Comparisons of the MANTRA Balloon Campaign ...

MANTRA Measurements and CMAM

Comparisons of the MANTRA Balloon Campaign Measurements of Stratospheric Constituents with the Canadian Middle Atmospheric Model. • Stella M. L. Melo, C. McLandress, H. Wu, E. Farahani, K. Strong, T. Shepherd, M. Pritchard, C. Nowlan, University of Toronto • C.T. McElroy, C. McLinden, J. Davies, Meteorological Service of Canada • J. McConnell, York University • P. Fogal and R. Blatherwick, University of Denver, USA • J. de Granpre, McGill University • F. Goutail, Service d’Aeronomie, CNRS, France http://www.atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca/MANTRA

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MANTRA Measurements and CMAM

MANTRA •

Balloon mission to study the changing chemical balance of the mid-latitude stratosphere

•

Supported by the Canadian Space Agency and the Meteorological Service of Canada (all flights), CRESTech (1998), NSERC (2002, 2004)

•

Science Team from U of Toronto, MSC, York U, U of Waterloo, U of Denver, CNRS Service d’Aéronomie, Scientific Instrumentation Ltd.

•

Three balloon flights from Vanscoy, SK (52°N, 107°W)

•

Fourth campaign in August 2004 2

MANTRA Measurements and CMAM

MANTRA Scientific Objectives 1. To measure vertical profiles of the key stratospheric gases that control the mid-latitude ozone budget. 2. To combine these measurements with historical data to quantify changes in the chemical balance of the stratosphere, with a focus on nitrogen compounds. 3. To compare multiple measurements of the same trace gases made by different instruments. 4. To use the measurements for validation and groundtruthing of Odin, ENVISAT, and SCISAT-1. http://www.atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca/MANTRA

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MANTRA Measurements and CMAM

MANTRA Balloon Campaign MANTRA is conducted at Vanscoy, Saskatchewan (52°N, 107°W):




- August 24, 1998, - August 29, 2000, - September 3, 2002, - NEXT: August 2004




Instruments of interest here: balloon-based SPS, SAOZ, and DU-FTS, the groundbased UT Spectrometer; and the sondes.




In this work we report on vertical profiles of T, O3, NO2, N2O, CH4, and HCl concentrations .

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MANTRA Measurements and CMAM

Ozone and climate • “The observed stratospheric O3 losses over the past two decades have caused a negative forcing of the surface-troposphere system” (IPCC, 1992, 1994; SAR). • “In general, the sign and magnitude of the forcing due to stratospheric O3 loss are governed by the vertical profile of the O3 loss from the lower through to the upper stratosphere” (WMO, 1999). • Ozone depletion in the lower stratosphere, which occurs mainly in the mid- to high latitudes is the principal component of the forcing.

- Time evolution of global mean radiative forcing from pre-industrial times (1750) to present. Annual mean radiative forcing values due to well-mixed greenhouse gases, tropospheric O3 , and stratospheric O3 are shown.

IPCC Assessment 2001: The Scientific Basis

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MANTRA Measurements and CMAM

Mid-latitude ozone loss In contrast with the polar ozone destruction which is attributed to anthropogenic emissions of CFCs, the origin of the midlatitude ozone decline still remains an open question. Proposed mechanisms: - In situ chemistry, involving heterogeneous reactions on aerosols, - Changes in the intensity of the Brewer-Dobson circulation leading to an effect on diabatic descent, - Transport of ozone-poor air or and PSC-activated air from the polar vortex toward mid-latitudes. 6

MANTRA Measurements and CMAM

Nitrogen and Ozone N2O + hν -> N2 +

Source:

N2O +O(1D)

O(1D)

N2O Trend

NO + NO N 2 + O2

link with O3

NO + O3 -> NO2 + O2 NO2 + O -> NO + O2 NET: O + O3 -> 2O2 Nighttime: NO2 + O3 -> NO3 + O2

NO3 + NO2 + M -> N2O5 + M

Morning:

NO3 + hν ->

NO + O2 NO2 + O N2O5 + hν -> NO3 + NO2

Plus: heterogeneous chemistry …

Change in N2O abundance for the last 1,000 years as determined from ice cores, firn, and whole air samples. IPCC 2001. 7

MANTRA Measurements and CMAM

This talk: Compare MANTRA measurements with the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM) output.

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MANTRA Measurements and CMAM

Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM)


CMAM is an upward extension of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis (CCCma) spectral General Circulation Model (GCM) up to 0.0006hPa (roughly 100 km altitude).




Incorporates: radiation, interactive chemistry, gravity wave drag, as well as all the processes in the GCM.




