable? Yes Were nozzle inspections acceptable? Yes Were flow meter calibrations acceptable? Yes Were the appropriate number and location of sampling points used? (Method 1) Yes Did the cyclonic flow evaluation show the presence of an acceptable average gas flow angle? Yes Were all data required by the method recorded? Yes Were required leak checks performed and did the checks meet method requirements? Yes Was the required minimum sample volume collected? Yes Did probe, filter, and impinger exit temperatures meet method criteria (as applicable)? N/A Did isokinetic sampling rates meet method criteria? Yes Was the sampling time at each point greater than 2 minutes and the same for each point? Yes Was the recovery process consistent with the method? Yes Were all required blanks collected in the field? Yes Where performed, were blank corrections handled per method requirements? Yes Were sample volumes clearly marked on the jar or measured and recorded? Yes Was the laboratory certified/accredited to perform these analyses? Yes Did the laboratory note the sample volume upon receipt? Yes

35

If sample loss occurred, was the compensation method used documented and approved for the method?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

Were the physical characteristics of the samples (e.g., color, volume, integrity, pH, temperature) recorded and consistent with the method? Were sample hold times within method requirements? Does the laboratory report document the analytical procedures and techniques? Were all laboratory QA requirements documented? Were analytical standards required by the method documented? Were required laboratory duplicates within acceptable limits? Were required spike recoveries within method requirements? Were method-specified analytical blanks analyzed? If problems occurred during analysis, is there sufficient documentation to conclude that the problems did not adversely affect the sample results? Was the analytical detection limit specified in the test report? Is the reported detection limit adequate for the purposes of the test program? Do the chain-of-custody forms indicate acceptable management of collected samples between collection and analysis?

Page 6 of 66

N/A Yes N/A Yes Yes Yes N/A N/A Yes N/A Yes Yes Yes

100

Outlier Tests The following residual plots compare the combined lint cleaning system test run emission factor values included in this report with those from other cotton gin tests that used Method 201a with and without a PM2.5 cyclone for PM10 and Method 201a with a PM2.5 cyclone for PM2.5. The highlighted points in the graphs indicate data included in this report.

Residuals

Combined Lint Cleaning System PM10 Residuals 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Test Runs

Combined Lint Cleaning System PM2.5 Residuals

Residuals

1.5

1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5

-1.0 0

2

4

6

8

10

Test Runs

Page 7 of 66

12

14

16

18

20

OSU Technical Report OSU13-08 Ver. 2.0 – Particle Size Distribution Characteristics of Cotton Gin Combined Lint Cleaning System Total Particulate Emissions Note: Contains field and lab data for Gin G only.

Page 8 of 66

ABSTRACT This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of total particulate stack sampling and particle size analyses. In 2013, EPA published a more stringent standard for particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 2.5 µm (PM2.5). This created an urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues, because EPA AP-42 cotton gin PM2.5 emission factors did not exist. In addition, current EPA AP-42 emission factor quality ratings for cotton gin PM10 (particulate matter with nominal diameter less than or equal to 10 µm) data are questionable and extremely low. The objective of this study was to characterize particulate emissions for combined lint cleaning systems from cotton gins located in regions across the cotton belt based on EPAapproved total particulate stack sampling methodologies and particle size analyses. Average measured PM2.5, PM10 and PM10-2.5 emission factors based on the mass and particle size analyses of EPA Method 17 total particulate filter and wash samples from three gins (9 total test runs) were 0.0032 kg/227-kg bale (0.0070 lb/500-lb bale), 0.060 kg/bale (0.131 lb/bale), and 0.056 kg/bale (0.124 lb/bale), respectively. The combined lint cleaning system particle size distributions were characterized by an average mass median diameter of 19.93 µm (aerodynamic equivalent diameter) and a geometric standard deviation of 3.19. Based on system average emission factors, the ratio of PM2.5 to total particulate was 1.5%, PM2.5 to PM10 was 5.3%, PM10 to total was 28%, and PM10-2.5 to total was 27%. Particle size distribution based system average PM2.5 and PM10 emission factors were 23% and 40% of those measured for this project utilizing EPA-approved methods. The particle sized distribution based PM10 emission factor was 55% of that currently published in EPA AP-42 for lint cleaners with high-efficiency cyclones (combined 1st and 2nd stage lint cleaning systems).

INTRODUCTION In 2013, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a more stringent standard for particulate matter (PM) with a particle diameter less than or equal to a nominal 2.5m (PM2.5) aerodynamic equivalent diameter (AED) (CFR, 2013). The cotton industry’s primary concern with this standard was that there were no published cotton gin PM2.5 emissions data. Also, EPA emission factors published in EPA’s Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors, AP-42 (EPA, 1996b), are assigned a rating that is used to assess the quality of the data being

Page 9 of 66

referenced. The ratings can range from A (Excellent) to E (Poor). Current EPA emission factor quality ratings for PM with a particle diameter less than or equal to a nominal 10-m (PM10) AED from cotton gins are extremely low. Cotton gin data received these low ratings because it was collected almost exclusively from a single geographical region (EPA, 1996a). Cotton ginners’ associations across the cotton belt, including the National, Texas, Southern, Southeastern, and California associations, agreed that there was an urgent need to collect PM2.5 and PM10 cotton gin emissions data to address the implementation of the PM2.5 standards and current regulatory issues concerning PM10 emission factors. Current EPA-approved methodology to measure PM2.5 and PM10 point source emissions, Method 201A, utilizes size selective particulate samplers (EPA, 2010). Buser et al. (2007a) defined a true concentration as the concentration of particles with an AED less than the size of interest. A true PM10 concentration would correspond to the concentration of only particles with an AED less than 10 m. This differs from a size selective sampler concentration in that the sampler design allows for some particles with an AED less than 10 m to be scrubbed out of the airstream by the pre-collector and some of the particles with an AED greater than 10 m to pass through the pre-collector and deposit on the filter. Buser et al. (2007 b,c) reported that size selective ambient PM samplers could over-estimate PM concentrations when the particle size distribution (PSD) mass median diameter (MMD) of the sampled PM is larger than the sampler cutpoint. Buser et al. (2007b) reported that measurements from an ambient PM10 sampler could theoretically produce a concentration equivalent to the true PM10 concentration when the PSD MMD of the sampled PM was 10 m AED. Buser et al. (2007c) reported that PM2.5 ambient sampler measurements could theoretically produce a concentration that was 13 times the true PM2.5 concentration when the PSD MMD of the PM entrained in the air being sampled was 10 m AED with a GSD of 1.5. This body of work that compares sampler to true concentrations raises questions regarding sampler effectiveness and points to a critical need for additional source specific PSD information. Working with cotton ginning associations across the country and state and federal regulatory agencies, Oklahoma State University and USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS) researchers developed a proposal and sampling plan that was initiated in 2008 to address this need for additional data. Buser et al. (2012) provided the details of this sampling plan. This report is part of a series that details cotton gin emission factors developed from coupling total

Page 10 of 66

particulate stack sampling concentrations and particle size analyses. Each manuscript in the series addresses a specific cotton ginning system. The systems covered in the series include: unloading, 1st stage seed-cotton cleaning, 2nd stage seed-cotton cleaning, 3rd stage seed-cotton cleaning, overflow, 1st stage lint cleaning, 2nd stage lint cleaning, combined lint cleaning, cyclone robber, 1st stage mote, 2nd stage mote, combined mote, mote cyclone robber, mote cleaner, mote trash, battery condenser, and master trash. This report focuses on the characterization of PM2.5 and PM10 emissions from combined lint cleaning systems. Cotton Ginning Seed cotton is a perishable commodity that has no real value until the fiber and seed are separated (Wakelyn et al., 2005). Cotton must be processed or ginned at the cotton gin to separate the fiber and seed, producing 227-kg (500-lb) bales of marketable cotton fiber. Cotton ginning is considered an agricultural process and an extension of the harvest by several federal and state agencies (Wakelyn et al., 2005). Although the main function of the cotton gin is to remove the lint fiber from the seed, many other processes occur during ginning, such as cleaning, drying and packaging the lint. Pneumatic conveying systems are the primary method of material handling in a cotton gin. As material reaches a processing point, the conveying air is separated and emitted outside the gin through a pollution control device. The amount of particulate matter (PM) emitted by a system varies with the process and the composition of the material being processed. Cotton ginning is a seasonal industry with the ginning season lasting from 75 to 120 days, depending on the crop size and condition. Although the general trend for U.S. cotton production has remained flat at about 17 million bales per year during the last 20 years, production from one year to the next often varies greatly for various reasons, including climate and market pressure. The number of active gins in the U.S. has not remained constant, steadily declining to fewer than 700 in 2011. Consequently, the average cotton gin production capacity has increased to an approximate average of 25 bales per hour across the U.S. cotton belt (Valco et al., 2003, 2006, 2009, 2012). Typical cotton gin processing systems include: unloading system, dryers, seed-cotton cleaners, gin stands, overflow collector, lint cleaners, battery condenser, bale packaging system, and trash handling systems (Fig. 1); however, the number and type of machines and processes can vary. Each of these systems serves a unique function with the ultimate goal of ginning the

Page 11 of 66

cotton to produce a marketable product. Raw seed cotton harvested from the field is compacted into large units called “modules” for delivery to the gin. The unloading system removes seed cotton either mechanically or pneumatically from the module feeding system and conveys the seed cotton to the seed-cotton cleaning systems. Seed-cotton cleaning systems assist in drying the seed cotton and remove foreign matter prior to ginning. Ginning systems also remove foreign matter and separate the cotton fiber from seed. Lint cleaning systems further clean the cotton lint after ginning. The battery condenser and packaging systems combine lint from the lint cleaning systems and compress the lint into dense bales for efficient transport. Gin systems produce some type of by-products or trash, such as rocks, soil, sticks, hulls, leaf material, and short or tangled immature fiber (motes), as a result of processing the seed cotton or lint. These streams of byproducts must be removed from the machinery and handled by trash collection systems. These trash systems typically further process the by-products (e.g., mote cleaners) and/or consolidate the trash from the gin systems into a hopper or pile for subsequent removal.

