competitive profile matrix (cpm)

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CONTENT RESEARCH PAPERS

PAGE NO.

AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF THE POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION TO PEACE THROUGH SUSTAINABLE ENTERPRISE IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY IN HAITI AND KENYA 1 -Cornelia Butler -Dr. Hugues Séraphin HUMAN (H) FACTOR IN EMERGING COUNTRY STABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 14 -Dr. Gouher Ahmed BIOPOLITICS AND CLONATION : The Roots of Paradise

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-Korstanje Maximiliano E. -Geoffrey R Skoll STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

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-Dr. Himanshu Shekhar Singh COMPETITIVE PROFILE MATRIX (CPM) AS A COMPETITORS’ ANALYSIS TOOL: A THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE 40 -Shanewaz Mahmood Sohel1 -Abu Moohammad Atiqur Rahman2 -Md. Aftab Uddin3 (Corresponding Author) INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR RETENTION : NEW INSIGHTS 48 -Prof. Gloryson R B Chalil


From The Editor’s Desk With the best of New Year, I owe the responsibility to present Vol. 3. No. 1 issue of “International Journal of Human Potential Development” With diverse research papers. Dr. Hugues Séraphin and Cornelia Butler in their paper “An Exploratory Study of The Potential Contribution to Peace through Sustainable Enterprise in the Tourism Industry in HAITI and KENYA” found that Social Enterprises in the Tourism sector can contribute to deliver postive peace via an increase of trust between locals and locals and visitors. In Next paper Dr. Gouher Ahmed in his paper “Human (H) Factor in Emerging Country Stable Economic Development” lucidly explain the role of Human factor in managing a stable and subtainable growth in the emerging market economics. Prof. Korstanje Maximiliano E. and Geoffrey R. Skoll in their paper “Biopolitics And Clonation : The Roots of Paradise” discussed The Emulation of paradise, the lack of suffering and an inevitable death to serve others Dr. Himanshu Shekhar Singh in his article “Strategies for Sustainable development” Discussed Stragegies for Sustainable Development. Shanewaz Mahmood Sohel, Abu Moohammad Atiqus Rahman and Md. Aftal Uddin in their paper “Competitive Profile Matrix (CPM) as a Competitors’ Analysis Tool : A Theoretical Pesspective” Critically examine the importance of CPM in providing information for a Company’s Competitive advantage and its role in formulating Company’s Strategy. A case study of Prof. Glosyson RB Chalil “Integrated Approach for Retention : New Insights” is based on problems of Attrition in Plus life Insurance Company. I extend my thanks to all contributors and authors for sharing their research work with the readers of the journal.

-Dr. VIVEK SINGH SACHAN


EDITOR: DR.VIVEK SINGH SACHAN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT CHHATRAPTI SHAHU JI MAHARAJ UNIVERSITY, KALYANPUR KANPUR U.P. (INDIA) 208024 E: MAIL : [email protected], [email protected] EDITORIAL BOARD : Dr. ANEIL K.MISHRA MANAGING PARTENER TOTAL TRUST COACHING AND CONSULTING, UNITED KINDOM PROF. (DR.) B.K. PUNIA DEAN, HARYANA SCHOOL OF BUSINESS GURU JAMBHESHWAR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY HISAR, HARYANA DR. FATEN BADDAR AL HUSAN (SAMAR) PROGRAMME MANAGER, M.A. INTERNATIONAL HRM STRATEGY & HRM DEPT. UNIVERSITY OF BEDFORFORSHIRE LUTON, U.K. Dr. GEORGE O. TSOBANOGLOU ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY, GREECE PROF. JITENDRA MISHRA HR & OB AREA GRANDVALLEY STATE, UNIVERSITY USA PROF.HIMANSHU RAI IIM, LUCKNOW INDIA

PROF.MAXIMILIANO E. KORSTANJE FACULTY OF ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY OF PALERMO ARGENTINA Dr. PETER SAMUEL LECTURER IN EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS NOTTINGHAM UNIVERSITY, BUSINESS SCHOOL NOTTINGHAM PROF. RAJKUMAR SINGH PROFESSOR DEPT. OF SOCIAL WORK UNIVERSITY OF LUCKNOW LUCKNOW

PROF. RONALD E. FRY INDIA-MOPD PROGRAM DIRECTOR DEPARTMENT OF ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOUR, WEATHER HEAD SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY PROF.SUNIL KUMAR DIRECTOR , LBSIMDS, LUCKNOW PROF. SIDDHARTHA BANDYOPADHYAY UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM U.K. PROF.VINAY SHEEL GAUTAM AL-SAGAR CHAIR PROFESSOR OF MANAGEMENT, INDIA


AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF THE POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION TO PEACE THROUGH SUSTAINABLE ENTERPRISE IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY IN HAITI AND KENYA -Cornelia Butler -Dr. Hugues Séraphin

ABSTRACT The idea of peace through tourism is gaining ground. However, there is also a lack of research indicating the precise circumstances under which tourism can promote peace. This paper examines sustainable tourism enterprise practices as presented by Corporate and Sustainable Responsibility (C&SR) and social entrepreneurship initiatives in the tourism sector which could engage citizen diplomacy and increase transparency in Kenya and Haiti as a way to deliver peace. Both destinations have a strong legacy left by the slave trade in terms of mistrust affecting the service industry. As a pertinent issue in both Kenya and Haiti stems from a culture of mistrust that is the legacy of slavery, this paper will focus on citizen diplomacy and transparency. One objective is to find out if tourism through C&SR and social entrepreneurship initiatives result in a one-way relation, two-way relation or no relationship with peace. The results of our research show that social enterprises in the tourism sector can contribute to deliver positive peace via an increase of trust between locals and locals and visitors. C&SR practices can bring peace in Haiti and Kenya if they are locally embedded, addressing not only environmental, philanthropic and economic aims but particularly citizen diplomacy and transparency aims.

KEYWORDS HAITI, KENYA, TOURISM, PEACE, CSR

1. INTRODUCTION Academic literature in tourism very often highlights the benefits of the industry such as job creation, improving the quality of life of the poor and economic development of a destination. The idea of peace through tourism is gaining ground. Tourism can contribute to knowledge of foreign places, empathy and interaction with other people and tolerance (Salazar, 2006). Tourism begins with the construction of a world outlook that renders the world ‘tourable’, providing a space where local, national and transnational organisations, communities and individuals exert AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF THE POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION .....


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various degrees of agency and control over discursive imaginaries (Salazar, 2006). The way in which these global imaginaries are being represented, respoken or rewritten locally sheds light on struggles over normativity, attempts at control, and resistance against established regimes of power; tourism plays a powerful part in facilitating or hindering (through re-enforcing stereotypes) this process. However, despite all the claimed benefits of the tourism industry there is not always strong evidence of those benefits. There is little data informing us of the beneficiary impacts of tourism development on the poor. Existing data tend to be micro-level in scope (Holden, 2013). There is also a lack of research indicating the precise circumstances under which tourism can promote peace (Salazar, 2006). Tourism does not automatically bring peace, it can conversely heighten conflict (Centre for Responsible Travel). Tourism may serve as a channel for terrorism, colonialism, invasion of culture and consumption of local resources (Leong, 2008) which can include the locals themselves. Academic literature in tourism is split into two streams. On the one hand, is the stream highlighting tourism as a way for economic growth, poverty reduction and a conveyer of peace. On the other hand, is the stream brought forward by Louis Dupont (2010) with poverty reduction and economic growth as sources of tourism development and not the other way round. World poverty has significant implications and connections to peace and security on a global level; consequences of poverty lead to resource conflicts, migration and recruitment of terrorists and freedom fighters (Holden, 2013). Peace is a necessary ‘ingredient’ for tourism growth (CREST). In the presence of political violence such as conflicts, human rights violations and even autocratic regimes there is a negative effect on tourism arrivals (Neumayer, 2004). During the initial stages of conflict in tourist destinations, tourists and basic infrastructure such as airports and hotels, can often be high media profile targets for acts of violence and terrorism. Tourism then becomes practically nonexistent as the violence escalates to high conflict periods and eventually during the post conflict stage, tourism has the potential to initiate low-level diplomacy enabling governments to start rebuilding international ties (Levy and Hawkins, 2010). As the tenuous grip on peace takes hold, tourism can be a means of fostering the healing, rebuilding and reconnecting processes for societies and nations (Levy and Hawkins, 2010). However, if the definition of peace encompasses not just its standard negative position of an absence of war and violence but also a positive position such as the influences of transparency, material and physical well being, culture, education and stewardship of the environment a paradigm for sustainable tourism promoting peace on a local, regional, national and global level becomes possible (Levy and Hawkins, 2009). Indeed Williamson (2012) contends that the way in which individuals interact and integrate can lead to institutional change. People invest or innovate in human, physical capital or trade when they have incentives, which in turn are shaped by institutions (both formal such as governments and legal institu2

IJHPD VOL. 3 NO. 1 JAN - JUNE 2014


tions and informal such as communities and societies), to do so. Institutions are endogenous with feedback mechanisms and informal institutions using sanctions, traditions, values and codes of conduct affect development by impacting both entrepreneurial dignity and formal institutions (Williamson, 2012). Relying on informal institutions alone could provide better outcomes than those achieved through corrupt governments (Leeson, 2007 cited in Williamson, 2012). It is this facet of cultural interaction in a tourism industry context and the possibilities it offers for a positive peace perspective that this paper investigates as there is a dearth of research associating tourism development in black countries with peace and sustainable enterprise in problematic destinations like Kenya and Haiti. This paper examines sustainable tourism enterprise practices as presented by Corporate and Sustainable Responsibility (C&SR) and social entrepreneurship initiatives in the tourism sector which could engage citizen diplomacy and increase transparency in Kenya and Haiti as a way to deliver peace. Both destinations have a strong legacy left by the slave trade in terms of mistrust affecting the service industry (Séraphin & Butler, 2013). It is often the denial of cultural identities that fuels the numerous global conflicts or that initiates and foments future ones (Salazar, 2006). When tourism facilitates a human interaction where the ‘other’ can be experienced on an equal platform resulting in an exchange that fosters respect, understanding and empowerment, a contribution to the promotion of peace is being made (Salazar, 2006 and Leong, 2008). The legacy of slavery has left a long history of ‘othering’ black cultures both within these black cultures and outside of these cultures. As most C & SR initiatives are focused on environmental quality, economic development and community nourishment with only secondary attention being focused on citizen diplomacy and external evaluation efforts (Levy and Hawkins, 2010) and as a pertinent issue in both Kenya and Haiti stems from a culture of mistrust that is the legacy of slavery, this paper will focus on citizen diplomacy and transparency. Track two citizen diplomacy refers to quality ‘people to people’ interaction whether it is guest-host interaction or social contact amongst employees from diverse, conflicting backgrounds (Fort and Schipani, 2007 cited in Levy and Hawkins, 2010). One objective is to find out if tourism through C&SR and social entrepreneurship initiatives which encourage citizen diplomacy and transparency results in a one-way relation, two-way relation or no relationship with peace. Starting with key concepts analysis, this article adopts a progressive approach presenting the studied destinations and then a comparative analysis. Methodologically, it builds on academic critical literature on C&SR (Corporate and Sustainable Responsibility) practices, tourism development, and an academic comparative study between Haiti and Kenya written by Séraphin and Butler (2013). It seeks to contribute to the meta-literature and answer the following questions: Can the impacts of sustainable tourism enterprise bring peace in Kenya and Haiti? Do these AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF THE POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION .....


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impacts differ in the two destinations? To what extent can these impacts bring peace between locals and visitors and transcend the concept of oppressive governments?

