Condition Monitoring and Diagnostic Systems

HWR -744

_____________________________________ OECD H ALD E N REACTOR P ROJ ECT ______________

CON D ITION MON ITORIN G AN D D IAGN OS TIC S YS TE MS IN TEGRATION GU ID IN G P RIN CIP LE S AN D P RACTICAL E XAMP LE S

by D . Ro v e rs o , J .E . F a rbro t, F .S . Gra n , M. Ho ffm a n n

Au gu st 2005

NOTICE THIS REPORT IS FOR USE BY HALDEN PROJECT PARTICIPANTS ONLY The right to utilise information originating from the research work of the Halden Project is limited to persons and undertakings specifically given the right by one of the Project member organisations in accordance with the Project's rules for "Communication of Results of Scientific Research and Information" (HP-document 1132). The content of this report should thus neither be disclosed to others nor be reproduced, wholly or partially, unless written permission to do so has been obtained from the appropriate Project member organisation.

HWR-744

F ORE WORD Th e exper im en t a l oper a t ion of t h e H a lden Boilin g Wa t er Rea ct or a n d a ssocia t ed r esea r ch pr ogr a m m es a r e spon sor ed t h r ou gh a n in t er n a t ion a l a gr eem en t by  t h e In st it u t t for en er git ek n ikk, N or wa y,  t h e Belgia n Nu clea r Resea r ch Cen t r e SCK CE N, a ct in g a lso on beh a lf of ot h er pu blic or pr iva t e or ga n isa t ion s in Belgiu m ,  t h e Risø Na t ion a l La bor a t or y in Den m a r k,  t h e F in n ish Min ist r y of Tr a de a n d In du st r y,  t h e E lect r icit é de F r a n ce,  t h e Gesellsch a ft fü r An la gen - u n d Rea kt or sich er h eit m bH , r epr esen t in g a Ger m a n gr ou p of com pa n ies wor k in g in a gr eem en t wit h t h e Ger m a n F eder a l Min ist r y for E con om ics a n d Tech n ology,  t h e J a pa n At om ic E n er gy Resea r ch In st it u t e,  t h e Kor ea n At om ic E n er gy Resea r ch In st it u t e,  t h e Spa n ish Cen t r o de In vest iga cion es E n er gét ica s, Medioa m bien t a les y Tecn ológica s, r epr esen t in g a gr ou p of n a t ion a l a n d in du st r y or ga n isa t ion s in Spa i n ,  t h e Swedish Nu clea r P ower In spect or a t e,  t h e Swiss F eder a l Nu clea r Sa fet y In spect or a t e, r epr esen t in g a lso t h e Swiss n u clea r u t ilit ies a n d t h e P a u l Sch er r er In st it u t e,  t h e BN F L, r epr esen t in g a gr ou p of n u clea r r esea r ch a n d in du st r y or ga n isa t ion s in t h e U n it ed Kin gdom , a n d  t h e Un it ed St a t es Nu clea r Regu la t or y Com m ission , a n d a s a ssocia t ed pa r t ies:  t h e Bu lga r ia n Nu clea r Regu la t or y Agen cy,  t h e Czech Nu clea r Resea r ch In st it u t e,  t h e F r en ch In st it u t de Ra diopr ot ect ion et de Sû r et é Nu cléa ir e (IRSN),  t h e H u n ga r ia n Aca dem y of Scien ces, KF KI At om ic E n er gy Resea r ch In st it u t e,  t h e Ru ssia n Resea r ch Cen t r e “Ku r ch a t ov In st it u t e”, “TVE L” Co.,  t h e Slova kia n VUJ E - Nu clea r P ower P la n t Resea r ch In st it u t e, a n d fr om USA:  t h e West in gh ou se E lect r ic P ower Com pa n y (WE C -LLC),  t h e E lect r ic P ower Resea r ch In st it u t e (E P RI), a n d  t h e Globa l Nu clea r F u el - Am er ica s. Th e r igh t t o u t ilise in for m a t ion or igin a t in g fr om t h e r esea r ch wor k of t h e H a lden P r oject is lim it ed t o per son s a n d u n der t a kin gs specifica lly given t h is r igh t by on e of t h ese P r oject m em ber or ga n isa t ion s. Th e pr esen t r epor t is pa r t of t h e ser ies of H a lden Wor k Repor t s (H WRs) wh ich pr im a r ily a r e a ddr essed t o t h e H a lden P r ogr a m m e Gr ou p (t h e t ech n ica l st eer in g body of t h e H a lden P r oject ) a s a ba sis for it s con t in u ou s r eview of t h e P r oject 's r esea r ch pr ogr a m m es. Th e H WR -ser ies in clu des wor k r epor t s on t h e differ en t r esea r ch it em s of t h e P r oject , r epor t s on t h e fin din gs fr om wor k sh ops con ven ed u n der t h e a u spices of t h e H P G, a n d ot h er in t er n a l r epor t s t o t h e H P G on t h e fin din gs fr om t h e P r oject 's a ct ivit ies t o t h e ext en t deem ed desir a ble by t h e H P G or t h e P r oject st a ff. Recipien t s a r e in vit ed t o u se in for m a t ion con t a in ed in t h is r epor t t o t h e discr et ion n or m a lly a pplied t o r esea r ch a n d developm en t pr ogr a m m es per iodica lly r epor t ed u pon befor e com plet ion . Recipien t s a r e u r ged t o con t a ct t h e P r oject for fu r t h er a n d m or e r ecen t in for m a t ion on pr ogr a m m e it em s of specia l in t er est .

