Journal of Clinical Psychology
- .
Vol. 2, No. 2 (6), Summer 2010
1389
"/
# 3(6 6 6) 2 1 2. 30
Pages: 27-35
%-
27 -35 := >?
! "# $ , ' +%& ' ( ) " & * Comparison of the Effectiveness of Holistic Multidimensional Treatment Model (HMTM) and Applied Behavioral Analysis Approach (ABA) in Treatment of Children with ASD 89/6/31 :
89/3/23 :
Mashhadi, A.*Ph. D., Soltanifar, A. M. D., Hojati, M. M. A., Reebye, P. M. D., Hosainzadeh- Maleki, Z. M. A.
*** %&' (
! "#$
**
*
***** + , -. /*0' - 1. **** )
, *+2
Abstract
:"33 4
Introduction: Currently, several approaches have been presented for treatment of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of Holistic Multidimensional Treatment Model (HMTM) with Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) in the improvement of clinical symptoms of children with autism spectrum disorder. Method: The present study had a Quasi experimental design. The sample included 20 children who were assigned with convenience sampling and randomly divided to 2 groups of ABA (8 boys and 2 girls) and HMTM (7 boys and 3 girls).The diagnosis was made by a child psychiatrist based on DSM-IV-TR criteria and using Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADIR) and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS). Then the children were referred to Noore Hedayat center for the treatment. Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), Bender Gestalt Test, Draw-A-Man Test Goodenough, Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices Test for children ,Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS) and performance charts of children based on their videotaped behaviors were used. Data analysis was done using ANCOVA test. Results: Findings showed that in spite of more effectiveness of HMTM compared to ABA, the differences of standard tests except Bender Gestalt Test and performance charts were not significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, HMTM at least had the equal effectiveness to ABA in the treatment of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Further researches are needed to compare the effectiveness of these 2 methods without limitations which occurred in this research. Keywords: Autistic Spectrum Disorders, Holistic Multidimensional Treatment Model (HMTM), Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA).
*Correspondence E-mail:
[email protected]
)*
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
c( !+ . 6O HMTM ( " , 1d ,- . 4 () * ( < e; Y
; 6 $"V* [ $Z ! &'. ,>"V* ( !( - ** 2> S = [ $Z , . Y C$ 4
@, " ( ! &'. T
9'.
***
,>"V* ( !( - ****
Y ?' Y ?' , ( ; ! &'. , " ( " , "
9'.
*****
...