2. KEY CONCEPT ANALYSIS 2.1 TOURISM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Opinion is divided as to whether tourism is a godsend or an evil. An industry as complex as tourism, which involves individual, local, national and international levels in addition to economic, social and cultural factors cannot be consistently ‘good’ or ‘bad’ for a third world country (Wagner cited in Crick, 1989). The impact of tourism on the contemporary world is profound. Apart from war and insecurity, it accounts for the largest movement of human populations. It was the single largest item in world trade until the oil price hikes in the early 1970s having grown by 10% per annum since the 60s. Despite the lack of evidence supporting its benefits, many third world countries have chosen the tourism industry as a central development strategy, strongly encouraged in the 60s by such organisations as the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), World Bank and United Nations. The leisure seeking tourists from wealthy countries would lead to economic advancement in the poor host countries. Retrospectively, binding the growth of a third world country to the affluence of Europe and North America when it is the very forces behind that affluence that maintains the under development status quo of the third world seems far too simplistic (Crick, 1989). When the causes of world poverty are anlaysed, these are not limited to the features of the place the poor inhabit, but are also products of a complex interaction of historical, contemporary political and economic processes, which have progressively connected countries into a situation of unequal dependencies and market systems, resulting in a sizeable minority being excluded and falling further behind into poverty (Holden, 2013). Infrastructure investments such as buildings and transport are used solely by tourists to the exclusion of the locals. Tax free profits and financial incentives offered by third world governments to attract FDI have opened the doors to corruption and fraud. The majority of jobs created for the locals are unskilled and low paid whilst the effect of tourism raises land and food prices, exposes the locals to the conspicuous consumption of the tourist and recreates the structure of the colonial situation (Idem). Since the 1980s there is a growing recognition that tourism requires more equality among all participants in which less foreign capital, more local people, food and architecture are engaged (ibidem).

2.2 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM ENTERPRISE The Western, developed country phenomenon of Corporate Social Responsibility or Corporate and Sustainable Responsibility has evolved into a practice that 4



recognises that all stakeholders, at all levels, whether corporate or not, developed or not, can commit to operate in an ethical, accountable and transparent manner building on economic, human, social and natural capital (Visser, 2011). Sustainable enterprise encompasses phenomena such as community business enterprises, social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, corporate citizenship, global citizenship, green entrepreneurship and environmental management to mention a few. Corporate & Social Responsibility is a commitment to behave ethically always taking society and the environment into account (Mallen & Adams, 2013 and Lovelock & Lovelock, 2013). Commitment to CSR can be accomplished through business practices, empowering accountability, use of corporate resources as well as community development and input (Kotler and Lee, 2005). International Alert (1999) adds respect of human rights, compliance with laws and regulations, communication, interaction and transparency to the CSR commitment list. In Kenya and Haiti one of the main issues holding back the development of tourism to its full potential is poor leadership and corruption from their governments, and high levels of mistrust between locals, as well as between locals and tourists. In Kenya high levels of vertical integration in the tourism industry led to strong links between Kenyan elite and foreign based, travel, touring and hospitality companies leading to chronic leakage of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and poor levels of employment development which has stagnated in the seasonal, unskilled and low earning sectors (Crick, 1989). Hence this paper focuses on sustainable enterprise in the form of social entrepreneurship aided by programmes from both the public and private sector.

2.3 C&SR IN KENYA There is a gap in information about C&SR in Haiti. In Kenya in spite of acceptance of context-specific relevance to CSR most research is western-centric focusing on developed and transitional economies (Muthuri and Gilbert, 2010; Visser, 2006). The need for focused CSR research responding to contexts and circumstances encountered in developing countries is critical. Kenya gained independence from British colonial rule in 1963, yet a strong British influence lingers. The legal, government and educational systems, the history of tribal diaspora and attending issues within the country, the membership to the commonwealth are due to Britain, all contributing to the shaping of CSR in Kenya. This differs across companies operating only domestically and those with overseas headquarters or international operations (Muthuri and Gilbert, 2010). It is primarily philanthropic, on an ad hoc basis removed from the core functions of the company, addressing community needs such as building of schools, setting up of clinics and drilling of wells. Some companies however, engage in a more embedded CSR with strategic responses to social/cultural pressures. The UN global compact serves as a forum and has 60 participating Kenyan organisations transparently and accountably supporting the 10 principles in respect to human rights, labour rights, the environment AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF THE POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION .....


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and anti-corruption (UN global compact, 2010). Lack of government regulations and enforcement of existing regulations is the main reason for curbing CSR (Muthuri and Gilbert, 2010). Manyara and Jones (2007) found that Community Based Enterprises (CBE) in the tourism sector, which could be said to have sustainability at the heart of their organisation found that they were predominantly conservation orientated. The findings of this section concur with those of Levy and Hawkins (2009) and Muthuri and Gilbert (2010) who found that most C&SR initiatives are focused on environmental quality (a developed nation’s priority) and community nourishment such as education and health which are priorities in poorer regions. International companies with Western centric views will have different agendas to those of local, domestic companies.

2.4 TOURISM, TRUSTAND PEACEAN ISSUE IN HAITIAND KENYA Tourism can be considered as a peace contributor if it truly benefits local communities and the environment (CREST), if everyone in the community performs their appropriate role (private and public sector and academics), if there is some kind of interaction even amiable host-guest relationships between tourists and host communities based on cultural understanding (Idem). Development of the tourism industry in a destination therefore involves three partners: The government, the locals and the visitors. Those three partners are interdependent. In Haiti and Kenya those three components are disconnected due to lack of trust between the different partners (table 1 and 2) and poor social, demographic and development indicators (table 3). According to Holden (2013), if a country’s citizens feel that their country is founded on secure democracy principles that permit an equitable distribution of resources across cultural, ethnic and social groups, and has a transparent accountable government, there is a much greater opportunity of a culture of peace. In Haiti and Kenya this is not the case, both countries are burdened with top down corruption. Whilst it should be a governments’ social responsibility to foster an environment that enables its citizens to develop to their full potential, this paper explores the role that social entrepreneurship and informal institutions have in this process when instead, governments foster a culture of corruption.

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TABLE 1 TRUST IN SOCIETY IN KENYA Trust in fellow citizens

Must be very careful

Trust in other people you know

88%

Most people can be trusted

9%

Don’t know

1%

Not at all/just a little Trust in members of other communities Somewhat/A lot

9% / 40% 39% / 12%

Not at all/just a little Somewhat/A lot

18% / 44% 29% / 8%

Source : Round 5 Afrobarometer survey in Kenya, 2011, Afrobarometer.

TABLE 2 TRUST IN SOCIETY IN HAITI Trust people (in general)

Low / Not at all

71.9%

Trust in leaders

Low / Not at all

72.8%

Source : Broudic, C. (2012). Security in Haiti: an impossible dialogue? Groupe U.R.D

TABLE 3 A COMPARISON OF SOCIAL, DEMOGRAPHIC AND DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS IN HAITI AND KENYA A strong legacy left by slavery of mistrust. Problematic Host:Visitor relationship Poor development indicators Poverty (% of population) Life expectancy at birth Rural access to water GNI per capita Unemployment % of population 24 and under C&SR to date ad hoc philanthropic or environmental C&SR lacks citizen diplomacy and transparency initiatives Tourism large contributor to GDP Tourism has been negatively affected by political instability and insecurity

Kenya  Mzungu

Haiti  Blanc

45.9% 57 52% $840

78% 62 51% $760

40% 63%    

40.6% 57% Unknown Unknown  

AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF THE POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION .....


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3. PRO-POOR TOURISM Holden (2013) defines Pro-Poor Tourism (PPT) as the ‘tilting’ of the existing mainstream tourism industry to the needs of the poor; it combats poverty with the poor at the centre of the development process. The Pro-Poor Tourism Partnership (2012) increases the linkages between tourism businesses and poor people ensuring that poor people are able to participate more effectively in product development, hence Séraphin (2012, 2013) recommended the Haitian government to encourage entrepreneurship in the tourism sector (particularly guest-houses). This policy framework for tourism’s use for poverty reduction can be attributed partly to the Sustainable Tourism-Eliminating Poverty (ST-EP) campaign launched by the UNWTO. The objective of this initiative is to promote socially, economically and sustainable tourism aimed at alleviating poverty and bringing jobs to people in developing countries. The concept of PPT and the ST-EP are entirely linked with the concept of sustainable enterprise.

4. ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP, TOURISM AND PEACE IN HAITI AND KENYA Mshenga and Owuor’s (2009) research on tourism in Kenya and Séraphin’s (2012) research on tourism in Haiti have both indicated that when businesses are owned by locals they tend to purchase directly what they need from local suppliers. Séraphin (2012) has also highlighted the implication of the private and public sector in the development of entrepreneurship to improve the quality of life of Haitians via some schemes like MEMA (Mon Enterprise Mon Avenir, private sector) and Digicel (Entrepreneur of the Year, public sector). In Kenya programmes such as the Youth Enterprise Development Fund (YEDF public sector) and USAID’s Yes Youth Can Coast focus on obtaining ID, training and start up funds. The requirements for peace through tourism and the role that trust and entrepreneurship play in this process is shown in table 4, using examples of guest houses, guided tours, beaded leather industry and micro transport (tuk tuk and boda boda). Successful enterprises appear to use local knowledge, simple business plans, fulfil a need in the local community and have low environmental impacts, in addition to being connected to the tourism industry. The main obstructions to social entrepreneurial activity and how these are addressed by the pro-poor entrepreneurship programmes and initiatives are shown in table 5. The way in which people interact and integrate can lead to institutional change (Williamson, 2012). If a form of host to visitor exchange takes place from an equitable platform where the host’s local knowledge of culture, environment and cultural skills are engaged, then a breakdown of old global stereotypes and imaginaries such as those left by the slave trade can occur. Tourism can become an 8



empowering vehicle of self-representation through which local people may deliberately choose to culturally reinvent themselves (Salazar, 2006).

TABLE 4 PEACE AND TRUST THROUGH SUSTAINABLE ENTERPRISE Requirements for peace

Benefits local communities

Haiti Kenya Guest Guided Guided Beaded Micro house tour tour leather transport goods     

Benefits the environment











Involves the different stakeholders











Private and Public Sector

x

x

x

x

x

Amiable host-guest relationship











Cultural understanding











Trust in fellow citizens











Trust in people you know











Trust in people of other communities











Trust in people in general











Trust in leaders

x

x

x

x

x

Trust



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TABLE 5 THE MAIN OBSTRUCTIONS TO SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND THEIR SOLUTIONS THROUGH PUBLIC/PRIVATE SECTOR PROGRAMMES Obstructions to social Examples of programmes/Initiatives addressing these issues Haiti Kenya Intenational entrepreneurial activity MEMA Digicel YEDF Yes Youth ST-EP UN can Cast Global Compact Vertical integration/ business linkages Lack of start up funds/ investment Lack of formal education Lack of specialised skills training Lack of access to banking/ formal business due to delay in processing ID Lack of compliance to regulations/industrial and labour standards/ transparency/ auditing/ governance/human rights Bad image due to security and political instability Gender participation Preservation of environment/culture







 

















 

 







 









5. CONCLUSION Destinations with similar profiles are developing similar types of entrepreneurial schemes which have similar positive impacts. These social enterprises in the tourism sector can contribute to deliver positive peace via an increase of trust between locals and locals and visitors. However, this requires start up programmes which enables locals to overcome exclusion through financial, educational, training and administrative shortcomings such as difficulty in obtaining IDs. Not only does this change the host to visitor relationship but because the 10



locals become free and dignified (through a sense of ownership, empowerment and leadership), channelling entrepreneurship into wealth creating innovation, does an endogenous feedback mechanism take place, which positively impacts both formal and informal institutions (Williamson, 2012). Consequently, this transcends the concept of an oppressive government and contributes to change for the better. A raising of the bar of both formal and informal institutions will demand more ethical behaviour from those in leadership roles, which will eventually increase trust of the locals in their leaders. Sustainable tourism, C&SR, entrepreneurship and trust are all vital ingredients to foster peace. C&SR practices can bring peace in Haiti and Kenya if they are locally embedded, addressing not only environmental, philanthropic and economic aims but particularly citizen diplomacy and transparency aims. If we take the definition of peace to take on the positive position, then it could be said that there is indeed a two way relationship between tourism through C&SR, citizen diplomacy and peace.

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Thomson, I. (2004). Bonjour blanc: A journey through Haiti. London: Vintage. Visser, W. (2006). Revisiting Carroll’s CSR Pyramid: An African Perspective, in E. Pedersen et al. (ed.), corporate Citizenship in Developing countries (pp. 29 – 56). Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press.

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Visser, W. (2011). The Age of Responsibility: CSR 2.0 and the new DNA of Business. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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Williamson, C.R. (2012). Dignity and development. Journal of Socio-Economics, 41, (6), pp. 763 – 771.

