INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BUSINESS, SOCIAL AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ISSN: 2309-7892, Volume: 4, Issue: 1, Page: 32-36, October-December 2015 z
COMPARATIVE VEGETATION STUDY OF PARTHENIUM GROWING AND NON-GROWING REGION OF RAJSHAHI CITY CORPORATION, BANGLADESH Tamanna Afrin1, Sayeed Shahriyar *2 and Soleh Akram3 Tamanna Afrin, Sayeed Shahriyar and Soleh Akram (2015) Comparative vegetation study of Parthenium growing and non-growing region of Rajshahi City Corporation, Bangladesh. Int. J. Bus. Soc. Sci. Res. 4(1): 32-36. Retrieve from http://www.ijbssr.com/currentissueview/14013123 Received Date: 09/09/2015
Acceptance Date: 08/10/2015
Published Date: 09/10/2015
Abstract The field study was conducted in three areas of Rajshahi City Corporation during March to August, 2014 to investigate the vegetative growth potentials of parthenium on the basis of different plant species and land. Parthenium hysterophorus L. is a weed of Asteraceae family possesses both scopes and hazards. This weed is mostly known for its harmful roles as environmental, medical and agricultural hazards. Parthenium contributes many health benefits, bioremediation, aquatic weeds eradication, use as biofuel and biopesticide. In this study high coverage of parthenium was found at the perennial barren and waste land. At Talaimari region both Cassia tora and Euphorbia hirta were highest (96%) in abundance where Parthenium did not invade but 82% and 96% respectively at the invaded region. In case of the area of University of Rajshahi Imperata cylindrical (100%) at parthenium non invaded region and Euphorbia hirta (94%) after parthenium (100%). At Shyampur area Trifolia repens was highest (100%) in abundance at both parthenium invaded and noninvaded area and Euphorbia hirta, Imperata cylindrical and parthenium were abundant at100%. The study facilitates the beneficial use and hazard management as well as taking effective control measures of parthenium in Rajshahi City Corporation.
Key words: Parthenium, weed, invasive, City Corporation. Introduction Parthenium hysterophorus L. referred to as Parthenium is an obnoxious invasive weed from tropical America that has spread to various tropical and subtropical parts of the world. It is rated as one of the most serious weeds of the 20thcentury and also as a biological pollutant because of its adverse effects on human health. Parthenium is a weed of global importance (Adkins et al. 1996). Owing to its invasive nature, the weed is included in the Global Invasive Species database of IUCN. Invasive species are recognized as one of the major threats to native species and ecosystems around the world (Kathiresan 2004). Invasive species are of concern because of their capability of spreading fast, their high competitiveness and ability to colonize new areas within short periods. Parthenium is of particular concern because of its invasive and allelopathic properties: (1) It is an aggressive colonizer that gets established in natural and manmade ecosystems, grassland habitats, open woodlands, river banks, flood plains, wildlife parks, open fields of settlements areas, bare areas along roadsides, crop fields, gardens heavily stocked areas around yards and watering points etc. (McFadyen, 1992; Chippendale and Panetta 1994; Tamado and Milberg 2004; Pandey et al. 2003; Tiwari et al. 2005); (2) it produces large amounts of seeds and thus, it has the potential to become widespread; (3) the allelochemicals released directly from the weed or from seed leaching inhibit germination of other plants and the growth of pasture grasses, legumes, cereals, vegetables, other weeds, and even trees (Oudhia 2000a; Batish et al. 2002b; Singh et al. 2003); (4) it induces changes in the physical and chemical properties of soil such as soil texture, soil pH, soil organic matter, soil nitrogen, soil potassium, soil phosphorus etc. (Bhowmi, et al., 2007); (5) it is noxious and unpalatable to herbivores; (6) it replaces rangelands palatable grasses and adversely effecting animals health damaging milk and meat quality (Tudor et al.1982; Kohli and Rani 1994; Anonymous, 2000; Ayele, 2007; Wegari, 2008); (7) manual removal is difficult because it may cause dermatitis, hay fever, asthma, allergic and even death in humans (Navie et al., 1996; Evans, 1997; Oudhia, 2001a; Bhowmik et al. 2007). Bangladesh is agro-based country. The people of this country are depending upon different kinds of crops, which are grown by the farmers of our country. But most of those farmers are illiterate. So, we have to identify the impact of the invasive alien species of different lands in Bangladesh. Parthenium is harmful for farming, food chain, human health and also for livestock animals. It is a killer weed which is very harmful but spreading quite fast in our country. Although a *Corresponding Authors Email:
[email protected] 1Department of Botany, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. 2Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh. 3Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh.