- (V : .49 3 C a %?" ( OI & C ,/ ;"* b]9 :& c+( d. - ( ;( : +/ : F . U " " / 8 " & # ;9 +?* " I ;B 4BF &e A & 6/ - # A& .[10] C "C ( !"# : ( ? : = ( OI :- / ;* F 7 ,/ " I 9 "5 &?./ ( (ABA) "5 &?./ .[11 87] (CTM)10 [ F - 9 ' C f - "9 # (ABA) g( : . C 11 & 9 &$ - 9 ' C f &$ - 3 e"9 h ?] * +"F ( "5 R H5 "5 V- 9 ( "5 R( 09 (4 / "5 - 9 V # &; / f - 3 e"9 &?./ Q i$ : .C 12 "5 ( &I ( &I :&& / "5 Q i i$ C i, W h " W A! (A B ; 13g ( 14 I j# * W "5 ? 5 \ ]9 "5 ?# i 9 i $ . C &$3R( * +"F h ?] ( "5 R H5 ' . C F "5 V- 9 h ( "5 / C &$35 "5 b]9 ?# F :& c+( . C 3 &, 9 H& 15 ( & &I L&+ / H& &C- 4BF Lk ( ;( ?+F - . C i , "5 leT YI "5 &?./ 4BF (ABA) 3 + 3 e"9 ( !"# : !"; 16 (RC V- D (3 &C / 8 [] 9- Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) 10- Comprehensive Treatment Models(CTM) 11- Skinner Operant Conditioning 12- functional analysis 13- target behavior 14- baseline 15- follow up 16- Discrete Trial Training (DTT) 1389
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` / ;( 9: "5 V- 9 ( "5 R( 1
1- Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) 2- neurodevelopmental disorders 3- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV-TR) American Psychiatric Association 4- autistic Disorder 5- Asperger’s Disorder 6- Rett’s Disorder 7- Childhood Disintegrative Disorder 8- Prevasive Developmental Disorder Non otherwise(PDD Nos)
(6 )2 2 JCP, Vol. 2, No 2 (6), Summer 2010
7
+(
: 3 +( [15 814 813 812 811 87] A; ,/ ( ( !"# %&' !"; 3C h " 4&+( F/ . $ # - mI 3 # W (- & 09 " x x : "+B * W !"# E& / +C 3- T : 11 " & 8: A # 3 ( a A 9t - & :& c+( ( &C4; : R( OI : . (V ;B # ?# ( 3- T F ( OI A & - 3 e"9 @A 8[ F - ( $O ( ",T ) ? T Q * W -1 : C [7 3 e"9 i +/ 9 C "5 $ k + F "# C 8 ,&( 8 e' * ( $O F * W ( -2 . &$ W C "5 $ k 5 1. -3 . 45 # 5 ( $O p 9 4& p T e' * P&+* = ;/ & 6/ & 83 # 9 - W = C &7 V YI 8 ( $ A! / V- D & 6/ -4 . U C & T -W z 5 R&I : 3 C "# D L&( e 4&;o/ &$ 8W 4&? 7 5 ( & 6/ -5 . * +"F j&. V- D 3 &C : " W ( $ A f / & 6/ - 6 . (3 # H$ -7 . ' ;/ - "# C - 15 ( 3 " $ A f C- D B9! 4C B ` / 4BF V!/ (3 # " W A &&Z/ 4; B D +"* 0?F .3 " $ A f 3 # C- D L&( e :&+? 4;o p T , i V- D -10 & 6/ W 4; L? p T g(: - 3 e"9 -11 . ,&" L& " ( C , ({ b]9 L" &9 30- Holestic Multidimensional Treatment Model (HMTM) 1389
B
?*
V- D 818 . (n9 I V- D 817 +S m / 3 C 20 1/ ;/ ' ;/ L" &9 819 ! "5 4BF 3 e"9 ? :& .[10] F ( OI A & L &/ ( ( . C (CTM) [ F * +, 3 &$ (CTM) [ F &$ &"9 k C (: +/ ./ & 6/ ( !"# : !"; " & 3 C T ' B D ?f ( 9 /3 " $ 22 21 * ( : [12] + - F .[7] 23 4 !* A!# j9 / %&f / / o . C "# C D 3 U i 26 25 3 C p 824 ) X' -3 Q ( : . "e( s!o ) 5 8( 9 Q o "# C $ ( et sX + (4* 9 25 ( "CY$ 9 30 ' . C 9 / F ( "C F (CTM) [ F u 3- T : (45 &I - 3 e"9 3 / "5 V " $ ( 849 3 / F ( ?+F - . ( a : $ # 3v I / (CTM) [ F 27 9t 0 7 & e& 3 8 p 3 # ? C- D ' ;/ 9t 8(TEACCH) 7 " IW ./ (R( OI . 3 C 49 3 C i , ( : - w 1# / 17- Incidental Teaching (IT) 18- Pivotal Response Training (PRT) 19- Verbal Behavior (VB) 20- Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) 21- Rogers 22- Vismara 23- branded intervention 24- Denver Model 25- Lovaas Model 26- Walden Model 27- UCLA Young Autism Project (Lovaas Institute) 28- Treatment and Education of Autistic and Communication Handicapped Children (TEACCH) 29- The Princeton Child Development Institute (PCDI)
(6 )2 2 JCP, Vol. 2, No. 2 (6), Summer 2010
@A
...