Includes full representation of stratospheric chemistry with all the relevant catalytic ozone loss cycles. 9

MANTRA Measurements and CMAM

Compare single location measurements with a GCM ? - NSEP/NCAR (1970-2001), UKMO (1993-2002) and CMAM (24 years) long-term means of zonal wind velocity over Vanscoy. (Wunch et al, A-O in press)

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MANTRA Measurements and CMAM

MANTRA balloon measurements (U of Denver FTIR) and CMAM (WMO) - 1998 campaign CMAM - MANTRA 1998: CH4

CMAM - MANTRA 1998: N2O 50

50 MANTRA - FTS balloon CMAM-WMO

Altitude (km)

40

30 20

MANTRA - FTS balloon CMAM - WMO

30 20 10

10

0

0 0

100

200 Mixing ratio (ppb)

300

0

400

0.5

1 1.5 Mixing ratio (ppm)

2

2.5

CMAM - MANTRA 1998: HCl

CMAM - MANTRA 1998: HNO3 50

50

40

40

MANTRA - FTS balloon CMAM - WMO

Altitude (km)

Altitude (km)

Altitude (km)

40

30 20 10

30 20 10

0

MANTRA - FTS balloon CMAM - WMO

0

0

1

2

3 4 5 6 Mixing ratio (ppb)

7

8

9

0

1

2 Mixing ratio (ppb)

3

4

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MANTRA Measurements and CMAM

MANTRA balloon measurements (U of Denver FTIR) and CMAM (V7) - 1998 campaign CMAM - MANTRA 1998: CH4

CMAM - MANTRA 1998: N2O 50

50 CMAM V7 CMAM V7

40 Altitude (km)

MANTRA - FTS balloon 30 20

20 10

0

0 0

100

200 Mixing ratio (ppb)

300

MANTRA - FTS balloon

30

10

0

400

0.5

1 1.5 Mixing ratio (ppm)

2

2.5

CMAM - MANTRA 1998: HCl

CMAM - MANTRA 1998: HNO3 50

50 CMAM V7 40

40

MANTRA - FTS balloon Altitude (km)

Altitude (km)

Altitude (km)

40

30 20 10

30 20 10

0

MANTRA - FTS balloon CMAM V7

0

0

1

2

3 4 5 6 Mixing ratio (ppb)

7

8

9

0

1

2 3 Mixing ratio (ppb)

4

5

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MANTRA Measurements and CMAM

Ozone and Temperature FTS – Balloon 1998

CMAM - MANTRA 1998: O3 50

2002 campaign

30 20 CMAM V7 MANTRA - FTS balloon

10 0 0

2

4 6 8 Mixing ratio (ppm)

12

50

50

40

40

Altitude (km)

Altitude (km)

10

Aug-24

30 20

0

0 5

10

15

O3 partial pressure

40 30 20 10 0 0

20 10

0

Aug-24

30

10

Sonde SAOZ PM SPS-B1 PM CMAM

50 Altitude (km)

Altitude (km)

40

200

250 Temperature (k)

2E+12 4E+12 Concentration (cm-3)

6E+12

300

Sondes - 1998

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MANTRA Measurements and CMAM

NO2 Slant Column Density - Twilight MANTRA 98 Sunrise

MANTRA 02 Sr

MANTRA 98 Sunset

MANTRA 02

MANTRA 00 Sr

CMAM Sunrise

MANTRA 00

CMAM sunset

6.8E+16

6E+16 4E+16 226

5.6E+16

230

234

238

242

246

5.2E+16 250

SCD (Molec/cm2)

6E+16

1.1E+17

1.3E+17

1.05E+17 9E+16 5E+16 226

1E+17

230

234

Day

MANTRA 98 SCD (Obs/Model)

SCD (Obs/Model)

MANTRA 02

1.2 1.0 0.8 230

234

238 Day

246

Sunset

MANTRA 00

1.4

0.6 226

242

9.5E+16 250

Day

Sunrise MANTRA 98

238

CMAM SCD

6.4E+16

8E+16

1.15E+17

1.7E+17 CMAM SCD

SCD (Molec/cm2)

1E+17

242

246

250

MANTRA 00

MANTRA 02

1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 226

230

234

238

242

246

250

Day

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MANTRA Measurements and CMAM

NO2 vertical profile NO2 Aug 24 - Sunrise

20 10 0 0.E+00

40 30 20 10

1.E+09

0 3.E+09 0.0

2.E+09 3

Concentration (molec/cm )

1998 2000 2002 SPS-1998 0.5 1.0 1.5 NO2Obs/NO2Model

Profiles retrieved from groundbased measurements and from the SPS balloon spectrometer (sunrise of 1998 only)

