Communications Antenna and Propagation

ISSN 2039 - 5086 Vol. 6 N. 2 April 2016

International Journal on

Communications Antenna and Propagation

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(IRECAP)

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Contents:

61

Modelling of Communication Complexity in Computers by Peter Hanuliak, Michal Hanuliak

68

Rectenna Designs for RF Energy Harvesting System: a Review by S. Ahmed, M. N. Husain, Z. Zakaria, M. S. I. M. Zin, A. Alhegazi

82

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Maximize Saving Transmitted Power in Wireless Communication System Using Adaptive Modulation Technique by Jawdat Alkasassbeh, Aws Al-Qaisi, Mohammed Al-Hunaity, Jawad Alkasassbeh

A Comparative Study for Designing and Modeling Patch Antenna with Different Electromagnetic CAD Approaches by Mohamed S. Soliman, Majed O. Dwairi, Iman I. M. Abu Sulayman, Sami H. A. Almalki

90

The Hybrid Technique for Improvement DV-Hop Localization Algorithms by H. Sassi, T. Najeh, N. Liouane

96

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Optimization of Vivaldi Antenna by an Iterative Method Using Surface Impedance by S. Alayet, L. Latrach, A. Gharsallah

103

Parametric and Comparative Studies of Leaky Wave Image NRDG Antenna Designed with the Ordinary Single-Layer and the Double-Layers Rectangular Image NRD Guide by Lassaad Latrach, Noumi Rihem, Hrizi Hanen, Ali Gharsallah

108

A Microstrip Rectangle Carpet Shaped Fractal Antenna for UWB Applications by Saidaiah Bandi, A. Sudhakar, K. Padma Raju

111

Comparison of Empirical Path Loss Propagation Models with Building Penetration Path Loss Model by Promise Elechi, Paul Osaretin Otasowie

116

Errata Corrige

124

Copyright © 2016 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved

International Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation (IRECAP) Rongxing Lu Division of Communication Engineering, School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Editorial Board:

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Dalhousie University - Department of Eng. Mathematics and Internetworking SUPELEC University NEC Laboratories Europe - Network Research Division Florida International University - School of Computing and Information Sciences Dalhousie University - Department of Electrical and Computer Eng. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - Dep. de Electromagnet. y Teoría de Circuitos TU Dresden - Institut für Nachrichtentechnik Johannes Kepler University Linz - Institute of Telecooperation TU Darmstadt - Computer Science Department IIT Delhi - Centre for Applied Research in Electronics Technical University of Crete – Dep. of Electronic and Computer Engineering IMST GmbH - Department of Antennas & EM Modelling University of Mississippi - Center for Wireless Communication Jackson State University The University of Texas at Dallas - Department of Computer Science Federal University of Ceara - Computer Science Department University of Limerick Department of Computer Science - National Tsing Hua University Manhattan College Universidad Complutense de Madrid - Dep. de Ingeniería del Software Kyushu University – Dep. of Computer Science and Communication Engineering Institute for Infocomm Research

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(Canada) (France) (Germany) (U.S.A.) (Canada) (Spain) (Germany) (Austria) (Germany) (India) (Greece) (Germany) (U.S.A.) (U.S.A.) (U.S.A.) (Brazil) (Ireland) (Taiwan) (U.S.A.) (Spain) (Japan) (Singapore)

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Nauman Aslam C. Faouzi Bader Marcus Brunner Shu-Ching Chen Zhizhang (David) Chen José A. Encinar Adolf Finger Ismail Khalil Abdelmajid Khelil Shiban Koul Polychronis Koutsakis Marta Martínez Vázquez Mustafa M. Matalgah Natarajan Meghanatan Mittal Neeraj José Neuman De Souza Mairtin O’Droma Hung-Min Sun Mehmet Ulema Luis Javier García Villalba Kiyotoshi Yasumoto Chen Zhi Ning

The International Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation (IRECAP) is a publication of the Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l.. The Review is published bimonthly, appearing on the last day of February, April, June, August, October, December. Published and Printed in Italy by Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l., Naples, April 30, 2016. Copyright © 2016 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved.

