Compression strength properties of the hardened ... - Springer Link

Environ Earth Sci (2010) 61:1703–1711 DOI 10.1007/s12665-010-0484-8

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Compression strength properties of the hardened cement mortar mixed with municipal incineration fine bottom ashes Y.-S. Song • J.-M. Yun • T.-H. Kim

Received: 11 May 2009 / Accepted: 2 February 2010 / Published online: 25 February 2010 Ó Springer-Verlag 2010

Abstract In order to recycle the incineration fine bottom ash generated from municipal solid waste as a fine aggregate construction material(\4.75 mm), a series of uniaxial compression tests were carried out according to the mixing ratio of bottom ash, the curing temperature, the water– cement ratio, the mixing ratio of expanded poly styrene (EPS), and the curing time. As the results of tests, the compression strengths cured 28 days of all specimens prepared with different mixing ratios are ranged between 87 and 220 kg/cm2. The water content of the hardened cement mortar is not much different with the curing time. Also, the water content is increased with increasing the mixing ratio of bottom ash, the water–cement ratio, and the mixing ratio of EPS. The unit weight of the hardened cement mortar is decreased with increasing the mixing ratio of bottom ash and the mixing ratio of EPS. The compression strength of the hardened cement mortar is decreased with increasing the mixing ratio of bottom ash. The compression strength of the hardened cement mortar cured at 30 ± 2°C and 40 ± 2°C is bigger than that of the cement mortar cured at normal temperature (20 ± 2°C). However, the compression strength of the hardened cement

J.-M. Yun Division of Construction, Ansan College of Technology, Ansan, Korea Y.-S. Song Geologic Environment Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, Korea T.-H. Kim (&) Department of Civil Engineering, Korea Maritime University, Busan, Korea e-mail: [email protected]

mortar cured at 30 ± 2°C is bigger than that of the cement mortar cured at 40 ± 2°C. The compression strength is increased at the range from 0.55 to 0.6 of water–cement ratio, and then the compression strength is decreased over 0.65 of water–cement ratio. Meanwhile, the compression strength of the hardened cement mortar is decreased with increasing the mixing ratio of EPS. Keywords Incineration fine bottom ash Compression strength Curing time Curing temperature Hardened cement mortar

Introduction Recently, the interest for incineration has been increased as the effective how to deal with municipal solid waste. In case of Korea, almost wastes are reclaimed, and so a reclaimed land is also very insufficient. Korea makes an effort to increase an incineration ratio because inflammable wastes reach nearly 50% of total wastes (Park and Chung 2000). However, the issue to dispose of incineration bottom ash after incinerating a lot of wastes is severely on the rise. In Korea, about 50 resource recovery facilities of municipal solid waste all over the nation are operating and tons of incineration bottom ashes are exhausted every day. Most of incineration bottom ash is dealt with by reclaiming them into a reclaimed land (Kim 2000). Nowadays, however, it has been shown as a big social problem that some heavy metals in the incineration bottom ash are in excess of the standard value. Thus, more focus was shifted to solve this problem (Lee 1999; Romero et al. 2001). Considering the economic and environmental view, it is urgently required to study systemically how to solve environmental pollution because of incineration bottom ash which are

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Laboratory test Samples The bottom ash generated from municipal solid waste, which were classified and collected according to the method to get and compound a sample ore under Waste Control Act at a resource recovery facility located at city

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A, was used for this study. It is shown that the bottom ash includes various substances, and the size of the particle is also irregular. Thus, the metal and nonflammable substances were screened from the materials, and then it was screened by sieve having droplet of diameter 4.75 mm (Fig. 1). The screened test materials were dried for 24 h in the room temperature and then were dried for 24 h again in a dryer at 105°C. Figure 2 shows the grain size distribution curve of the bottom ash used in a test. The dotted line in the figure means the criteria of grain size standard for fine aggregate of general and paving concrete, and it showed that the grain size distribution of the incineration bottom ash used in this research satisfied the criteria of grain size standard. As the result of the leaching test for incineration bottom ash used in this research, it showed that the ash consisted

