Community Seed Banking: Appropriate Practices ...

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Kent Whealy to preserve heirloom varieties. 1986. PGR Ethiopia, Seed for Survival Program supported by USC,. Canada to re-integrate local varieties in local ...
Community Seed Banking: Appropriate Practices and Solutions for Food Security Bhuwon Sthapit 6-9 October 2015, Chiang Mai, Thailand

Outline  Global challenges  Bioversity Initiatives

 Theory – seed systems, – farmer seed networks and sources, – evolutionary breeding, – resilience  Misconceptions  Case studies  Roles

and gaps

and links

 A way forward

Challenge: Address shrinking diversity Objective: Safeguard priority agricultural biodiversity for current and future needs • Increasing crop yields and improving stress tolerance requires genetic diversity • Intensification of agricultural systems has substantially reduced biodiversity

Threats Continued push towards monocultures; shrinking diversity

Consolidation of seed supply into few, large companies Reduced funds to public sector agricultural research, education and breeding

Consequences Loss of options to meet public and private needs: Biotic and abiotic stress Diet diversity and nutrition Market and cultural demands Ecosystem health and stability

Climate change is already happening

Diseases of concern to the US major crops • Bacteria causing fire blight in apples • Ug99 + related strains of stem rust in wheat • New strains of rice blast disease • Potato blight is re-emerging Qualset and Shands, 2005

We cannot predict which new pest or pathogen will develop or how the rain will fall next year -- but we can use agricultural biodiversity to have a diverse set of crop varieties in agricultural systems to increase the options to buffer against an unpredictable change. This explains Quelle: http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/slides/ppt/05.19.ppt (courtesy Axel Drescher) why on-farm conservation can play key role in future!

Seed system: On-farm management adapt, evolve and buffer (evolutionary breeding) Forest / wild

Farmers Distribution

Gene Bank (ex situ)

Seed 1. Saved own

Planting Cultivation

LOCAL Harvest SYSTEM 90% Storage Breeding

Seed quality control Exchange Market 2. Barter/gift 3. Sale/purchase

Consumption Seed production

FORMAL SYSTEM 10%

[De Boef et al., 2000]

Global context: Access for farmers a secure source of locally adapted seed Country

Crop

Contribution of farmer seed system (source) %

Reference

Burkina Faso

Sorghum

95

Kabore, 2000

Mexico

Maize

75

Ortega-Packka et al., 2000

Morocco

Durum wheat

87

Mellas, 2000

Nepal

Rice

97

Baniya et al., 2003

In India alone-100 million farms-15-20% of them use seed from the regular seed trade; the remaining 80 m farms depend on self saved seed or seed supply from farmers! (Swaminathan, 1998)

Contribution of informal seed sources to livelihood of mountain farmers, Nepal Crops Amaranth Barley Beans

Humla (2000m) 100 100 100

Jumla (2000m) 100 100 85

Lamjung (1500) 100 100 83

Dolkha (1700) 100 97 72

Buckwheat Finger millet Foxtail millet

100 100 100

100 100 100

100 100 100

95 97 97

Perso millet Rice Total

100 96

100 76

100 98

NA 95 GEF LLI-BIRD Baseline survey, 2014

Isolated farmers in the network

[Paudel, Sthapit, & Shrestha 2015. International Journal of Biodiversity, doi:10.1155/2015/312621]

Multi-functionality of farmer seed system: Germplasm base –

diversity, flexibility, selection

Seed production and quality –

germination, disease problems, quantity

Seed availability and distribution –

seed sources, networks, markets

Knowledge and information –

growing methods, utilization, knowledge of materials, traits trade off

new

Complementary Conservation Strategies Integrated Conservation Methods In situ

Community-based conservation



National parks



Protected areas



Biosphere reserves

World

In situ on farm 

Landraces



Folk varieties

Heritage sites

(Forest, Environment and Wildlife departments)

Ex situ on farm

Sacred groves  Community seed bank 

(Tribal and rural families, CBOs)