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This journal and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. and the following terms and conditions apply to their use: Single photocopies of single articles may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Permission of the Publisher and payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying, including multiple or systematic copying, copying for advertising or promotional purposes, resale and all forms of document delivery. Permission may be sought directly from Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. at the e-mail address: [email protected] Permission of the Publisher is required to store or use electronically any material contained in this journal, including any article or part of an article. Except as outlined above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the Publisher. E-mail address permission request: [email protected] Responsibility for the contents rests upon the authors and not upon the Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l.. Statement and opinions expressed in the articles and communications are those of the individual contributors and not the statements and opinions of Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l.. Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. assumes no responsibility or liability for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained herein. Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. expressly disclaims any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. If expert assistance is required, the service of a competent professional person should be sought.

International Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation (I.Re.C.A.P.), Vol. 6, N. 2 ISSN 2039 – 5086 April 2016

Comparison of Empirical Path Loss Propagation Models with Building Penetration Path Loss Model Promise Elechi, Paul Osaretin Otasowie

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Abstract – Path loss Propagation models plays a fundamental role in planning and designing of mobile radio communication link. In this paper a building penetration path loss model was developed using AUTOCAD. The model involved the combination of three mechanisms of signal propagation; refraction, reflection and diffraction. The signal penetration through building wall was modelled as refraction using Fresnel Refraction Coefficient and the signal propagation through the roof was modelled as diffraction using the principle of knife-edge diffraction. The developed building penetration path loss model was compared with some empirical path loss models namely, Log distance path loss, Okumura, HATA and COST-231 models and the results showed that the models compared accurately with the existing path loss models. Hence, it can be stated that the developed building penetration path loss model can be used to accurately predict signal attenuation in buildings located in an urban environment. Copyright © 2016 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved.

Nomenclature

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Distance from the transmitter to the receiver Carrier frequency of GSM signal Transmitter height Mobile receiver height Zero Mean Gaussian distributed random variable

Wireless signal transmission is based on radio wave propagation and is attenuated by three basic physical phenomena: reflection, diffraction, and scattering [1], [14], [17], [18], [23], and [24]. Communication engineers are generally concerned with the application of mobile radio link parameters, which consists of the path loss exponent. The path loss exponent indicates the rate at which a signal depreciates with increase in distance. A unique mean path loss exponent (n) is assigned to each propagation environment. This is established by means of the experiment. To the system engineer, this parameter would help in formulating a model that will be appropriate for a certain geographical areas. The aim of this paper is to compare a developed building penetration path loss model with some existing empirical path loss models such as Okumura, HATA, COST-231 and Log Normal models.

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Keywords: Attenuation, Building, Path Loss, Propagation Models, Penetration, Signal

I.

Introduction

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Signal attenuation is an important parameter in telecommunication owing to its importance in determining signal strength [1]-[29]. Wireless access network has become the vital tools in maintaining communication networks especially at home and work places [1]. Signal propagation models can be classified as both empirical models and deterministic models. The empirical models are based on practical measured data. They include Okumura, HATA, COST-231 HATA models, and many others. Deterministic models require enormous number of geometric information about the site and also requires very important computational efforts [1], [11], [25], and [29]. They are Ray-Tracing model, Ikegami model and many others [3], [21], and [22]. GSM signals are usually transmitted through a path. They are affected by propagation factors such as atmospheric particles, diffraction, reflection, scattering and absorption [1]. These phenomenon limits the performance of telecommunication system especially at microwave frequencies [16]. Attenuation is the reduction in signal strength during transmission. It is also very important in communication system design [17] and [18].

II.

Previous Work

[2] used Geographic Information System (GIS) as an invaluable tool in path loss modelling. The model showed how GIS can reveal features through its visualization capabilities. The program was written in Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) to automatically compute the path loss using Cost 231 Hata Model, and display it spatially on an administrative map and satellite imagery (Land Use/Land Cover) using ArcMap 9.0 Application. The results gotten were tested to be consistent with results of previous study done in Southern Nigeria and it showed how the excellent visualization and spatial handling capabilities of GIS gave it an extra advantage as a path loss modelling tool.