, D . C 3 U F ( B BC 3 # A f P&7 ( 9 H p C j9 / H& 4 S 8: f 1"# ;T 1 - mI 45 $ \ ': - 5 4 C 4BF B D - ;" . $ Y# : 2 $ # F p & -1 C 3 15 p & : :(CARS) 36 35 9 C ?c 834 ?I C j9 / 3C a $ # ( !"# %&' !"; :- / ;* 3 15 : .49 i = ;/ (1 &? / (2 ,&( n9 I (3 - 3 e"9 (4 ` &C - 3 e"9 (5 &&Z/ $- 9 (6 n9 I (7 V $ n9 I (8 + 8 n9 I (9 4& ;1* p / (10 ! = ;/ (11 ! &x = ;/ (12 4& 5 b]9 (13 ,&( n9 I A ; b]9 (14 ? W 4C (15 Y$3 + F 4e( p & Q 3 ( ( :& I A C :& I A + . C X AC X A + $ # : A + U +, :& c+( .49 $ # ( !"# A C 3 ? 3+ Q p& -D : + ( P;' .49 $ # %&' u; e D 0 S 0/88 -D- ;"* 0 S .49 3 C V H$ 0/94 -D : 3+
-12 . LB Q H +( (3 $ :& $ # ( !"# %&' |T }?5 8 i 9 - L* 8 !"# / ./ / 8Q& " !"# 8 HZ * +"F A ' ;/ V " $ g ( C ( ./ ; R( OI : .W ? / "5 &?./ & ( ;B R( &S 5 . $ # ( !"# %&' !"; : R( OI ?f "5 &?./ : ( ;B R( " & . $ ;C U - S T R( OI \ ' :() * %&' . ( (3 $ \ ') -D !"; C R( OI D F : , -./ 01 9 8 / 3 :& 9 $ # ( !"# %&' C B BC ( I f 75) e' 11 / ~ 5 "9 +& 3O (Q& &? &9 : CHI "9 +& H& n&C " 3F / R( OI + . + F ?;7 (R( OI ; 0/80 / C=0/05 e 20 0/95 GPower H5 i - 3 e"9 $ ;9 . 3 &C - 3 e"9 B& -D [15] A f C h " p "9 &$ + "5 &?./ V C 3 $ 5 1/ ( "# 2 I 8) ABA 3 7 ( "# 3 I 7) HMTM ~ 5 QCHI j9 / " : . C 7 & F W 11 / 3 C k ,/ 1& / ;T 1 p 9 "5 $ @E # 1& / 3 ( (ADIR) $ @ # 45 !"# E& / (ADOS) $ w #) 4 ( C- D H
33- Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) 34- Schopler, E. 35- Reichler, R. J. 36- Renner, B.
31- Autism Diagnostic Interview Revised (ADIR) 32- Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS)
33
1389
(6 )2 2 JCP, Vol. 2, No 2 (6), Summer 2010
@E
+(
Q D L&9 / -D :g $ C -D -3 @7 m ?5 j9 / 1926 9 (DAM) g $ MA g $ 8 "# C ( / R, 9 -D : .45 V( ({ 849 3 e"9 7 9 15 / i +/ 9 3 9 10 / 3 3 A & ./ 1963 .C # " & 47 - i +/ ME m ( V : / 8 F i5 H5 ,/ /3 " $ , ( / 1e Y$3 + Y$3 + i k .4# I Q D C -D k ) 1/ Y$3 + 3 73 C F 1/ 3 71 (g $ 3 51 & ( + "9 -D F :&T .49 Yx ‚ Q & -D -D 8 3 / Q ( &x ( C ) 8 &e9 L&( # - L Y$ C &"# : WI E C Q 1/ 0 S / Q .[19] " i B i9 -D : ;"* 0&/ / +& -D- 3 &C - 3 e"9 : ;"* 0 S H& m ( 0/99 0/68 Q ?f 5 -D- V - 3 e"9 -D . + V H$ 0/91 / 0/68 :& 3 3 / "e( 0/80 +& ;"* 0 S +( / 0/75 "e( 12 - mI -D- 0 S V H$ -D : .[20 ] M * +"F C p & -4 p& : : ? M@ D $ j9 / 1953 9 9 &B/ C p & .45 $ 7 k ,/ 1965 49 ./ (p & ? * +"F # ?+* (- & D 5 / H& 117 p& : . 9 4& „ ;7 # C ? 4 ( C 3 p; # 8 # Yx # 8 +* 8 = ;/ 8 Z"C 8 ;( # 8 &C I 39- Draw-A-Man Test Goodenough 40- Florence Laura Goodenough 41- Harris, D. B. 42- Vineland Social Maturity Scale(VSMS) 43- Edgar Arnold Doll 1389
B
?*
0/84 H& -D : ! F -D .[16 ] 49 3 C V H$ -D : : 3 &I (m / 1/ 36 &B/ j9 / 1947 9 9 Q (m / -D . C / Q 49 3 C & / * H" 1/ C F D F ] 8 /6 & -D . 3 C 3 & 3 DH5 h " 1/ :& I $ F 1/ -D : ;"* . &+ / X m / .[17] 49X & V ( ? G * E& / -D -2 9 -D : :@I4 " $ 1/ C 3 C "# 9 / j9 / 1938 ( +( C • 4×6 3 e"9 7 X $ H " T@ Y$3 + L" &9 p 9 . C i +/ 8 H"&I 3 CE ef Q 3 + Y$3 + L&9 / 3 ;"C " F i *" " F " 4BF &&Z/ 8 C V : .49 1/ * HF / ` HF 49 /8 C 3 + . 3 C "5 $ k Y$3 + ( & C ;9 . Y$3 + & 30 p 9 -D 3 R -D 8 -D F i ( .[18] 49 1/ C (A 4 1/ / ( a E C - mI 22×28 &e9 Yx ‚ Q Q -D : ;"* & - . L&9 / " " 9 * H"&I i k $ F :& P5 / H& ;"* 8 ? ' .(0/96 0/88) 49 3 C V H$ .49 0/90 / 0/53 :& H"&I i k -D" TC E# C * -D W H+( :& c+( .49 h # s "; ;9 . ( " ;+( p 9 " T " T J ./ -D 3 C ƒ&"9 5 W ./ -D (0/65) j9 " b]9 (0/47) .[19] ( 37- Bender 38- Koppitz
(6 )2 2 JCP, Vol. 2, No. 2 (6), Summer 2010
@
...