Fig. 1 Prepared fine bottom ashes (\4.75 mm)

100 90 80

Perc ent f iner ( % )

exhausted in large quantities like this and how to recycle them as a construction material. The foreign and domestic trends in the research for recycling technology of incineration bottom ash generated from municipal solid waste may be divided into four steps as follows (Lee and Kim 2001). The first step is to study solidification for stabilization of a hazard materials such as a heavy metal, an organic chemical, and the like in incineration bottom ash in order not to gush out to a life environment in the viewpoint of their safety handling (Park and Lee 2001; Joung et al. 2002; Moon and Lim 2003; Kim et al. 2005; Yun et al. 2006). If the stability to recycle the incineration bottom ash as a resource as well as the final disposition for their solidification are proved, the second step is to study how to recycle them as a primary raw material such as cover soil of a reclaimed land, clay of pavement material of a road, cement, etc., sand and the like (Hjelmar 1996; Vehlow 1996; Lim 1998). The third step is to study more positive how to recycle them as aggregates in the fields of civil and architecture public works, construction and landscape (Mun et al. 2003). And the fourth step is to study high value added how to recycle them as construction materials such as artificial stones, marbles, ceramic products, lightweight aggregates, heat insulators, etc., by processing them (Mun et al. 2001; Lee et al. 2001). This study tries to investigate the features of strength through manufacturing a hardened cement mortar in order to recycle the incineration bottom ash (especially, \4.75 mm) generated from municipal solid waste as a construction material. In order to do this, uniaxial compression tests are conducted to measure the compression strength according to the mixing ratio of bottom ash, the curing temperature, and the water–cement ratio, and to show the optimum condition manifesting the highest strength based on the result of measurement. Especially, this study develops, manufactures, and uses the curing container, which can control the curing temperature of a hardened cement mortar. In addition, this study tries to investigate the features of strength by manufacturing the hardened cement mortar mixing with expanded poly styrene (EPS) for lightweight. On the basis of test results, this study tries to find out whether incineration bottom ash may be used as a construction material.

Environ Earth Sci (2010) 61:1703–1711

70 60 50 Bottom ash 1 Bottom ash 2 Bottom ash 3 Bottom ash 4 Upper limit Lower limit

40 30 20 10 0 0.01

0.1

1

10

100

Particle diameter (mm)

Fig. 2 Grain size distribution curves of the fine bottom ashes and the criteria of grain size standard for fine aggregate of general and paving concrete


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mainly of Al, Si, S, Cl, and Ca and a component Ca took about 40% of total components. The incineration bottom ash included the heavy metals such as Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn, Fe, As, and the like, but the concentration of the dissolved heavy metals was less than the standard value of Korean waste management. The heavy metals such as Cr, Cu, Pb, As, and the like were detected from the incineration bottom ash solidified by cement, but Cd did not be detected. And it showed that the solubility of heavy metals in the incineration bottom ash solidified by cement was smaller than the one of heavy metals in the incineration bottom ash (Yun et al. 2006). The clean sea sand dredged from offshore of Incheon was used as the fine aggregate used by mixing with bottom ash. Figure 3 describes the grain size distribution curve of the clean sea sand. As seen in the figure, it shows that the grain size distribution of the clean sea sand used in this research satisfied somewhat the criteria of grain size standard for the fine aggregate of general concrete and paving concrete, but the content of the fine fraction that a diameter is less than 1 mm was insufficient a little bit. KS 5201-(Type 1) Ordinary Portland Cement was used for manufacturing a hardened cement mortar. The specific gravity of this cement is 3.15 and its main ingredients consist of CaO 62%, SiO2 20%, Al2O3 5.5.%, Fe2O3 3.5%, MgO 3%, SO3 2.2%, Na2O and K2O 1%. Expanded poly styrene used for the light weight of a hardened cement mortar has the foaming structure that air is sealed in the bubbles of plastic. It is shown that the physical property of EPS does not change unless it is changed largely according to the foaming magnitude and density or EPS touches directly with air. Table 1 shows the physical properties of bottom ash, fine aggregate (sand), and EPS. As seen in Table 1, it shows that the unit weight of sand is the biggest among them.