DOI: 10.15866/irecap.v6i2.8013

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Promise Elechi, Paul Osaretin Otasowie

II.1.

II.1.2. Log Normal Path Loss Model According to the log Normal Path loss model, the average received signal strength μ(d) decreases with a power of the distance, while the received signal strength over a distance d is a Gaussian random variable, i.e. Pr(d) ~ N(μ (d),σ) due to the shadowing effects. II.1.3. Okumura Model This is the most popular and widely used model. It is a model for Urban Areas in a Radio propagation model. The model was built using the data collected in the city of Tokyo, Japan. The Okumura model is expressed as [1], [11], and [14]:

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(2)

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is Path loss, is free space propagation where; is median attenuation relative to path loss, free space, is base station antenna height gain factor, is mobile antenna height gain factor and is gain due to the type of environment given in suburban, urban and open areas [3], [9], [14], [23], [24] and [25]. II.1.4.

HATA Model

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Thus, the integration of GIS into existing path loss analysis applications was recommended for fast, accurate and exciting results brought about by the ability to visualize the terrain and other great features. [16] conducted an investigation of signals received in a suburban terrain of south-south Nigeria. A net monitor software installed in Nokia handset was used to conduct measurements of the received signal strength from fixed transmitting base station. The received signal strength measurements were conducted in Amukpe-Sapele for six months. The data was analysed using linear regression on Matlab 7.0 code to determine the propagation path loss exponent. The path loss exponent determined was 2.8 dB indicating that the GSM signal in the environment was poor. The parameters were used in carrying out path loss prediction models that were used to find the network coverage gaps and areas with poor serviceability. [29] conducted an analysis of a path loss model for signal losses in buildings. To confirm the viability of the model, measurements were conducted in four different locations in Rivers State, Nigeria on buildings made with different materials using MTN, Etisalat, Airtel and Globacom networks. The model simulation result showed that the total loss of GSM signal transmission through building as 124.07dB with the penetration loss as 37.95dB which accounted for 30.59% of the total loss, the free space loss as 86.12dB which accounted for 69.41% of the total losses.

This is an empirical prediction method based entirely on an extensive series of measurements made in and around Tokyo city between 200MHz and 2GHz. Predictions were made via a series of graphs, the most important of which have since been approximated in a set of formulae by [22]. The mathematical expression and its range of application are [14], [15], [20], and [25]: Carrier Frequency, Base Station Antenna Height: Mobile Station Antenna Height: Transmission Distance: :

Some Existing Propagation Models

II.1.1. Log-distance Path Loss Model

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Log distance path loss model is an extension to Friis free space model. it is used to predict the propagation loss over a wide range of environments whereas the Friis free space model is restricted to unobstructed clear path between the transmitter and receiver [18]. Even if the situation is line-of -sight (LOS) there will be reflections from large objects such as buildings and nature formations like hills. A path loss model taking this into account is the Log-distance Path Loss Model shown in Eq. (1) where the loss is calculated over a distance, d [6], [13], [14], and [17]:

(3) (4) (5)

(1) where:

The variable d0 represents a close-in reference distance, is a zero mean Gaussian distributed random variable in (dB) and is the path loss exponent representing how fast the path loss increases with distance. For free space calculations, the variable equals 2 and for built up area, equals 3.5 [21], [27] and [29]. If the variable is zero as applied in this paper because the shadowing effect was not considered, then Eq. (1) results in the log-Normal fading model which shall be called Log Normal Model.


