Aug 12, 2013 - In principle, all historical linguistics is phylogenetic, since phylogenetics encompasses the sci- ... common ancestor are indicated by the same code. Meaning 1 ... Table 1: Multistate coding of two meanings; a, b, x, y, z are cognate classes; â?â means .... of the two languages that the words come from.
PDDVSJOH BU B TJOHMF SBUF PS BU B EJTUJODU SBUF GPS HBJOT BOE B GPS MPTTFT C EJFSFOU SBUFT GPS EJFSFOU DPHOBUF TFUT D EJFSFOU SBUFT GPS EJFSFOU CSBODIFT BOE E B SBUF PG JOOPWBUJPO BOE B SBUF PG MPTT *OUFSQSFUJOH UIF SFTVMUT
UJPO UP UIFJS QPTUFSJPS QSPCBCJMJUZ य़JT TBNQMF UZQJDBMMZ SVOT UP UIPVTBOET PG USFFT BOE JU JT PG DPVSTF OPU GFBTJCMF TJNQMZ UP JOTQFDU JU CZ FZF 4VNNBSJ[JOH BMM UIJT PVUQVU JO B TJOHMF DPIFSFOU OBSSBUJWF JT EJਖ਼DVMU य़JT JT VTVBMMZ CFTU EPOF VTJOH TPNF GPSN PG WJTVBM TVNNBSZ य़FSF BSF TFWFSBM QPTTJCJMJUJFT 'PS B USFF TBNQMF NPTU QSBDUJUJPOFST DVSSFOUMZ QSFGFS B NBYJNVN DMBEF DSFEJCJMJUZ USFF 'JHVSF B य़JT JT B USFF TFMFDUFE GSPN UIF USFF TBNQMF XIJDI NBYJNJ[FT UIF QSPEVDU PG MJLFMJIPPET PG FBDI PG JUT CSBODIFT य़JT USFF DBO CF USFBUFE BT UIF CFTU SFQSFTFOUBUJWF PG UIF USFF TBNQMF #SBODI MFOHUIT BSF VTVBMMZ UBLFO GSPN UIF NFEJBO PS NFBO PG DPSSFTQPOEJOH CSBODIFT JO UIF TBNQMF " NBYJNVN DMBEF DSFEJCJMJUZ USFF DBO CF DPOTUSVDUFE VTJOH UIF 5SFF"O OPUBUPS UPPM PG UIF #&"45 QBDLBHF %SVNNPOE FU BM य़F DPOTFOTVT USFF NFUIPE IBT BMTP CFFO QPQVMBS BT B XBZ PG TVNNBSJ[JOH TFUT PG USFFT $POTFOTVT USFFT BSF CVJMU CZ SBOLJOH BMM UIF CJOBSZ TQMJUT JO B USFF TBNQMF BOE CVJMEJOH B USFF XIJDI JODMVEFT BMM UIF CSBODIFT UIBU EPOU DPOUSBEJDU BOZ NPSF IJHIMZ SBOLFE CSBODI 0OF PG UIF EJTBEWBOUBHFT PG B DPOTFOTVT USFF JT UIBU UIFSF JT OP HVBSBOUFF UIBU B USFF XJUI UIF TBNF UPQPMPHZ BT UIF DPOTFOTVT USFF XJMM BDUVBMMZ CF QSFTFOU JO UIF USFF TBNQMF य़FSF JT OP HFOFSBMMZ BDDFQUFE XBZ UP TQFDJGZ UIF CSBODI MFOHUIT PG B DPOTFOTVT USFF $POTFOTVT USFFT DBO CF NBEF VTJOH NBOZ EJFSFOU TPॏXBSF QBDLBHFT UIF ۠DPOTFOTVTۡ GVODUJPO PG UIF "1& QBDLBHF JO 3 1BSBEJT $MBVEF BOE 4USJNNFS TFF BMTP 4FDUJPO JT B DPOWFOJFOU BOE FYJCMF PQUJPO 8IJDIFWFS LJOE PG USFF SFQSFTFOUBUJPO JT VTFE JU JT OPSNBMMZ EFTJSBCMF UP BOOPUBUF CSBODIFT XJUI DPOEFODF FTUJNBUFT UIFJS QPTUFSJPS QSPCBCJM JUJFT GPS B #BZFTJBO USFF PUIFS LJOET PG DPOEFODF FTUJNBUFT TVDI BT CPPUTUSBQ WBMVFT FYJTU GPS OPO#BZFTJBO USFFT " %FOTJ5SFF WJTVBMJ[BUJPO PG UIF USFF TBNQMF HJWFT B WJWJE SFQSFTFOUBUJPO PG UIF FOUJSF USFF TBNQMF CZ PWFSQMP॒JOH BMM UIF USFFT PG UIF TBNQMF JO QBSUJBM USBOTQBSFODZ 'JH VSF C 'JOBMMZ JG DPOJDUJOH HSPVQJOHT JO UIF USFF TBNQMF BSF PG JOUFSFTU UIF USFF TBNQMF DBO CF TVNNBSJTFE XJUI B DPOTFOTVT OFUXPSL )PMMBOE FU BM &BDI CSBODI PG B USFF JO UIF USFF TBNQMF SFQSFTFOUT B QPTTJCMF CJOBSZ TQMJU PG UIF EBUB य़FTF TQMJUT BSF XFJHIUFE BDDPSEJOH UP UIFJS GSFRVFODZ BOE VTFE UP DPNQVUF B TQMJUT HSBQI 8IFSF UIF TQMJUT BSF DPNQBUJCMF UIF TQMJUT HSBQI JT JEFOUJDBM UP B USFF XIFSF TQMJUT BSF JODPNQBUJCMF FBDI TQMJU JT SFQSFTFOUFE CZ B DPMMFDUJPO PG QBSBMMFM FEHFT XIFSF JODPNQBUJCMF TQMJUT BSF PSUIPHPOBM TFF 'JHVSF D य़F MFOHUI PG UIF FEHFT DBO CF VTFE UP SFQSFTFOU UIF XFJHIU JO UIJT DBTF GSFRVFODZ PG UIF TQMJU
1SJPST
0OF PG UIF HSFBU BEWBOUBHFT PG UIF #BZFTJBO BQQSPBDI UP JOGFSFODF JT UIBU JU BMMPXT ZPV UP JOUF HSBUF NBOZ EJFSFOU GPSNT PG QSJPS LOPXMFEHF "QBSU GSPN UIF EJTUSJCVUJPOBM QSJPST PO NPEFM QBSBNFUFST 4FDUJPO
JU JT GSFRVFOUMZ EFTJSBCMF UP JOUFHSBUF B QSJPSJ LOPXO FMFNFOUT PG USFF TUSVDUVSF य़JT JT EPOF CZ DPOTUSBJOJOH UIF .$.$ TFBSDI UP UIPTF QBSUT PG UIF QBSBNFUFS TQBDF