Figure 1. Typical modern cotton gin layout (Courtesy Lummus Corporation, Savannah, GA).

Page 12 of 66

Cotton lint is cleaned in the lint cleaning systems (Fig. 2). In the typical combined 1st and 2nd stage lint cleaning system, cotton fiber or lint is pneumatically conveyed from the gin stands, through a centrifugal lint cleaner, to the 1st stage lint cleaners (cotton gins typically split the precleaned seed-cotton among multiple, parallel gin stand/lint cleaning lines that are recombined at packaging) for further foreign matter removal. The lint is removed from the airstream with a rotating, screened separator drum and directed into the lint cleaner feed works. Lint cleaners remove fine trash, seed, and some lint. The material removed by lint cleaners is referred to as “motes”. Lint is directed from the lint cleaner to either a subsequent stage of lint cleaning or into the bale packaging system. A 2nd stage of lint cleaning is sometimes used and is essentially identical to the 1st stage. The airstream from the lint cleaner screen separators continues through a centrifugal fan to one or more particulate abatement cyclones. Some lint cleaning systems utilize a vane-axial fan, but these systems typically do not have cyclones and exhaust directly to ambient air. There are gins designed such that the exhaust of the 1st stage lint cleaning systems are completely separated from the exhaust of the 2nd stage lint cleaning systems and there are systems where the 1st and 2nd stage lint cleaning systems have a combined exhaust, sharing a fan and abatement device. The function of the 1st and 2nd stage lint cleaning systems with separate or combined exhausts is the same and it is expected that the particulate emissions from a combined exhaust system would be similar to summation of the 1st and 2nd stage lint cleaning systems with separate exhausts. The material handled by lint cleaning system cyclones typically includes small trash and particulate, and lint fibers (Fig. 3).

Figure 2. Typical cotton gin combined lint cleaning system layout (Courtesy Lummus Corporation, Savannah, GA).

Page 13 of 66

Figure 3. Photograph of typical trash captured by the combined lint cleaning system cyclones.

Cyclones Cyclones are the most common PM abatement devices used at cotton gins. Standard cyclone designs used at cotton ginning facilities are the 2D2D and 1D3D (Whitelock et al., 2009). The first D in the designation indicates the length of the cyclone barrel relative to the cyclone barrel diameter and the second D indicates the length of the cyclone cone relative to the cyclone barrel diameter. A standard 2D2D cyclone (Fig. 4) has an inlet height of D/2 and width of D/4 and design inlet velocity of 15.2 ± 2 m/s (3000 ± 400 fpm). The standard 1D3D cyclone (Fig. 4) has the same inlet dimensions as the 2D2D or may have the original 1D3D inlet with height of D and width D/8. Also, it has a design inlet velocity of 16.3 ± 2 m/s (3200 ± 400 fpm).

Figure 4. 2D2D and 1D3D cyclone schematics.

Cotton Gin Emission Factors EPA emission factors for cotton gins are published in EPA’s Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors, AP-42 (EPA, 1996b). The 1996 EPA AP-42 average total particulate

Page 14 of 66

emission factor for lint cleaners with high-efficiency cyclones (combined 1st and 2nd stage lint cleaning systems) was 0.26 kg (0.58 lb) per 217-kg [480-lb] equivalent bale with a range of 0.041 to 1.0 kg (0.09-2.3 lb) per bale (EPA, 1996a, 1996b). This average and range was based on six tests conducted in one geographical location. The EPA emission factor quality rating was D, which is the second lowest possible rating (EPA, 1996a). The 1996 EPA AP-42 average PM10 emission factor for lint cleaners with high-efficiency cyclones (combined 1st and 2nd stage lint cleaning systems) was 0.11 kg (0.24 lb) per 217-kg (480-lb) equivalent bale with a range of 0.020 to 0.42 kg (0.043-0.93 lb) per bale (EPA, 1996a, 1996b). This average and range was also based on six tests conducted in one geographical location and the EPA emission factor quality rating was also D. Currently there are no PM2.5 emission factor data listed in the EPA AP-42 for cotton gins. Buser et al. (2012) discussed the project plan of a large-scale project focused on developing cotton gin PM emission factors. Part of this project was focused on developing PM emission factors based on EPA-approved methodologies. Three studies focused on combined lint cleaning systems evolved out of the Buser et al. (2012) project plan. Whitelock et al. (2014) reported on one study that used EPA Method 17 to measure total particulate emission factors for the combined lint cleaning systems. The system average total particulate emission factor was 0.211 kg (0.466 lb) per 227 kg (500-lb) equivalent bale with a range of 0.056 to 0.396 kg (0.1230.874 lb) per bale. Boykin et al. (2014) reported on a second study that used EPA Method 201A with only the PM10 sizing cyclone to measure combined lint cleaning system PM10 and total particulate emission factors. The system average PM10 and total particulate emission factors were 0.150 kg/227-kg bale (0.332 lb/500-lb bale) and 0.293 kg/bale (0.647 lb/bale), respectively. In the third study, reported by Buser et al. (2013), EPA Method 201A with both the PM10 and PM2.5 sizing cyclones was used to measure PM2.5, PM10 and total particulate emission factors. The average measured PM2.5 emission factor was 0.014 kg/227-kg bale (0.030 lb/500-lb bale). The PM10 and total particulate average emission factors were 0.128 kg/bale (0.281 lb/bale) and 0.233 kg/bale (0.513 lb/bale), respectively. PSD analyses have been utilized in conjunction with total particulate sampling methods to calculate PM emissions concentration and factors for agricultural operations for more than thirty years. Some examples include: cattle feedlot operations (Sweeten et al. 1998), poultry production facilities (Lacey et al., 2003), nut harvesting operations (Faulkner et al., 2009), grain

Page 15 of 66

handling (Boac et al., 2009), swine finishing (Barber et al., 1991) and cotton ginning (Hughs and Wakelyn, 1997). Buser and Whitelock (2007) reported cotton ginning emission concentrations based on EPA approved PM2.5, PM10, and total particulate stack sampling methods and PSD analyses of the total particulate samples coupled with the total particulate concentrations to calculate PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations. The MMD of the PM in the samples ranged from 6 to 8 m. The study results indicated that the PSD and EPA sampler based PM10 concentrations were in good agreement while the PM2.5 EPA sampler concentrations ranged from 5.8 to 13.3 times the PSD based concentrations. The primary objective of this study was to develop PSD characteristics for the PM emitted from cotton gin combined lint cleaning systems. The secondary objective was to develop PM2.5 and PM10 emission factors for cotton gin combined lint cleaning systems equipped with cyclones on the system exhausts based on EPA-approved total particulate stack sampling methodologies and PSD analyses.

METHODS Seven cotton gins were sampled across the cotton belt for the overarching project. Key factors for selecting specific cotton gins included: 1) facility location (geographically diverse), 2) production capacity (industry representative), 3) processing systems (typical for industry) and 4) particulate abatement technologies (properly designed and maintained 1D3D cyclones). Three of the seven gins sampled were designed so that the 1st and 2nd stage lint cleaning system exhausts were combined. Gins D and G had similar systems. For these systems, the cotton fiber or lint material was pneumatically conveyed from the gin stand through a centrifugal air-type lint cleaner where some larger trash was ejected. The air/material then proceeded to the 1st lint cleaner. At the lint cleaner, the lint was separated from the conveying air by a screened separator and fed into the lint cleaner. From the 1st lint cleaner, the lint was pneumatically conveyed to the 2nd lint cleaner where it was again separated from the conveying air by a screened separator and fed into the lint cleaner The airstream from the separators at both the 1st and 2nd lint cleaners then combined and passed through a fan and exhausted through one or more cyclones. The combined 1st and 2nd stage lint cleaning systems at gin E were similar to the systems at gins D and G, except there were no centrifugal lint cleaners between the gin stands and 1st lint cleaners.

Page 16 of 66

Whitelock et al. (2014) provides system flow diagrams for the combined lint cleaning systems that were tested. All combined lint cleaning systems sampled utilized 1D3D cyclones to control emissions (Fig. 4), but there were some cyclone design variations among the gins. All the gins, except gin E, split the system exhaust flow between two cyclones in a dual configuration (side-by-side as opposed to one-behind-another). The system airstream for gin E was exhausted through a single cyclone. Inlets on all the combined lint cleaning system cyclones were 2D2D type, except gin D that had center-line 1D3D inlets. Standard cones were present on combined lint cleaning system cyclones at all gins. The cyclones tested at gins D and G had cyclone robber systems pulling airflow from their trash exits. This configuration helps remove lint and other trash from the cyclone that could otherwise circulate near the trash exit at the bottom of the cone for a period of time before dropping out. All of the cyclone variations outlined above, if properly designed and maintained, are recommended for controlling cotton gin emissions (Whitelock et al., 2009). Whitelock et al. (2014) provides detailed descriptions of the abatement cyclones that were tested. EPA Method 17 Stack Sampling The samples utilized for the PSD analyses and gravimetric sample data used in developing the PSD characteristics and PSD based emission factors were obtained from EPA Method 17 stack testing that was conducted at the three gins with combined lint cleaning systems as part of the overarching project. The Method 17 sampling methods and the procedures for retrieving the filter and conducting acetone wash of the sampler nozzle are described in the EPA Method 17 documentation (CFR, 1978). Further details of the project specific sampling methods, procedures, and results of the EPA Method 17 stack testing were reported by Whitelock et al. (2014). Laboratory Analysis All laboratory analyses were conducted at the USDA-ARS Air Quality Lab (AQL) in Lubbock, TX. All filters were conditioned in an environmental chamber (21 ± 2oC [70 ± 3.6oF]; 35 ± 5% RH) for 48 h prior to gravimetric analyses. Filters were weighed in the environmental chamber on a Mettler MX-5 microbalance (Mettler-Toledo Inc., Columbus, OH – 1 µg readability and 0.9 µg repeatability) after being passed through an anti-static device. The MX-5 microbalance was leveled on a marble table and housed inside an acrylic box to minimize the effects of air currents and vibrations. To reduce recording errors, weights were digitally