Ex situ 

Botanical gardens



Zoological gardens



Genebanks

(Government agencies and universities)

http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415708067/

35 Case studies review 25 Countries 

Diverse actors diverse objectives



Differences       



Origin and evolution Functions and activities Governance, management and cost Technical operations Support and networking Policy and legal environment Sustainability

Analysis of new scope, opportunities and partnership 

“Out of box” initiative

Origins and Evolution of Community Seed Banks Timeline 1975 1986 19921996 2003 to date

USA-Based Seed Savers Network established by Diane and Kent Whealy to preserve heirloom varieties PGR Ethiopia, Seed for Survival Program supported by USC, Canada to re-integrate local varieties in local seed system Australian seed networks and seed library in Europe The Philippines by SEARICE and CONSERVE; Brazil, Chile; UBNING, Bangladesh, CTDT Zimbabwe, DDS, ADS, Green Foundation, Gene Campaign and MS Foundation, India, USC Canada-Asia LI-BIRD/Bioversity International/Development Fund Norway/Oxfam, Action Aid etc in number of countries

NGOs are key player in past & now Governments taking interest!

Seed Savers Exchange Network

http://www.seedsavers.net

Conceptual framework: Classification of global community seed banks by functions

Functions

Case study examples (book chapter)

Conservation

Bhutan, Malaysia, Mexico and Rwanda

Access and availability Conservation and Access & Availability

Burundi, Canada, Costa Rica and Uganda Bolivia, Brazil, China, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Mali, Nepal, Nicaragua, South Africa, Sri Lanka, USA, Trinidad, Zimbabwe Bangladesh, Brazil , Nepal and Spain

Conservation; Access & Availability & Seed and food sovereignty

Result: Multiple functions; Diverse actors/Diverse objectives

Governance, Management and Cost •

Legitimacy, and Rules and regulations



Daily operations and management governed by collective actions, social capital building, voluntary work, empowerment



Accountability, transparency and leadership



Roles and responsibilities



Building local capacity



How much it cost to establish CSB?



1000$ to $10000

Technical operation and issues T

Community and site selection

Choosing crop species and varieties Documenting, sharing and communicating information

Bhuwon Sthapit

Collecting seed and planting materials

Storing seed, structure, methods, monitoring Distribution system and tracking

Walter de Boef

Regenerating seed

Choosing crops and varietiesrare/unique

Large areas

Small areas

many households

few households [Sthapit et al., 2006]

Number of households

Distribution of Varieties

Tail of Opportunities

List of varieties

Market Pyramid

Size of the market

International market

National/regional market

Local market

Household level use

Number of varieties or species

Anthracnose

ALS

Richness

Richness

Epsha Palikhe

Diversity to manage disease/ pests

Bhuwon Sthapit

Role: Source of mixture varieties or portfolio of crop diversity

Seed Storage ✤ Goal in storing seeds

is to slow metabolic processes-dry

and cold (sleep) ✤ Maximizing seed longevity: ✤ Start with good

quality seed

✤ Keep

them appropriately dry

✤ Keep

them as cold as possible

✤ Minimize access to air ✤ Minimize changes

Chris

✤ Minimize exposure to light

in conditions

✤ Exclude insects and rodents

doubles for every 1% reduction in seed moisture content and for every 5°C drop in temp.

✤ Short-term

storage: 5–10°C

✤ Long-term

storage: -18°C

[Source: Chris Schmidt, 2013]

B Sthapit

✤ Longevity

Storage Insect Control using Drying Beads

Six months storage With beads Without beads 69% infestation 0% infestation 25

Nepal Case study: A local solution to improve access to quality seed, safeguard of diverse crop varieties, and secure food security

CSBs in Nepal supported by LI-BIRD USC-Canada

14

Oxfam-N

100

N LI-BIRD/Bioversity/ DF DoA

1

Tanahun, 2009 Dhading, 2009

5

Sankhuwasa bha, 2009

1

Kailali, 2007, 08

1 Nawalpar asi, 2009

No. of CSBs established

Bara, 2003

Legend

2003

1

2007

3

Mid to high hill (2)