Int. Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation, Vol. 6, N. 2

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for large city and

;

for large city and

;

This model involves the combination of two mechanisms of signal propagation: Signal penetration through building wall and signal penetration through building roof (diffracted signal). Though most existing propagation predictions have modelled building as being completely opaque to radio wave signals [28]. The total losses from the transmitter to the receiver was analysed as the combination of two different effects; losses due to free-space propagation from transmitter to building and the building penetration loss. The penetration loss will be analysed as the combination of two losses; the loss when the signal passes through the building wall and diffraction loss due to signal penetration through the roof (via the wall edges). In this modelling, the following assumptions were made: 1. The building walls are made of certain material with a relative permittivity and conductivity depending on the type of the material. 2. The building has no specific internal layout, as such, the direction of signals inside the building have definite path way. 3. There were no reflections from the floors of the building. 4. The building walls are not made of hollow blocks. 5. The signals travel in straight lines. The expression for the signal losses from transmission through the building wall and roof to the receiver inside the building is:

for medium or small cities.

(6)

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where:

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Some studies have shown that the signal path loss experienced at 1845MHz is approximately 10dB larger than those experienced at 955MHz with parameters kept constant. The COST-231-HATA’s model is applied in the 1500-2000MHz frequency range. The model is expressed in terms of the following [7], [10] and [25]: Carrier frequency ( BS Antenna Height (hb) 30-200m MS Antenna Height (hm) 1-10m Transmission Distance (d) 1-20km The path loss according to the COST-231 model is expressed as [25]:

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II.1.5. COST-231 Model

A =46.3+33.9

(7)



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In this section, a model will be used to predict the amount of signal attenuation through buildings.

; is the freewhere space loss, is the building penetration loss. From Fig. 1: is the distance from the transmitter to the building roof; is the distance from the wall edge to the mobile station (receiver); is the reflected signal from the roof; is the distance from the transmitter to the building wall, measured in the perpendicular direction from the transmitter to the building wall. is the distance from the building wall to the receiver, measured in the perpendicular direction from the wall to the mobile station. is the angle of arrival, measured from the perpendicular direction to the building and to the direction followed for the propagating signal. is the inner width of the room. is the width of the building measured from the center of the brick (wall); is the transmitter height; is the height of the building wall; is the height of the table in which the mobile station (receiver) is placed; is the least departure angle of the signal from the transmitter; is the angle of the diffracted signal with the normal.

C=0

for medium city and suburban area= 3 for metropolitan areas;

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for large city and

for large city and

;

;

for medium or small cities.

III. Materials and Method III.1. Development of Building Penetration Path Loss Model

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Fig. 1. Complete model of GSM signal penetration into building and parameters used

III.1.2. Building Penetration Loss

The free-space propagation can be used to predict the received signal when the transmitter and the receiver have a clear line-of-sight. Eq. (8) is known as the Friis free-space equation, it predicts that received power decays as a function of the transmitter-receiver separation distance [18] and [29]:

The signal penetration loss will be analysed as the combinations of the refracted signal (refraction loss) and the diffracted signal (diffraction loss). It is analysed as refracted because the signal passed through a material medium. When a signal passes through a material medium, it is reflected and refracted [19]. In this modelling, the emphasis will be on the refracted signal since it represents the signal passing through the building wall to the receiver.

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(8)

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III.1.1. Free-Space Losses

where is the transmitted power, is the received is the transmitter antenna gain, is the power, receiver antenna gain, is the distance of separation between the transmitter and the receiver in meters, is the propagation loss factor which must be a positive integer and is the wavelength in meters [29]. The path loss is the difference (in dB) between the effective transmitted power and the received power. It represents the signal attenuation measured in dB and may or may not include the effect of the antenna gain. When the antenna gains are excluded, the path loss becomes [19] and [29]:

Figure 2, shows the clear illustration that as the GSM signals strike the building wall, some of the signals are refracted through the wall into the room, while the rest are reflected. The rate of reflection and refraction are dependent on the type of material used on the building wall. The refracted signal penetrating through the building wall can be analysed using the Fresnel Transmission and Reflection Coefficient. This parameter characterises the amount of signal strength coming from outside the building to inside the building [19]. The Fresnel equations describe what fraction of the signal is reflected and what fraction is refracted and also describe the phase shift of the reflected signal [4]. The fraction of the incident signal that is reflected from the interface is given by the reflectivity, R and the fraction that is refracted is given by the transmittance or transmissivity, T [4]. According to [12], the Fresnel Reflection Coefficient was defined as follows:

