Combining Advanced Oxidation Processes and Biological Wastewater treatment Gernjak W.1*, Malato S.1, Pulgarín C.2, Mascolo G.3, Pollice A.3, Vogelsang C.4, Plosz B.4, Lopez A.3 CIEMAT-Plataforma Solar de Almeria, PO Box 22, 04200 Tabernas, Spain; *
[email protected] EPFL Lausanne, GGEC, Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 3 CNR-IRSA Bari, Via F. De Blasio 5, 70123 Bari, Italy 4 NIVA, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway 1
2
Introduction
Advanced Oxidation Processes
Conventional biological wastewater treatment plants are not effective when industrial wastewaters have to be treated due to the high COD load and the presence of recalcitrant compounds. This drawback becomes particularly critical when a significant concentration of non biodegradable toxic compounds is also present rendering the wastewater itself toxic to the microorganisms responsible for the biodegradation. In such instances, environmental regulatory requirements can be achieved by Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) applied as pre- or post- or integrated treatment. This contribution presents the joint research efforts of researchers from Spain, Switzerland, Italy and Norway within the INNOWATECH project (FP6-2005-Global-4, contract 36882) regarding the coupling of AOPs with biological treatment to investigate different technical options.
AOPs are chemical oxidative processes characterised by the production of hydroxyl radicals
Process
Basic equations
UV/H2O2
H2 O 2 + h ν → 2 OH •
UV/O3
O 3 + h ν → O (1 D) + O 2
UV/H2O2/O3
O 3 + H2 O 2 + h ν → O 2 + OH • + OH 2•
UV/TiO2
TiO 2 + h ν → TiO 2 (e - + h + ) ;
Fenton
Fe 2 + + H2 O 2 → Fe 3 + + OH - + OH •
Photo-Fenton
Fe 2 + + H2 O 2 → Fe 3 + + OH - + OH • ;
;
O (1 D) + H2 O → 2 OH •
h + + OH -ads → OH •
Fe 3 + + H2 O + h ν → Fe 2 + + H + + OH •
The INNOWATECH project
Solar photo-Fenton + SBBR (CIEMAT/EPFL)
To achieve its objectives, Innowatech is organized in six WPs (work-packages): WP1 (Aerobic Granulation), WP2 (Coupling
Photo-Fenton treatment may make use of solar radiation to generate free hydroxyl radicals, which makes it more environmentally sustainable than other AOPs. Immobilised biomass reactors are most suitable for a combined treatment. Within the project this approach will be investigated for the treatment of saline pharmaceutical wastewater and pesticide wastewater. Such investigations will be done from the lab scale to the pilot-plant scale.
Advanced Oxidation Processes with Biological Treatment), WP3 (Membrane based intensification of wastewater Treatment Processes), WP4 (Tailor made solutions for endusers), WP5 (Dissemination and exploitation) and WP6 (Project management).
Operatively, as sketched on the right, in WP1, WP2 and WP3 several industrial wastewater or liquid waste each one characterized by peculiar treatment’s difficulties and representative of relevant industrial activities, will be treated by different promising technologies. Through an iterative process, ecological sustainability and economic feasibility of the used technologies will be assessed in WP4 by life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) methodologies with the aim to design Tailor made solutions to end-users. In WP5 Project’s results will be disseminated and their exploitation favoured, inside and outside the project. Finally, in WP6 the whole project will be managed.
Project Partners (WP2 participants underlined)
O3 and UV/H2O2 + MBR (CNR-IRSA)
O3 generator
COORDINATOR Effluent
Pharmaceutical wastewater
UV lamp
CNR-IRSA investigates the full integration of AOP and biological treatment, i.e. placing the AOP on the recycling stream of the biological treatment. This technical option will be investigated for the treatment of pharmaceutical industry wastewater.
¾ Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque (Italy)
¾ Cranfield University - School of Water Sciences (United Kingdom) ¾ Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - Lausanne (Switzerland) ¾ CIEMAT- Plataforma Solar de Almería (Spain)
MBR
O3 and UV/H2O2 + biofilm (NIVA) NIVA will treat landfill leachate within the project. They will investigate different AOPs as a polishing step after a biofilm treatment. Also, a physicochemical pretreatment will be investigated to make the landfill leachate more amenable to the treatment. Such tests are to be performed on the lab-scale and will be up-scaled and tests will be done at two landfill sites.
¾ RWTH - Aachen University of Technology (Germany) ¾ Technical University Delft - Department of Biotechnology (Netherlands) ¾ IVL - Environmental Research Institute (Sweden)
¾ Norwegian Institute for Water Research (Norway) ¾ SolSep BV (Netherlands) ¾ Bayer MaterialScience AG (Germany)
Ozone collector
Ozone contactor
Ozone generator
UVI Cord
Diffusor Sampling point
O2 gas
¾ ITT Wedeco (Germany) ¾ Austep S.r.l. (Italy) ¾ Albaida Recursos Naturales y Medio Ambiente S.A. (Spain) ¾ AnoxKaldnes AB (Sweden) ¾ Water Innovate Ltd (United Kingdom) ¾ DHV B.V. (Netherlands) ¾ Advanced Wastewater Management Centre – University of Queensland (Australia)
Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the European Commission for financial support for the INNOWATECH project under the Sixth Framework Programme, within the “Global Change and Ecosystems Program” (Contract nº: 036882).