2008

3

Low to Mid hill (2)

2009

7

Low land terai (10)

14

1 Jhapa, 2009

Typologies

+

PGRfocused

Local varieties only (regeneration, conservation at the cost of food insecurity)

Integrated approach

Both LRs and MVs (conservation and food security goal addressed)

Seedfocused

MVs only (seed for food, food security enhanced at the cost of agrobiodiversity loss)

[Source: PC Chaudhary, 2012 LI-BIRD]

Hypothesis and research questions 









 

Whether or not CSB improve access of unique, endangered and rare local varieties? Whether CSB improve equitable access of seed to marginalized and poor smallholder farmers? Whether CSBs address farmer’s concern of seed accessibility or availability or both? Are CSBs relevant and appropriate interventions where social seed networks are strong, open and well-connected? Whether CSBs can be a platform of open source of seed exchange and social learning? What are key drivers of success and failures ? What are key principles that ensure sustainability of CSBs after completion of the project?

Community Driver: Rapid erosion of rice landraces in Kochorwa, Bara (Shrinking local crop diversity and options) Year of study and type

No. of LRs/MVs

No. of growers

% of area occupied by

LRs

MVs

LRs

MVs

LRs

MVs

Baseline 1998 (n=202 HHs)

33

20

137

-

16.7

83.3

CBR 2003 (n=349 HHs)

14

26

111

-

3.4

96.6

Note: LRs=Landrace, MVs=Modern varieties, HHs=Households, CBR=Community biodiversity Register

[Source: Adapted and modified from Rana et al., 2000]