Page 17 of 66

transferred from the microbalance directly to a spreadsheet. Technicians wore latex gloves and a particulate respirator mask to avoid contamination. AQL procedures required that each sample be weighed three times. If the standard deviation of the weights for a given sample exceeded 10 μg, the sample was reweighed. Gravimetric procedures for the acetone wash tubs were the same as those used for filters. Particle Size Analysis A Beckman Coulter LS230 laser diffraction system (Beckman Coulter Inc., Miami, FL) with software version 3.29 was used to perform the particle size analyses on the filter and wash samples. The instrument sizes particles with diameters ranging from 0.4 to 2000 µm. For this project the LS230 fluid module was used with a 5% lithium chloride/methanol suspension fluid mixture that had a fluid refractive index of 1.326. Approximately 10-L batches of the suspension fluid were prepared and stored in a self-contained, recirculating, filtration system equipped with 0.2 µm filters to keep the fluid well mixed and free of larger particles. Prior to each test run a background particle check was performed on the fluid to help minimize particulate contamination from non-sample sources. The process of analyzing the samples included the following steps: 1) pour approximately 40 mL of clean suspension fluid into a clean 100-mL beaker; 2) transfer a particulate sample to the 100-mL beaker with clean suspension fluid, a. for 47 mm filter media, remove the filter from the Petri dish with tweezers and place the filter in the 100-mL beaker with the suspension fluid, b. for the wash samples contained in a sample tub, use a small amount of the suspension fluid and a sterile foam swab to transfer the sample from the tub to the 100-mL beaker; 3) place the 100-mL beaker in an ultrasonic bath for 5 min to disperse the PM sample in the fluid; 4) using a sterile pipette, gradually introduce the PM and suspension fluid mixture into clean suspension fluid that is being monitored by the LS230 until an obscuration level of 10% is reached; 5) activate the LS230 system to measure the diffraction patterns and calculate the PSD; 6) repeat step 5 a total of three times and average the results; and 7) drain and flush/clean the LS230 system.

Page 18 of 66

The optical model used in calculating the PSD was based on real and imaginary refractive indices for the sample of 1.56 and 0.01, respectively. These refractive index values are valid for quartz, clay minerals, silica and feldspars (Buurman et al. 2001). Wang-Li et al. (2013) and Buser (2004) provide additional details on the PSD methodology. The LS230 PSD results are in the form of particle volume versus equivalent spherical diameter. The PSD results were converted to particle volume versus AED using the following equation:  p d a  d p   w

  

1/ 2

where w is the density of water with a value of 1 g/cm3, p is the particle density, and is the dynamic shape factor. The dynamic shape factor was determined to be 1.4 based on Hinds (1982) factors for quartz and sand dust. The particle density was determined to be 2.65 g/cm3 based on an unpublished study by Buser (2013). This study used a helium displacement AccuPyc 1330 Pyconometer (Micromeritics, Norcross, GA) to determine the particle density of cotton gin waste that passed through a No. 200 sieve (particles that pass through a 74 m sieve opening). The study was based on 3 random samples collected at 43 different cotton gins. Results obtained from each average adjusted PSD included: MMD, GSD, mass fraction of PM with diameter less than or equal to 10 μm (PM10), mass fraction of PM with diameter less than or equal to 10 μm and greater than 2.5 μm (PM10-2.5), and mass fraction of PM with diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm (PM2.5). This information was coupled with the corresponding Method 17 sample mass to calculate the PM10, PM10-2.5, and PM2.5 emission factors using the following equation: ((

)

(

)

)

where EFi = emission factor for particle in the size range i; EFtot= total particulate emission factor obtained from total particulate tests (Whitelock et al., 2014); MF = total mass of particulate on filter; MW = total mass of particulate in nozzle wash; wFi = mass fraction of particles on the filter in the size range i; and wWi = mass fraction of particles in the nozzle wash in the size range i.

Page 19 of 66

RESULTS The combined lint cleaning systems sampled were typical for the industry. The system average ginning rate was 32.6 bales/h and the test average ginning rate at each gin ranged from 29.6 to 26.5 bales/h (based on 227-kg [500-lb] equivalent bales). The capacity of gins sampled was representative of the industry average, approximately 25 bales/h. The 1D3D cyclones were all operated with inlet velocities within design criteria, 16.3 ± 2 m/s (3200 ± 400 fpm), except the second run at gin G that was outside the design range due to limitations in available system adjustments. There are criteria specified in EPA Method 17 for test runs to be valid for total particulate measurements (CFR, 1978). Isokinetic sampling must fall within EPA defined range of 100 ± 10%. All tests met the isokinetic criteria. The stack gas temperatures ranged from 23 to 43oC (61-75oF) and moisture content ranged from 1.0 to 2.4%. The individual systems and cyclone design variations were discussed by Whitelock et al. (2014). The PSD characteristics and mass of the PM captured on the filters are shown in Table 1. The mass of the PM captured on the filter accounted for 79 to 92% of the total PM (filter and wash) collected from the individual test runs. The system average MMD and GSD for particulate on the filters were 19.52 µm AED and 3.21, respectively. Test averages ranged from 15.71 to 28.29 µm AED for MMD and from 2.80 to 3.91 for GSD. The test and system averages are based on averaging PSDs and not averaging individual test results. The mass fraction of PM2.5, PM10 and PM10-2.5 ranged from 1.02 to 1.77%, 21.7 to 33.1%, and 19.9 to 32.1%, respectively. Filter PM PSDs for the three gins and the system average are shown in Figure 5. In general, the PSD curves for the PM captured on the filters for gins D, E, and G had similar shapes, but the shift to the right and wider particle diameter range illustrates the larger MMD and GSD of the gin D distribution. The PSD characteristics and mass of the PM captured in the washes are shown in Table 2. The mass of the PM captured in the sampler nozzle and retrieved in the wash accounted for 8 to 21% of the total PM (filter and wash) collected from the individual test runs. The system average MMD and GSD were 21.59 µm AED and 3.01, respectively. Test average MMDs ranged from 17.04 to 24.71 µm AED and GSDs ranged from 2.86 to 3.12. The mass fraction of PM2.5, PM10 and PM10-2.5 ranged from 0.92 to 2.18%, 22.4 to 30.8%, and 20.2 to 29.9%, respectively. PSDs for the PM captured in the nozzle for the three gins and the system average

Page 20 of 66

are shown in Figure 6. In general, the PSD curves for the PM captured in the nozzle washes for gins D, E, and G had similar shapes. Table 1. EPA Method 17 filter particle size distribution data for the combined lint cleaning system. Geometric Standard Deviation

Test Run 1 2 3 z Average (n=3)

Mass Median Diameter µm AED 35.62 25.27 25.12 28.29

1 2 3 z Average (n=3)

Test


System

Average (n=3)

Gin D

Test E

Test F

z

z

Sample Total mg 26.88 61.41 60.59

3.83 3.95 3.70 3.91

PM2.5 % 1.31 1.91 2.09 1.77

PM10-2.5 % 15.0 22.5 22.2 19.9

PM10 % 16.3 24.5 24.3 21.7

14.42 16.21 16.65 15.71

2.68 2.83 2.84 2.80

1.45 0.82 0.80 1.02

34.4 31.5 30.3 32.1

35.8 32.3 31.1 33.1

32.25 42.26 45.16

17.34 17.99 17.44 17.59

3.04 2.99 2.94 2.99

1.85 1.63 1.57 1.68

30.5 29.0 29.7 29.8

32.4 30.6 31.3 31.4

13.45 12.92 11.08

19.52

3.21

1.49

27.2

28.7

Based on averaged particle size distributions

Figure 5. Gin average particle size distributions for the PM captured on a EPA-Method 17 filter from the combined lint cleaning systems.

Page 21 of 66

Table 2. EPA Method 17 nozzle wash particle size distribution data for the combined lint cleaning system. Geometric Standard Deviation




Test


System

Average (n=3)

Gin D

Test E

Test F

z

z

Sample Total mg 4.75 5.64 8.35

3.42 3.09 2.90 3.12

PM2.5 % 1.88 2.31 2.36 2.18

PM10-2.5 % 17.8 19.2 23.6 20.2

PM10 % 19.6 21.5 26.0 22.4

31.24 19.23 23.99 24.12

2.87 2.82 2.75 2.86

1.48 1.83 1.06 1.46

17.5 26.4 22.4 22.1

19.0 28.2 23.4 23.5

8.55 8.10 7.58

18.27 18.04 14.89 17.04

3.56 2.86 3.03 2.97

1.19 1.27 0.31 0.92

26.9 27.9 34.9 29.9

28.1 29.2 35.2 30.8

1.99 1.11 1.41

21.59

3.01

1.52

24.1

25.6


Figure 6. Gin average particle size distributions for the PM captured in the EPA-Method 17 sampler nozzle wash from the combined lint cleaning systems.