b]9 !"# A 8 ( $ - .45 $ 4* 9 5 W ( b]9 F / 3 "e( 3 # k 6 /3 7 TW
C p 9 mJ9 . C 9 e B9! W ?+* 7 3 e RC }I8 B 8 9 3 C- D 3 C "5 $ k e |T - A /- W ?+* e V- D . &Z" ( 3 ! L&k / +? "e$ A ?F "e( ?F "# C L&( e W ( :& c+( . C "5 $ k 45 e V- D 4* 9 Q 8 I ( V : C- D A * 9 U +, . "e( ( $ e 4* 9 36 s ; / W "5 &?./ V T . -9 ' C - 3 e"9 (ABA) A f: W "5 \!f &&Z/ W (A B ( + / - & - F/ (A B &? C e V- D Q ... " T (A B 8 "# C L&( e 8 # H \'W + / ({ b]9 p 9 W ( :& c+( . C i , ' j9 / ?F 3 / 2 / # - & p 9 .4C 45 ' p C "e$ W 3H& , 0&x / V : (3 4 / - h ?] ( "5 R H5 k : ;T 1 F W 7!* 4BF 3 !* . C 3 e"9 3 C E &&Z/ f -W ( "5 R( R H5 . C 3 e"9 "5 ) 56 R( OI : } " 8 -D R&I " k &?./ - 3 e"9 H,/ (ANCOVA) m m ]# +( -D " .45 $ 7 &?./ . C i , R( OI " ( &Z" Q/ Q/ : (m A e/ i * }" :& ]# m 49 D - T : .(P>0/05) . 3 $ &Z" \ ]9 i +/
1389
#
;T 1 P ' 5 ,F W ./ F/ . &$3: 5 5 * +"F 3 B * +"F :9 / 5A + Q L& 8 ef :& (n9 I . + &$39 3 " $ p& : $ . C Y$3 + (R( OI } " 8 &$ 9 25 / / /:& I :& 9 D ;"* ( $ 0 * !"; (3 $ 3O # " & A 7 - ( C ( ./ / ) ({ .[21] 49 - Q ( : B& -D ?+* 4; ( + 4& S ( &B& -D ?+* (3 $ / 8 ,B ( "5 4& S 8 5 ( "5 8 ,Ip T + &x T Pa!* 8 * +"F ( !"# ( , B 8 "e$ 4& S 8 B"9v Lk ' B - 4& S - "e$ . C 4; E "5 ( + & E& / - mI :() * 3 &4 "W CHI E1 / ~ 5 j9 / |T 4 S 8H UF F R( OI + . C Y# : - A ?F C ( F e 10 3 $ 5 1/ A f 7 +* W! :9 ; R : ) 3 $ ( .( C +( (3 $ / 45 $ ;+?&5 R( OI ( H -D R&I " mJ9 . D +* ( "5 "5 &?./ (3 &C (ABA) (HMTM)
. C i, 3 9 A e A f A f : L?&5 ' A &&Z/ 45 $ A f 3 ( " 0/ ( + ; - 15 ( 4; !"# (E# C "5 ( H F/ -D mI 3 9 - mI . $ . $ i , R( OI P&7 W ( " (HMTM) w # ( ]&T T / "5 $ 7 &
(6 )2 2 JCP, Vol. 2, No 2 (6), Summer 2010
@@
+( 3 $ C6&D 3 . = AB
R( OI F
( &Z" m
&?./ ' ; "9
9 :-
4.