Table 1 Physical properties of bottom ash, sand, and EPS Properties

Bottom ash

Sand

EPS

Unit weight (g/cm3)

1.06–1.3

1.77–1.79

0.03

Water absorption (%)

13.5–16.4

1.2–1.6

–

Specific gravity

2.03–2.28

2.57–2.69

–

Void ratio

0.83

0.46

–

Test procedure and equipment Curing container The curing container which can control the curing temperature of a specimen was developed and manufactured by itself in this research. Figure 4 shows the container, and Fig. 5 shows the inside and outside schematic diagram of the container. The curing container as the shape of a cylinder with the inside diameter of 300 mm and the height of 580 mm was manufactured by using an acrylic plate as seen in Fig. 5a. The main body of the container was manufactured by using the cylindrical acrylic plate with the thickness of 10 mm, and the cover of the container in the upper and bottom parts was made by the circular acrylic plate with the thickness of 40 mm. The bottom plate was fixed and combined with the cylindrical acrylic plate, and the upper plate was combined by a bolt so that it is possible to be assembled or disassembled, and a rubber packing was inserted into the plate to prevent it from leaking pressure and water. In order to place hardened cement mortar specimens with three stories inside the container at the same time, a circle steel frame was manufactured as seen in Fig. 5b, and Fig. 5c shows the example installing a cylindrical

100 90

Percent finer (%)

80 70 60 50 40 Sand 1 Sand 2 Sand 3 Upper limit Lower limit

30 20 10 0 0.01

0.1

1

10

100

Particle diameter (mm)

Fig. 3 Grain size distribution curves of the clean sea sand and the criteria of grain size standard for fine aggregate of general and paving concrete

Fig. 4 Temperature control specimen curing equipment

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Fig. 5 Schematic view of the curing equipments: a solid figure of assembled device, b circle steel frame, c circle steel frame with porous mold, and d porous cylindrical mold

specimen inside the steel frame. And we drilled the hole with the diameter of 2.5 mm on the surface of the wall of a cylindrical mold to make the curing pressure act on the side of a specimen during curing it (refer to Fig. 5d). Mixture and manufacture of a specimen A mortar mixing fine bottom ash with sand was manufactured for this study. Cement was mixed with fine aggregate (bottom ash ? sand) according to the weight ratio of 1:2.45 under the criteria for mixture of standard mortar, and the water–cement ratio was mixed by Table 2 Specimen preparation condition

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changing it from 0.55 to 0.70 according to the mixing ratio of bottom ash. A mortar mixer was used for preventing material segregation when mixing cement with fine aggregate (bottom ash ? sand). In the mixer, dry mixing was conducted for 1 min and then mixed again for 3–5 min with water. A specimen was manufactured by filling a cylindrical mold with the diameter of 5 cm and the height of 10 cm with the mixed materials. The specimens were cured in the air for 1 day after molding, then were disassembled them from the mold, and were cured them in the water. The curing period of the specimens was, respectively, 7, 14, and 28 days. Table 2 shows the making condition of a specimen for a laboratory test. In case of the tests to find out the strength variation, according to the change of mixing ratio of sand and bottom ash, only the mixing condition of sand and bottom ash was changed, respectively, to 1:0.5, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3, and the conditions of curing temperature, water–cement ratio and the mixing ratio of EPS were followed by the standard condition. In case of the tests to find out the strength variation, according to the change of the curing temperature, only curing temperature was changed, respectively, to 20, 30, and 40°C, and the mixing ratio of sand and bottom ash, water–cement ratio, and the ESP were followed by the standard condition. In case of the test to find out the strength variation according to the change of water–cement ratio, only water–cement ratio was changed, respectively, to 55, 60, 65, and 70%, and the mixing ratio of sand and bottom ash, curing temperature, the mixing ratio of ESP were followed by the standard condition. And in case of the tests to find out the strength variation, according to the change of the mixing ratio of ESP, only the mixing ratio of ESP was tested by changing the mixing condition respectively to 100:0.5 and 100:1, and the mixing ratio of sand and bottom ash, curing temperature and water–cement ratio were followed by the standard condition. The specimens were installed in the curing container, which was filled sufficiently with water, the cover of the container was closed, and then the curing temperature was changed by using a temperature control device. As shown in Fig. 6, the specimens were installed into a circle steel frame, and Fig. 7 shows that the manufactured specimens were installed in the curing container, which was