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World development indicators, (2012). Worldbank, 2012 [electronic version]. Retrieved August 3, 2013, from: http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators

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Yes Youth Can Coast [March, 2013]. USAID [Online]. Available from: www.usaid.gov/ Kenya [Accessed: August 3, 2013].

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Youth Enterprise Development Fund [2013]. Available from: http://www.youthfund.co.ke [Accessed: August 3, 2013].

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The manuscript submitted is ours (Cornelia Butler / Hugues Séraphin). This manuscript has not been submitted, published or copyrighted by anyone else in any form whatsoever. Cornelia Butler & Hugues Seraphin

Cornelia Butler (PGCRS MSc) The University of Winchester (Faculty BLS), England [email protected] Hugues Séraphin (PhD) The University of Winchester (Faculty BLS), England CRENEL (Centre de Recherches Normes, Echanges et Langages) CREDDI-LEAD EA 2438 Guyane (Université des Antilles Guyane) [email protected]



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HUMAN (H) FACTOR IN EMERGING COUNTRY STABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT -Dr. Gouher Ahmed

ABSTRACT The emerging market economies are at the great effort of economic growth, and the problem of them is not only growth but growth which is stable and sustainable. The question arises as to what factors make a stable and sustainable growth (SSG). This paper makes a modest attempt to meet this question, and it is found that the human factor count the most in managing a stable and sustainable growth in the emerging market economies.

KEYWORDS HUMAN FACTOR, SSG, ECONOMIC DEVEOPMENT

1. INTRODUCTION Economic development of growth is an increase in international and per capita incomes of a country to give its people a high standard of living (Meier and Baldwin; 1957). Development, it is needless to say, need to the optimum, stable and sustainable to maintain the high standards of living attained, and no slip back from it. There is, however, no such problem in the classical growth theory. The nations of Asia, Africa and Latin America, by and large, are at the process of economic development, and their economies are emerging from underdevelopment to development, but, are often facing stoppages, as say, India, an emerging market economy which swears by free market enterprise. Of late, its rate of growth having come down from about 8% to around 5% (Mukherjee; 2013) creating a number of problems such as large budgetary and foreign trade deficits and falling rupee value (EPW; 2013). The other emerging market economies (EMEs) are also found not immune to slippage in their growth including the giant Chinese EME (Heinz & Matthias; 2012). The problem, it is quite well-known, has got accentuated following the global financial crisis of 2008 and the Great Recession following in fallen growths is also a problem facing the developed world of the USA, Europe and others, (Rampell & Healey, 2009). The crisis and Great Recession appear to have thrown into prominence human factor and human development in managing stable and sustainable growth of the emerging market economies, as well as of developed economies. This paper is addressed to a view of the role of human (H) factor and human or Human Resource Development in promoting optimum, stable and sustainable development, for lasting development of the developing or new growth nations, with the below noted Objectives (Os) and Methodology (M). 14



2. Os & M i. ii. iii.

To view the process and history of development, To take a note of development/growth theory To examine the factors of economic growth, with a special reference to human factor in growth management iv. To drive the meaningful policy conclusions The methodology of the study , briefs is to view developments theory against development experience, especially if the developing nations in which policies and programs of economic developments appear to sub-optimal , resulting in sub-optimal and unsteady growth. The recent global financial crisis and resultant alleged great recession is seen as a new experience for growth and economic stability and managing growth of the emerging market economies, which are caught in a web of complex circumstances of a globalized economic conditions. This highly competitive global economic environment calls for HRD and an enlightened citizenry, and eminent and committed business leadership which take the EME forward. It is held that, it is, ultimately human who make great or small businesses. Businesses no doubt, needs to excel in Excellence, but Excellence should extend not just product and profits but also to environmental human and social concern, and it is lack of these human concern which appears to be behind the financial crisis for being totally self-concerned (Ahmed; 2013). The businesses, after all, are to be of the people, by the people and for the people similarly, economic growth , especially of the populace and democratic countries like that of India which is a special case of economic growth because of its 1-2 billion people and a great extent of poverty, is to ‘inclusive’ of all people. Its growth must first, encompass Human Development, and stress H-factor all though. That is, it is the common man and the masses which must be at the center of economic growth, along with the environment, for optimum growth and steadiness and sustainability over long periods of time, because of any changed circumstances may make a new turn, a new equation and a new higher height, with a new technology like the present day information technology which has revolutionized world and opened up new avenues of employment and drastically changed the existing one as banking. Whatever may be, Economic growth in the emerging market economies, setting a new trend, especially in heavily populated and more poverty afflicted nations like India, needs to be humane and human-faced, not just gap fronted, to be stead, stable and sustainable. This is what the most concerned leader of India, Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948) about the plight of the dumb millions of his country felt (Gandhi; 1947), making the late Prof. Covey call Mahatma Gandhi a model of leadership (Covey; 2012). This, humanism and H-factor marks the laissez-faire development theory of Adam Smith.

3. DEVELOPMENT AGE & THEORY The Age of (Economic) Development commencing with the momentous HUMAN (H) FACTOR IN EMERGING COUNTRY STABLE ECONOMIC.....


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Industrial Revolution in England (1760-1830), which is still continuing in the developing world and EMEs across the globe is Adam Smith (Smith; 1776), Smith’s is a very optimistic theory of economic development, against the environment of pessimism enlighten business and growth today. Smith’s is a market model of development in which growth is steady, stable and sustainable. It’s self-starting and selfsustaining. Economic growth is in-built in the economic system, and no external efforts either to regulate the functioning of the economy or promote over a long, long period will a state of stationary state is reached where the economy just repeat itself it’s a state long-run equilibrium, a state of economic nirvana or state of salvation wherein the highest possible economic aspirations are fulfilled. It’s a perfect work come of growth , wherein things just fall in their place and wherein everything is in equilibrium with everything else. It’s a perfectly competitive, internally and externally or in the area of foreign trade. How the world of today appears to be far, far removed Smith’s perfect growth world, a world of perfect growth, of no ups and down, and steady and stable and optimum, with fallen and uncertain growth, all over. Perfect growth, of perfect competition is the result of a divine hand like “invisible” hand that is guiding the economies functioning in perfect order and is also taking care of its growth, as growth is also a function of the economy, the captains of which are the capitalist & entrepreneurial classes, along with Land & Capital. Significantly, Smith’s foundational book is called The Wealth of Nations, Shortly, the full title being An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, National wealth being made up of material goods of consumption and production or further production. The H- factor is very much present in Smith’s Market Theory of Growth, with markets operated by prices, a collection of prices or price system which together determines the quantitative of goods to be produced and supplied. As a moral philosopher of eminence of his Age of Enlightenment, Smith appears to have set a right human tone for the inexorable path of economic development Economic growth should belong to the people at large, when only it would be of steady, lasting and beneficent nature. For example, in the present crisis, there are bailout and easy credit policies for businesses, but No deal, like the New Deal of the Great Depression times, for the common people, thus, the crisis becoming a matter between the big and small businesses and government and not of the victim public giving rise to popular anger as the “Occupy Wall Street” movement in the United States of America, which is a thing about very seriously. Not that there were no dissembling, brooding and dark voices against Smith’s grand theory in the classical School of growth, the dissenting voices are that of David Ricardo ( 1772-1823) and Robert Thomas Malthus (1766-1834), whose is a pessimistic prediction of the future and prospects of economic development during the rising tide of scarcity of land, increasing cost and prices of food production and over population, respectively (Samuelson, 2010). Smith, Ricardo, Malthus are classical trinity of Development theory (Penguin Dictionary of Economics; 1977). Even Malthus’s population theory, found to be at fault on several grounds, brings home the importance of ‘optimum’ population numbers for optimum economic growth of enduring nature. 16



Even then, there may be ‘divine’ or natural interventions like floods, wars, earth quakes etc., which may throw the economy and growth off the balance for a time, from when the growth will take on its normal or usual momentum. Smith, the captain of the New Development Age of the 18th Century which had a long spell of run and the emergence of Europe and America, Japan as developed nations had due cognizance of ‘divine’ (invisible hand) and human factors in his ground development theory of steady march of nations towards a longrun equilibrium of prosperity and tranquility. In a way, it stands for universalism, with its free trade principle, and human brotherhood. Hence, its seeming success over Ricardo-Malthus pessimistic theories.

4. THE SECOND DEVELOPMENT RUN The end of the second world war (1939-45), with the UNO, IMF, IBRD or World Bank GATT and other international bodies, and the emergence of India and others as free nations from colonialism had begun the age of development of underdeveloped countries and the second run of development with new and novel theories of growth and development, seemingly pushing the H-factor into the background and capital ( C ) as the key to the development of the underdeveloped countries or the third world (Nurkse; 1973). ‘K’ was meant to break the so-called ‘vicious circle of poverty’ or poverty breeding poverty. There is a great literature belonging to this new growth era of development of underdeveloped countries, initiated by UNO (UNO; 1951). Poverty is the hallmark of underdevelopment. There is an immense literature on poverty and any number of poverty estimates, poverty reductions becoming the like measure of economic growth . It is the end of poverty that lends stability to an economy, only then, quite understandably, market forces come into full play. Once again the importance of H-factor amidst the clash of so-many growth models- intent to maximize the economic growth of underdeveloped countries. The models being models appear not to have taken the developing economies not a far, India standing for sub-optimal growth of about 3-5 % per annum, not enough to make any deep dent in its deep and widespread poverty. K-factored growth is capitalistic growth path, bent on accumulating H stock; with H- intensive production not creating optimum employment, devoid of any concern for direct human welfare, from the beginning, the Fund-Bank. The IMF and the World Bank are known to be for free enterprise, market driven and export oriented growth as sure way of alleviating poverty and attaining good standards of living, with the ASEAN nations held as the models of this free enterprise. FDI model, an Asian showcase of growth (Ahmed; 2009), the Asian tiger economies. Also Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore & South Korea beside the giant China and under the shadow of forever threat, Japan, Germany post-war (WW II) economies as Paul Streeten and Mahbub Ul Haq (Streeten; 1997. India too, with its great democratic attempt at economic development involving a continental population is combining, since the Economic Reforms (ERs) of 1991 of liberalization, globalization, privatization, with, among other thing, food security at highly subsidized prices of Rs 3, Rs-2, Rs. 1 a Kg of rice, wheat, coarse grains (Economic Times; 2013). HUMAN (H) FACTOR IN EMERGING COUNTRY STABLE ECONOMIC.....


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5. BOP It is in recognition of the H-factor and the need for poverty removal and failure on that front by government efforts alone, the late Prof. C. K. Prahalad had advanced his famous BOP-Bottom of the Pyramid theory advocating MNC investments in the developing economies to create more employment opportunities and produce and provide goods for the purpose of the BOP people at affordable prices and yet make economic returns or market returns in their FDIs (Prahalad; 2002). BOP seems to be the new business frontier for business prosperity and stability. For, with a large BOP population left in lurch and made to mend for itself in poverty in poverty and penury, the emerging economies cannot aspire for why business stability and sustainability with their serving of only a half of the market.

6. THE CRISIS AND HUMAN FACTOR First, the global financial crisis of 2008 appears to have bought the human factor into prominence in economic growth and stability, with the crisis is generally felt to be human making, and not arising out of any external factors. The collapse of Lehman Brothers of the mid-19th century vintage in its September 2008, signaling man-made crisis alone had cost upward $ 600 billion, more than the GDP of many nation. The crisis and aftermath of the Great Recession is a big on-going contemporary history, with same or the other financial trend coming to light almost daily. And, the a/cs of the crisis preset to computed but are sure to run into a couple of billion USDs. The emerging market economies have lessons to learn from the crisis, in human factor, leadership and growth management, for their optimum, steady, viable and sustainable growth .

7. GROWTH MANAGEMENT The Management Science / Discipline, which is having increasing applications in diverse fields, can make its own contribution to managing stable, sustainable growth in the emerging market economies by having MBA courses in growth management that would be of great help to growth managers in government and business sectors. It is only slowly the importance of Human factor and HRD is dawning for stable and sustainable growth purpose in the EMEs (Lame & Cela; 2004).

8. CONCLUSION Thus, of all the factors of which economic growth is a function of, human factor and human development seen to be the most factors in managing stable and sustainable development of the emerging market economies. This fact appears to be double enforced by the global financial crisis of 2008, attributed to human failures and weaknesses at all levels.