Afrin et al.
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number of studies on the impacts of Parthenium weed have been done in other counties but most of the peoples of Bangladesh do not know about Parthenium problem. Its main impacts are upon agricultural and natural ecosystem production and university and on human and animal health. No single method alone has been effective in its management, although integrated management approaches have measurable impact. The present study was undertaken to study the ecological threat of Parthenium within Rajshahi City Corporation. Materials and method Three Study sites were selected in the Rajshahi City Corporation. The names of these areas are: A) Talaimary, B) In front of University of Rajshahi, C) Plain cropland in Shaympur, Rajshahi near weather forecasting center. All sites were divided into two classes as Parthenium invaded and non invaded areas. The studied area enjoys tropical monsoon climate characterized by a hot summer season, a warm humid rainy season. In extends from May to August receiving average monthly rain fall of 155.4 mm. The total annual rainfall during the survey period (August-2014) was 18-311.7 mm. The relative humidity varied from season to season. The maximum value (68-87%) was measured in May to August 2014. In extends from May to August receiving average monthly maximum temp of 35.23°c and minimum temp 26.43°C. The vegetation survey method used in the present survey was point quadrates taken at random. The experimental work consisted of two basic methodological approaches: 1. Field observation and Survey work a) Sampling of vegetation Vegetation surveyed by point quadrate. Each point quadrate had 10 vertical spokes touching the ground layer plants. The data were collected and recorded from all the three sites. b) Treatment of phytosociological data The phytosociological characters of an individual stand or concrete community may conveniently be grouped in categories viz, quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative characters of plants obtained by quadrate methods indicate number of individuals, their sizes and the space they occupy. 2. The analytic character The analytic character viz., frequency, relative frequency, density, relative density, abundance, relative abundance and importance value index (IVI) of the plant species involved were calculated by using the following formula:
Frequency (F) =
×100
This value is an expression of the % of sample plots in which the species occurs and shows how widely the species concerned is distributed in the plots studied.
Relative frequency (R.F.) =
( )
This value indicates the dispersion or distribution pattern of species in relation to that of all other species. Density (D) =
Density of a species is an average value indicating the number of individual, of that species per quadrate. It is an absolute expression and when combined with frequency it becomes a useful value (Oosting, 1956).
Relative density (R.D.) =
×100
It is the number individual plants of a species expressed in percentage on basis of the total number of plants found in the plots studied. It is also called percentage abundance value. Abundance (A):
Abundances refer actually to average number of plants of population in those quadrates in which a given species occurred. Relative abundance (R.A.) =
×100
Importance value of index (IVI) Importance value index (IVI) was determined by adding relative frequency, relative density and relative abundance values. IVI= R.F. +R.D. +R.A.
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Comparative vegetation study of Parthenium
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It is a parameter that expresses the relative status of different plant population in the community involved. A species with higher IVI is considered as the characteristic species of the community. Results Talaimari Table 1. Frequency (%) of plant species in Parthenium non-invaded and invaded areas at Talaimari S.N.