Community Driver: Weakening social seed networks

ma su li Purc hase

K. m an s uli Exc han ge

Cha ndin a Bor r ow

ma n suli Gif t

M as ul Ex a ch an ge

Nat

R. m a suli Purc hase

4 ge an

Ch ina

li

200

102

Exchange

199

Exchange C Ex hin ch a 4 an ge

Ex ch

S. M ansu li Exc hang e

Sab it Exc ri h an ge

164

22

Jaya change Ex Exc Jaya han ge

163

112

27

Mansuli Gift

uli an s am Son t Gif

OS 106

28

117

China 4 Exchange

118

122 ite 2 Cha t Gif

106

30

Chand Purcha ina se 111 Jaya ange Exch

China 4 se Purcha

125

33

128

124

Masula Exchange

4

121

110

la Masu ange Exch

62

ge

a Ja y a n g e h Exc

S Pu okan rch a se

Ex cha n

57

Exchange

72

Shop

nge

Jaya

108

165

Exch a

ange Exch

Exchange

Ch ina

1099

109

Jaya

20

Sabit ri

OS

N. mansuli

166 Jaya Ex J change Ex aya ch an ge

n visio Tele ge han Exc

167

a Ja y ge han Exc

Kanchhi mansuli Borrow

Purchase

Masula

Gift

Masula

li ans u im chh

Gif t

Kan

S. Ex m a ch n s an uli ge

78

Chia n4 Exch an g e

Exchan ge

N Ex at m cha a n gn suli e

64

120

103

Exchange

21

44 nge a ch Ex

Ex nsu ch li an ge

Ind

China 4

18

148

Sabit ri Purc hase

ti ma b as sa Pu ase rch u P Sona mansu li Gift

105

N. sa ro Purc hase

Ch i na 4 Ex ch an ge

Pur ch

a 32 Rad h

ase

suli S. man

se

ch a

168

OS

Chandina

RS

188 China 4 ExchaSnge . man suli S. ma Gift

119 113

Nat

Masula

Gift

Chin a4 Exc h an ge Sab Bo itri rro w China 4 Borrow

Masula

14 42 BG

Pu r

Sabitri Exchange

Masula Exchange

Jay a Ex ch an ge

ange

China 4

Exch

Ph i Pu llips rc ha se ula Ma s ge h an Exc

itri Sab nge ch a Ex Sab itri Exc h an ge

Exchange

C Ex hin ch a 4 an ge

Masula

Gift

Mansuli Purchase

K. man suli Excha nge

Gift

China 4

a4 Chin Gift

Jaya

Exchange

Exchange

China 4

Son am ans Pur uli cha se

Exchange

118

B

19

99

ina Chand se Purcha

Basmati Exchange

OS

li su an M ft Gi

tri bi ge Sa han c Ex

24

a din an Ch w rr o Bo

s ip il l e Ph ang ch Ex

Lalsar Exchange 4 Chi na nge Excha

la e asu M h an g c Ex

43

li

107

uli ans e S. m chang Ex

OS

68

u a ns S. m t Gif

Ind

Masula Exchange

R. Mansu

la 149 Masu ange Exch

a e ul as n g M cha Ex

Gift

li su

li

B 44

77

e

ge

Ind

OS

96

Exchange

104 li nsu ma t K. Gif Ba s Ex mati ch a nge

Masula

98 i sul

OS

an su

49

12

(71) Faram ange Exch

ya ge Ja han c Ex

li nsu nge

114

Gi ft

116 115

Ind

Ind

S. m

ange suli Rampur man Trial

10

92

Exchange

80

n cha Ex

Exch

uli S. mans Gi ft

ch a Ex

RS

suli

Masula

15

Jaya ange Exch

154

Son am an

OS

87

7

201

ro hi sa Nak e hang Exc

8

ge

n ma S.

Ind

Jiri Borrow

bi

g han Exc

OS

4 169 i na w Ch orro B

li ansu K. m ange Exch

45

OS

ja Pan

58

86

Ind

170

a4 Chin ge an Exch

OS

RS

Ma

OS

OS

RS

uli 100 ns ma ge an h c Ex

Ex Sab cha itri nge

K. ma n Ex cha suli nge Sabit ri Purchase li ansu S. m ase Purch

84

a ndin Cha ow Borr

4

OS

2

172

159 la Masu hange Exc

li su an m ge n a an So xch E

17

3

Masula Gift

171

174

54 101

na So

70

81

t ri bi ge Sa an ch Ex

OS 102

Ind

83

e r am an g Fa xch E Rampu r man suli Gift

173

56

ina Chand ge Exchan

160

Ind

202

85

79

an Exch

1

a4 Chin t Gif

129

59

la Masu

187

BG 14 Gi 42 ft

OS

Mutmur Exchange

82

ite 4 Cha Gift

67

a4 in Ch ge an ch Ex

179

uli

ange

OS ya hi pa ge Di an ch Ex

ge

li

119

120

S. m as

Exch

130

Masul a Exchange

34

186

195

RS

an im

mansuli Exchange

Ind

90

Masul a Excha nge

OS

75

an ch Ex

Gift

m as ula Exc h an ge a sul a t m ange a N ch Ex

16 Sabitr i Excha nge

Nat

a e ul as n g M cha Ex

25

nsu ma S. ge an

uli ns ma S. ft Gi

4

la asu ge OS tm an Na a ch ul Ex as n Ch 64 o m ift i i na Ex at vis G e N c 4 l ha Lajhi ge Te ng an e 181 Exch 60 Purchase Sab Bo itri rro w OS

180

S. mansuli Exchange

50 li su e an ng m ha S. xc E S.

ch Ex

hin a

197

h ch

184 121

Gi ft

91

S Ex ona ma ch an ge nsul i

masino Pokhreli 88 C Exchange

5

Ind

n Ka

nge

H urc ybrid h as e China 4 Gift 4 i na Ch ift G

a sul

Ind P

65

Jaya nge Excha

127

196

ps hilli 4, P Gift

li Na mansu OS tm Sona asu Ex nge la ch a Excha Ind nge Sabitri 11 ya e asul a Exchange Ja has la, m 97 ansu rc Pu Sona m ange Exch

