Feb 21, 2004 ... standard use of English as judged by sophisticated users such as professional
..... the Oxford English Dictionary calls “pernickety” obsolete, but ...
Mar 16, 2006 ... Source: Alfred Rappaport and Michael J. Mauboussin, Expectations Investing:
Reading Stock Prices for Better Returns (Boston, MA: Harvard.
A spelling checker won't catch the switch, so watch out for it. ...... people who support your testimony as a witness "c
The aim of this site is to help you avoid low grades, lost ... There is also a Help Desk for ESL ...... in secular conte
Owl. Be Your. Valentine! Owl. Be Your. Valentine! Owl. Be Your. Valentine! Owl. Be Your. Valentine! Owl. Be Your. Valent
Aug 2, 2016 - therapist produces an âagenda transforming utteranceâ (Stivers, 2007a) by installing a new evaluation: to have ..... of Robert Hopper (pp.
Sep 25, 2013 - to minimize patient exposure to radiation. Improper ... radiographic image of unsatisfactory quality that can also lead to a misdiagnosis and the ...
Sep 25, 2013 - radiographic image of unsatisfactory quality that can also lead to a misdiagnosis .... Moreover, a lead apron should be placed over the parts of.
This is a slash: /. Because the top of it leans forward, it is sometimes called a "forward slash." This is a backslash:
I bought five dozens bananas. I bought five dozen bananas. I saw five deers in the zoo. I saw five deer in the zoo. Its
CG Notes of English Grammar. COMMON E. My house is bigger than him. My house is bigger than. She is very tall as her sis
53(9):606-612. 11. Kogevinas M, Becher H, Benn T, Bertazzi PA, Boffetta P, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Coggon D, Colin D,. Flesch-Janys D, Fingerhut M, Green L, ...
This paper contains a classified collection of 110 errors seen in company valuations performed by financial analysts, investment banks and financial consultants.
led to a rapid increase in the use of economic tools within pharmaceutical eval- uations. Pharmacoeconomics is employed at many stages of the evaluation pro-.
STRAIN TO CAUSE FIRST YIELD AT 500 POINTS ... Possible causes would be: ... Numerically, the use of Lagrange multipliers in certain cases may also lead to ...
amount of sunshine (singular) and or the same number of hours (plural) of
daylight.' ... Mixing or tangling the grammatical structure of a sentence in a way
that ...
English II Scholastic. Marley & Me. Common Errors, Part I - Argument.
Introduction – set the context! • Begin with a hook – something that will draw in
your reader.
5. C H A P T E R 2. Common Syntax and. Semantic Errors. 2.1 CHAPTER
OBJECTIVES. • To understand the fundamental characteristics of syntax and
semantic.
Common Operative Procedural Errors and Clinical ... - SciELO › publication › fulltext › Common-... › publication › fulltext › Common-...by C Estrela · 2017 · Cited by 41 · Related articlesaccidents and complications during root canal treatment ...
CWSH 0: Client handout Common thinking errors (The material in this handout is adapted from Beck, J. (1995). Cognitive Therapy, Basics and Beyond.
December 9, 2009 ... Contents. 1 Trigonometry TE - Common Errors. 5 .... more
algebra than geometry. .... they “know” that's wrong, it's still an easy trap to fall
into any time they're not thinking very hard about it ... this error and
Abstract. Microsatellite genotyping errors will be present in all but the smallest data sets and have ..... errors, which after correction yielded the same genotype as.
dictates texts from the school textbooks of these grades to a sample of 241 students ... Learners need to attach meaning to ongoing activities and experiences, ... (2) Learners whose native language uses a non alphabetic system will have to ... often
Limitations of the Application of the Discounted Cash Flow Method .... Simply applying an average of the guideline company multiples in the valuation fails to ...
Forgetting to make classes disjoint. The mistaken use of universal rather than existential restrictions. Open world reas
Common Errors In OWL Alan Rector, Nick Drummond, Matthew Horridge, Holger Knublauch, Jeremy Rogers, Robert Stevens, Hai Wang, Chris Wroe
Introduction The examples in this talk are based on courses about OWL that are taught at The University Of Manchester. Many newcomers to OWL make the same mistakes and incorrect assumptions about the language. Delivering courses on OWL has highlighted the pitfalls for new users.
What is OWL? The latest standard in ontology languages. Developed by the World Wide Web consortium (W3C). Based on RDF and DAML+OIL. Has formal mathematical foundations in Description Logics, which allows us to use a reasoner to help us to check the ontology as we build it.