Page 22 of 66

The combined PSD characteristics for the PM captured on the filter and PM captured in the wash are shown in Table 3. The combined lint cleaning system average combined filter and wash PSD MMD was 19.93 µm AED (16.84 to 27.71 µm test average range) and GSD was 3.19 (2.87 to 3.82 test average range). The combined filter and wash PM2.5, PM10 and PM10-2.5 mass fractions ranged from 1.09 to 1.82%, 21.8 to 31.4%, and 20.0 to 30.2%, respectively. Combined PM PSDs for the three gins and the system average are shown in Figure 7. These combined PSDs were similar among gins and were more consistent with the filter PSDs than the wash PSDs. This was expected since the majority of the PM mass was captured on the filter as compared to the nozzle wash. Table 3. EPA Method 17 combined filter and wash particle size distribution data for the combined lint cleaning system. Geometric Standard Deviation




Test


System

Average (n=3)

Gin D

Test E

Test F

z

z

3.80 3.87 3.59 3.82

PM2.5 % 1.39 1.94 2.13 1.82

PM10-2.5 % 15.4 22.3 22.4 20.0

PM10 % 16.8 24.2 24.5 21.8

16.46 16.63 17.47 16.84

2.92 2.83 2.85 2.87

1.45 0.98 0.84 1.09

30.8 30.7 29.2 30.2

32.3 31.7 30.0 31.3

17.47 18.00 17.13 17.53

3.06 2.98 2.94 2.99

1.77 1.60 1.43 1.60

30.1 28.9 30.3 29.8

31.8 30.5 31.7 31.4

19.93

3.19

1.50

26.7

28.2


The PSD based emission factors for the combined lint cleaning systems are shown in Table 4. The system average PM2.5 emission factor was 0.0032 kg/bale (0.0070 lb/bale). PM2.5 emission factors ranged from 0.00067 to 0.012 kg (0.0015-0.026 lb) per bale. The combined lint cleaning system average PM10 emission factor was 0.060 kg/bale (0.131 lb/bale). The PM10 emission factors ranged from 0.015 to 0.134 kg/bale (0.033-0.296 lb/bale). The combined lint cleaning system average PM10-2.5 emission factor was 0.056 kg/bale (0.124 lb/bale) and ranged from 0.014 to 0.122 kg (0.031-0.270 lb) per bale. The ratios of PM2.5 to total particulate, PM2.5 to PM10, PM10 to total, and PM10-2.5 to total, based on the system averages, were 1.5, 5.3, 28, and 27%, respectively.

Page 23 of 66

Figure 7. Gin average particle size distributions for the EPA-Method 17 combined filter and wash samples from the combined lint cleaning systems.

Table 4. EPA Method 17 total particulate and particle size distribution based PM10, PM10-2.5, and PM2.5 emission factor data for the combined lint cleaning system. y

Total kg/balez lb/balez 0.215 0.474 0.427 0.941 0.547 1.207

x

PM10 kg/balez lb/balez 0.036 0.080 0.103 0.228 0.134 0.296

x

PM10-2.5 kg/balez lb/balez 0.033 0.073 0.095 0.209 0.122 0.270

x

PM2.5 kg/balez lb/balez 0.0030 0.0066 0.0083 0.018 0.012 0.026

Gin D

Test Run 1 2 3

E

1 2 3

0.189 0.176 0.181

0.417 0.388 0.399

0.061 0.056 0.054

0.135 0.123 0.120

0.058 0.054 0.053

0.128 0.119 0.117

0.0027 0.0017 0.0015

0.0061 0.0038 0.0034

F

1 2 3

0.062 0.058 0.047

0.138 0.129 0.103

0.020 0.018 0.015

0.044 0.039 0.033

0.019 0.017 0.014

0.041 0.037 0.031

0.0011 0.00094 0.00067

0.0024 0.0021 0.0015

System

Average

0.211

0.466

0.060

0.131

0.056

0.124

0.0032

0.0070

z

227 kg (500 lb) equivalent bales y Taken from Whitelock et al. (2014) x Factors are the product of the corresponding PM percentage from Table 3 and the total particulate emission factor.

Page 24 of 66

The PSD based combined lint cleaning system PM2.5 emission factor was approximately 23% of the PM2.5 emission factor reported by Buser et al. (2013) and measured using EPA Method 201A, 0.014 kg (0.030lb) per bale. The PSD based combined lint cleaning system PM10 emission factor was 55% of the EPA AP-42 published value for the lint cleaners with highefficiency cyclones (combined 1st and 2nd stage lint cleaning systems), 0.11 kg (0.24 lb) per bale (EPA, 1996a). Also, the PSD based system PM10 emission factor was 40% of the Method 201A (PM10 sizing cyclone only) PM10 emission factor reported by Boykin et al. (2014), 0.150 kg (0.332 lb) per bale and 47% of the Method 201A (PM10 and PM2.5 sizing cyclones) PM10 emission factor reported by Buser et al. (2013), 0.128 kg (0.281 lb) per bale. The differences among the methods may be attributed to several sources. First, due to constraints in the EPA methods, the three studies utilizing Method 17 for total particulate sampling and PSD analyses, Method 201A for PM10 sampling, and Method 201A for PM2.5 and PM10 sampling could not be conducted simultaneously. Combined with the fact that emissions from cotton ginning can vary with the condition of incoming cotton, PM concentrations measured among the three studies may have varied. Second, for reasons described by Buser (2007a, 2007b, 2007c) and documented by Buser and Whitelock (2007), some larger particles may penetrate the Method 201A sampler PM10 or PM2.5 sizing cyclones and collect on the filter. Finally, cotton fibers have a crosssectional diameter much larger than 10 m and are difficult to scrub out of air streams. These fibers may cycle in the sizing cyclones and pass through to deposit on the filters. This behavior was observed during some of the Method 201A testing where cotton fibers were found in Method 201A sampler washes and on filters (Fig. 8). Currently there are no EPA approved guidelines to adjust Method 201A PM10 or PM2.5 concentration measurements to account for these fibers. SUMMARY Seven cotton gins across the U.S. cotton belt were sampled using EPA-approved methods to fill the data gap that exists for PM2.5 cotton gin emissions data and to collect additional data to improve the EPA AP-42 total and PM10 emission factor quality ratings for cotton gins. Samples were further analyzed to characterize the PSD of the particulate measured. Three of the seven gins had combined lint cleaning systems that used pneumatic conveyance and had exhaust airstreams that were not combined with another system. All tested systems were similar in design and typical of the ginning industry and were equipped with 1D3D cyclones for emissions

Page 25 of 66

control. In terms of capacity, the three gins were typical of the industry, averaging 32.6 bales/h during testing. The average PSD based combined lint cleaning system PM2.5, PM10, and PM10-2.5 emission factors from the three gins tested (9 total test runs) were 0.0032 kg/227-kg bale (0.0070 lb/500-lb bale), 0.060 kg/bale (0.131 lb/bale), and 0.056 kg/bale (0.124 lb/bale), respectively. The system average PSD based PM2.5 and PM10 emission factors were less than those measured for this project utilizing EPA-approved methods and the PM10 emission factor was less than that currently published in EPA AP-42 for lint cleaners with high-efficiency cyclones (combined 1st and 2nd stage lint cleaning systems). The PSDs were characterized by an average MMD of 19.93 µm AED and a GSD of 3.19. Based on system average emission factors, the ratio of PM2.5 to total particulate was 1.5%, PM2.5 to PM10 was 5.3%, PM10 to total was 28%, and PM10-2.5 to total was 27%.

Figure 8. Example EPA Method 201A filter and sampler head acetone washes with lint (indicated by arrows) in the washes and on the filter. Clockwise from top left: > 10 µm wash, 10 to 2.5 µm wash, ≤ 2.5 µm wash, and filter.

Page 26 of 66

REFERENCES

Barber, E.M., J.R. Dawson, V.A. Battams, R.A.C. Nicol. 1991. Spatial variability of airborne and settled dust in a piggery. J Agric. Eng. Res. 50(2):107-127. Boac, J.M., R.G. Maghirang, M.E. Casada, J.D. Wilson, Y.S. Jung. 2009. Size distribution and rate of dust generated during grain elevator handling, Appl. Eng. Agric. 25(4):533-541. Boykin, J.C., M.D. Buser, D.P. Whitelock, and G.A. Holt. 2014. Combined lint cleaning system PM10 emission factors and rates from cotton gins: Method 201A PM10 sizing cyclones. J. Cotton Sci. (In Review) Buser, M.D. 2004. Errors associated with particulate matter measurements on rural sources: appropriate basis for regulating cotton gins. Ph.D. diss. Texas A&M Univ., College Station. Buser, M.D., C.B. Parnell Jr., B.W. Shaw, and R.E. Lacey. 2007a. Particulate matter sampler errors due to the interaction of particle size and sampler performance characteristics: background and theory. Trans. ASABE. 50(1): 221-228. Buser, M.D., C.B. Parnell Jr., B.W. Shaw, and R.E. Lacey. 2007b. Particulate matter sampler errors due to the interaction of particle size and sampler performance characteristics: ambient PM2.5 samplers. Trans. ASABE. 50(1): 241-254. Buser, M.D., C.B. Parnell Jr., B.W. Shaw, and R.E. Lacey. 2007c. Particulate matter sampler errors due to the interaction of particle size and sampler performance characteristics: ambient PM10 samplers. Trans. ASABE. 50(1): 229-240. Buser, M.D. and D.P. Whitelock. 2007. Preliminary field evaluation of EPA Method CTM-039 (PM2.5 stack sampling method). 10 pp. In Proc. World Cotton Conference -4, Lubbock, TX. 10-14 Sep, 2007. International Cotton Advisory Committee, Washington, D.C. Buser, M.D., D.P. Whitelock, J.C. Boykin, and G.A. Holt. 2012. Characterization of cotton gin particulate matter emissions – project plan. J. Cotton Sci. 16(2).105-116. Buser, M.D., D.P. Whitelock, J.C. Boykin, and G.A. Holt. 2013. Combined lint cleaning system PM2.5 emission factors and rates from cotton gins: Method 201A combination PM10 and PM2.5 sizing cyclones. J. Cotton Sci. 17:391-401. 2013.