Name of the Species
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
Parthenium hysterophorus Cynodon dactylon Clerodendrum viscosum Cassia tora Euphorbia hirta Mimosa pudica Scoparia dulcis Sida cordifolia Xanthium strumarium Centella asiatica Ageratum conyzoides Phyllunthus urinaria Oxalis corniculata
Parthenium Noninvaded 0 92 64 96 96 48 54 54 0 6 50 48 14
Parthenium invaded 100 70 6 82 94 22 16 18 36 0 12 0 0
In front of Campus Table 2. Frequency (%) of plant species in Parthenium non-invaded and invaded areas in front of University of Rajshahi S.N. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
Name of the Species Ageratum conyzoides Borreria articularis Cassia tora Centella asiatica Chrysophogon aciculatus Cynodon dactylon Euphorbia hirta Imperata cylindrica Mimosa pudica Parthenium hysterohorus Paspalidium flavidum Phyllunthus urinaria Scoparia dulcis
Parthenium non Invaded 96 68 96 68 90 92 96 100 48 0 94 48 54
Parthenium Invaded 16 0 82 0 74 70 94 80 22 100 30 0 16
In front of Weather forecasting office in Shaympur, Motihar Table 3. Frequency (%) of Plant species in Parthenium non-invaded and invaded areas at Shaympur S.N. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
Name of the Species Ageratum conyzoides Borreria alata Cassia tora Centella asiatica Chrysopogon aciculatus Clerodendrum viscosum Cynodon dactylon Eleusine indica Euphorbia hirta Imperata cylindrica Mimosa pudica Oxalis corniculata Parthenium hysterophorus Phyllanthus urinaria
Parthenium Non-invaded 50 74 76 6 98 64 54 74 40 98 18 14 0 6 http://www.ijbssr.com
Parthenium invaded 12 52 20 0 44 6 46 14 100 100 50 0 100 0
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Table 04: Phytosociologcal analysis of data.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
-
7
-
5
6
-
5
1
-
-
3
4
-
-
5
-
-
2
IVI= R.F+R.d+R.A
8
Relative % of Cover
4
10
Relative Abundance (%)
10
9
Relative Density (%)
7
Relative Frequancy (%)
6
percentage of cover
5
Abundance
4
Density
3
Frequancy (%)
2
Total no. of individuals
2. 3.
Partheniumh ysterophorus Cassia alota Clerodendru m viscosum Cynodon dactylon Phyllunthus urinaria Chrysopogon aciculatus Euphorbia hirta Mimosa pudica Imperata cylindrica Scoparia dulcis Trifolium repens Xanthium strunarium Ageratum Conyziodes Vitis trifolia
1
Quadrate where
1.
Name of Species
Total no. of points
S.N
Total no. of Quadrates
No of Samle plots
-
-
-
10
100
5
36
50
3.6
7.2
5
9.80
20.80
17.29
9.80
47.89
2
1
-
10
100
6
16
60
1.6
2.66
6
11.76
9.24
6.39
11.76
27.42
-
-
-
10
100
3
11
30
1.1
3.66
3
5.88
6.35
8.79
5.88
21.02
8
10
-
-
10
-
1
-
8
-
9
10
100
5
38
50
3.8
7.6
5
9.80
21.96
18.26
9.80
50.02
-
3
2
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
10
100
3
6
30
0.6
2
3
5.88
3.46
4.80
5.88
14.14
2
-
4
-
-
3
-
-
7
-
10
100
4
16
40
1.6
4
4
7.84
9.24
9.61
7.84
26.69
8
-
-
6
-
-
5
-
-
2
10
100
4
21
40
2.1
5.25
4
7.84
12.13
12.61
7.84
32.58
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
10
100
1
2
10
0.2
2
2
3.92
1.15
2.40
3.22
7.47
1
-
-
-
3
-
-
2
-
-
10
100
3
6
30
0.6
2
3
5.88
3.46
4.80
5.88
14.14
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
10
100
1
2
10
.02
2
2
3.92
1.15
2.40
3.92
7.47
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
10
100
1
3
10
0.3
3
3
5.88
1.73
2.40
5.88
10.01
2
-
-
2
-
-
4
-
-
1
10
100
4
9
40
0.9
2.25
4
7.84
5.20
5.40
7.84
18.44
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
10
100
2
2
20
0.2
1
2
3.92
14.15
2.40
3.92
7.47
2
-
-
1
-
-
2
-
-
-
10
100
3
30 510
0.5 17.3
5
9.80
2.89
2.40
9.80
15.09
5 Total
1.66 41.62