Contents

Standard condition

Mixing condition

Mixing ratio of sand:ash

1:1

1:0.5, 1:2, 1:3

Curing temperature (°C)

20

30, 40

Water–cement ratio (%)

65

55, 60, 70

Mixing ratio of fine aggregate (sand ? ash):EPS

0

100:0.5, 100:1


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until a specimen will not in use so as not to apply impact load to it.

Test results Physical properties of a hardened cement mortar Water content

Fig. 6 Picture of specimens installed in the circle steel frame

Fig. 7 Picture of specimen cure underwater in the temperature control curing container

The water contents of a hardened cement mortar were measured by the workpiece crushed after conducting a compression test. The amount of water required for hydration of cement in a hardened cement mortar is about 25–30% of the weight of cement, and the remaining water turns into vapor in curing or remains inside the hardened cement mortar. In this research, the water contents of a hardened cement mortar means the amount of water remaining inside the hardened cement mortar. Figure 8 shows the change of the water cements of hardened cement mortar according to the mixing ratio of sand and bottom ash. The figure shows that the water contents of the hardened cement mortar are constant regardless of a curing time, and the water contents increase as the mixing ratio of sand and bottom ash increases. Figure 9 shows the change of the water contents of a hardened cement mortar according to water–cement ratio. In Fig. 9, it shows that the water contents of a hardened cement mortar are constant regardless of a curing time, and the water contents increase as water–cement ratio is high. Figure 10 shows the change of the water contents of a hardened cement mortar according to the mixing ratio of EPS. In Fig. 10, it also shows that the water contents are

manufactured specially, and they were cured under water according to each curing temperature.

25

Uniaxial compression test

20

water content (%)

A series of uniaxial compression test for the specimens completed cure through each curing condition were conducted. The reliability of a test was increased by reducing the eccentric load and the force of constraint on the end part through capping of the upper and bottom surfaces of a specimen and by reducing the error generated when measuring compression strength. A specimen was put at the center of the platen of a tester and was installed to fit the center line of a tester to a specimen and the platen. And also, the platen was brought completely into contact with the upper and the bottom surface of a specimen so as not to act eccentricity on it. Load was applied constantly

1:0.5 1:1 1:2 1:3

sand : bottom ash

15

10

5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

curing time (day)

Fig. 8 Variation of water contents according to mixing ratio of bottom ash

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Environ Earth Sci (2010) 61:1703–1711 25

2.5

55% 60% 65% 70%

2.3

unit weight (g/cm3)

water content (%)

20

15

10

5

2.1

1.9

sand : bottom ash 1.7

1.5 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0

5

10

20

25

30

35

curing time (day)

curing time (day)

Fig. 9 Variation of water contents according to water–cement ratio

15

1:0.5 1:1 1:2 1:3

Fig. 11 Variation of unit weight according to the mixing ration of bottom ash

25

0% 0.5% 1%

0% 0.5% 1%

2.3

unit weight (g/cm3)

water content (%)

20

2.5

15

10

2.1

1.9

1.7 5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

curing time (day)