>/
? @
3. 01
? @
0/001
0/92
0/009
0/156
1
0/156
0/14
0/11
2/83
40/75
1
40/75
0/21
0/04
4/49
8/85
1
8/85
0/13
0/13
2/53
14/90
1
14/90
0/006
0/75
0/11
3/13
1
3/13
0/001
0/88
0/024
0/489
1
0/489
0/11
0/17
2/07
243/24
1
243/24
0/023
0/53
0/397
19/61
1
19/61
0/123
0/14
2/38
113/49
1
113/49
0/035
0/113
0/002
0/011
0/44
0/16
0/86
0/67
0/61
2/17
0/031
111/26
41/59
0/343
0/191
( ;F / . "C
6/9
1
1
1
1
( : - Q (. F (4& 5 ( !"# : %?" 30 - R& (CTM) [ F $ # %&' ( !"# !"; (R( OI .49 "5 $ 7 ( OI 3 e"9 [ F ( : H& H& # ,/ (4 +T 3 7 9 : .[14 813 812 87] 3 + V H$ & - : A ] B… ( OI 8 F ( : " & ( OI [ F A f C / e" ( et +( i 8 "9 :&+( . &$ i , 4 ST T "5 $ ,&" [7]
1389
111/26
41/59
0/343
6/9
; &0/05) C + " & ; R( OI "5 &?./ V 4; . [7 & 6/ Q< * " ( ( ST T $ # ( !"# %&' !";
(6 )2 2 JCP, Vol. 2, No. 2 (6), Summer 2010
@M
...
& 6/ f T } " [7 .C t - ( ( OI - # "e$ : 3 4&e& F 4&? 7 &7 ( C ]7 A f ( !"# %&' 3- T = ( U $ # .[7] 49 3 E MP (X H& [EE] +( Q * TEACCH "5 &?./ : - i c&( 3 8[ F (- & +/ / + B/ ( 3 D $ # ( !"# %&' !"; R H5 + B &I ( OI : . - 9 !"; (R( OI : & 6/ / 49 S B D (3 # $ # "; [ F - ]7 bS e / } " i * 4e$ " C . C a ( C : 49 "5 $ A6 : - 8H& S T P& ./ 46 i ( "5 - R( OI o" [7] +( 8 ? 9 Q H& B D - .49 3 ; : 8 3 i, [ F 30 h # & ( : - 9 i Be &9 ,&" ?T D "5 $ A f :& c+( .49 3 C +* /%& S s "; F 8 # 49 : 3 C \ ] ?* / (3 &C :& I j9 / } " + F 4&e& :& I H& 4; [ F (3- T ( OI "e$ ( 5 (A e/ ' +( (R( OI : } " (5j C C C ( OI :& c+( .[11] 49 3 Y$ & 6/ : $ # ( !"# %&' 3- T "; [ F H 47 4 [ F /!# B D .[23] + % / ( C : C { ( $O + h . 5 j9 / "5 A! ( +/ (% & k ( u C R, 9 Q "; (h 45-Callahan 46- Odom
7
9
[ F ( A ] U +, - [22] +( 44Q D . &$ ( ( &I ";o & } " ?;7 "e$ &9 8 * +"F A! / & - [ F - ( 8 3 V H$ - L&( e - 3 e"9 .49 - & &-: " & (R( OI [ F ( - $ 3 e"9 A ;* HF i - & s C 3- T : ( # +* p B9! ( w# BD 8 C ?+* R /!# / BD 47 C 3 - D R( OI ?f g ( p 9 :&+( . + ) V : "5 &?./ V (HMTM) ( ",T } " .( 7 9 (ABA) "5 &?./ V :& H& * +"F 8 C ( %?" ( &%&' ( !"# & ( R( A e/ 84 " $ -D o"9 8 $ # : 3 $ } " A e/ 4?* . F " & & 6/ / -D HMTM H& -D . C ( "5 ? h 4&? Q :"C - & (\ ' - Q ( & : - 49 ? h HMTM $ . Q+ & - : "B 49 " / * ( .49 k5 . & H& b]9 : 3 D 49 (3o " & ;B 8R( OI - mI / &&Z/ p 9 : .C3( A f -D (3 $ V : F { 3 &C ( C 4C $ : 845 $ "C ( ;B i-X / 3C 8E# ' C 345 $ 7 3 e"9 R( OI : ( " I "5 &?./ : 49 " & ( OI 44- Arick
1389
(6 )2 2 JCP, Vol. 2, No 2 (6), Summer 2010
@P
+(
6-American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.,text revision).Washington, DC: Author; 2000. p. 69-84. 7- Odom SL, Boyd BA, Hall LJ, Hume K. Evaluation of comprehensive treatment models for individuals with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2010; (40): 425-436. 8- White SW, Oswald D, Ollendick T, Scahill L. Anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Clin Psychol Rev. 2009; (29): 216-229. 9- Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. Kaplan & Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry (10th Ed). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 2007. P. 1192-1205. 10- Naoi N. Intervention and Treatment Methods for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. In Matson JL. Applied Behavior Analysis for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders New York: Springer; 2009. P. 74-81. 