Discussions Among the 64 species of 25 angiospermic families recorded in the surveyed area, 10 belonged to family Asteraceae. All these species exhibited 30-90% prevalence and absolute frequency of 6-37% showing that the prevailing environmental conditions of the area are highly conducive for the distribution and growth of Asteraceous species. The environment is especially well suitable for the alien weed Parthenium that exhibited 90% prevalence. During this short period it has become one of the most frequently occurring and densely populated weeds in the studied area. This weed is also reported to be rapidly spreading in parts of Khyber Pakhtoon Khaw and Kashmir (Javaid and Anjum 2005). According to this observation, it was found that some species may grow easily with equivalent power to parthenium. As for example, Parthenium hystero phorus (100%), Cassia tora (82%), Trifolium repens (90%), Imperata cylindrica (80%), Euphorbia hirta (100%), Cynodon dactylon (70%). On the other hand, in some areas we saw that parthenium grow abundantly, whereas there was not a single another species. As for example- Centella asiatica (0%), Phyllunthus Urinaria (0%), Oxaliscorniculata (0%), Borreriaarticularis(0%). In some of rare areas, it was found that few species may grow at a very poor percentage within parthenium growing area as per my recovery. Ageratum conyzoido (16%), Mimosa pudica (22%), Paspalidium Flavedum (30%), Scoparia duldis (16%) Eleusine indica (14%) Clerodendrum viscosum (6%). Many factors are responsible for rapid spread of Parthenium in Bangladesh. The most important factor is the very high seed producing habit of this weed species. It can produce up to 25,000 seeds per plant (Navie et al., 1996), and may have an enormous seed bank, estimated at 200,000 seeds m-2 in abandoned fields (Joshi 1991). Parthenium is very fast maturing annual, generally plants commence flowering when they are 4 to 8 weeks old and may flower for several months. Allopathic nature of Parthenium also plays an important role in its rapid spread and colonization in an area. It inhibits the germination and growth of neighboring plants by releasing various allelochemicals such as water soluble phenolics and sesquiterpene lactones including parthenin and coronopilin (Belz et al., 2009). The lack of natural enemies of this weed in Bangladesh is also contributing to a large extent in the rapid spread of this weed in Bangladesh. There is an urgent need to take appropriate measures to contain further spread of this alien invasive weed in the area. Conclusions Rangelands, roadsides, waste lands, playgrounds, industrial areas and governments’ tenure lands were under the risk of high invasion of Parthenium. Species richness decreased from the Parthenium non invaded plots to invaded plots. Species richness declined with increasing Parthenium density within the invaded area. Parthenium density at Shaympur site was the highest record in Rajshahi and might be highest in the world indicating that the habitat was most favorable for this weed. Parthenium was responsible for health problems in cattle and human beings such as skin allergies, wounds, boils, eye http://www.ijbssr.com
Comparative vegetation study of Parthenium
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redness, wound around the mouth, loss of thirst and loss of appetite directly or indirectly. Feeding of the fodder from Parthenium invaded area spoiled both the quality and the quantity of milk and meat. Due to serious problems faced by local people, they were enthusiastic to participate in any effort to control Parthenium. This is a high time for coordinated and integrated effort for controlling Parthenium invasion to protect our native ecosystem and subsistence agroeconomy. Acknowledgement Authors are grateful to Department of Botany, University of Rajshahi. References Adkins, S.W., Sowerby, M.S., (1996). Allelopathic potential of the weed, Parthenium hysterophorus L. in Australia, Plant Protection Quaterly, 11, 20-23. Anonymous. (2000). Weeds of National Significance. Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) Strategic plan. National Weeds Strategy Executive Committee, Launceston, pp. 19. Ayele, S. (2007). The Impact of Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) on the Range Ecosystem Dynamics of the Jijiga Rangeland, Ethiopia [M. A. Dissertation] Department of Animal Sciences, School of Graduate Studies, Haramaya University. pp. 117. Batish, D.R., Sing, H.P., Saxena, D.B., Kohli, R.K., Arrora, V. (2002b).Effect of Parthenin-a Sesquiterpene lactone from Parthenium hysterophorus L., on early growth and physiology of Ageratum conyzoides. Journal of Chememical, 28, 2169-2179. Belz, R.G., Reinhardtb, C.F., Foxcroftc, C.L., Hurlea, K. (2009). Residue allelopathy in Parthenium hysterophorus L.—Does parthenin play a leading role? Crop Protection, 26(3), 237-245. Bhowmik, P.C., Sarkar, D., Yaduraju, N.T. (2007).The status of Parthenium hysterophorus L. and its potential management.Ecoprint, 14, 1-17. Chippendale, J.F., Panetta, F.D., (1994). The cost of Parthenium weed in Australia Cattle industry, Plant Protection Quarterly, 9, 73-76. Evans, H.C. (1997). Parthenium hysterophorus: a review of its weed status and the possibilities for biological control, Biocontrol, 18 (3), 89-98. Javaid, A., Anjum, T., Bajwa, R. (2005). Biological control of Parthenium. II: Allelopathic effect of Desmostachya bipinnata on distribution and earlyseedling growth of Parthenium hysterophorus L. International Journal of Biology & Biotechnology, 2(2), 459-463. Joshi, S. (1991). Interference effects of Cassia uniflora Mill on Parthenium hysterophorous L., Plant and Soil, 132, 213-218. Kathiresan, R.M. (2004). Invasive weeds in agro-ecosystems of South India [Abstracts]. In: National Workshop on Invasive Alien species and Biodiversity in India, Banaras Hindu University, Vanarasi, India, pp. 149. Kohli, R.K., Rani, D. (1994). Parthenium hysterophorus L. -a review.Research Bulletin (Science) (Panjab University), 44, 105-149. McFadyen, R.E. (1992). Biological controls against Parthenium weed in Australia. Crop Protection, 11, 400-407. Navie, S.C., McFadyen, R.E., Panetta, F.D., Adkins, S.W. (1996). The biology of Australian weeds 27. Parthenium hyterophorous L. Plant Protection Quaterly, 11, 7688. Oosting, H.J., (1956). The study of plant communities. W. H. Freeman Co., San Francisco, California, USA. Oudhia, P. (2001a).Parthenium hysterophorus L.: Traditional Medicinal Uses. Oudhia, P. (2000a). Allelopathic effect of some obnoxious weeds on germination of soybean.Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 5(3), 295-296. Pandey, D.K., Pani, L.M.S., Joshi, S.C. (2003). Growth, reproduction and photosynthesis of ragweed Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.). Weed Science, 51,191-201. Singh, H.B., Batish, D.R., Pandher, J.K., Kohli, R.K. (2003). Assessment of allelopathic properties of Parthenium hysterophorus L. residues.Agricultural Ecosystem and Environment, 95(2-3), 537-541. Tiwari, S., Adhikari, B., Siwakoti, M., Subedi, K. (2005). An Inventory and Assessment of Invasive Alien Plant Species of Nepal.IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Nepal, Pp.115. Tamado, T., Milberg, P. (2004). Control of Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). In the small holder farming system in eastern Ethopia.Weed Technology, 18, 100-105. Tudor, G.D., Ford, A.L., Armstrong, T.R., Bromage, E.K. (1982). Taints in meat from sheep grazing Parthenium weed. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, 22(115), 43-46. Wegari, K.E. (2008). Perceived Socio-Economic Impact of Parthenium Weed and Its Effect on Crop Production in Babile, Haramaya and Tulo Districts, East and West Hararge Zone, Ethiopia.[M. A. Dissertation] Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, School of Graduate Studies Haramaya University, pp. 88.
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