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REFERENCES: 

Ahmed, Gouher (2013), “Lessons from the Global Financial Crisis for Growth”, in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Technology and Business management, March 18-20, 2013, pp. 131-138.

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Ahmed, Gouher. (2009), “Problems and Prospects of Export Trade of North East Indian States (NEIS) with Association of South East Asian Nations”. Paper Presented at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development-MOIC-DFID Project on Strategies and Preparedness for Trade and Globalization in India, Mizoram University, May 28-29.

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Economic & Political Weekly (EPW) (2013), 12th August, p.7.

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Lame, Periat & Cela, Hysen (2004), “Human Resource Development-A Key Factor for Sustainable Development of Albania”, Journal of Contemporary Management Issues, Vol. 9, Issue 2, PP. 117-129.

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Meler Gerald M & Robert E. Baldwin (1957), Economic Development Theory, History and Policy, New York, p.1

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Mukherjee, Pranab, (2013), President of India in his Address to the Nation on the 67th Independence Day (15th August Address to the Nation, National TV Doordarshan, 14th August.

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Nurkse, Ragnar (1973), Problems of Capital Formation in Underdeveloped Countries, Oxford University Press, London.

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Prahalad, C.K. (2002), “Serving the World’s Poor Profitability”, Harvard Business Review, September, pp. 49-56.

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Rampell. Catherine and Jack Healy (2009). “Fed Chairman Says Recession Will Extend Through the Year”, The New York Times, 25 February.

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Samuelson, Paul (2010), Economics, McGraw-Hill, NY, p.3.

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The Penguin Dictionary of Economics (1977), Penguin Books Ltd, London.

Economic Times (2013), Budget Special, 1 March 2013. Heinz, David B & Matthias Tomenendal (2012), “The Emerging market hype-putting market size and growth in BRIC countries into perspective”. Critical Perspectives on International Business, Vol.8, No.3, pp.241-258.

Streeten, Paul (1997). ‘Foreward’ to Mahboob Ul Haq. “Reflection on Human Development”, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.

UNDP, (1990), Human Development Report. Geneva. United Nations Organization (1951), Measures for the Economic Development of UnderDeveloped Countries, NY.

-Dr. Gouher Ahmed Associate Professor, College of Business Studies Al Ghurair University, Dubai, UAE Email:[email protected]

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BIOPOLITICS AND CLONATION : The Roots of Paradise -Korstanje Maximiliano E. -Geoffrey R Skoll

ABSTRACT The concept of secure base, has been introduced by experimental psychologists to make empirical studies on the Freudian thesis that the self is determined by its attachment to mother. They not only had success to proof the relationship of children with their mother modifies the behaviour in adulthood, but also contributed to a much conceptual framework in social sciences. This is the point of departure of the present review, which is based on an examination of the discourse of the movie, The Island, starred by Scarlett Johansson and Ewan McGregor. The Island seems to be more than a movie; it exhibits the problems of postmodernism to understand ethics, and the pervasive nature of mobility and industrial tourism. The emulation of paradise, the lack of suffering and an inevitable death to serve others are the most pungent points of discussion we place in this paper.

KEY WORDS RISK, DEATH, SUFFERING, PARADISE, PROSPERITY, THE ISLAND.

1. INTRODUCTION Psychology has showed that the punishments and rewards influence the way the ego perceives its environment as well as what Freudian theorists have called the “reality principle”. Accordingly, the evolution of ego depends not only on how frustration is channelled, but also how gratification is conceived (Freud, 1988; Bowlby, 1989; Spitz, 1969; Winnicott, 1989; 1996; Fairbairn, 1962; Reich y Schmitt, 1998; Skinner, 1984; Mead, 1999; Eriksson, 2000). Home represents a secure base even in adulthood. It is not surprising to see how those who have faced serious problems in socialization developed a more intense attachment to home compared to others whose care-takers supported their needs from infancy. Today our modern society prioritizes travel as a sign of status and social recognition. Although everybody knows that mobility is rising every year, many people are immobilized, or only travel to find new and better working conditions. The world of leisure, in our capitalist industrial societies, is contrasted to the logic of under-developed work. M Karlegger suggests that modern travellers are limited in the understanding of others simply because they often trivialize the changes suffered by the presence of out20



landers (Karlegger, 2007). The present research is based on an examination of the film, The Island starring Ewan McGregor and Scarlett Johansson (2005). This movie is the story of a couple of clones who try to escape from the quarter where they were confined. This work not only focuses on the ethical dilemma of cloning, but in the conceptual dissociation between the escape and tourist travel. In this context, the desired travel (touristic) corresponds with a disciplinary instrument to control the clones and reduce the degree of conflict to the extent they serve as providers of fresh human organs to other citizens. Clones, it is important to note, are not considered humans or full citizens. Clones only are feed to provide organs to those who are real citizens. We examine not only the roots of rules and behaviour, but also the notion of secure base theory (Bowlby 1989) in the hermeneutical sense of safety. Methodologically, this discourse analysis turns its attention to the contents of movies because they offer a fertile ground to understand how social behaviour is formed in the social imaginary. Anthropology has adapted the method to create and re-create a conceptual framework to study the complexity of cultural values (Ardévol, 1996; Brisset, 1999). Unfortunately, in the study of tourism and hospitality the discipline has not adopted these types of techniques as a valid scientific method. K. Palmer in her manuscript Moving with the times (2009) suggests that we have to open our scope of research. The visual object may be employed not only as evidence but as an archive of the past. The need to create a new epistemological paradigm leads tourism-related researchers to seek new methods. Images, movies, pictures and literary fictional stories are more important for recreating those imaginaries that have disappeared (Palmer, 2009). Therefore, the status quo of scientific investigation should reconsider the fact that visual research not only helps reduce the costs of field work, but also yields evidence that otherwise would remain inaccessible.

2. THE ISLAND The Island was released by Warner Brothers 2005, based on a story by Caspian Tredwell-Owen who also collaborated on the screenplay. It was directed by Michael Bay. Ewan McGregor stars as Lincoln Six Echo a clone produced from the Scottish automotive designer, Tom Lincoln, who needs a liver after suffering viral hepatitis. Scarlett Johansson is Jordan Two Delta, the clone of Sarah Jordan who is a supermodel for an important brand. They and the rest of the inhabitants of the compound are all clones, ostensibly for persons who are rich and famous like Tom Lincoln and Sarah Jordan. Residents of the compound are told that they must be restricted there because the rest of the world is too contaminated by radioactivity. Some residents get to leave the compound to go to The Island, a utopian paradise. Those who get to go are selected through a lottery. In fact, they are sent for organ harvesting, surrogate motherhood, or other biological uses. BIOPOLITICS AND CLONATION : The Roots of Paradise


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This project is managed by Dr. Merrick who combines the most efficient techniques of psychiatry to keep conflicts under control and the residents in ignorance. Clones who gain the draw not only are special but emulate the dichotomy between hospitality versus hostility. Although clones do not have problems fulfilling their basic needs, there is a strong and rigid circle of control of the way people interact each other. Being selected to travel the Island is equalled to the state of exception people experience when surviving a traumatic experience. Merrick´s compound alternates the most bloody authoritarian policy rooted in biotechnology, with a hospitable atmosphere of friendship, where people do not scramble for the environmental resources. The radioactive contamination functions as a taboo and as an efficient instrument of indoctrination and total control on clones. Since they, the clones, never emerge from the compound, there is no way to test the validity of Merrick´s discourse. The taboo-as-object is strong enough to mould the clone´s expectations inside the compound. It functions as a truth regime as it determines the horizons of what can be done or not. The Island represents not only a far away prize which only can be reached once in a life time, but also exhibits the mythical archetype of lost paradise. The island may be equalled to our sense of heaven—the last ticket we are able to buy before we were dead. Selected winners to the island are given the sense of being special. This exclusivity depends upon the power the island exerts on the behaviour of clones. It parallels in our world the belief in divine will (wish), which disciplines human hopes, and veils curiosity. In the real world, outside this movie, suicide is prohibited both by religion and secular controls. One of the most troubling aspects of religions and their reluctance to accept suicide is to forbid the exploration between death and life. Lay people may not explore beyond the secure base simply because the taboo-as-object exerts the necessary influence to keep travellers under control. If radioactivity plays a crucial role in deterring the escape by clones so also the religious taboo on suicide keeps control on human beings in life. Death seems to be the last travel. Clones are educated to think they are free human beings. They are led on by their desire to travel to a paradisiacal island where all their hopes and needs are fulfilled. This symbolic new baptism, or rebirth, in the Island exhibits a rite of passage which is negotiated by each clone according to their original needs. Of course, when clones think they would a travel to a new home, really they are terminated to extract those organs solicited by the original. Although, the candidate to go to the Island is previously determined, administrators of the compound make a simulacrum so that clones believe they are selected by random lot. To some extent, the Island plays a double function: it keeps the control over the clones while at the same time re-channels their desires and hopes by a lottery draw. The physical displacement 22

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emulates an award, which resembles the founding mythical order of life. A type of heaven in a future moulds our practices and acts. Every draw is a lie, a simulacrum that dissuades the clones from resisting their destiny. The original citizens paid for the organs they need. Clones are excluded from the protection of the law, and they are legally regulated to be systematically killed. The message seems to be clear the death of one serves as the factor to give life to others. Every clone plays the role of being an organ supplier in this imaginary society. Lincoln discovers the truth and escapes with Jordan who had been chosen to go to the Island. They return to lead a rebellion that will reveal the problems of a society which manipulates human cloning. The movie emphasizes that in the clones’ world access to stable citizenship is subject to the way death is administered. Any clone is created to cover the healthy needs of their original. Clones lack not only autonomy, but also citizenship and rights. Clones are grown based on a false belief. Conflict is controlled by means of a tale, which is narrated during all their lives as part of their basic socialization, What lies beyond the compound seems dangerous; what is inside is perfect death. In this discussion, the Merrick compound can by likened to mother’s womb, the secure base that gives all resources and security to the self. Although this setting is not real, experiences and hopes are moulded following the archetype of heaven. Travels, here tourist travels, not only play a pivotal role by reducing the social conflicts to tolerable levels, but configures the social imaginary between the cruel reality, where human beings consume clones. The story ends with Jordan and Lincoln starting a diaspora, a real travel to nowhere, a setting fraught of hazards and problems. Once Dr. Merrick is killed, thousand of clones escape from the complex emulating the archetype of Plato cavern. Although Michael Bay seems not to be a director with a profound social sensibility, this movie is based on a solid argument that questions the world of cloning, and an ethical message where travel, as a social construct, plays a crucial role. The message of this film is structured in keeping witha way of thinking inherent in modern society. The expansion of life, the quest for zero risk, and the conception of death as the last travel to achieve are important factors in the discourse. Being special being is not only determined by random, as in the lottery to go to the Island, but also by the money one may pay for it. Our world is presented as a dangerous place that threatens the ontological safety of self. Bay not only criticizes our invented sense of safety, but also other secondary institutions such as tourism, cloning, and medical discourse. Tourist travel represented by the Island becomes an instrument of discipline power where everything which does not match with this world is symbolized as the outside. At bottom, perception is more important than real safety. If home is a safe place, travel carries risk of death while at the same time it represents an opportunity to really live. Tourist travel reproduces the cultural BIOPOLITICS AND CLONATION : The Roots of Paradise


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and material values that keep societ and its economy functioning. The Hobbesian nature of the Merrick’s compound’s state disciplines the behaviour of clones by means of violence, repression, and hope. Hope is represented by a figural belief aimed at generating inner indoctrination. Outside is the danger of radioactivity, but outside too is the Island, which may be equated to our sense of heaven. In the real world death is the prerequisite for heaven. Almost all cultures of this planet have elaborated an archetypical, exemplary centre, a paradise which was lost by the human curiosity. All those who make what the elite want are selected to enter this exemplary centre while the deviants are delivered to a place of suffering and pain—hell in the Christian tradition. People seem to be determined to live according to the rules by competing with other people gain access to access to paradise. At the same time this structured competition invites evil-doing in order to surpass competitors. This is exactly the paradox any religion opens. We work hard to be the best, honest, and smartest in order to recover paradise. The connection between leisure and labour exhibits the sacred learning given by the Gods. The exemplary centre incentivises people to do the correct thing while the hell reminds how terrible would be the effects of bad decisions. In this context, travels are specially designed to reduce social conflict by reproducing the stereotypes related to sin, the culprit and expiation. Unlike migration, tourist travel denotes status and social recognition which reinforces the process of individualism initiated by modernity. The more people travel, the more important their status. The underlying logic is that tourist travel reinforces the founding myths in the construction of a secure base (home) opposed to an external boundary where otherness stands. At the same time, fear mongering silences human curiosity to renounce its own possibilities. As a rite, tourist travel emulates the archetype of the civilization that sustains this displacement as a practice.