Page 27 of 66

Buurman, P., Th. Pape, J.A. Reijneveld, F. de Jong, and E. van Gelder. 2001. Laser-diffraction and pipette-method grain sizing of Dutch sediments: correlations for fine fractions of marine, fluvial, and loess samples. Neth. J. Geosci. 80(2). 49-57. CFR. 1978. Method 17—Determination of particulate emissions from stationary sources (instack filtration method). 40 CFR 60 Appendix A-6. Available at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/emc/promgate/m-17.pdf (verified August 2012). CFR. 2013. National ambient air quality standards for particulate matter; final rule. 40 CFR, Part 50. Available at http:// http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-01-15/pdf/201230946.pdf (verified July 2014). EPA. 1996a. Emission factor documentation for AP-42, Section 9.7, Cotton Ginning, (EPA Contract No. 68-D2-0159; MRI Project No. 4603-01, April 1996). EPA. 1996b. Food and agricultural industries: cotton gins. In Compilation of air pollution emission factors, Volume 1: Stationary point and area sources. Publ. AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2010. Frequently asked questions (FAQS) for Method 201A [Online]. Available at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/emc/methods/method201a.html (verified 01 Jan. 2013). Faulkner, W.B., L.B. Goodrich, V.S. Botlaguduru, S.C. Capareda, and C.B. Parnell. 2009. Particulate matter emission factors for almond harvest as a function of harvester speed. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 59(8):943-9. Hinds, W.C. 1982. Aerosol Technology; Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles. New York, NY: Wiley-Interscience 1st Ed. Hughs, S.E. and P.J. Wakelyn. 1997. Physical characteristics of cyclone particulate emissions. Appl. Eng. Aric. 13(4) p. 531-535. Lacey, R.E., J.S. Redwine, and C.B. Parnell, Jr. 2003. Particulate matter and ammonia emission factors for tunnel – ventilated broiler production houses in the Southern U.S. Trans. ASABE 46(4):1203-1214. Sweeten, J.M., C.B. Parnell Jr., B.W. Shaw, and B.W. Auverman. 1998. Particle size distribution of cattle feedlot dust emission. Trans. ASABE 41(5):1477-1481.

Page 28 of 66

Valco, T.D., H. Ashley, J.K. Green, D.S. Findley, T.L. Price, J.M. Fannin, and R.A. Isom. 2012. The cost of ginning cotton – 2010 survey results. p. 616–619 In Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conference, Orlando, FL 3-6 Jan. 2012. Natl. Cotton Counc. Am., Cordova, TN. Valco, T.D., B. Collins, D.S. Findley, J.K. Green, L. Todd, R.A. Isom, and M.H. Wilcutt. 2003. The cost of ginning cotton – 2001 survey results. p. 662–670 In Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conference, Nashville, TN 6-10 Jan. 2003. Natl. Cotton Counc. Am., Memphis, TN. Valco, T.D., J.K. Green, R.A. Isom, D.S. Findley, T.L. Price, and H. Ashley. 2009. The cost of ginning cotton – 2007 survey results. p. 540–545 In Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conference, San Antonio, TX 5-8 Jan. 2009. Natl. Cotton Counc. Am., Cordova, TN. Valco, T.D., J.K. Green, T.L. Price, R.A. Isom, and D.S. Findley. 2006. Cost of ginning cotton – 2004 survey results. p. 618–626 In Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conference, San Antonio, TX 3-6 Jan. 2006. Natl. Cotton Counc. Am., Memphis, TN. Wang-Li, L., Z. Cao, M. Buser, D. Whitelock, C.B. Parnell, and Y. Zhang. 2013. Techniques for measuring particle size distribution of particulate matter emitted from animal feeding operations. J. Atmospheric Environment. 66(2013): 25-32. Wakelyn, P.J., D.W. Thompson, B.M. Norman, C.B. Nevius, and D.S. Findley. 2005. Why cotton ginning is considered agriculture. Cotton Gin and Oil Mill Press 106(8), 5-9. Whitelock, D.P., M.D. Buser, J.C. Boykin, and G.A. Holt. 2014. Combined lint cleaning system total particulate emission factors and rates from cotton gins: Method 17. J. Cotton Sci. (In Review) Whitelock, D.P., C.B. Armijo, M.D. Buser, and S.E. Hughs. 2009 Using cyclones effectively at cotton gins. Appl. Eng. Ag. 25(4): 563-576.

Page 29 of 66

Gin G Field and Laboratory Data

Page 30 of 66

Gin: G Exhaust: #3 Lint Cleaner B 1D3D Date: 2011

Emission Factor (lbs/bale) Emission Rate (lbs/hr) Based on EPA Method 17

Based on EPA Method 17

Total PM

Total PM Run 1 5.0409 Run 2 4.4772 Run 3 3.9526 Average 4.4902 Condensables Run 1 0.3128 Run 2 0.0401 Run 3 0.0651 Average 0.1393

Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Average Condensables Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Average

0.1377 0.1289 0.1034 0.1233 0.0085 0.0012 0.0017 0.0038

Run 2 - Cyclone Inlet Velocity High

Page 31 of 66

Method 5 Data Average Sheet G #3 Lint Cleaner B 1D3D 10/6/11 Raw Test Data Barometer Meter Calibration Fac. Pitot Calibration Fac. Stack Static Pressure (in. H2O) Dry % Oxygen Dry % Carbon Monoxide Area Standard Temperature (deg F) Temperature of Stack Gas (deg.F) Temperature of Meter (deg.F) ∆ P Average (in H2O) Average √ ∆ P Run 2 - Cyclon∆ H Average (in H2O) Total Condensable water (g) Dry gas Volume Measured (dcf) Stack Diameter (in.) Area of the Nozzle Sample duration (min)

Run 1 30.20 1.01 0.84 -0.14 20.90 0.01 68.0 89.6 77.5 0.45 0.66 0.46 7.70 22.07 34.00 0.00018 60

Run 2 30.20 1.01 0.84 -0.14 20.90 0.01 68.0 89.7 80.1 0.46 0.67 0.47 5.20 22.99 34.00 0.00018 60

Run 3 30.20 1.01 0.84 -0.14 20.90 0.01 68.0 88.8 81.2 0.45 0.66 0.46 5.50 23.08 34.00 0.00018 60

Run 1 30.19 528.0 549.6 537.5 0.36 22.19 0.016 79.09 28.84 28.66 6.31

Run 2 30.19 528.0 549.7 540.1 0.24 23.00 0.011 79.09 28.84 28.72 6.31

Run 3 30.19 528.0 548.8 541.2 0.26 23.05 0.011 79.09 28.84 28.72 6.31

Run 1 38.0 14,360 13,696 3577 96.32

Run 2 38.2 14,461 13,867 3603 98.63

Run 3 38.0 14,357 13,784 3577 99.43

Run 1 0.015 0.011 1.26 36.60 0.034 4 0.138

Run 2 0.014 0.009 1.12 34.74 0.032 4 0.129

Run 3 0.012 0.008 0.99 38.21 0.026 4 0.103

Average 30.20 1.01 Y Cp 0.84 Pg -0.14 20.90 %O2 0.01 %CO2 tsd 68.0 ts 89.3 79.6 tm 0.45 ∆P √∆P 0.67 ∆H 0.46 Vlc 6.13 Vm 22.71 Ds 34.00 An 0.000177 Time 60 Pbar

Intermediate Calculations Absolute Stack Pressure (in.Hg) Standard Temperature (deg R) Temperature of Stack Gas (deg.R) Temperature of Meter (deg.R) Water vapor standard (scf) Sample gas volume (dscf) Moisture Content Stack Gas Dry % Nitrogen Molecular Weight Stack Gas (dry) Molecular Weight Stack Gas (wet) Area of Stack (Ft^2)

Ps Tstd Ts Tm Vwstd Vmstd Bws dcN2 Md Ms As

Average 30.19 528.0 549.3 539.6 0.29 22.74 0.013 79.09 28.84 28.70 6.31

Results Stack Gas Velocity (ft/sec) Stack Gas Flowrate (Acfm) Stack Gas Flowrate (Dscfm) Cyclone Inlet Velocity (ft/min) Isokinetic Variation (%)

Vs Qa Qstd Invs I

Average 38.0 14,393 13,783 3,586 98.13

Calculated Emission Results Particulate Weight (g) Particulate Emissions (grain/Dscf) Particulate Flow Rate (lb/hr) Standard 500 lb Hour (bale/hr) Particulate lb/bale Cyclones in sysytem Total System Particulate lb/bale

REM - 2003

Page 32 of 66

Ws Cs CFs Sbl/hr Cfbale #Cy Tsys

Average 0.014 0.010 1.12 36.52 0.031 4 0.12

Method 5 Data Sheet

Cyclone Dia: # in System: Stack Dia: A: 3 Port Dia: Traverse Points 1 2 Run 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

68 4 34 B: 1 7

Client: Location: Run #: Cold Box # Tstd: Pbar: Meter #: % H2O:

G

Unit: #3 Lint Cleaner B 1D3D Job #: 110-090 Operator: CD Weather: Clear Filter #: p Stack: -0.14 Ambient Temp: 68 % O2: 20.9 ө: 60 min. % CO2: 0.01 Pitot #: 1 Y: 1.01300 Δ H @: 1.921 Cp: 0.84 % Nozzle #: LBK 2 Dia: 0.18 K Fac: 1.0447 Sample Run Pitot Pre Leak Check: 0.005 Hg 24 OK Post Leak Check: 0.007 Hg 24 OK Date: 10/6/11

