Use the modern technology for communicate the information ... Communication
Technology because in the very short time we ... History of Tele-communication.
Communication Technology By Bhupendra Ratha, Lecturer School of Library and Information Science Devi Ahilya University, Indore Email:
[email protected]
What is the Communication? A word communication has been drives from the Latin word “Communicare” which means to communicate, the word used for exchange the information. Communication needs languages as the channel for communication between two or more than two person.
Basic requirements and Process of a good communication Language Sender Message
Receiver
Channel
Channels of communications Body language Oral communication Verbal communication Audio Audio--visual communication Mass communication Tele Tele--communication Wireless communication
Types of communications
One to one communication
Centralized communication
Circular communication
Free flow communication
One to One Hy, Raj How are you
Fine, I hope you also fine
Centralized communication
Circular communication
Free--Flow communication Free
Communication Technology
Use the modern technology for communicate the information by different channels and medias are called communication technology such as electronic telegraph, telephone, radio, TV, computer, wireless and networking etc.
Tele--communication Tele Tele-communication is the part of Information and TeleCommunication Technology because in the very short time we can get information at the international level. It is the process of exchange the information to longlong-distance
Characteristics of TeleTele-communication Any one can use the TeleTele-communication technology for exchange the information. The message may be send in coding language which understand only sender and receiver. Information are easily exchange in the different format such as text, numerical, graphical, audioaudio-visual etc.
Cont… It can exchange information globally or each and every area of the world. Save the time, money and human power. It make the privacy of message.
History of TeleTele-communication
3000 BC
Smoke signals, Drums, Pigeon etc.
490 BC
Heliographs
1837 AD Telegraph by Samuals F B Morse
1876 AD Telephone by Allexander Grahmbell
Cont…
1894 AD Radio by Marconi
1926 AD T. V. by J. L. Baird
1963 AD Audio tape by Phillips com.
1969 AD Internet by ARPANET
Cont…
1977 Fiber optical telephone cable.
1980
1981 Walkman by Sony comp.
1990
WWW by Terner Lee
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Tele--communication media Tele Bounded/Cable media
Boundless/Wireless Media
Coaxial Cable
Radio Wave
Twisted-Pair Cable
Microwave
Fiber-Optical Cable
Satellite
Bounded/Cable Media
When connect the telecommunication component with the cable and exchange the information they call bounded/cable media.
There are three types of cable media very commonly used and they are; 1. Coaxial Cable 2. TwistedTwisted-Pair Cable 3. FiberFiber-Optic Cable
Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cable gets its name because two conductors share a common axis; the cable is most frequently referred to “coax”. A type of coaxial cable that we may be familiar with is our television cable. Its components are as follows;
A center conductor An outer conductor An insulation layer A plastic encasement (Jacket)
A Center conductor
A center conductor, although usually solid copper wire is sometimes made of standard wire.
A outer conductor
A outer conductor forms a tube surrounding the center conductor. This conductor can consist of braided wires, metallic foil or both. The outer conductor, frequently called the shield, serves as a ground and also protects the inner conductor from EMI.
An insulation layer
An insulation layer keeps the outer conductor space evenly from the center conductor.
A plastic encasement (Jacket)
A plastic encasement protects the cable from damage.
Classification of Coaxial Cable
Thinnet ::- 0.25 inch (6mm) 610 feet
Thicknet ::- 0.50 inch (13mm) 1650 feet
Twisted--Pair Cable Twisted
Twisted pair cable is popular very much because of its inexpensiveness and ease of installation. A basic twisted pair cable consists of two strands of copper wire twisted together. The twisting reduces the tendency of the cable to radiate radio frequency noise that interferes with nearby cables and electronic components, because the radiated signals from the twisted wires tend to cancel each other out.
Classification of TPC
Shielded TwistedTwisted-Pair Cable (STPC)
Unshielded TwistedTwisted-Pair Cable (UTPC)
Shielded TwistedTwisted-Pair Cable (STPC)
Shielded TwistedTwisted-Pair Cabling consists of one or more twistedtwisted-pair of cables enclosed in a foil wrap and woven copper shielding. Early LAN designer used STPC because the shield performed double duty, reducing the tendancy of the cable to radiate EMI and reducing the cables sensitivity to outside interference
Unshielded TwistedTwisted-Pair Cable (UTPC)
UTPC doesn’t incorporate a braided shield into its structure. However characteristics of UTPC are similar in many ways to STPC, differing primarily in EMI.