3. THE ISLAND AS METAPHOR : CONCEPTUAL THEMES Three themes run through this movie: biopolitics, social control, and utopian desires. The movie links them through the cloning society and its relationship to the non-clone society, call it the society of potential originals. There is also a structural device that acts as a mirror metaphor. In the movie, the society of clones is small, and it is embedded in a much larger external society—the world outside the compound—which presumably contains billions of non-cloned humans. In the real world of 7 billion human beings, a relatively small number live more or less as they please while the majority live restricted lives facing constant existential threats. About 10 percent of the earth’s population live as non-clones; the other ninety percent live as clones. To put it in terms of tourism, about 7 hundred million people are potential tourists. Touring is not only inaccessible to the rest, it is unthinkable. Biopolitics as a term comes from Michel Foucault’s popularization of an old idea and old practice He introduced it in his Collège de France lectures, 1978-9 24



(Foucault 2008). He proposed that since early modern states emerged in Western Europe in the seventeenth century, authorities have controlled the physicality of people. He said it was a new development at the time that has prevailed and grown since. Of course, historians of early modern Europe were familiar with the idea, even back in 1978. One of the stories of the emergence of modernity in Europe and coincidentally, the emergence of the modern state, is that various demographic facts came under the control of laws and regulation. Marriage, certifications of births and deaths, sequestration of persons deemed dangerous to the body politic, and similar kinds of regulatory regimes became formalized, mainly under state authorities. Most of the same kinds of things had been regulated by the Church, but in the seventeenth century the state replaced the Church. One of Foucault’s points was that such regulation has assumed an ever broadening purview over the way people live. Not only was Foucault’s idea not new for historians of Europe, it captures the way all states have operated wherever they emerge—they control the biophysical lives of their subjects. They draft them into military service; they force them to labour for the state by levying taxes; they execute them, torture them, and so on. Foucault’s essential conservatism, or more accurately, reactionary, prodded him to obfuscate this regular process of state control by pointing to other sources of authority, like medicine, psychiatry, education, and so on. Of course all these institutions have only ever operated within the overarching authority of states, something Foucault was eager to obscure. States create political, legal, and moral subjects, just as Merrick in the movie created clones. Giorgio Agamben developed a more fitting application of the concept of biopolitics in his Home Sacer (1998). Agamben’s model was the Nazi concentrations camps. He argued that their inmates only had bare life with no moral, legal, or political standing. They were, in effect, outside the law. He also claimed that many if not most of the world’s population fell into the same category. On a somewhat smaller scale, Nancy Scheper-Hughes (1992) described the sugar producing region of Northeast Brazil as a concentration camp for 30 million people. Therefore, the mirror image in the movie posits a few people as homo sacer, have only bare life with most people as subject, whereas in our real world the proportions are reversed—most people are homo sacer. In the movie the Island and the truth regime of external radioactivity underpin the truth regime, or to the viewer, the regime of lies. A radioactive world is taboo—filled with lethal energy. The inhabitants of the compound can never approach it, and they need a shield against it. In the real world, the taboo is democracy and equality. It threaten civilization, it would be mob rule, a Hobbesian hell. The rather heavy handed analogue lies at hand. In our real world, people are controlled to serve the elite, billion live on the edge of starvation as international corporations harvest, not their organs (although that does occur), but their resources and their labour. Attempts at revolt are discourage through phony promises of a paradisiacal BIOPOLITICS AND CLONATION : The Roots of Paradise


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possibilities through religions or migration and repressive force, ultimately backed up by the globally hegemonic US military.

4. CONCEPTUAL DEBATE Any travel may be understood as a rite, a practice that involves a temporal and physical displacement beyond the safety of home. In some contexts, travels may be forced so that the travellers do not return while in others, these displacements are based on a deeply ingrained need for escape and curiosity. Following the legacy of psychoanalysis that provided sufficient evidence to think we, as agents, are prone to explore the environment only when we feel secure (Bowlby 1986), it is important to note that travel opens the door to uncertainty. Every society has developed diverse instruments to control and mitigate this uncertainty. Fernandez & Navarro (2005) said that displacements not only entail questions related to the convergence of space and time, but to the encounter of the self with others. The otherness takes different shapes and forms depending on its morphologic deification; this means the sign of unknown and the social representations in it. In pre modern times, Europeans conceived of abroad as a dangerous site. C. Lois (2007) explains that maps were drawn to give security to explorers. Islands were depicted as spaces where monsters or giants dwelled, who attacked travellers. Most certainly, the representation of others seems to be linked to our human need for predictability. Travellers abroad expand their own civilization to others, expropriating the others into the self. The sense of hospitality is given by the familiarity between guests and hosts. Following this explanation, C. Mengo (2008) acknowledges that the knowledge and travels were inextricably intertwined in classic Greece. The disorder of what we may not prevent is what is symbolized in any travel. The introduction of risk inherent in life exhibits the quest of a sense for new events. Without risk we would loose the desire to live. As the travellers face obstacles and problems, they encounter new epistemological issues which they must overcome. A conqueror, from this viewpoint, may be equated to a traveller. What is important to discuss here is to how philosophy and the quest for truth paved the way for the conquest and explorations that characterized the European colonialism. The sociologists S. Lash & J. Urry argue that the advent of postmodernism has changed the pattern of travels. Today, people are more open to new experiences, cultures, and traditions compared to Medieval times. Moreover, consumption has become more reified. The tourist gaze is based on the sense of exclusivity, specialness, and status it can bring to consumer (Lash & Urry, 1998). Against this backdrop, travels have been commoditized into merchandise which can be accessed only by the mediation of money. Places, stories, people, and communities are only framed by what they can offer to tourists. A question of fabricated risk gives more attractiveness to destinations because travellers want to be important and special with respect to their peers. Paradoxically, tourism and industrial economies create 26



zones of exclusion and discrimination, where the tourist does not visit. The material asymmetries enlarged by capitalism generate both desired and dangerous sites. C. Wenge (2007) argues that travel represents the human need to seeking new experiences, a response to the oppression of humdrum routine. If capitalism commoditized personhood, it is not surprising to see how the need for travel has risen. To cut the long story short, travellers are moved by: 1) a quest for new sensation; 2) escape and avoidance of pathological behaviour; 3) peer recognition and status; and 4) the need to survive. As C. Kupchnik (2008) put it, travel exhibits a rite of passage linked to a moral world, which is embedded inside the traveller. Travel signals an alien invasion which is not always accepted or domesticated. This forced presence is repelled by the rupture of what and who is observed. The moral fracture between who is observed and the observer determines the boundaries of acceptance and profanation. All travels, therefore, form unified institutions, regardless of the culture and time so as to function as passion. In Medieval times, many scholars travelled long distances to gain further knowledge and receive a better education. Two types of travels have been developed by West, desired-travel, and rationalized-travel. The passage of one to another depends on an economic structure rooted in the community. Migration seems to be associated to rationalized-travel whereas tourism is a desired-led travel. Kupchnik maintains that, depending upon the type of travel, the otherness is unveiled. Some cultures demonize while others sacralise foreigners. Furthermore, travels emulate a mythical rite of passage whereby the founding cultural values of the society are reified, reproduced to give certainty to the members of the community. People develop diverse models to explore the environs, these models are followed by our own sense of how the self and others are perceived (Korstanje, 2009; Dos Santos, 2005).

5. THE ONTOLOGY OF SAFETY IN THE HUMAN MIND The roots of a sense of security come from the ethological studies of Konrad Lorenz who envisaged the powerful connection between a mother and her offspring. Bowlby, taking advantage of the existent psychoanalytical literature to the moment, reformulated a new theory to verify Lorenz’s findings. The biological liaison between ducklings and their mother observed by Lorenz, Bolwby adds, may be extrapolated to other species, even human beings. There is an attachment between children and their mothers that persist even into adulthood. The ego seeks the support of a care taker. Care takers can be other than mothers (a father or a nurse) who provide to the child all the necessary resources to survive and to strength its own self-esteem. Depending how secure the sense of security, the self would be confident to explore beyond the boundaries of home (Bowlby, 1986; 1989). Furthermore, Bolwby realizes that psychological attachment rests on the needs of authority, which is based on the psychical proximity and the protection related ideal. BIOPOLITICS AND CLONATION : The Roots of Paradise


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This combination does not disappear with the passing of time. Rather, it determines how the people behave in their environmental adaptation. Following some experiments R. Spitz (1969), it is not surprising to see how the mother’s attitude during the child birth exerts considerable influence in the derived attachment with the baby. M. Ainsworth was one of the pioneer empirical researchers who used Bowlby´s theory. The research was mainly conducted at nursery labs designed to recreate the behaviour of children in Africa and US. She noted that each time a child was removed from the mother, its behaviour experienced a radical change. Their reactions were categorized into three types: secure, anxious, and anxiousresistant. The separation from the mother induces a degree of anxiety which alternates between despair and indifference. The resulting adult personality will develop diverse reactions to risk. In 1972, J. W. Anderson explained that the child, between 2 or 3 years old, stays attached to the protection of its mother. After age 3, children’s exploration expands. The self seems to develop a way of connecting with the environment that depends on its pervious relation to the mother or care taker. M. Main (2001) not only supported the previous findings of Bowbly and Ainsworth, but contributed to present an explanatory model to understand the attachment: a) sure-autonomous, b) insecure-disregarded, and c) insecure-concerned (Main, 2001). To date, although the theory of attachment has been widely cited and applied in many different research perspectives (Casullo, 2004; Feeney & Cassidy, 2003; Frommer & O´Shea, 1973; Hazan & Shaver, 1990; Isabella, 1993). No laboratory studies connect travels attachment security of the personality. Waters & Cummings (2000) found that early experiences establish a template for social relations throughout life. The childhood patterned sense of security would help explain why some people are so afraid of novelty that they avoid all perceived risks, while others do not or seek out risks. Water et al (2002) confirmed that the evolutionary nature of attachment can provide an explanation for clinical pathologies, and it shows potential in other psycho-social questions. Nonetheless, at the moment these studies do not contemplate long term longitudinal observations that encompass the life spans of subjects. Also, the remembered figure of the care taker does not correlate with behaviour (Stern, 2000; Waters at al, 2002; Korstanje, 2008). However, the notion of attachment reveals two important things. First, there is a bridge between biology and culture. The question of attachment has been studied to predict macro-sociological tends. Second, it helps explain the volatile nature of risk as it socially negotiated. A. Giddens opens the discussion by confirming that attachment plays a role in explaining late-modernity. He points out that modernity is structured into two contrasting tendencies, the self and its other. Both form the social nature of self, educated in the expectative of what others may do. Since its birth, the self is pressed to be here in this world with others. The society reflects not only the needs of self, but poses all institutions to cover the needs of next generations. 28