Basic Elements Of OWL Individuals (instances)
Classes (concepts)
Matthew
g
Person
r nt u o InC
y
Properties (slots)
lin hasSib
Gemma live
s
Italy England USA Country
ha s Pe t
Pet Fluffy Fido
Common Mistakes Forgetting to make classes disjoint The mistaken use of universal rather than existential restrictions Open world reasoning Confusion about domain and range
Disjoint Classes OWL classes are assumed to overlap by default. For example, a SpicyPizza might also be a VegetarianPizza and vice versa.
SpicyPizza
VegetarianPizza
Disjoint Classes In situations where classes should not overlap, they must be explicitly made disjoint by the use of disjoint axioms
MeatTopping
VegetableTopping
Restrictions Restrictions constrain the relationships between individuals. Many newcomers to OWL lean towards the use of universal (all values from) restrictions ( ). In general the ‘default’ type of restriction that should be used is an existential (some values from) restriction ( ).
Example Describe a Margherita Pizza using universal restrictions: Class(MargheritaPizza Pizza restriction(hasTopping allValuesFrom(MozzarellaTopping)) restriction(hasTopping allValuesFrom(TomatoTopping)))
Example Describe a Margherita Pizza using existential restrictions: Class(MargheritaPizza Pizza restriction(hasTopping someValuesFrom(MozzarellaTopping)) restriction(hasTopping someValuesFrom(TomatoTopping)))
Open World Reasoning OWL uses the Open World Assumption (OWA) Many OWL neophytes come from using closed world systems, such as databases. Information that has hasn’t been explicitly added to a knowledge base is assumed to be ‘missing’ information, which could be added sometime in the future. How should we describe a Margherita Pizza?......
A Margherita Pizza (the intuitive way)
Margherita Pizzas have toppings of Tomato and Mozzarella. Class(MargheritaPizza Pizza restriction(hasTopping someValuesFrom(TomatoTopping)) restriction(hasTopping someValuesFrom(MozzarellaTopping)))
A Margherita Pizza (the intuitive way)
Margherita Pizzas have toppings of Tomato and Mozzarella Class(MargheritaPizza Pizza restriction(hasTopping someValuesFrom(TomatoTopping)) restriction(hasTopping someValuesFrom(MozzarellaTopping)))
What’s wrong with this?
A Margherita Pizza (the correct way)
Margherita Pizzas have toppings of Tomato and Mozzarella - moreover, they only have toppings of Tomato and Mozzarella. Class(MargheritaPizza Pizza restriction(hasTopping someValuesFrom(TomatoTopping)) restriction(hasTopping someValuesFrom(MozzarellaTopping)) restriction(hasTopping allValuesFrom(TomatoTopping or MozzarellaTopping)))
Creating Closure Axioms
Domain and Range Domain and Range are a source of confusion for newcomers to OWL. Domain and range are not constraints to be checked. They are axioms which are used by the reasoner to make inferences. ‘Violating’ a domain or range constraint does not necessarily mean that the ontology is inconsistent or contains errors.
Domain Example Consider the hasTopping property to have a domain of the class Pizza. Now consider some individuals that are members of the class ChocIceCream which have toppings of ChocolateSauce.
Domain Example ing Topp has
ing hasTopp
PizzaTopping Pizza
hasTopping
hasTopping
ChocIceCream
ChocolateSauce
What happens when we send this to the reasoner?
Domain Example in Topp s a h
g
in g hasTo pp ha s To pp ha
g in
Pizza
sT op
pin g
PizzaTopping
ChocIceCream
ChocolateSauce
Conclusions Ensure that disjoint axioms are used correctly. The most common form of restrictions are existential restrictions. Use universal restrictions with caution. Remember that OWL uses the open world assumption. Descriptions of classes should be ‘closed off’ where appropriate.
Conclusions Domain and range axioms are often a source of confusion. They should be used with care as they can cause unexpected side effects. Using a reasoner can help in the detection of errors in the ontology, and ensure that the intended meaning of the ontology matches the logical meaning of the ontology.
Conclusions Protégé-OWL is positioned amongst the next generation of ontology tools. It has been designed to help minimise the errors that people often make. It features a test frame work to help people catch errors and spot potential pitfalls early on. Wizards and shortcuts help to speed up ontology development and reduce the opportunity to make mistakes by making the correct thing to do the easy thing to do.
Topics Not Covered Common logical issues - the linguistic verses that logical use of ‘and’ and ‘or’. Difference between Primitive and Defined classes. Multiple inheritance - primitive concepts should ideally only have one parent concept.
Resources A Practical Guide To Building OWL Ontologies Using the Protege-OWL Plugin. OWL Pizzas: Practical Experience of Teaching OWL-DL: Common errors and common patterns. (Rector et al) http://protege.stanford.edu/plugins/owl/ http://www.co-ode.org