Ma

89

a Chin

Masul a 41 Exchange

146

Exchange

183

144

145

Ma sul Pu a rch ase

J Ex aya ch a N. masul ange

182

a4 Chin Gift

Ind

OS

OS

126

a ge ul as an M xch E

K. m ansuli Excha nge 31 j

a nk pa ni Ra Gift

Ind

6

China 4 37 Exchange

ge Exchan

71 China 4

4 i na Ch Gift

Chi na 4 Excha nge

China 4

OS

OS

ch a Ex

136

4 ina ge Ch chan Ex

137

OS

OS

itri Sab hange c Ex

OS

Rampur masuli

Commercial area: Vulnerable to climate change and adversity

Non-commercial: Resilient to climate change

Chaite 2

RS

Trial

[Paudel D, Sthapit BR and P Shrestha 2015. An Analysis of Social Seed Network and Its Contribution to On-Farm Conservation of Crop Genetic Diversity in Nepal," International Journal of Biodiversity, vol. 2015, Article ID 312621, 13 pages, 2015. doi:10.1155/2015/312621]

Results: Improve access of local varieties for poor smallholder farmers and social equity

Improve access to landraces: Pro-poor women farmers Year

Number of farmers of different socioeconomic

No. of landrace

Seed (Kg)

Rich

Medium

Poor

Total

2007

23 (23)

34 (33)

45 (44)

102

28

103

2006

7 (11)

25 (39)

32 (50)

64

21

80

2005

17 (20)

37 (42)

33 (38)

87

23

197

2004

6 (17)

14 (40)

15 (43)

35

13

69

2003

5 (12)

19 (48)

16 (40)

40

11

87

[Source: Pitambar Shrestha and BR Sthapit, 2008]

Results: Improve income by seed multiplication and sale of modern varieties

Improve income to safeguard local crops and varieties Year

Number of farmers of different socioeconomic

No. of MV

Seed (Kg)

Total # 2015

309

3

12296

2014

221

3

6100

2013

159

3

5281

2007

162

2

3269

2006

135

1

3655

[Source: CSB data record, Bara, 2015]

Transferring 900 accessions of Community seed banks to National Gene bank, Nepal

35

Emerging roles of Community seed bank in seed relief and reiving local seed system

9750 kg truthfully labelled rice seeds supplied to suitable earthquake affected areas

Income for a single CSB: USD 3600 (NPR 358,750) Pride: Able to help earthquake affected families

(Credit: P Shrestha, LI-BIRD)

Participatory seed exchange at the meeting held in community seed bank

Improved access to unique materials and information to wider groups (Diversity kits) Luffa cylindrica L. •

Good practices



Diversity fairs



Diversity blocks



Diversity kits



CBR



Community seed bank

1998 Rare

Traits: aroma, taste, delayed net

1998 1 HH Diversity fair 2000 Diversity block 7HH 2001 70 Diversity kits 2002 195 HHs

2002 Common

Improved access by community actions; many examples

Big task shared by many citizens:

N=>2100

Strengthening local capacity for management of local crop diversity for rural livelihoods and income National Genebank

Community biodiversity register; Community seed bank

Formal Breeding

Options • VA • PPB

Diversity fair/ block* Household seed store

Farmer’s seed System (on-farm)

Community-based PGR management (Source: Sthapit and Jarvis, 1999)

Overarching principles: Role of CSB

1

Knowledge

Site & community selection Understanding the local context

Practice

CBM

Institution

Principles Social learning

Mobilize CBM fund

3

Raising awareness

“Let local lead to drive the CBM process”

1: Build upon local innovations, practices & resources

2: Diversifying biodiversityInstitutional based livelihood options modalities 3: A platform social learning and collective action 4: Let local lead

Develop & implement action plan

Capacities & skills

Sustainability, innovation & resilience

Take home message • • • • • • •

New roles of community seed banks and national gene banks are emerging and new scope and opportunities Cultivate partnership for creating space for country specific innovation in this field Misconception-let’s science drive the process of understanding and appreciating Strengthen technical capacity of community seed banks (introduce * system by NGB) Link to PPB/PVS and crowdsourcing approach Policy space for CSB (Seed regulatory framework, Farmer’s Rights, ABS/Nagoya protocol) Potential platform of community biodiversity management and social learning and change (institutional issue)