Therefore, the biological basis of society is based in the communal efficiency to grant the protection. If the society fails to do that, the order collapses. Following the example of child and its mother, Giddens says that trust plays a crucial role in the perception of the environment. Modernity reduces the overall riskiness of certain areas modes of life, yet at the same time introduces new risk parameters include high-consequence risk: risks deriving from the globalized character of the social system of modernity. The late modern world –the world of what I term high modernity- is apocalyptic, not because it is inevitably heading towards calamity, but because it introduces risks which previous generations have not had to face (Giddens, 1991: 4). Giddens´s account supposes that modernity equals to the commoditization of human relationships. The nation state exhibits the most reified form of capitalism where bureaucracy and rationale are combined to obtain the reconfiguration of space and time. The perception of risks, discussed in much of sociological literature, is explained by two contrasting trends: the hegemony of experts and science, which attempts to mitigate risk by means of technological advance, and the symbolic system that mediates among people. Money serves, in this view, not only as a mediator between people but by its own nature, virtualizes the economy. If experts draw the world according to their abilities to control danger, domesticating the uncertainty risks, money expresses risk through insurance companies that absorb potential dangers. Without these two mechanisms, risk and money, the banking system and the capitalism would never exist. The former evokes the intervention of science while the latter reinvents a future, where dangers are fictional. The sense of security as it is given is determined by how the society constructed the attachment with their citizens: As developed through the loving attentions of early caretakers, basic trust links self-identity in a fateful way to the appraisals of others. The mutuality with early caretakers which basic trust presumes is a substantially unconscious sociality which precedes an I and me, and is a prior basis of a differentiation between the two (ibid, 38) Failures in early socialization result in serious social problems just as much as they lead to psychological problems for individuals. The blurring between space and time that characterizes modernity may be comparable to the failed attachment of the self to its care taker. Giddens says that people, who have been socialized in an atmosphere of conflict and violence, are more prone to control uncertainty, because they are less tolerant of it. In contrast, those socialized in a secure climate of cooperation are more willing to accept the uncertainty. BIOPOLITICS AND CLONATION : The Roots of Paradise


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6. CONCLUSION The Island is billed as fiction, and futuristic fiction at that. One imagines the whole clone scenario as especially fictional. Given the rate at which biomedicine progresses, it seems the least fictional part of the movie. Perhaps the most fictional, the least believable part is that when Lincoln and Jordan return to the compound and tell the other clones the truth, the clones rise up in mass revolt. This is the least believable because of the metaphoric power of the movie’s plot. Outrageous truth appeared publicly to the American public and the world in the first week of June 2013, and no mass outcry, let alone mass uprising occurred or even appeared on the horizon. The revelation was that agencies of the US government— the FBI, CIA, and NSA (National Security Agency)—monitored and captured all electronic communications in the US and probably throughout the world. Moreover, they stored them in searchable data bases. Only weeks before similarly outrageous revelations had been published—still no uprising. In May 2013 a series of news reports revealed that the United States had been carrying out assassinations of hundreds, maybe thousands of people around the world. These two revelations show that the United States government kills anyone at will and surveilles everyone. There seems little difference between Dr Merrick and the US government. Therefore, what is fictional about The Island is that people, clones or not, would violently throw off their shackles. They do not. Alain Badiou posited the figure of Spartacus, the Roman slave who led a revolt against the oligarchy 73-70 BCE. Badiou links the Roman slave to two other revolts in history: the Haitian slave revolution in 1796 led by Toussaint-Louverture and the Spartakist revolt in Germany 1919 led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht. These three figure, according to Badiou expressed a truth—namely that “slavery is not natural” (Badiou 2009:65). The clones in The Island are effectively slaves, as their bodies belong to their originals. The truth is that cloning is not natural; it is synthetic. So, the same truth is expressed by Lincoln and Jordan. Slavery or cloning is not natural. Unlike the the Haitian Revolution that led to an independent nation, or even the rebellions led by Spartacus or the German Spartakists, there is no reason to believe that revealing the truth to the clones would result in a successful rebellion. The truth of Spartacus was that successful revolts do not come from knowing the truth. The truth does not set you free. What sets people free are revolts and revolts only occur when controls are crumbling, as in Germany after the First World War or the Island of Hispaniola during the French Revolution. The real world of the twentieth century shows no signs of crumbling controls.

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Korstanje Maximiliano E. University of Palermo, Argentina, BUE, ARG [email protected] & Geoffrey R Skoll Buffalo State College Buffalo, NY USA [email protected]

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STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Dr. Himanshu Shekhar Singh

ABSTRACT Man made system of development have played with the natural environment around us. This process of development is going to create problems for the coming generations. As estimated today, the coming generations will be very rich but will be very poor in terms of environment around. There comes the concept of sustainable development. It was for the first time discussed globally at WCED in 1987. It was discussed that sustainable development should be a global movement and we should protect the environment for the coming generations. The problem faced globally has come due to certain reasons. The most damaging cause is the population. With it is the reason of poverty and illiteracy. Industrialization, uses of chemicals and pesticides in agriculture, deforestation and other such causes have led to the imbalance in the environment. It needs a global mental revolution to solve this problem. Those industries, which are ecologically viable like small scale industries and service industries, needs to be promoted which can create a lot of employment at a low cost. The principles of green marketing should be adopted. Environment Impact Assessment (EIA), a tool for decision making is being used by both developing and developed countries for sustainable development.

KEYWORDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, POPULATION, INDUSTRIES, ENVIRONMENT

1. STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Development is prerequisite of every society. For any thing that is living and wants to exist it has to keep developing. The development of individual, development of society, development of state and the globe is a continuous process. In this development process human being has controlled many a thing around him. Human being have extracted minerals, diversified water resources, have change the productivity of the land and cut down the forests and the huge factories giving out pollutant in the atmosphere. The population explosion requires development of cities and other facilities to accommodate this population. All these factors have 34



tried to enrich the globe. Individual’s quality of life has over the years gone up substantially. But there comes the question-Are we developing at the cost of coming generations? That is will this globe be able to sustain the development for future generation, a basic concern for sustainable development. The concept of sustainable development comes and there the thought is given to the development process, which can be sustained. The opinion of sustainable development was brought in to common use by the world commission in environment and development (Brundlt and commission 1987) in its report, our common future. According to Brundlt commission, sustainable development requires “no less than a global movement” i.e. “meets the need of present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs.” Sustainable development concerns itself with environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and social sustainability. So a systematic system which looks into a pattern of development that considers socio-economic-environmental factors of today and tomorrow. Sustainable development could be understood as a mode of human development in which the use of resources aim to meet the human needs while ensuring the sustainability of natural systems and the environment, so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for the generations to come. Development is must. Development is ordering of the natural resources for improving the productivity, socio-economic, health and cultural characteristics of the man. Man lives on a planet where every thing is limited but he acts in such a way where he thinks every thing to be unlimited. The resource of any form in this earth is limited. But the population boom, unbalanced development activities have disturbed the ecology and the global environment. The need is to achieve a balanced development. The achievement of this special form of development rests on four basic principles (Jacobs et at 1987). (a)

The fulfillment of human needs.

(b)

The maintenance of ecological integrity

(c)

Provision for social self-determination

(d)

The achievement of equity.

2. FACTORS THAT HAVE LED TO THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Population - Man is now a dominant species, influencing the ecology of the planet by way of using and misusing the renewable and nonrenewable resources through different development activities. From the beginning of the human civilization till the 20th century, it took more than 10,000 generation to make the world population approximately 2 billions, but by the end of century this has gone up to an expected figure of 9 billions. The growth rate is to inflating that it is tough to manage them. STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT


35

Every child born has impact on earth and its natural resources. The impact on earth is developed countries is much more than that of his counterpart in a developing economy. That is over population developing nations tend to keep them poverty-stricken. The population rise has given acute shortage of clean air. It is believed that the growing population is heavily reducing the share of natural resources for individuals, and the growing population may cross the maximum capacity of the earth. Gone are the days when we believed that the resources are unlimited and we can use it freely, but now the concept is that ubiquities like water and air are also limited. Urbanization - In the process of earning their livelihood population is shifting for rural to urban areas. Population growth in developing countries will remain unevenly distributed between rural and urban areas. UK projection suggests that by the first decade of the century, the absolute size of the rural population in most developing countries will start declining. Nearly 90% of the increase in the developing world will take place in urban areas, the population of which is expected to rise to 3.25 million in 2025. The increase will be particularly marked in Africa and to a lesser extent in Asia. People migrate to urban areas in search of jobs and other activities. There are a lot of slum dwellers in the cities of India, where the condition of life is very poor. Then there are a large number of pavement dwellers. To make this huge population moving, the cities have to have a large transport system. Personal vehicles are also in large member is these cities. Most of these vehicles produce a lot of pollutants and send them into the atmosphere. Many a times the quality of fuel used by them are poor and is many cases the condition i.e. maintenance of the vehicle is very poor. The problem which seems to be so huge now, is in a stage where half of the population is not using the urban systems of transport and communications. Industrialization – Large number of industries coming up to fulfill the needs of the human being. Since the industrial revolution, these industries are doing damage to the environment. It is not being suggested that industries should not be there but it should try to coexist with the environment. Industry should work on the principle “live and let others live”. Accelerated and imbalanced industrial growth 36



has created many problems. It is true that industrial growth determines a countries wealth, the standard of living of its citizens, but this growth should be planned; otherwise it will lead to greater extraction of resources and greater disposal of wastes. Industries have to be conscious about the environment and the health of population. Pollutants and wastes should be controlled at the maximum extent and we should try to have a responsible system of industrialization with long term growth as the main purpose. Agriculture – With the green revolution the productivity of land has grown up. But how far will this land be able to sustain this growth. The huge amount of chemicals, pesticides and other things used to increase the volume of production might decrease the productivity of the soil. There are chances that the agricultural output may not match with the growth of population. If the agricultural output goes down, then the task of feeding the population and keeping them healthy would become difficult. The share of contribution of primary sector in GDP is slowly coming down. The trend shows that it would be difficult to match the needs of growing population. Development projects – The development projects of the government like bridges, dams, railways, are required to support the infrastructure for national development. These developments many a time disturb the ecological balance. These developments are done at the cost of nature. A development at the cost of greenery and ecology cannot be called as a sustainable development. Big projects have been generating employment and have given a boost to the economical development but they are at the cost of nature and are playing blindly with the environment. Sustainable development advocates the growth keeping in mind the balance with the nature. Deforestation – Unplanned growth has led to mass deforestation. The forests have been cut for different purposes. The poor and underdeveloped nations cut the trees and use them as fuels. The basic reason behind this is the poverty and illiteracy among the population of these nations. The general mass of the population are not aware of the losses due to deforestation, rather they believe that forests are large and have in them unlimited potential for the population, and hence they use it as if they are doing nothing wrong. Trees are mercilessly cut and other activities are done to disturb the forests and create problems for the animals in the forest. It is now believed that the animals are also important for the nature and human beings should follow the policy of “to live let them also live”. Mining and Extraction – Mining and extraction have depleted the natural resources of the globe. These natural resources are not unlimited and unplanned mining can create problems. Many a mines today have given out their resources and further mining is not possible. There are several other such reasons of growth, which have brutally played with the global environment and have damaged the natural resources. Few years ago it was not consider it to be a problem. As it was believed that these natural resources have come to us from the almighty God and it is the superpower’s duty to maintain it for us. Many a persons of economy believe that it is the duty of the STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT


37

government to maintain them but now it is realize that the problem is becoming severe and it needs to solve for retaining survival on this earth.

3. STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Control on population – The growing population is increasing pressure on the earth, so basic need is to control over population. The important way to control this population is “education” and “female literacy”. Proper education can only teach the people for ill effects of population growth and literate female will be helpful in controlling the population growth. Dr. M. S. Swaminathan has rightly stated that the time has come to shift from “think nationally, act locally” to “think, act and plan locally and support nationally”. Family planning is accepted more in societies that provide their people with basic needs and services like housing, health care and education. Appropriate technology – The industrialization has made use of many tools and technology, but the need of the hour is that use only those technology, which emanates less of wastes and minimum pollutants. All those factories, which give out huge pollution, must be checked to improve their technology and control pollutants. As the industries, if left free to give out hazardous industrial wastes would create many environmental problems. Mental revolution – To introduce sustainable development a mental revolution is required and that to at a global level. One cannot push the burden on others shoulders and rest. What is required is that the thinking of the general people must change. A global will is required to work for sustainable development. Reduction of weapons – In this century, a chance of war hanging on all of us and this will lead to a mass destruction. The nuclear war will leave us in a very poor situation. It will destroy the civilization. All these nations should try to work for peace and should work for reduction of lethal weapons. Developing greenery – Efforts should be made to develop greenery even in deserts. An all out efforts should be made to develop wastelands under vegetative cover. The degraded forest area should be regenerated. Existing forest cover should be protected and endangered species should be protected from extinction. Environment stability – All efforts should be made to protect the environment from degradation. If the nature’s harmony is destroyed through perverted process of development for short-term gains, natural revolt will take place, submerging some in floods and remaining others in draught. Therefore all steps should be taken to protect the environment.

