International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health Article
Concurrent Heroin Use and Correlates among Methadone Maintenance Treatment Clients: A 12-Month Follow-up Study in Guangdong Province, China Xiaofeng Luo 1,2 , Peizhen Zhao 3 , Xiao Gong 1,2 , Lei Zhang 4 , Weiming Tang 3 , Xia Zou 1,2 , Wen Chen 1,2 and Li Ling 1,2, * 1
2 3 4
*
Faculty of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou 510080, China;
[email protected] (X.L.);
[email protected] (X.G.);
[email protected] (X.Z.);
[email protected] (W.C.) Sun Yat-sen Center for Migrant Health Policy, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou 510080, China Guangdong Center for Skin Guangdong Provincial Center for Skin Diseases and STIs Control, No. 2 Lujing Road, Guangzhou 510091, China;
[email protected] (P.Z.);
[email protected] (W.T.) The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia;
[email protected] Correspondence:
[email protected]; Tel./Fax: +86-20-8733-3319
Academic Editors: Amie Hayley and Joris Cornelis Verster Received: 6 January 2016; Accepted: 3 March 2016; Published: 9 March 2016
Abstract: Objective: To assess concurrent heroin use and correlates among Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) clients in Guangdong Province, China. Method: Demographic and drug use data were collected with a structured questionnaire, and MMT information was obtained from the MMT clinic registration system in Guangdong. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected status and urine morphine results were obtained from laboratory tests. Logistic regressions were employed to investigate the factors associated with concurrent heroin use. Results: Among the 6848 participants, 75% continued using heroin more than once during the first 12 months after treatment initiation. Concurrent heroin use was associated with inharmonious family relationship (OR (odds ratio) = 1.49, 95% CI (confidence intervals): 1.24–1.78), HIV positivity (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.01–1.55), having multiple sex partners (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.07–1.69), having ever taken intravenous drugs (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.69–0.95), higher maintenance dose (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.01–1.28) and poorer MMT attendance (OR