11- Callahan K, Shukla-Mehta S, Magee S, Wie M. ABA Versus TEACCH: The Case for Defining and Validating Comprehensive Treatment Models in Autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2010; (40): 74-88. 12- Rogers S, Vismara L. Evidence-based comprehensive treatments for early autism. J Clin Child Adoles Psychol. 2008; (37): 8-38. 13- Reichow B, Wolery M. Comprehensive synthesis of early intensive behavioral interventions for young children with autism based on the UCLA young autism project model. J Autism Dev Disord. 2009; (39): 23-41. 14- Howlin P, Magiati I, Charman T. Systematic review of early intensive behavioral interventions for children with autism. Am J Intell Dev Disabil. 2009; (114): 23-41. 15- Faul, F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG. Buchner A. G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Meth. 2007; (39): 175-191. 16- Verhulst FC, van der Ende J. Assessment Scales in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Informa Healthcare, UK; 2006. P. 131-133.
.W
-D :W
V(
"# C .14-50 .w .1379 ‡
&$3- . .1375 ‡ ( -D .:& A " :
|e -17 ( A " :- &C T D %] -18 B .W 3
19-Groth-Marnat G. Handbook of psychological assessment, 4th ed. New York: Wiley; 2003. P. 529-547.
, ( S &?* ]* 8:+B , 8 S !x ;F -20 m ( -g $ Q D p& C -D -266:(15)‡1379 . 9 C ?, . BC 9 11 / 6 .247 21- Doll EA. Vineland Social Maturity Scale. Circle Pines, Minnesota: American Guidance Service; 1965. 22- Arick JR, Krug DA, Fullerton A, Loos L, Falco R. Schoolbased programs. In FR Volkmar, R Paul, A Klin, D Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2005. p. 1003-1028. 23- National Research Council. Educating children with autism.Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2001. P. 140-147.
1389
C3
B
?*
-
' +/ († &&Z/) C $ ?# ( D 5 - ;& / ( ( ( &I 8 ( + "9 8 "# 9 F [ 8 (A B 8 (V( V : (3 . C "C +( $ f : +/ / C 9 S T R( OI 7 F/ H \' /D (R( OI C B &I . &$ / X ' & &I " & + - 3 e"9 F 9 / :& c+( . - J ( : ? * C &Z" * B& -D ":9" .45 $ k C (3 &C h " Y$ & 6/ +( (X 3 e"9 & [11] F : 8 +? C ( : - $ - 3 e"9 F ( b&F / $ . + 3 e"9 B D 0& / - B / ( : / &- : (R( OI i , : 49 4&+( Ha T H& " : :& c+( . C &e $ # ( !"# %&' &I (R( OI C H +" (E# C 4&e& 9 / 49 "B ,/ ( C "; : .[12] C / &?+* ( ([ F ( (+( D -& " ( 1 3C 4BF - & (V ( H 8 $ # ( !"# %&' !"; (E# C :& :&& / ( 7 &"# . C V!/ R 1- Matson JL, Rivet TT. The effects of severity of autism and PDD-NOS symptoms on challenging behaviors in adults with intellectual disabilities. J Dev Phys Disabil. 2008; (20): 41-51. 2- Volkmar FR, Chawarska K, Klin A. Autism Spectrum Disorders in Infants and Toddlers: An Introduction. In Chawarska K, Klin A, Volkmar FR. Autism spectrum disorders in infants and toddlers: diagnosis, assessment, and treatment New York: The Guilford Press; 2008. P. 1-22. 3- Balconi M, Carrera A. Emotional representation in facial expression and script: A comparison between normal and autistic children. Res Dev Disabil. 2007; (28): 409-422. 4- Matson JL, Dempsey T. Stereotypy in adults with autism spectrum disorders: Relationship and diagnostic fidelity. J Dev Phys Disabil. 2008; (20): 155-165. 5- Matson JL, Wilkins J. A critical review of assessment targets and methods for social skills excesses and deficits for children with autism spectrum disorders. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2007; (1): 28-37.
(6 )2 2 JCP, Vol. 2, No. 2 (6), Summer 2010