4. CONCLUSION In its broadest sense, the strategy for sustainable development aims to promote harmony among human beings and between humanity and nature. The process of sustainable development requires – 1. An effective political system that secures citizen participation in decision making. 38



2.

An economic system that is capable to generate surpluses and technical knowledge and self reliant and sustained basis. 3. A social system that can provide solutions for the tensions arising due to disharmonious development. 4. A production system that preserves the ecological base for development. 5. A technological system that can search continuously for new and better solutions. 6. An international system that promote sustainable patterns of trade and finance. 7. An administrative system that is flexible enough and must have capacity for self correction. These requirements are more in the form of goals that must cover national and international action on development. Sincerity is required for these goals to be persuaded and any departure from these goals must be corrected.

REFERENCES:            

Peter Drucker, Management : Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices (New York : Harper & Row, 1973) William H. Hornby, “Beware the ‘Market’ Thinkers,” The Quill, 1976 Kotler & Andreasen, Strategic Marketing for Nonprofit Organizations, 4th ed. Philip Kotler and Eduardo Roberto, Social Marketing: Strategies for Changing Public Behavior (New York: Free Press, 1990) Goode, P.M. and A.I. Jonhstone 1988. EIA – its potential application to appropriate technology in developing countries. The Environmentalist. Jacobs, P.J. Gardner and D. Munro. 1987. Sustainable and Equitable development: An emerging paradigm. In: Jacob, P. and D.A. Munro (eds.) Conservation with Equity; Strategy for Sustainable Development. IWCN Publication, Cambridge, U.K. Khan, T.I. and G.S. Nathawat, 1988. Environmental Impact assessment - Procedure, need and Scope. In: Man, Nature and Environmental Law, R.B.S.A Publishers, Jaipur Jacobs, P. and D.A. Munro (eds.) Conservation with Equity: Strategy for Sustain Salas, R. 1987. Population and Sustainable Development in: Sustainable Development. IUCN Publication, Cambridge, U.K. World Commission on Environment and Development (WECD).1987. Our Common Future. Oxford University Press. London. Schumacher, E.F. 1974. Small is Beautiful. Abacus London, U.K. Reid, W.V.C. 1989. Sustainable Development. Environment Khan, T.I. and R.K. Sinha. Environmental Education for Arousing ecological awareness and decision making. In Sinha, S.N., G.S. Nathawat and R.K. Sinha. (eds.) Perspectives on Environmental Psychology. Avishkar Publishers. Jaipur. Dr. Himanshu Shekhar Singh

Associate Professor Dept. of Business Management & Entrepreneurship, Dr. RML Avadh University, Faizabad. STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT


39

COMPETITIVE PROFILE MATRIX (CPM) AS A COMPETITORS’ANALYSIS TOOL: A THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE -Shanewaz Mahmood Sohel1 -Abu Moohammad Atiqur Rahman2 -Md. Aftab Uddin3 (Corresponding Author)

ABSTRACT This paper aims to critically appraise the importance of CPM in providing information for a company’s competitive advantage and its role in formulating company’s strategy. In addition, this paper also pinpoints some other popular techniques for competitors’ analysis and their merits. It’s an exploratory and conceptual analysis based on literature review emphasizing the emergence of strategic analysis tools for engendering factors of achieving competitiveness in the fierce competitive market. The study extensively reviews published materials from different sources to explain the relevant concepts on the issue. In this connection, different concepts, ideas, approaches, areas, contemporary practices and issues either from books or journals on CPM and other competitors’ analysis tool-kits have been addressed to explain the topic. Finally, conclusions and future directions have been attached therewith.

KEW WORDS CPM, KEY SUCCESS FACTORS (KSFS), STRATEGIC TOOL, COMPETITIVENESS

1. INTRODUCTION Competition is one of the most inevitable issues in today’s business world. No matter a firm is big or small; it has competitors in the industry and the strategies of these competitors affect the process of formulating strategic plan for the company. Competitors represent a major determinant of corporate success, and failure of a company to analyze its competitors’ strengths, weaknesses, strategies, and areas of vulnerability may lead to suboptimal performance in the business (Wilson, 1994). So, analyzing the competitors is crucial for firm’s strategy formulation and implementation as well as competitive preparation (Ho & Lee, 2008; Bloodgood & Bauerschmidt, 2002). As most of the managers acknowledge the importance of understanding their industry and competitors, there is a growing interest to use various competitive analysis techniques to help formulate and implement strategy (Prescott & Grant, 1988). Some of these popular techniques include: SWOT analy40



sis, Boston Consulting Group (BCG) approach, General Electric Stoplight Strategy, McKinsey’s Industry Strength Matrix, Porter’s Five Forces model & Value Chain Analysis, SPACE matrix, External Factor Evaluation Matrix (EFE), Internal Factor Evaluation Matrix (IFE), PESTEL analysis, and Competitive Profile Matrix (CPM) (Hill & Westbrook, 1997; Radder & Louw, 1998; Porter, 2000; Bygrave & Zacharakis, 2011). As strategic analysis and planning tools, these conventional matrices provide valuable insight about competitive scenario to help managers plan an organization’s future competitive position (Capps III & Glissmeyer, 2012). Among these techniques, “CPM not only creates a powerful visual catch-point but also conveys information about your competitive advantage and is the basis for your company’s strategy (Bygrave & Zacharakis, 2011, p. 244).”

2. LITERATURE REVIEW ON ESSENCE OF COMPETITORS’ ANALYSIS TOOLS Researchers have proposed some strategic techniques which are useful for analyzing the competitive scenario of the industry. Coman & Ronen (2009) mention that SWOT (Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats) analysis is one of the most useful tools for defining a company’s strategic action by analyzing company’s internal capabilities and external environment to identify appropriate opportunities and threats. However, the problem of SWOT analysis is that it does not prioritize or weight the internal or external factors identified (Hill & Westbrook, 1997) whereas the CPM method includes the weight of all identified CSF for analyzing the competitive advantages. Porter (2000) identifies another popular tool known as five forces model to analyze the industry attractiveness of a firm. This model focuses on five forces that shape the competition within an industry: a) the threat of new entry, b) the threat of substitutes, c) the bargaining power of buyers, d) the bargaining power of suppliers, and e) the extent of rivalry between competitors within an industry (Hill & Jones, 2001). “On the basis of analyzing these factors, Porter argues that an organization can develop a generic competitive strategy of differentiation or cost leadership, capable of delivering superior performance through an appropriate configuration and coordination of its value chain activities” (Stonehouse & Snowdon, 2007; p. 257). This model offers not only a valuable starting point for strategic analysis (Johnson, et. al., 2011), but it also has some limitations. According to Porter (2000), this model helps a company assess the potential profitability of a particular industry but Rumelt (1991) argues that the profitability does not depend on industry-wide factors; firm-specific factors such as unique endowment, individual competence, and strategies are more important to the profitability of the business. The Porter model also indicates that five forces apply equally to all firms in an industry but in reality the strength of those forces may vary from business to business in terms of size or strength of brand name (Stonehouse & Snowdon, 2007, p. 258). In addition, Porter’s five forces model COMPETITIVE PROFILE MATRIX (CPM) AS A COMPETITORS’.....


41

assumes that the relationships with competitors, suppliers, and buyers are adversarial but in reality buyers and suppliers may have long lasting relationships as partners which is more soften and less aggressive than that implied in the Porter’s model (Campbell, Stonehouse, & Houston, 2002; p. 142). Another competitive analysis tool SPACE (Strategic Position and Action Evaluation) matrix is proposed by Rowe, Mason, Dickel, Mann, & Mockler (as cited in Radder & Louw, 1998) which analyzes the industry competition based on two dimension; first, internal dimension includes financial strength and competitive advantage which are the major determinants of company’s strategic position and second, external dimension includes environment stability and industry strength that indicate the strategic position of entire industry. Radder and Louw (1998) indicate that the different dimensions in the matrix result in different strategic postures (aggressive, competitive, conservative, and defensive) which can be translated into generic competitive strategy to help manager develop appropriate competitive strategy for the company. However, this matrix suffers from some limitations. There are no scientific procedure to select the factors in the dimensions and each individual factor carry equal weight analyzing the competition (Radder & Louw, 1998). But in CPM, the KSFs carry different weights according to their importance to the firm and, and in their industry environment.

3. COMPETITIVEPROFILE MATRIX:CONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK Zimmerer, Scarborough, & Wilson (2008) define Competitor Profile Matrix (CPM) as a tool which helps the companies assess themselves against their major competitors using the critical success factors for that industry. Zimmerer et al. (2008) state three steps to construct a CPM for a company. The first step is to find the KSFs for the company and attach weight to those factors according to their relative importance. In the next step, company need to identify its major competitors and rate each competitors including company itself on each of the KSFs. KSFs include both internal and external issues and different ratings have been given from 1 to 4 considering their relative importance to the organization where 1 stands for major weakness, 2 stands for minor weakness, 3 stands for minor strength, and 4 stands for major strength. Same method has been applied when rating to the KSFs of competitors. Lastly, company has to multiply the weight by the rating for each factor to get a weighted score and then adds up each competitor’s weighted scores to get a total weighted score. A hypothetical example of a CPM is given below:

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Table 1: Competitive Profile Matrix of Company A Company A Key Success Factors Innovation Advertising Brand Name Product Quality Customer Service Price Competitiveness Technological Competence Total

Weight 0.25 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.05 1.00

Score 4 2 1 4 3 3 3

Competitor 1

Competitor 2

Weighted Score Weighted Score Weighted Score Score Score 1.00 4 1.00 3 0.75 0.40 3 0.60 4 0.80 0.20 4 0.80 2 0.40 0.60 2 0.30 2 0.30 0.30 2 0.20 1 0.10 0.15 3 0.15 4 0.20 0.15 1 0.05 2 0.10 2.80 3.10 2.65

This table portrays the competitive scenarios of the company and its competitors in the industry. From this table, it is found that the company A scores better (strengths) in innovation and product quality, and assumes minor strength in customer service, price competitiveness, and in technological competence. Albeit, company has minor weakness in advertising and major weakness is in brand name. As a whole, its total score is 2.80 and on the other hand, its competitor A’s and competitor B’s total scores are 3.10, and 2.65 respectively. From this competitive profile matrix, it is revealed that competitor 1 enjoys more competitive advantages by 0.30 than the company itself while competitor 2 is lagging behind by 0.15.

4. STRENGTHS OF CPM AS A COMPETITOR ANALYSIS TOOL As a strategic analysis tool, CPM provides several benefits to the company. Capps III and Glissmeyer (2012) argue that CPM includes company’s KSFs which help the company identify strengths and deficiencies in those significant areas. “Analyzing organizations in this manner is an effective way to evaluate many competitors in one framework to support an effective strategic plan” (Fleisher & Bensoussan, 2003, 2007; as cited in Capps III & Glissmeyer, 2012, p. 1060). CPM enables a company to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of its major competitors which is matter to develop an effective competitive strategy. Wilson (1994) argues that in competitor analysis, detail attention is given to each competitor’s apparent objectives, resources and competitive moves which lead a company to readily identify the area of strengths and weaknesses of the competitors and this can be used in the process of developing effective strategy. Johnson, Whittington, and Scholes (2011) also state that one of the key elements of a strategic plan is to analyze the capabilities of an organization which should include a clear identification of the key strength and weaknesses of the organization relative to its competitors. Through a comparative analysis of KSFs between a company and its major competitors CPM provides important internal strategic information to managers COMPETITIVE PROFILE MATRIX (CPM) AS A COMPETITORS’.....


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and help them develop effective strategy for the company (David, 2011). In addition, to construct CPM, a company needs to identify the KSFs of the industry where it operates. Identifying these KSFs are also crucial for developing effective strategy. Because KSFs can be used to direct a company’s effort for developing strategies, it can also be used to identify critical issues associated with implementation of strategy, and it might also assist managers to establish a guideline for monitoring company’s activities (Munro & Wheeler, 1980; Ferguson & Dickinson, 1982; as cited in Boynton & Zmud, 1984). Zimmerer et al. (2008) also state that identifying the KSFs in an industry helps managers decide where they should focus their company’s resources strategically. Moreover, Capps III and Glissmeyer, (2012) state that while IFE matrix for competitors analysis summarizes only company’s major strength and weaknesses and EFE matrix provides a synopsis of company’s opportunities and threats from external environments but CPM includes both internal and external factors that most impact on organization and provide information about company’s potential competitive advantages.