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III.1.2.1. Refraction Loss

(9)

(10)

From Fig. 1, the losses between the transmitter and the building is: (11)

(13)

(12)

where is the angle between the reflecting surface and the normal perpendicular to the wall, is the complex relative permittivity. The relative permeability, , of the obstacle is equal to 1 [5] and [29].

where and are the frequency and velocity of signal transmission respectively. Copyright © 2016 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved


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percentage material composition; Fe2O3 (44.8%), MnO (0.06%), TiO2 (12.33%), CaO (5.22%), K2O (0.27%), P2O5 (0.45%), SiO2 (5.4%), Al2O3 (16.2%), MgO (0.13%) and Na2O (4.0%). Hence, the relative permittivity of iron oxide (Fe2O3) was used as the relative permittivity for mud since it has the highest percentage composition and this applies for brick while concrete and aluminium has specific relative permittivity. The relative permittivity of the materials under consideration for the wall penetration losses are shown in Table I. The Refracted signal penetration loss for this comparison was computed using the relative permittivity of brick since a higher percentage of buildings have brick wall while others can be obtained by substituting the relative permittivities of the various building materials as shown in Table I into Eq. (20) using Eq. (19), for an arrival angle of 24° to the wall.

Fig. 2. Boundary Condition for the Signal Penetration into wall

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The angle in Eq. (14) can be related to the angle of arrival of Fig. 2 when both are expressed in degrees: (14)

III.1.2.2. Diffraction Loss

Recall:

In Fig. 1, the signal from the transmitter strikes the roof of the residential room, part of it will be reflected, while the others are refracted through the roof and then diffracted as it strikes the wall edge and it is receiver by the receiver (mobile phone). Assuming the transmitting signal takes the path of the red broken line and a straight line is produced from the transmitter to the receiver to produce a knife-edge diffraction geometry. Also, consider that there is an impenetrable from the obstruction of height h, at a distance from the receiver along the signal path transmitter and as shown in Fig. 1. The path difference between the direct path and the diffracted path will be:

As a function of the angle of arrival from Eq. (15), can be expressed as:

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(16)

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(15)

The Fresnel transmission Coefficient can be related to the Fresnel Reflection Coefficient, as [8]:

Hence:

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(17)

(21)

(18)

Simplifying further gives: (22)

(19)

R

(23)

Since the fraction that is refracted is given by the transmittance, T [4]. The dependence of the penetration loss (through the wall) based on the Fresnel Transmission Coefficient is:

(24) The phase difference will be: (25)

Expressed in dB: Let:

(20)

(26) This parameter expresses the signal strength passing through the wall into the residential room. According to [5] and [29], the mud is made up of the following

and:



(27)

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TABLE I RELATIVE PERMITTIVITY OF BUILDING MATERIALS [29] Building Material Relative Permittivity ( Concrete + Iron 16.5 Mud 14.2 Brick 7.6 Alucoboard +Brick 19.5

(34)

Hence:

(28)

Eq. (34) is the developed signal penetration path loss model. The following parameter values were substituted into equation (34) to determine the signal path loss from the BTS (transmitter) to the MS (receiver):

To normalise this, the Fresnel-Kirchoff diffraction parameter , was applied [26]:

(30)

In the following figures we can se the results.

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The diffraction loss due to presence of knife-edge can be given as [26]:

IV. Results and Discussion

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To estimate the diffraction loss, the Knife-edge diffraction model was applied. The electric field strength, of a knife-edge diffracted wave is given by [26]:

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(29)

(31)

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Expressing in dB:

Fig. 2. Comparison of Okumura, HATA and COST-231 Path Loss Models

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(32)

III.1.3. Total Losses (Building Penetration Path loss) Considering the results of sections III.1.1 and III.1.2, the expressions for the total signal path loss from a base transceiver station to the mobile station when the signal propagation path is interrupted by a building is: (33)

Fig. 3. Comparison of developed path loss model with Okumura, HATA and COST-231 models with respect to transmission distance