1.5

constant regardless of a curing time, and the water contents increase as the mixing ratio of EPS increases. From these test results, it can be concluded that the water contents of a hardened cement mortar are independent of a curing time due to the hydration of cement. Generally, the strength on the 7th day of a hardened cement mortar reaches 70–80% of the strength on the 28th day. As the hydration of cement goes through very active solidification and a hardening process at the beginning and then the speed of hydration becomes slow. That is, it means that the water contents of a hardened cement mortar are nearly constant regardless of a curing time even after 7th curing day. Unit weight Figure 11 shows the unit weight of a hardened cement mortar according to the mixing ratio of sand and bottom

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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

curing time (day)

Fig. 10 Variation of water contents according to mixing ratio of EPS Fig. 12 EPS

Variation of unit weight according to the mixing ratio of

ash. As seen in the Fig. 11, it shows that the unit weight is decreased as the mixing ratio of sand and bottom ash is increased. If the mixing ratio is 1:0.5, the unit weight of a hardened cement mortar reaches 2.25 g/cm3, and if the mixing ratio is 1:3, the unit weight reaches 2.01 g/cm3. Figure 12 shows the unit weight of a hardened cement mortar according to the mixing ratio of EPS. If the weight ratio of EPS for fine aggregate (bottom ash ? sand) is 0.5%, the unit weight of a hardened cement mortar reaches 1.9 g/cm3, and if the weight ratio of EPS is 1%, the unit weight reaches 1.71 g/cm3. Thus, it can be concluded that the unit weight of a hardened cement mortar decreases as the mixing ratio of EPS in a hardened cement mortar increases.

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Strength properties of a hardened cement mortar

(a)

300

Mixing ratio of bottom ash

compression strength (kg/cm2)


250

Curing temperature Figure 14 shows the change of strength of a hardened cement mortar according to curing temperature and a curing time. The curing temperature of a hardened cement mortar is set up, respectively, as 20 ± 2°C, 30 ± 2°C, and 40 ± 2°C to investigate the effect of curing temperature. As described in Fig. 14, the strength of a hardened cement mortar cured at the curing temperature of 30 ± 2°C and 40 ± 2°C is larger than the one of the specimen cured at room temperature (20 ± 2°C). However, the strength of the hardened cement mortar cured at 30 ± 2°C is larger than the one of the hardened cement mortar cured at 40 ± 2°C. In case of the hardened cement mortar, according to the result of Havukanen’s (1983) research, if the curing temperature is high, heat of hydration goes up, and the


1:0.5 sand : bottom ash 1:1 1:2 1:3

200 150 100

standard vlaue of sidewalk block

50 0

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

150 100


50

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

curing time (day)

(b)

300

7 14 28

250 200 150 100


50 0 10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

curing temperature (°C)

Fig. 14 Compression strength according to the curing temperature and curing time. a Curing temperature (°C), b curing time (day)

hydration of water and cement is promoted. Consequently, Pozzolan reaction is activated. According to the test result, Pozzolan reaction is activated by promoting the hydration of water and cement because the heat of hydration goes up to a certain temperature as curing temperature is high. But, it could be known that if curing temperature is above the certain temperature, the effect promoting Pozzolan reaction is slowed. That is, the optimum temperature for the hydration reaction is the most active between the ranges of 30 ± 2°C and 40 ± 2°C. In addition, it shows that the effect that curing temperature influences on the strength of a hardened cement mortar is large as curing time is short.

300 250

200

0


Figure 13 shows the change of the compression strength according to the mixing ratio of sand and bottom ash. As seen in Fig. 13, it shows that the strength of a hardened cement mortar decreases as the mixing ratio of sand and bottom ash increases. If the mixing ratio of sand and bottom ash is 1:0.5 and 1:1, there is little the difference of strength. If the mixing ratio increases to 1:2 and 1:3, however, the strength is decreased largely and the decrease rate of strength is increased as the curing time is long. The strength on 28th day of a hardened cement mortar according to each mixing rate is distributed within the range of about 150–220 kg/cm2.