NO2 Aug 24 - Sunset

2.0

Sunset Aug 24

50

50

Altitude (km)

30

Vanscoy, August 24 1998 2000 2002

50

Altitude (km)

40 Altitude (km)

Sunrise Aug 24

SPS - Balloon UT-GB 1998 UT-GB 2000 UT-GB 2002 CMAM V7

50

UT-GB 1998 UT-GB 2000 UT-GB 2002 CMAM V7

40

30

30

20

20

1998 2000 2002

10

10

0 0.0E+00

40

0

1.5E+09

3.0E+09

Concentration (molec/cm3)

4.5E+09

0.0

0.5 1.0 1.5 NO2Obs/NO2Model

2.0

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MANTRA Measurements and CMAM

NO2 vertical profile: Vanscoy, September 3 2002

Sunrise September 3 50

50

40 20

30 UT-GB SAOZ

10 20 0 UT-GB 2002

10

SAOZ - Balloon

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

NO2Obs/NO2Model 50

2.0 Sunset September 3

30

20 UT-GB 2002 SAOZ - Balloon CMAM V7

10

CMAM V7

0 0.E+00

1.E+09

2.E+09

Concentration (molec/cm 3)

Profiles retrieved from groundbased measurements and from the SAOZ balloon spectrometer

0 0.0E+00

40

3.E+09 Altitude (km)

Altitude (km)

40

NO2 September 3 - Sunset

30

Altitude (km)

Altitude (km)

50

40

NO2 September 3 - Sunrise

1.5E+09

3.0E+09

4.5E+09

Concentration (molec/cm3)

30 20

10

UT-GB SAOZ

0 0.0

0.5 1.0 1.5 NO2Obs/NO2Model

2.0

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MANTRA Measurements and CMAM

Correlations - Dynamics establishes compact correlations

1.5 1.0 MANTRA - FTS balloon ATMOS CMAM V7

0.5

- Chemistry determines their shape

0.0 0

100

200 N2O (ppb)

300

400 CMAM V7 MIPAS-B 97

CMAM V7 MANTRA - FTS balloon MIPAS-B 97

40 30 20 10 0 0

100 200 300 N2O Mixing ratio (ppb)

ATMOS Midlat

25 NOy (ppb)

50 Altitude (km)

CH4 (ppm)

2.0

400

20 15 10 5 0 0

100

200 N2O (ppb)

300

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MANTRA Measurements and CMAM

Nitrogen partitioning: summer mid-latitude Sunset HNO3 FTS-Balloon CMAM V7 HNO3

HNO3

45

NOy

N2O FTS Balloon

Altitude (km)

CMAM V7 N2O

35

NO2 UT-GB

N2O

N2O5

CMAM V7 NO2 CMAM V7 NOx

25

CMAM BrONO2 CMAM ClONO2

15

CMAM N2O5 CMAM NO3

5 0.001

CMAM NO

0.01

0.1

1 Mixing (ppb)

10

100

1000

CMAM HNO4 CMAM NOy




NOy = 2N2O5 + NO3 + NO2 + NO + HNO3 + HNO4 + ClONO2 + BrONO2




NOx = NO2 + NO

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MANTRA Measurements and CMAM

Five day wave?

10 0 -10 -20 229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 238

Day

1.5 1.4

NO2/NO2Av CD

1.3 1.2 SCD

NO2/NO2Av

D ev iation in %

20

D ev . T em p

NO2 Peak Mixing Ratio and Temperature - Deviation from average Sunrise Sunset Temperature

1.1 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 225

228

231

234

237

240

Day of the year

243

246

249

- Day-to-day variability in NO2 was first reported by Noxon, 1979 that suggested being caused by dynamics. - Similar variability is also seen in BrO SCD. Again the analysis indicates that must be caused by dynamics. 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 225 228 231 234 237 240 243 246 249 Day of the year (2003)

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MANTRA Measurements and CMAM

CMAM - (time-longitude) plots of CH4 about its zonal mean during the 1 Aug – 15 Sep at 52.5 °N for 38 km altitude.

By M. Pritchard 20

MANTRA Measurements and CMAM

Summary


MANTRA: 3 campaigns so far – next one will be conducted this year




Here we compare and combine MANTRA measurements with CMAM to:







Study nitrogen partitioning




Day-to-day variability.

What we found so far?
Long-lived

species: measurements agree very well with CMAM V7 expect

for HCl (?)


Measurements show a compact correlation between N2O and CH4 - in agreement with CMAM. CMAM may overestimates NOy.




NO2 vertical profiles measured from different platforms are in general agreement among them and in reasonable agreement with output of CMAM V7.




Dynamic
Work

in progress!

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