Expressing in dB: Copyright © 2016 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved


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receiver unlike the COST-231 with total loss of about 450dB over the same distance. The developed path loss model also has very close results with real measurement results contrary to the results of the HATA and COST-231. From Fig. 3, the developed model and Okumura showed the least values compared to the other models and with close relationship with each other. Figure 5 shows the clearer comparison of the developed model with the log normal model, at a distance of 1km away from the transmitter, both models presented equal losses. In all, the developed model showed very close relationship of results with the Okumura and log normal path loss models. The COST-231 showed high path loss while the HATA showed intermediate results. Since the developed path loss model offers a reliable approximation such as the Okumura and the Log-normal, it can also be ideal for radio propagation signal prediction in urban cities. This model unlike the other models, has an easier mathematical expression for easy computation and analysis. It will offer good signal quality approximation in network planning.

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Fig. 4. Comparison of the Developed path loss model with Okumura, HATA, COST-231 and Log Normal models

V.

Conclusion and Recommendation

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In conclusion, it can be stated that the developed building penetration path loss model compared accurately with the Okumura and log normal models since they have closeness of values and relationship. The developed building penetration path loss model, Okumura, HATA and COST-231 showed increasing trend with respect to the transmission distance and in all the models used in this research, Okumura model showed similar trend with the developed model as well as the log normal model. It therefore shows that this developed model is a viable model that can be used to predict the signal attenuation in an urban environment. Finally, the developed model has better application than the other existing path loss models. It will also serve as a work guide to housing developers. This research has presented a new model for predicting signal attenuation in buildings for both urban and rural environments. Therefore, we recommend that this study be extended to other geographical environments such as high climatic environments for effective GSM network planning.

Fig. 5. Comparison of the Developed Path Loss model and Log Normal model with respect to transmission distance

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The developed signal penetration path loss model was used to approximate the amount of signal attenuation in a building. Unlike the other models that are mostly outdoors, this model is applicable for both indoor and outdoor. It depends mostly on the building material used during the construction of the building. In Fig. 2, the Okumura, HATA and COST-231 models were compared and each of the models showed an increasing value as the receiver was moved away from the transmitter. In Fig. 3, the developed signal penetration path loss model was compared with the Okumura, HATA and COST-231 path loss models, the developed path loss model showed closeness of values with the Okumura path loss model. This implies that the developed path loss model can be applied in determining the signal path loss for an urban settlement provided the predominant building pattern was considered. There was also closeness of values with the log normal model as shown in Fig. 4. In Fig. 4, the developed model showed very close comparison with the Okumura and the log normal path loss models. The developed path model had total loss of 94dB over a distance of 600m between the transmitter and the

References [1]

[2]

[3]

[4]


P. Elechi and P.O. Otasowie. Determination of Path Loss Exponent for GSM Wireless Access in Rivers State using Building Penetration Loss. The Mediterranean Journal of Electronics and Communication, Volume 11, (Issue. 1), 2015, Pages 822-830. J.J. Biebuma,and B.O. OmijehPath Loss Model Using Geographic Information System. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Volume. 3, (Issue. 3), 2013, Pages 269-275. V. S. Abhayawardhana, I. J. Wassell, D. Crosby, M. P. Sellars and M. G. Brown, "Comparison of empirical propagation path loss models for fixed wireless access systems," 2005 IEEE 61st Vehicular Technology Conference, 2005, pp. 73-77 Vol. 1. D.J. Griffiths. Introduction to Electrodynamics. 3rd Edition, Pearson Education, Dorling Kindersley: 2007, Pages 102-114.