1 1 68 30.2 L 0.02

22.065

√ ∆P 0.693 0.686 0.671 0.648 0.592 0.529 0.5 0.616 0.707 0.7 0.721 0.742 0.714 0.714 0.707 0.693 0.632 0.574 0.458 0.583 0.678 0.742 0.781 0.837

Meter ∆H 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.43 0.36 0.29 0.25 0.39 0.51 0.51 0.53 0.56 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.49 0.41 0.34 0.21 0.35 0.47 0.56 0.63 0.72

22.065

0.663

0.46

Sample ө 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 30 32.5 35 37.5 40 42.5 45 47.5 50 52.5 55 57.5 60

Stack °F 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 91 90 90 90 89 90 88 88 89 89 90 90 90 90 89 88 89

Meter Temp

Avg 76 75 87 75 75 76 75 76 76 85 76 76 77 77 77 77 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 79

Veloctiy ∆P 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.42 0.35 0.28 0.25 0.38 0.5 0.49 0.52 0.55 0.51 0.51 0.5 0.48 0.4 0.33 0.21 0.34 0.46 0.55 0.61 0.7

Vacuum in.Hg

Meter Volume

4

0 Start Time 13:54

Averages:

89.58

77.54

0.45

6.20

. 6 6

End Time 14:58 7 8

End Volume

Notes: Acetone

DI Water g g g g g

Start Vol End Vol Start Vol End Vol

Total: REM - 2003

Page 33 of 66

Tare 1 761.5 2 739.7 3 603 4 840.2

Gross Total 760.1 -1.4 g 744.1 4.4 g 603.2 0.2 g 844.7 4.5 g Total: 7.7 g

Method 5 Calculation Sheet Client : G Location: Unit : #3 Lint Cleaner B 1D3D Run # : 1

Date : Job # : Pstd: Tstd:

10/6/2011 110-090 29.92 68

Raw Test Data Barometer Meter Calibration Fac. Pitot Calibration Fac. Stack Static Pressure (in. H2O) Dry Concentration Oxygen Dry Concentration Carbon Monoxide Area Standard Temperature (deg F) Temperature of Stack Gas (deg.F) Temperature of Meter (deg.F) ∆ P Average (in H2O) Average √ ∆ P ∆ H Average (in H2O) Total Condensable water (g) Dry gas Volume Measured (dcf) Stack Diameter (in.) Area of the Nozzle

Sample duration (min)

30.20 1.0130 0.84 -0.14 20.90 0.01 68.0 89.6 77.5 0.448 0.663 0.46 7.7 22.065 34.0 0.00018 60

Pbar Y Cp Pg %O2 %CO2 tsd ts tm ∆P √∆P ∆H Vlc Vm Ds An Time

30.19 528 550 538 0.36 22.19 0.016 79.09 28.84 28.66 6.31


37.96 14,360 13,696 96.32

Vs Qa Qstd I

Intermediate Calculaions Absolute Stack Pressure (in.Hg) Area Standard Temperature (deg R) Temperature of Stack Gas (deg.R) Temperature of Meter (deg.R) Volume of water vapor standard (scf) Sample gas volume (dscf) Moisture Content Stack Gas Dry Concentration Nitrogen Molecular Weight Stack Gas (dry) Molecular Weight Stack Gas (wet) Area of Stack (Ft^2)

Ps =Pbar+Pg/13.6 Tstd =tsd+460 Ts =ts+460 Tm =tm+460 Vwstd =(0.04707/(528/(tsd+460)))*Vlc Vmstd =Vm*Y*(Tstd/Tm)*((Pbar+Dh/13.6)/29.92) Bws =Vwstd/(Vwstd+Vmstd) dcN2=100-((dcO2)+(dcCO2)) Md =(dcCO2*0.44)+(dcO2*0.32)+(dcN2*0.28) Ms =(Md*(1-Bws))+18*Bws As =3.141592654*(Ds/12)^2/4

Results Stack Gas Velocity (ft/sec) Stack Gas Flowrate (Acfm) Stack Gas Flowrate (Dscfm) Isokinetic Variation (%)

Particulate Emissions (grain/Dscf) Particulate Flow Rate (lb/hr)

Vs =Vs*60*As Qstd =60*(1-Bws)*Vs*As*(Tstd/Ts)*(Ps/29.92) I =Pstd*VMstd*(ts+460)/(As*Time*Vs*Ps(tstd+460)*60

*(1-Bws))*100

Calculated Emission Results Particulate Weight (g)

Vs =85.49*Cp*sqrtDp*(SQRT(Ts/(Ps*Ms)))

0.0154 0.0107 1.26

REM - 2003

Page 34 of 66

Ws Cs CFs

Cs = 15.43*Ws/Vmstd CFs = Cs*60*Qstd/7000

Method 5 Data Sheet


68 4 34 B: 1 7


G

Unit: #3 Lint Cleaner B 1D3D Date: 10/6/11 Job #: 110-090 Operator: CD Weather: Clear Filter #: p Stack: -0.14 Ambient Temp: 72 % O2: 20.9 ө: 60 min. % CO2: 0.01 Y: 1.01300 Δ H @: 1.921 Cp: 0.84 Pitot #: 1 Nozzle #: LBK 2 Dia 0.18 % 2 K Fac: 1.04 Sample Run Pitot Pre Leak Check: 0.016 Hg 23 OK Post Leak Check: 0.008 Hg 15 OK

2 4 68 30.2 L 0.02

Sample ө 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 30 32.5 35 37.5 40 42.5 45 47.5 50 52.5 55 57.5 60

Stack °F 90 90 91 91 91 90 90 88 89 89 89 89 89 85 89 89 89 90 90 91 91 91 91 91

Meter Temp

Avg 79 79 79 79 79 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 81 80 80 81 81 81 81 81 81 81

Veloctiy ∆P 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.5 0.41 0.34 0.25 0.33 0.51 0.51 0.54 0.57 0.42 0.52 0.49 0.4 0.32 0.33 0.22 0.36 0.49 0.59 0.65 0.75

Vacuum in.Hg

Averages:

89.71

80.13

0.46

6.25

5

22.985

√ ∆P 0.686 0.693 0.693 0.707 0.64 0.583 0.5 0.574 0.714 0.714 0.735 0.755 0.648 0.721 0.7 0.632 0.566 0.574 0.469 0.6 0.7 0.768 0.806 0.866

Meter ∆H 0.48 0.49 0.49 0.51 0.42 0.35 0.26 0.34 0.52 0.52 0.55 0.59 0.43 0.54 0.50 0.41 0.33 0.34 0.23 0.37 0.50 0.61 0.67 0.77

22.985

0.669

0.47

Meter Volume 0 Start Time 15:16

6

7

End Time 16:18 7

End Volume

Notes: Acetone

DI Water g g g g g


Total: REM - 2003

Page 35 of 66

1 2 3 4

Tare 772.4 779.3 606.1 867.4

Gross Total 769.8 -2.6 g 780.4 1.1 g 604.6 -1.5 g 875.6 8.2 g Total: 5.2 g



10/6/2011 110-090 29.92 68

Raw Test Data 30.20 1.0130 0.84 -0.14 20.90 0.01 68.0 89.7 80.1 0.455 0.669 0.47 5.2 22.985 34.0 0.00018 60

Barometer Meter Calibration Fac. Pitot Calibration Fac. Stack Static Pressure (in. H2O) Dry Concentration Oxygen Dry Concentration Carbon Monoxide Area Standard Temperature (deg F) Temperature of Stack Gas (deg.F) Temperature of Meter (deg.F) ∆ P Average (in H2O) Average √ ∆ P ∆ H Average (in H2O) Total Condensable water (g) Dry gas Volume Measured (dcf) Stack Diameter (in.) Area of the Nozzle




30.19 528 550 540 0.24 23.00 0.011 79.09 28.84 28.72 6.31


Ps =Pbar+Pg/13.6 Tstd =tsd+460 Ts =ts+460 Tm =tm+460 Vwstd =(0.04707/(528/(tsd+460)))*Vlc Vmstd =Vm*Y*(Tstd/Tm)*((Pbar+Dh/13.6)/29.92) Bws =Vwstd/(Vwstd+Vmstd) dcN2=100-((dcO2)+(dcCO2)) Md =(dcCO2*0.44)+(dcO2*0.32)+(dcN2*0.28) Ms =(Md*(1-Bws))+18*Bws As =3.141592654*(Ds/12)^2/4


38.23 14,461 13,867 98.63

Vs Qa Qstd I

Vs =85.49*Cp*sqrtDp*(SQRT(Ts/(Ps*Ms))) Vs =Vs*60*As Qstd =60*(1-Bws)*Vs*As*(Tstd/Ts)*(Ps/29.92) I =Pstd*VMstd*(ts+460)/(As*Time*Vs*Ps(tstd+460)*60

*(1-Bws))*100

Calculated Emission Results Particulate Weight (g) Particulate Emissions (grain/Dscf) Particulate Flow Rate (lb/hr)

0.0140 0.0094 1.12

REM - 2003

Page 36 of 66

Ws Cs CFs


Method 5 Data Sheet


68 4 34 B: 1 7


G

Unit: #3 Lint Cleaner B 1D3D Date: 10/6/11 Job #: 110-090 Operator: CD Weather: Clear Filter #: p Stack: -0.14 Ambient Temp: 73 % O2: 20.9 ө: 60 min. % CO2: 0.01 Y: 1.01300 Δ H @: 1.921 Cp: 0.84 Pitot #: 1 Nozzle #: LBK 2 Dia 0.18 % 2 K Fac: 1.04 Sample Run Pitot Pre Leak Check: 0.005 Hg 23 OK Post Leak Check: 0.014 Hg 24 OK