5. WEAKNESSES OF CPM AS A COMPETITOR ANALYSIS TOOL Though CPM is a sensible tool for managers to use for competitors analysis but it suffers from some limitations (Capps III & Glissmeyer, 2012). Chang and Huang (2006) identifies two major drawbacks of CPM; 1) the ratings of KSFs are subjectively assigned between 1 and 4, so objective and quantified data (such as business volume) is missing, 2) non-uniformity may occur because of weights of CSFs being assigned subjectively by the evaluators without any consistency test. In CPM, managers assigned the weight to different key success factors based on their assumptions. No scientific method is used to evaluate the relative importance of each KSF for the company. Moreover, Boynton and Zmud, (1984) argue that the procedure of identifying the KSFs may be biased by manager’s belief, values or availability of information. Beside this, Though CPM provides information about company’s performance relative to its competitors based on some key success factors but it is difficult to measure the effectiveness of the company in terms of those key factors because Rangone (1997) states that competitive advantage of a company does not depend on specific factors and disadvantage in one factor may be paid off by an advantage in another factor. To avoid this problem, in CPM, managers assess the overall effectiveness of the company with respect to competitors by calculating some total scores based on the company’s performance in all KSFs but it is also difficult because of the heterogeneity of the KSFs which may be financial, non-financial, quantitative or qualitative (Rangone, 1997). Managers also faces problem in interpreting the scores derived from CPM to compare the performance of the company against their competitors. For example, “Just because one firm receives a 3.20 rating and another receives a 2.80 rating in a Competitive Profile Matrix, it does not mean that the first firm is 20 percent better than the 44



second” (David, 2011; p. 82). He also argue that total score in CPM just reveal the relative strength of a firm but their accuracy as tool for relative measurement of two companies performance may not be appropriate. Beside this, managers may face problems collecting information about their competitors while preparing the CPM. It is easy for the managers to collect information about a competitor if it is a public company but very difficult if it is a private company or operating in stealth mode. (Bygrave & Zacharakis, 2011).

6. IMPLICATIONS Competitive Profile Matrix is a simple but powerful tool to provide information of the competitive scenario of an industry and help manager develop appropriate strategy for the company. Managers need competitive information to understand the industry and its competitors and to identify areas in which the competitors are weak and to evaluate the impact of strategic action on competitors (David, 2011). Using this model enables them to outperform the competitors by the effective design and implementation of strategic plans. Academics have miles to go with this model in this field. They can push this model down from the theoretical frame to the practical arena and encourage the industrial corporate to use this in the competitive analysis of their own firm and its competitors. Students in business discipline will also be benefited as to the assessment of the firm and their industry’s competitive environment.

7. CONCLUSION & FUTURE DIRECTIONS By identifying the KSFs of the industry and evaluating the company against its major competitors based on the ratings of the KSFs, CPM provides a clear synopsis of strengths and weaknesses of the company and its competitors which might assists managers to develop effective competitive strategy for the business. However, the major problem using this technique is that KSFs are not identified scientifically and the weights are not assigned subjectively and lack the consistency test. Moreover, the overall effectiveness of the company cannot be measured by using KSFs because Ketelhohn (1998) argues that mastering on industry KSFs does not ensure profits for the company, they prepare the company for competition. However, despite of some limitations, CPM is a powerful tool that helps manager or entrepreneur explains why the business is weak in some areas and why it is better in others. By carefully interpreting the results of CPM, an entrepreneur can start defining the ideal competitive strategy for his company (Zimmerer et al., 2008). This research suggests that CPM is useful to unlock the key drivers of competitiveness based on firm’s internal and external environment. Empirical research might be more accurate for figuring out the right tool of competitive analysis. In addition, an empirical research on comparative analysis of different tools like, SWOT analysis, PESTEL analysis, VCA model, Five Forces Model, BCG matrix, EFE matrix, IFE matrix, General Electric Stoplight Strategy, Company Strength Matrix, and CPM COMPETITIVE PROFILE MATRIX (CPM) AS A COMPETITORS’.....


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might be useful for a group of firms to explore the superiority of the specific model over others for an effective competitor analysis.

REFERENCES: 

Bloodgood, J. M., & Bauerschmidt, A. (2002). Competitive analysis: do managers accurately compare their firms to competitors?. Journal of Managerial Issues, 418-434.



Boynton, A. C., & Zmud, R. W. (1984). An assessment of critical success factors. Sloan Management Review (pre-1986), 25(4), 17-27.

 

Bygrave, W. D., & Zacharakis, A. (2011). Entrepreneurship (2nd ed.), NJ, USA: Wiley Campbell, D. J., Stonehouse, G., and Houston, B. (2002). Business strategy: an introduction (2nd Ed.), Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann



Capps III, C. J., & Glissmeyer, M. D. (2012). Extending The Competitive Profile Matrix Using Internal Factor Evaluation And External Factor Evaluation Matrix Concepts. Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR), 28(5), 1059-1062.



Chang, H. H., & Huang, W. C. (2006). Application of a quantification SWOT analytical method. Mathematical and Computer Modeling, 43(1), 158-169.



Coman, A., & Ronen, B. (2009). Focused SWOT: diagnosing critical strengths and weaknesses. International Journal of Production Research, 47(20), 5677-5689.



David, F. R. (2011). Strategic management: Concepts and cases (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.



Hill, C. W., & Jones, G. R. (2001). Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach (5th Ed.). New York: Houghton Mifflin



Hill, T., & Westbrook, R. (1997). SWOT analysis: it’s time for a product recall. Long range planning, 30(1), 46-52.



Ho, J. C., & Lee, C. S. (2008). The DNA of industrial competitors. Research-Technology Management, 51(4), 17-20.



Johnson, G., Whittington, R., & Scholes, K. (2011). Exploring corporate strategy: Text and cases (9th ed.). England: Pearson Education.



Ketelhohn, W. (1998). What is a key success factor?. European Management Journal, 16(3), 335-340.



Porter, M. E. (2000). How competitive forces shape strategy. Strategic Planning: Readings, 102.



Prescott, J. E., & Grant, J. H. (1988). A manager’s guide for evaluating competitive analysis techniques. Interfaces, 18(3), 10-22.



Radder, L., & Louw, L. (1998). The SPACE matrix: a tool for calibrating competition. Long range planning, 31(4), 549-559.



Rangone, A. (1997). Linking organizational effectiveness, key success factors and performance measures: an analytical framework. Management Accounting Research, 8(2), 207-219.



Rumelt, R. P. (1991). How much does industry matter? Strategic management journal, 12(3), 167-185.

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

Stonehouse, G., & Snowdon, B. (2007). Competitive advantage revisited: Michael Porter on strategy and competitiveness. Journal of Management Inquiry, 16(3), 256-273.

 

Wilson, R. M. S. (1994). Competitor analysis. Management Accounting-London, 72, 24-24. Zimmerer, T., Scarborough, N. M., & Wilson, D. (2008). Essentials of entrepreneurship and small business management (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

-Shanewaz Mahmood Sohel Assistant Professor Department of Management Studies University of Chittagong, Bangladesh Email: [email protected] -Abu Moohammad Atiqur Rahman Associate Professor Department of Management Studies University of Chittagong Chittagong, Bangladesh. Email: [email protected] 3 -Md. Aftab Uddin (Corresponding Author) Assistant Professor Department of Management Studies University of Chittagong, Bangladesh Email: [email protected] Mr. Shanewaz Mahmood Sohel1, Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh 4331, has completed BBA and MBA (Major in Management) both from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Currently, he has been pursuing MBA (Major in International Business) in the University of Chester, UK. Mr. Abu Mohammad Atiqur Rahman2, Associate professor, Department of Management Studies, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, 4331, has been B.Com.(Hons), and M.Com. both from University of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Later on, he has been awarded another Master degree (Master in Project Evaluation and Management) from the University of Antwerp, Belgium. Mr. Md. Aftab Uddin3, Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh 4331, has completed BBA (Major in Management) and MBA (Major in International Management) both from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Currently, he has been awarded Chinese Government Scholarship for completing MBA (Major in Human Resource Management) in the Wuhan University of Technology, China.

COMPETITIVE PROFILE MATRIX (CPM) AS A COMPETITORS’.....


47

CASE - STUDY

INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR RETENTION : NEW INSIGHTS -Prof. Gloryson R B Chalil Insurance sector in India reported CAGR of around 175% during the last couple of years. On account of intense marketing strategies adopted by private insurance players, the market share of state owned insurance companies like GIC, LIC and others have already come down to 70% in last 4-5 years. PlusLife (name and details disguised) started its operations in 2004 as a life insurance player. It brings together strong financial expertise of the European partner and rich and proven experience of well-known Indian conglomerate through a joint venture (26:74 ratio respectively as prescribed by IRDA). PlusLife offers a range of innovative products and services that cater to specific insurance and wealth management needs of customers. PlusLife positions itself as an organization providing employment opportunities that are comparable to owning a business with all it benefits, other than the liabilities/risk associated with it. If offers potential employees the freedom and opportunity to determine own paycheck and the flexibility that comes with being your own boss. It never insisted financial background as a preliminary requirement. Potential employees were introduced to senior colleagues earning up to Rs 36 lakhs a year and exposed to the possibility of earning Rs. 6 lakh by generating a business of Rs. 30 lakh, at a commission rate of 30%. PlusLife train fresh employees in developing skills, knowledge and competencies to succeed in an insurance career. Highquality curriculum will not only allow the agents to prepare for IRDA exam, but also provide the required on-the-job training. PlusLife offers three distinctive career paths to successful candidates based on their choice: (i) operations job of building and developing own practice, (ii) as a sales manager with own team of advisors or (iii) as a trainer resource for the potential candidates. Despite all these initiatives PlusLife reported one among the highest entry level attrition rates in insurance sector. While the industry average is around 60%, organization reports a much higher level of entry level attrition and the details during the last few months are given in Exhibit A. After going through the previous year’s data, CEO observed that the current attrition levels are at unprecedented levels and the new HR head needs to bring it down to industry average. Previous HR head had made a request to increase allocation to the department to industry average. CEO had accepted the legitimate request around 12 months back with one condition: turnover rates need to come down to industry average levels. Unfortunately the previous head was not able to attain the target and lost his job. New 48



HR head has the freedom to reallocate HR budget to various initiatives proposed by the department, but is expected to provide significant improvements within one year. New HR head started her analysis by focusing on 2011 May data (Exhibit B). Due to the unexpected surge in attrition, HR is not able to maintain the sanctioned mandatory headcount (1000 entry level employees) and things are going to be worse in July. To identify some good practice, she compared the data across different regions of its operation and four metros. Findings revealed attrition problem persists across the organization and she has to rely on some ‘out of box thinking’ that can deliver results within short term. Life is going to be really difficult.

Exhibit A: Monthly and Year end Attrition for last three years (as % of existing employees) Year

Jan

Feb

March

April

May

Year End

2009

7%

7%

8%

10%

10%

108%

2010

8%

7%

8%

9%

11%

120%

2011

13%

11%

10%

10%

14.5%

130% (projected at an average of 11%)

Exhibit B: Attrition Analysis based on Employee Tenure Head Count

Head Countx

(May 01, 2011)

(May 31, 2011)

New Hire Input (May 2011)

110

90

1-6 Months

415

320

7-12 Months

165

143

13-18 Months

84

78

19-24 Months

67

65

> 24 months

206

198

Questions for Analysis: 1.

Help the new HR head to address the issue (Other than providing a tip to get/find a new job)

2.

Is CEO right in expecting industry average attrition levels at PlusLife? Is it possible/right to justify current levels of attrition (may be with minor improvement) as HR head? -Prof. Gloryson R B Chalil Area Coordinator (Organizational Behavior) XLRI, JAMSEDPUR

INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR RETENTION : NEW INSIGHTS


49

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Life Time Rs. 7000 I would like to subscribe to the “International Journal of Human Potential Development” Volume.............................................................Year....................................... Enclosed cheque /DD number...................................Dated.............................. For US$......................................................................................................... Drawn On .................................................... bank in favour of ‘Society for Human and Social Potential Development’Payable at Kanpur(India). Outstation Cheque should include Rs.50 as transactional charges

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