20 30 40

35

curing time (day) Fig. 13 Compression strength according to the mixing ration of bottom ash

Water–cement ratio Figure 15 shows the change of the strength of a hardened cement mortar in accordance with the change of water–

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1710 300

300 55% 60% 65% 70%

250



(a)


200 150 100 standard vlaue of sidewalk block

50

200 150 100 50 standard vlaue of sidewalk block 0

0

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0% 0.5% 1%

250

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

curing time (day)

35

(b)

300


curing time (day)

250

Fig. 16 Compression strength according to the maxing ratio 7 14 28

200 150 100 50 0 0.5


0.6

0.7

0.8

water-cement ratio Fig. 15 Compression strength according to the water–cement ratio and curing time. a Water–cement ratio (%), b curing time (day)

cement ratio if the mixing ratio of sand and bottom ash is 1:1. If water–cement ratio increases from 55 to 60%, the strength of a hardened cement mortar also increases. However, if water–cement ratio is above 65%, the strength decreases. Therefore, water–cement ratio should be decreased in order to increase the strength of a hardened cement mortar, but water–cement ratio should be selected appropriately considering constructability because workability decreases as water–cement ratio decreases. Mixing ratio of EPS Expanded poly styrene is a high molecular substance adding a foaming agent to a Polystyrene polymer, and it is manufactured as the shape of a block by expanding it using steam. An EPS block is a material for public works with the material property of ultralight weight that the unit weight is just 1/100 of soil.

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This research tried to accomplish lightweight by mixing EPS with these properties with a hardened cement mortar. Figure 16 shows the change of compression strength according to the mixing ratio of sand and EPS. The strength of a hardened cement mortar decreases as the mixing ratio of sand and EPS increases. If the mixing ratio of EPS for the weight of fine aggregate (sand ? bottom ash) is 0.5%, the strength on 28th day decreases as much as 25% as compared with the case that EPS is not mixed. And if the mixing ratio is 1.0%, the strength on 28th day decreases as much as 55%. Accordingly, it is necessary for selecting appropriate curing temperature and water–cement ratio in order to reduce the decrease rate of strength of a hardened cement mortar according to the mixing ratio of EPS as mentioned above. It shows that the strengths on 28th day for above two cases were, respectively, 130 and 87 kg/cm2.

Conclusions In order to recycle the incineration fine bottom ash generated from municipal solid waste as a construction material, a series of uniaxial compression tests were carried out according to the mixing ratio of bottom ash, the curing temperature, the water–cement ratio, the mixing ratio of EPS, and the curing time, and the strength properties for each condition were investigated. Based on the results of above tests, it is summarized as follows: 1.

The water contents of a hardened cement mortar were constant regardless of a curing day, and the water contents of hardened cement mortar increased as the mixing ratio of bottom ash, water–cement ratio, and the EPS were high. Also, the unit weight of hardened cement mortar decreased as the mixing ratio of bottom


2.

3.

4.

5.

ash for sand increased and the mixing ratio of EPS increased. The compression strength according to the mixing ratio of bottom ash for sand decreased as the mixing ratio of bottom ash increased. The strength on 28th day of a hardened cement mortar was ranged between 150 and 220 kg/cm2. The strength of a hardened cement mortar cured at the curing temperature of 30 ± 2°C and 40 ± 2°C was larger than the one cured at the room temperature (20 ± 2°C). However, the strength of the hardened cement mortar cured at the curing temperature of 30 ± 2°C was larger than the one of the hardened cement mortar cured at 40 ± 2°C. That is, it shows that Pozzolan reaction is activated by promoting the hydration of water and cement because the heat of hydration goes up to a certain temperature as curing temperature is high. If curing temperature is above the certain temperature, however, the effect promoting Pozzolan reaction is slowed. If water–cement ratio was 55–60%, the strength of a hardened cement mortar increased, however, if water– cement ratio was above 65%, the strength decreased. The compression strength of a hardened cement mortar according to the mixing ratio of EPS for sand decreased as the mixing ratio of EPS increased. The strength on 28th day of a hardened cement mortar according to each mixing ratio was ranged between 130 and 87 kg/cm2.

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