3 1 68 30.2 L 0.02

Sample ө 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 30 32.5 35 37.5 40 42.5 45 47.5 50 52.5 55 57.5 60

Stack °F 88 88 90 90 89 89 89 90 89 89 89 89 87 87 88 88 89 89 89 88 89 89 89 89

Meter Temp

Avg 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 82 81 81 81 82 82 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 82

Veloctiy ∆P 0.5 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.42 0.36 0.24 0.36 0.44 0.48 0.52 0.54 0.42 0.5 0.52 0.47 0.39 0.32 0.21 0.33 0.48 0.53 0.65 0.68

Vacuum in.Hg 9

Averages:

88.75

81.17

0.45

13.50

14

23.077

√ ∆P 0.707 0.693 0.686 0.671 0.648 0.6 0.49 0.6 0.663 0.693 0.721 0.735 0.648 0.707 0.721 0.686 0.624 0.566 0.458 0.574 0.693 0.728 0.806 0.825

Meter ∆H 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.43 0.37 0.25 0.37 0.45 0.49 0.54 0.56 0.43 0.52 0.54 0.48 0.40 0.33 0.22 0.34 0.49 0.55 0.67 0.70

23.077

0.664

0.46

Meter Volume 0 Start Time 16:30

15 16

End Time 17:33 End Volume

Notes: Acetone

DI Water g g g g g


Total: REM - 2003

Page 37 of 66

Tare 1 774 2 746.9 3 603.2 4 844.7

Gross Total 770.4 -3.6 g 749.6 2.7 g 603.1 -0.1 g 851.2 6.5 g Total: 5.5 g



10/6/2011 110-090 29.92 68

Raw Test Data 30.20 1.0130 0.84 -0.14 20.90 0.01 68.0 88.8 81.2 0.448 0.664 0.46 5.5 23.077 34.0 0.00018 60

Barometer Meter Calibration Fac. Pitot Calibration Fac. Stack Static Pressure (in. H2O) Dry Concentration Oxygen Dry Concentration Carbon Monoxide Area Standard Temperature (deg F) Temperature of Stack Gas (deg.F) Temperature of Meter (deg.F) ∆ P Average (in H2O) Average √ ∆ P ∆ H Average (in H2O) Total Condensable water (g) Dry gas Volume Measured (dcf) Stack Diameter (in.) Area of the Nozzle




30.19 528 549 541 0.26 23.05 0.011 79.09 28.84 28.72

Ps Tstd Ts Tm Vwstd Vmstd Bws dcN2 Md Ms

6.31

As

As =3.141592654*(Ds/12)^2/4

37.95 14,357 13,784 99.43

Vs

Vs =85.49*Cp*sqrtDp*(SQRT(Ts/(Ps*Ms)))

Qa Qstd

Ps =Pbar+Pg/13.6 Tstd =tsd+460 Ts =ts+460 Tm =tm+460 Vwstd =(0.04707/(528/(tsd+460)))*Vlc Vmstd =Vm*Y*(Tstd/Tm)*((Pbar+Dh/13.6)/29.92) Bws =Vwstd/(Vwstd+Vmstd) dcN2=100-((dcO2)+(dcCO2)) Md =(dcCO2*0.44)+(dcO2*0.32)+(dcN2*0.28) Ms =(Md*(1-Bws))+18*Bws


I

Vs =Vs*60*As Qstd =60*(1-Bws)*Vs*As*(Tstd/Ts)*(Ps/29.92) I =Pstd*VMstd*(ts+460)/(As*Time*Vs*Ps(tstd+460)*60

*(1-Bws))*100

Calculated Emission Results Particulate Weight (g) Particulate Emissions (grain/Dscf) Particulate Flow Rate (lb/hr)

0.0125 0.0084 0.99

REM - 2003

Page 38 of 66

Ws Cs CFs


Cotton Gin Bale Test Data Plant: G Location: Unit: #3 Lint Cleaner B 1D3D Run: 1 Elapsed Time: 64 Bale Time: 66.15 Ave min/bale: 0:01:39 Bale No. Bale Wt. Time 329452 13:52:42 329453 500 13:54:18 329454 514 13:56:00 329455 514 13:57:39 329456 506 13:59:16 329457 490 14:00:51 Run 2 329458 485 14:02:31 329459 482 14:04:10 329460 495 14:06:11 329461 509 14:07:50 329462 510 14:09:25 329463 513 14:11:04 329464 516 14:12:42 329465 487 14:14:11 329466 483 14:15:40 329467 492 14:17:18 329468 518 14:18:58 329469 504 14:20:32 329470 497 14:22:11 329471 499 14:23:49 329472 500 14:26:13 329473 512 14:27:11 329474 491 14:28:45 329475 503 14:30:35 329476 504 14:32:50 329477 514 14:34:19 329478 501 14:35:53 329479 532 14:37:41 329480 514 14:39:21 329481 523 14:40:57 329482 527 14:42:40 329483 497 14:44:08 329484 503 14:45:42 329485 499 14:47:15 329486 507 14:48:52 329487 506 14:50:27 329488 506 14:52:07 329489 511 14:53:42 329490 509 14:55:21 329491 495 14:57:00 329492 509 14:58:51

Date: Job #: Start Time: End Time:

10/6/2011 110-090 13:54 14:58

Test Time: 60 5.36 36.6

StdDev Std BPH: Ave Std BPH:

time/bale --0:01:36 0:01:42 0:01:39 0:01:37 0:01:35 0:01:40 0:01:39 0:02:01 0:01:39 0:01:35 0:01:39 0:01:38 0:01:29 0:01:29 0:01:38 0:01:40 0:01:34 0:01:39 0:01:38 0:02:24 0:00:58 0:01:34 0:01:50 0:02:15 0:01:29 0:01:34 0:01:48 0:01:40 0:01:36 0:01:43 0:01:28 0:01:34 0:01:33 0:01:37 0:01:35 0:01:40 0:01:35 0:01:39 0:01:39 0:01:51

REM - 2003

Page 39 of 66

Std 500 lb BPH

Chauvenet's Criterion

--37.5 36.3 37.4 37.6 37.1 34.9 35.1 29.5 37.0 38.7 37.3 37.9 39.4 39.1 36.1 37.3 38.6 36.1 36.7 25.0 63.6 37.6 32.9 26.9 41.6 38.4 35.5 37.0 39.2 36.8 40.7 38.5 38.6 37.6 38.3 36.4 38.7 37.0 36.0 33.0

---

*

Cotton Gin Bale Test Data Plant: G Location: Unit: #3 Lint Cleaner B 1D3D Run: 2 Elapsed Time: 62 Bale Time: 64.00 Ave min/bale: 0:01:44


10/6/2011 110-090 15:16 16:18

Test Time: 60 4.32 34.7


Bale No. Bale Wt. Time time/bale 329502 15:15:26 --329503 517 15:17:07 0:01:41 329504 521 15:18:51 0:01:44 329505 512 15:20:34 0:01:43 329506 525 15:22:19 0:01:45 329507 511 15:24:17 0:01:58 Run 2 - 329508 505 15:25:53 0:01:36 329509 503 15:27:28 0:01:35 329510 537 15:29:25 0:01:57 329511 491 15:30:50 0:01:25 329512 520 15:32:50 0:02:00 329513 480 15:34:59 0:02:09 329514 491 15:36:42 0:01:43 329515 517 15:38:51 0:02:09 329516 492 15:41:10 0:02:19 329517 505 15:42:44 0:01:34 329518 520 15:44:18 0:01:34 329519 505 15:45:47 0:01:29 329520 501 15:47:26 0:01:39 329521 503 15:48:56 0:01:30 329522 497 15:50:35 0:01:39 329523 509 15:52:10 0:01:35 329524 489 15:53:48 0:01:38 329525 481 15:55:29 0:01:41 329526 474 15:57:11 0:01:42 329527 489 15:58:49 0:01:38 329528 494 16:00:28 0:01:39 329529 490 16:02:03 0:01:35 329530 485 16:03:32 0:01:29 329531 497 16:05:08 0:01:36 329532 492 16:06:42 0:01:34 329533 520 16:08:44 0:02:02 329534 488 16:10:03 0:01:19 329535 479 16:11:38 0:01:35 329536 500 16:13:25 0:01:47 329537 495 16:15:07 0:01:42 329538 483 16:17:02 0:01:55 329539 510 16:19:26 0:02:24 REM - 2003

Page 40 of 66

Std 500 lb BPH


--36.9 36.1 35.8 36.0 31.2 37.9 38.1 33.0 41.6 31.2 26.8 34.3 28.9 25.5 38.7 39.8 40.9 36.4 40.2 36.1 38.6 35.9 34.3 33.5 35.9 35.9 37.1 39.2 37.3 37.7 30.7 44.5 36.3 33.6 34.9 30.2 25.5

---

Cotton Gin Bale Test Data Plant: G Location: Unit: #3 Lint Cleaner B 1D3D Run: 3 Elapsed Time: 63 Bale Time: 63.75 Ave min/bale: 0:01:38