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[10]

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[19] [20]

[21] [22]

[23]

[24]

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[9]

Elechi Promise received his B.Eng and M.Eng degrees in Electrical/Electronic Engineering from University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria in 2006 and 2011 respectively. He is currently undergoing Ph.D studies in Electrical/Electronic Engineering (Electronic and Telecommunication) University of Benin. He is a Corporate Member of the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) and Nigerian Institution of Electrical/Electronic Engineers (NIEEE), also a Registered practicing Engineer with the Council for Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN). His research interests are on Radio Propagation for Mobile communications, GSM Technology, Microwave Signal Propagation, Signal Analysis, NanoTechnology and ICT. He is currently a Lecturer in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Otasowie P. O. Obtained a Ph.D in Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering from the University of Benin, Benin City Nigeria in 2008. He is a corporate member of the Nigerian Society of Engineers, and also registered with the Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN). He is also registered with the IEEE USA. He is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Benin, Benin city Nigeria. His research interests are in the area of Mobile Communication, Microwave Signal Propagation, Optical Fibre Communication Systems, Energy Efficiency in homes and Base Stations among others.

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[8]

Authors’ information

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[7]

Pages 151-174. [29] P. Elechi and P.O. Otasowie,Analysis of a Developed Building Penetration Path LossModel for GSM Wireless Access, International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science, Volume 3 (Issue 6), 2015, Pages 898-909.

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International Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation (IRECAP) Aims and scope The International Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation (IRECAP) is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes original theoretical and applied papers on all aspects of Communications, Antenna, Propagation and networking technologies. The topics to be covered include but are not limited to:

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Communications and Information theory, multimedia signal processing, communication QoS and performance modelling, crosslayer design and optimization, communication software and services, protocol and algorithms for communications, communication network security, cognitive radio communications and networking, hardware architecture for communications and networking, emerging communication technology and standards, communications layers, internet protocols, internet telephony and VoIP, fading channel, mobile systems, services and applications, indoor communications and WLAN; superhighways, interworking and broadband VPN, spread spectrum communication. Wireless communications and networking, coding for wireless systems, multiuser and multiple access schemes, mobile and portable communications systems, real-time transmission over wireless channels, optical wireless communications, resource allocation over wireless networks, security, authentication, and cryptography for wireless networks, signal processing techniques and tools, wireless traffic and routing, ultra wide-band systems, wireless sensor networks, wireless system architectures and applications, wireless adhoc and sensor networking, cooperative communications and networking, bio-inspired wireless communications systems, broadband wireless access, broadband networking and protocols, internet services, systems and applications, P2P communications and networking, satellite and space communications, vehicular networks, emerging wireless communication technology and standards. Antenna analysis and design, antenna measurement control and testing, smart reconfigurable and adaptive antennas and multiple antenna systems for spatial, polarization, pattern and other diversity applications, novel materials for enhanced performance, Propagation, interaction of electromagnetic waves with discrete and continuous media, radio astronomy and propagation and radiation aspects of terrestrial and spacebased communications, theoretical and computational methods of predicting propagation and sensing, propagation and sensing measurements in all media, interaction of electromagnetic waves with biological tissue, characterization of propagation media and applications of propagation, multipath interference, channel modeling and propagation.

Instructions for submitting a paper

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The journal publishes invited tutorials or critical reviews; original scientific research papers (regular papers), letters to the Editor and research notes which should also be original presenting proposals for a new research, reporting on research in progress or discussing the latest scientific results in advanced fields; short communications and discussions, book reviews, reports from meetings and special issues describing research on all aspects of Communications, Antenna, Propagation and networking technologies. All papers will be subjected to a fast editorial process. Any paper will be published within two months from the submitted date, if it has been accepted. Papers must be correctly formatted, in order to be published. Formatting instructions can be found in the last pages of the Review. An Author guidelines template file can be found at the following web address: www.praiseworthyprize.org/jsm/?journal=irecap

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Manuscripts should be sent via e-mail as attachment in .doc and .pdf formats to: [email protected]

The regular paper page length limit is defined at 15 formatted Review pages, including illustrations, references and author(s) biographies. Pages 16 and above are charged 10 euros per page and payment is a prerequisite for publication.

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Autorizzazione del Tribunale di Napoli n. 17 del 22/03/2011

T IN R EP R 2039-5086(201604)6:2;1-7 Copyright © 2016 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved

Communications Antenna and Propagation

Communications Antenna and Propagation

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