Abstract Grapevine productivity and berry composition depend on the interactions between the genotypes of the rootstock and the scion, cultural practices and environmental factors. This study aimed to characterize the effect of rootstock genotype and applied water amounts on the productivity and anthocyanin composition of the grape berry in the hot climate. Vitis vinifera cv. Zinfandel grafted on either rootstock Freedom (Fresno 1613-59 × Dog Ridge 5, 27% V. vinifera hybrid; high vigor, nematode resistant) or Salt Creek (Vitis champinii, high vigor, phylloxera and nematode resistant and salt tolerant) was studied during two growing seasons under sustained deficit irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation. Water status, yield, berry composition and skin anthocyanin were measured at harvest during the two growing seasons. Applied water amounts affected berry mass, yield, water footprint, skin and seed mass, concentration of anthocyanins. The lack of dormant season precipitation between the two growing seasons and the prolonged drought has led to a significant experimental year impact across vegetative and reproductive growth. Rootstocks and applied water amounts affected berry mass, yield, water footprint, skin and seed mass, the concentration and hydroxylation proportion of anthocyanins. The study found that Zinfandel was less sensitive to applied water amounts when grafted onto Freedom rootstock in the hot climate. The study provides novel insights into the response of the Zinfandel grape berry to rootstock genotype and to applied water amounts in a resource limited environment.
Applied Water Amounts and Rootstocks Interact on Productivity and Phenolic Composition of Zinfandel in San Joaquin Valley of California S. Kaan Kurtural* and Clinton C. Nelson 1Department of Viticulture and Enology, California State University 2360 E. Barstow Ave. Fresno, CA 93740 USA [*
[email protected]]
Figure 1. Seasonal precipitation, reference evapotranspiration (ETo), estimated mm of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and amount of water applied/vine/week (L) by sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) in 2013 (A) and 2014 (B) in a commercial Zinfandel vineyard in the San Joaquin Valley of California.
Table 1. Effect of rootstocks and applied water amounts on yield components of Zinfandel in southern San Joaquin Valley of California in 2013 and 2014 (n=4). Berry weight (g)
Introduction and Objectives
Rootstock Freedom Salt Creek (Pr>F) Applied water amounta SDI RDI (Pr>F) Rootstock × irrigation (Pr>F)
Most vineyards in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California experience water stress due to seasonal droughts and the number of warm years and longer periods of drought are increasing. Water deficits are a limiting factor on grapevine yield as well as on berry composition The response of the grapevine to applied water amounts is genotype dependent and follows either an isohydric or anisohydric response pattern. When grapevine water availability is limited it reduces shoot growth and yield . At the berry level this limitation can be used to stimulate the production of anthocyanins . Moreover, the concentration, proportion of acylation and hydroxylation of phenolic compounds in the grape berry have been managed by applied water amounts to manipulate the anthocyanin composition and enological potential of the grapes in the SJV (. Research emphasis has recently focused on the concept of water productivity, which is the amount of marketable product produced per unit of water consumed in evapotranspiration (ETc). In one strategy, sustained deficit irrigation (SDI), a uniform fraction of ETc is applied throughout the growing season and vine water stress progressively increases through depletion of soil water reserves . In another strategy, regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), a water stress is imposed on the vine at particular phenological stages, usually pre- or post-veraison, and then altered during another phenological stage . However, there is a lack of knowledge on the response of wine grape scion/rootstock combinations to water deficits in the southern SJV. Most wine grape vineyards in the SJV have been grafted on rootstocks. Rootstocks are used for their resistance or tolerance to phylloxera and nematodes, adverse soil conditions such as high or low pH, drought and salt. Freedom (Fresno 1613-59 × Dog Ridge 5, 27% V. vinifera hybrid) is a widely used rootstock, particularly in the SJV vineyards where root-knot nematodes are the key soil-borne pest . Salt Creek (Vitis champinii) is also used in the SJV, where root-knot nematodes in addition to phylloxera tolerance are needed (Christensen 2003).. The objective of this study was to deduce the effect of rootstocks and moderate water stress treatments on productivity, berry composition and anthocyanin concentration of skin tissue of Zinfandel in a hot climate growing region.
Experimental design and Methods Experimental design: The experiment was arranged factorially in a randomized complete block with four replications. There were two rootstock and two regulated deficit irrigation treatments applied. Treatments applied: Regulated deficit irrigation treatments: SDI: Sustained deficit irrigation was applied two weeks post bud-burst to end of harvest where mid-day Y was maintained at -1.2 MPa. The following formula was used to apply fractions of ETo throughout the season with weekly Kc measurements based on canopy shade. ETcSDI = [ETo x {(percent shaded area x 0.016)+0.02} x 80%] RDI: Deficit irrigation amount was regulated based on phenology indicators with the goal of maintaining Y at -1.2 MPa between bud-burst to fruit set, and veraison to harvest; and Y at -1.4 MPa between fruit set to veraison. The following formulae were used to apply fractions of ETo at the prescribed times with weekly Kc measurements based on canopy shade. ETcRDI bb-fs;ver-har = [ETo x {(percent shaded area x 0.016)+0.02} x 80%] ETcRDI fs-ver= [ETo x {(percent shaded area x 0.016)+0.02} x 50%] Amount of water applied per irrigation treatment is presented in Figure 1. Rootstocks: There were two rootstocks tested in the experiment. Freedom Salt Creek Acknowledgements: The study was partially funded by the American Vineyard Foundation. The authors would like thank Geoffrey Dervishian, Faustino Valdez, Michael Blaine for their technical assistance during the execution of this trial.