10/6/2011 110-090 16:30 17:33

Test Time: 60 3.28 38.2


Bale No. Bale Wt. Time time/bale 329545 505 16:29:47 --329546 492 16:31:28 0:01:41 329547 504 16:33:08 0:01:40 329548 491 16:34:53 0:01:45 329549 502 16:36:30 0:01:37 329550 495 16:38:18 0:01:48 Run 2 - 329551 505 16:39:59 0:01:41 329552 519 16:41:54 0:01:55 329553 495 16:43:45 0:01:51 329554 521 16:45:36 0:01:51 329555 532 16:47:16 0:01:40 329556 508 16:48:50 0:01:34 329557 525 16:50:37 0:01:47 329558 521 16:52:19 0:01:42 329559 505 16:53:54 0:01:35 329560 499 16:55:35 0:01:41 329561 527 16:57:13 0:01:38 329562 484 16:58:38 0:01:25 329563 490 17:00:05 0:01:27 329564 480 17:01:48 0:01:43 329565 505 17:03:21 0:01:33 329566 510 17:04:57 0:01:36 329567 500 17:06:33 0:01:36 329568 494 17:08:13 0:01:40 329569 492 17:09:44 0:01:31 329570 524 17:11:20 0:01:36 329571 508 17:12:57 0:01:37 329572 526 17:14:40 0:01:43 329573 507 17:16:21 0:01:41 329574 522 17:18:08 0:01:47 329575 526 17:19:45 0:01:37 329576 540 17:21:29 0:01:44 329577 508 17:22:52 0:01:23 329578 515 17:24:29 0:01:37 329579 512 17:25:59 0:01:30 329580 508 17:27:32 0:01:33 329581 504 17:28:56 0:01:24 329582 498 17:30:46 0:01:50 329583 502 17:32:02 0:01:16 329584 498 17:33:32 0:01:30 REM - 2003

Page 41 of 66

Std 500 lb BPH


--35.1 36.3 33.7 37.3 33.0 36.0 32.5 32.1 33.8 38.3 38.9 35.3 36.8 38.3 35.6 38.7 41.0 40.6 33.6 39.1 38.2 37.5 35.6 38.9 39.3 37.7 36.8 36.1 35.1 39.0 37.4 44.1 38.2 41.0 39.3 43.2 32.6 47.6 39.8

---

*

Method 5.1 Weight, Data & Calculations

Client : G Location: Unit : #3 Lint Cleaner B 1D3D

Solution Blanks Weigh Dish #: Gross: Tare: Total Residue Volume: Residue: Run 2 - Cyclone Inlet Veloci

DI Water TL-0022 672.059 671.908 0.151 304.1 0.000

mg mg mg g mg/g

Weigh Dish #: Gross: Tare: Total Residue Volume: Residue:

Run 1

Acetone TS-1529 637.303 637.224 0.079 60 0.001

Date : 10/6/2011 Job # : 110-090

mg mg mg g mg/g

Run 2

Run 3

DI Water Back 1/2 Vol/Rinse: Total Water:

292.8 292.8

g g

Back 1/2 Vol/Rinse: Total Water:

287.6 287.6

g g

Back 1/2 Vol/Rinse: Total Water:

310.7 310.7

g g

18.28 50 1

g g

Front 1/2 Rinse: Back 1/2 Rinse:

19.24 50 1

g g

Front 1/2 Rinse: Back 1/2 Rinse:

11.92 50 1

g g

Acetone Front 1/2 Rinse: Back 1/2 Rinse:

Front 1/2 Weigh Dish #: Gross: Tare: Acetone wt: Front 1/2 Weight:

TS-1469 705.316 703.304 -0.024 1.987

mg mg mg mg

Weigh Dish #: Gross: Tare: Acetone wt: Front 1/2 Weight:

TS-1471 684.724 683.584 -0.025 1.115

mg mg mg mg

Weigh Dish #: Gross: Tare: Acetone wt: Front 1/2 Weight:

TS-1473 694.122 692.696 -0.016 1.410

mg mg mg mg

8L-6902 373.413 359.966 13.447

mg mg mg

Filter # Gross: Tare: Filter Weight:

8L-6897 346.711 333.788 12.922

mg mg mg

Filter # Gross: Tare: Filter Weight:

8L-6898 354.119 343.037 11.082

mg mg mg

TL-0016 635.987 634.755 1.233 -0.145 -0.066 1.021

mg mg mg mg mg mg

Weigh Dish #: Gross: Tare: Total Residue: DI Water wt: Acetone wt: Back 1/2 Weight:

TL-0017 693.414 693.078 0.336 -0.143 -0.066 0.127

mg mg mg mg mg mg

Weigh Dish #: Gross: Tare: Total Residue: DI Water wt: Acetone wt: Back 1/2 Weight:

TL-0018 772.141 771.712 0.430 -0.154 -0.066 0.209

mg mg mg mg mg mg

Run 1 0.0020 0.0134 0.0010 0.0154 0.0165

g g g g g

Front 1/2 Wt: Filter Wt: Back 1/2 Wt: Filterable PM Wt: Total PM Weight:

Run 2 0.0011 0.0129 0.0001 0.0140 0.0142

g g g g g

Front 1/2 Wt: Filter Wt: Back 1/2 Wt: Filterable PM Wt: Total PM Weight:

Run 3 0.0014 0.0111 0.0002 0.0125 0.0127

g g g g g

Filter Filter # Gross: Tare: Filter Weight:

Back 1/2 Weigh Dish #: Gross: Tare: Total Residue: DI Water wt: Acetone wt: Back 1/2 Weight: Results Front 1/2 Wt: Filter Wt: Back 1/2 Wt: Filterable PM Wt: Total PM Weight:

REM Method 5.1 - 2007

Page 42 of 66

Acetone Rinse Client : G Location: Unit : #3 Lint Cleaner B 1D3D

Total PM

Date : 10/6/2011 Job # : 110-090

Date: 10/6/11 Run 1

Run 2

Run 2 - Cy

Run 3 Filter ID#: 8L-6897

Filter ID#: 8L-6902

Filter ID#: 8L-6898

Front 1/2 Start Vol: 334.42 End Vol: 316.14 Total: 18.28 Tub #: TS-1469

g g g


g g g


g g g

Back 1/2 Start Vol: 50.0 Probe End Vol: 0.0 Total: 50.0 Tub #: TL-0016

g g g


g g g


g g g

Back 1/2 Start Vol: 0.0 DI H2O End Vol: 292.8 Total: 292.8 Tub #: TL-0016

g g g


g g g


g g g

Page 43 of 66

Filter/Tub Weights Client : G Location: Unit : #3 Lint Cleaner B 1D3D

Acetone Blank DI Blank Filter Blank

No. 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Date : 10/6/2011 Job # : 110-090

Filter/Tub No. TS-1529 TL-0022 8L-6914

60 g 304.1 g

Cyclone Name Lint Cleaner Lint Cleaner Lint Cleaner Lint Cleaner Lint Cleaner Lint Cleaner Lint Cleaner Lint Cleaner Lint Cleaner

Method 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17

Run No. 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3

Sample Location Filter Front 1/2 Back 1/2 Filter Front 1/2 Back 1/2 Filter Front 1/2 Back 1/2

Page 44 of 66

Filter/Tub No. 8L-6902 TS-1469 TL-0016 8L-6897 TS-1471 TL-0017 8L-6898 TS-1473 TL-0018

PreWeight (mg) 637.224 671.908 296.945 PreWeight (mg) 359.966 703.304 634.755 333.788 683.584 693.078 343.037 692.696 771.712

PostWeight (mg) 637.303 672.059 296.944 PostWeight (mg) 373.413 705.316 635.987 346.711 684.724 693.414 354.119 694.122 772.141

NetWeight (mg) 0.079 0.151 -0.001 NetWeight (mg) 13.447 2.012 1.233 12.922 1.140 0.336 11.082 1.426 0.430

3

Particle Density (g/cm ) 2.65 Dynamic Shape Factor 1.40 LS230 Summary Rep 1 MMD (m) 17.34 GSD 3.04 %

Combined Lint Cleaning System Particle Size ... - Dr. Michael Buser

Combined Lint Cleaning System Particle Size ... - Dr. Michael Buser

Suggest Documents

Combined Lint Cleaning System Particle Size ... - Dr. Michael Buser

1 Stage Lint Cleaning System Particle Size ... - Dr. Michael Buser

2 Stage Lint Cleaning System Particle Size ... - Dr. Michael Buser

2 Stage Lint Cleaning System Particle Size ... - Dr. Michael Buser

2 Stage Lint Cleaning System Particle Size ... - Dr. Michael Buser

1 Stage Lint Cleaning System Particle Size ... - Dr. Michael Buser

Combined Lint Cleaning System PM10 and Total ... - Dr. Michael Buser

Combined Lint Cleaning System PM2.5, PM10 ... - Dr. Michael Buser

Combined Lint Cleaning System Total PM ... - Dr. Michael Buser

Combined Mote System Particle Size Distribution ... - Dr. Michael Buser

3 Stage Seed-Cotton Cleaning System Particle ... - Dr. Michael Buser

1 Stage Seed-Cotton Cleaning System Particle ... - Dr. Michael Buser

2 Stage Seed-Cotton Cleaning System Particle ... - Dr. Michael Buser

2 Stage Seed-Cotton Cleaning System Particle ... - Dr. Michael Buser

2 Stage Seed-Cotton Cleaning System Particle ... - Dr. Michael Buser

1 Stage Seed-Cotton Cleaning System Particle ... - Dr. Michael Buser

Mote Trash System Particle Size Distribution ... - Dr. Michael Buser

Cyclone Robber System Particle Size Distribution ... - Dr. Michael Buser

Cyclone Robber System Particle Size Distribution ... - Dr. Michael Buser

1 Stage Mote System Particle Size Distribution ... - Dr. Michael Buser

Battery Condenser System Particle Size ... - Dr. Michael Buser

Battery Condenser System Particle Size ... - Dr. Michael Buser

Overflow System Total Particle Size Distribution ... - Dr. Michael Buser

Battery Condenser System Particle Size ... - Dr. Michael Buser