Fiber--Optical Cable Fiber
The center conductor of a fiberfiber-optic cable is a fiber that consist of highly refined glass or plastic designed to transmit light signals with little loss.
A glass core supports a longer cabling distance, but a plastic core is typically easier to work with.
The fiber is coated with a cladding that reflects signals back into the fiber to reduce signal loss. A plastic sheath protects the fiber.
Cont…
Fiber optic network cable consist of two strands separately enclosed in plastic sheaths. One strands sends and the other receivers.
Two types of cable configurations are available; 1. Loose configurations. 2. Light configurations.
Loose configurations
Loose configurations incorporate a space between the fiber and the plastic encasement, this space is filled with a gel or other material.
Tight Configurations
Tight configurations contain strength wires between the conductor and the outer plastic encasement.
Comparison of cable media Cable type
Cost
Installation
Capacity
Range
Coaxial
Less than TPC
Inexpensive / easy
10 mbps
500 m
Twisted Pair
Lowest
Fairly easy
100 mbps
100 m
Fiber--Optic Fiber
Highest
Expensive / Difficult
100mbps to above
10 km
Boundless/Wireless Media
When the information transmission without cable media they are called boundless/wireless media.
There are many types of wireless media ; 1. Radio wave 2. Microwave 3. Satellite
Radio wave
In radio transmission a radiating antenna is used to convert a timetime-varying electric current into an electromagnetic wave, which freely propagates through a no conducting medium such as air or space. In a broadcast radio channel, an omnidirectional antenna radiates a transmitted signal over a wide service area.
Microwave
Microwave is the most important media of telecommunications. The transmission path of microwave links can be established between two landland-based antennas or tower.
Satellite
In 1954 the satellite technique has established. It is also most important media of telecommunication. Easily and authentic data transmission by this media. Most telecommunication satellite have been placed in Geostationary Orbit (GEO), a circular orbit 35,785 km above the earth.
Modes of Telecommunications Serial and parallel Simplex, Half duplex and full duplex Modulation Modulation--demodulation Radio wave Microwave Satellite wave
Serial and parallel In serial communication, only one bit transmitted at a time and it is the suited for slow and long distance communication, whereas in parallel transmission group of bits as transmitted at a time, which is suited for high speed and short distance communication.
Simplex, Half duplex, Full duplex Television
Simplex
Half duplex
Or
Computer
Full duplex
and
Computer
Modulation--demodulation Modulation
Analog Input
A/D Converter (Modulation)
Digital Signals
Digital Input Signals
D/A Converter (Demodulation)
Digital Input Signals
Analog Output
Mode of Radio wave communication
Electronic signal
Master Station
Electromagnetic signals
Mode of Microwave communication Transmitter
Repeater Receiver Output signals
Input signals
Atmospheric signals (Air and Surface)
Master Station
Mode of Satellite Wave Communication Output signals
Satellite
Input signals Master Station
Master Station
Component of Telecommunication 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
The basic components are follows; Sender/Transmitter Message Language Media Receiver
Other Component of Telecommunication Modem Repeater Hub Bridge Router Switch Brouter Gateway
Modem MODEM is contraction of Modulator/ Demodulator, which allows a computer to transmit the information over a telephone line to another computer. The modem converts the digital signals into analog signals and analog signals to digital signals.
Repeater A networking component that extends a network by boosting the signal so that it can travel farther along the cabling. A repeater is a form of digital amplifier that works at the physical layer of OSI mode for regenerate of signals.
Hub Hub is also called wiring concentrators, provide a central attachment point for network cabling. Hubs can be divided in three categories; 1. Passive Hub 2. Active Hub 3. Intelligent Hub
Bridge A network component used either to extend or to segment networks. Bridges work at the OSI data link layer. They can be used both to join dissimilar media. Bridges come in three basic types; 1. Local bridges 2. Remote bridges 3. Wireless bridges
Router
Router works at the network layer of OSI model for networking to move packets between using their logical addresses are the destination host.
Switch
Bridge with more efficiency is called switch. A switch may act as a multimulti-bridge to connect devices in a LAN. Switch has a buffer for each link to which it is connected.
Brouter
Any network device having the capabilities of both a bridge and a router. Usually, a brouter will act as a router for one protocol and a bridge for all other protocols. Brouters are not common in network.
Gateway
Gateway is used to connect the different protocol based networks (like TCP/IP, Apple Talk etc,) A term for a broad category of network components that allow communication between different networking architectures and different protocols. Gateways generally operate at the higher levels of the Open Systems Interconnection.