Figure 2. Seasonal crop coefficient (Kc) for a California sprawl canopy on 3.35 m rows as a function of growing degree days (GDD, 10oC base) in 2013 and 2014 in a commercial Zinfandel vineyard in the San Joaquin Valley of California..
Rootstock ‘Freedom’ ‘Salt Creek’
d-3-gc 10.3
(Pr>F)
0.2667
c-3-gd 5.2 4.3
pe-3-ge 31.0 32.9
po-3-gf m-3-gg c-3-gah po-3-gai 33.6 611.4 a 6.2 a 87.3 39.4 577.4 b 4.3 b 86.1
pe-3-gaj 80.8 a 60.3 b
m-3-gak 22.4 25.9
3-glucoside coumarates pe-3-gcl m-3-gcm 13.0 382.7 15.5 438.9
0.6775
0.2360
0.2232 0.0412 0.0289
0.0121
0.3435
0.1995
12.4
0.5307
14.8ab
(Pr>F) Rootstock × irrigation (Pr>F) Rootstock ‘Freedom’ ‘Salt Creek’
0.0470 0.7113
(Pr>F)
0.0103
6.3 a 3.4 b
39.9 a 25.1 b
43.3a 30.6b
0.0492 0.7420
0.0108 0.4404
8.4b
674.5a 524.3 b
195.9 193.8 0.6039
22.9 a 22.4 b 0.0461
53.4 a 47.2 b 0.0213
53.7 ab 47.5 b 0.0001
2.41 a 1.90 b F Pruning system × irrigation (Pr>F)
2.97 2.99 0.8856 0.6255
0.88 0.90 0.7357 0.1313
13.9 13.9 0.7088 0.2552
5.89 5.86 0.9926 0.0689
76.2 76.3 0.8208 0.9567
33.5 34.4 0.8329 0.4615
66.5 65.6 0.6221 0.6024
6.4 6.2 0.5283 0.9540
93.6 93.8 0.6298 0.5753
Year (Pr>F) Year × rootstock (Pr>F) Year × irrigation (Pr>F) Year × rootstock × irrigation (Pr>F)
F) Year × rootstock × 0.8985 0.6302 0.9390 0.7580 0.9779 0.6430 0.9044 0.9912 0.8973 0.8316 0.8550 irrigation (Pr>F) Table 3. Effects rootstocks and applied water amounts on anthocyanin composition of Zinfandel skin tissue in the southern San Joaquin Valley of California in 2013 and 2014 (n = 4).
0.9207 0.1996
(Pr>F) Rootstock × irrigation
Seed wt mg/berry
120 a 115 b 0.1689
Applied water amounta
SDI RDI
Skin wt mg/berry
2.18 a 2.10 b 0.0125
Table 2. Effect of rootstocks and applied water amounts on anthocyanin content (mg/kg) of Zinfandel skin at harvest in 2013 and 2014 in southern San Joaquin Valley of California. 3-glucosides
Yield (kg/vine)
2014
Year (Pr>F) Year × rootstock (Pr>F) Year × irrigation (Pr>F) Year × rootstock × irrigation (Pr>F)
2013 3-Acetyl glucosides
Cluster weight (g) 2013
Rootstock Freedom Salt Creek (Pr>F) Applied water amount SDI RDI (Pr>F) Rootstock × irrigation
Figure 3. . Seasonal mid-day leaf water potential (Yl in MPa) response to sustained deficit (SDI) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) treatments in 2013 (A) and 2014 (B) in a commercial Zinfandel vineyard in the San Joaquin Valley of California.
Cluster no.
7.5 a 6.9 b
75.1 a 73.0 b
0.7224 0.8914
0.9430 0.5073
42.2 a 40.1 b 0.9145 0.4865
49.7 46.1
713.6 a 682.4 b
0.8229 0.8310 0.7429 0.8968 0.4792 0.4129
Water footprint (m3/t)c
0.697 0.639 0.3635
(TSA mg/ha)b 2013 6117 ad 6029 b 0.0143
0.765 a 0.571 b 0.0053 0.5905
6023 6117 0.9755 0.4742
228 a 173 b F Applied water amounta SDI RDI Pr>F Rootstock × irrigation (Pr>F)
4.7 5.0
195 206 0.4320
Rootstock Freedom Salt Creek Pr>F Applied water amount SDI RDI Pr>F Rootstock × irrigation (Pr>F)
0.680 0.722 0.6177
2014 5098 a 4058 b 0.0383
0.547 b 0.855 a 0.0009 0.1489
5663 a 3493 b 0.0001 0.0333
122 a 107 b 0.0492 0.9821
Year (Pr>F) Year × rootstock (Pr>F) Year × irrigation (Pr>F) Year × rootstock × irrigation (Pr>F)
0.5228 0.6183