Institutt for energiteknikk

OECD HALDEN REACTOR PROJECT Title

Con dit ion Mon it or in g a n d Dia gn ost ic Syst em s In t egr a t ion - Gu idin g P r in ciples a n d P r a ct ica l E xa m ples Author:

D. Rover so, J .E . F a r br ot , F .S. Gr a n , M. H offm a n n

Document ID:

Document location:

H WR-744

Pages:

\ u :\ coss\ pm d\ pr oject s\ efd_in t egr a t ion \ doc\ h wr -744.doc r ev 44

25

Keywords:

Con dit ion Mon it or in g, E a r ly F a u lt Det ect ion , Dia gn osis, Syst em s In t egr a t ion , Ar t ificia l In t elligen ce, P r ocess Su r veilla n ce, Con t r ol Room Syst em s Abstract:

Recen t yea r s h a ve seen a st ea dy st r ea m of n ew con dit ion m on it or in g a n d dia gn ost ic (CMD) syst em s a n d t ech n iqu es bein g d esign ed for a pplica t ion s in t h e n u clea r in du st r y. Th e H RP h a s been pa r t icu la r ly a ct ive in t h is r espect wit h t h e developm en t of syst em s su ch a s P E ANO for on -lin e sen sor ca libr a t ion m on it or in g a n d aladdin for ea r ly fa u lt det ect ion a n d dia gn osis. Th e a va ila bilit y a t t h e H RP of a wide r a n ge of ot h er Com pu t er ized Oper a t ion s Su ppor t Syst em s a s well a s t h e a va ila bilit y of t h e H AMMLAB exper im en t a l con t r ol r oom h a s a lso a llowed for t h e in vest iga t ion of t h e r a n ge of issu es r ela t ed t o t h e in t egr a t ion of su ch syst em s in t o con t r ol r oom set t in gs. Aft er a br ief descr ipt ion of t h e developm en t a n d a pplica t ion of t h ese CMD syst em s, t h e r epor t iden t ifies t h r ee differ en t levels of in t egr a t ion t h a t sh ou ld be t a k en in t o con sider a t ion . Th ese a r e t h e da t a level, t h e oper a t ion a l lev el, a n d t h e fu n ct ion a l level. Th e da t a level in clu des a ll a spect s of da t a com m u n ica t ion bet ween t h e CMD syst em , t h e pla n t in st r u m en t a t ion , a n d t h e ot h er com pu t er ized su ppor t syst em s pr esen t a t t h e pla n t . Th e oper a t ion a l level in clu des a ll t h ose a spect s of in t egr a t ion t h a t in flu en ce t h e wa y in wh ich t h e oper a t or in t er a ct s wit h t h e CMD syst em , wit h a clea r em ph a sis on H u m a n Syst em In t er fa ce (H SI) in t egr a t ion . Th e fu n ct ion a l level in clu des t h ose a spect s of in t egr a t ion t h a t dea l wit h t h e fu n ct ion a lit y of t h e CMD syst em a n d h ow t h is ca n su ppor t or be com bin ed wit h t h e fu n ct ion a lit y offer ed by ot h er su ppor t syst em s wit h t h e a im of exploit in g syn er gist ic effect s a n d a ch ievin g n ew fu n ct ion s. Addit ion a lly, t h e r epor t iden t ifies a set of gu idin g pr in ciples of in t egr a t ion t h a t ca n be a pplied a t a ll t h r ee levels of in t egr a t ion . Ca se st u dies t a k en fr om exper ien ces ga t h er ed a t t h e H RP a r e u sed t h r ou gh ou t t h e r epor t t o exem plify t h e iden t ified in t egr a t ion pr in ciples.

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2005-08-10 Confidential grade:

H RP On ly MAIL P.O. BOX 173 NO-1751 HALDEN Norway

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Ref.: JNe/COF hwr.dot revision 17 2004-03-09

Prepared by:

D. Rover so

Reviewed by:

J .E . F a r br ot

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HWR-744

TAB LE OF CON TE N TS 1.

INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1

2.

CMD SYSTE MS AT TH E H RP .................................................................................................... 2 2.1

On -Lin e Ca libr a t ion Mon it or in g a n d Sign a l Va lida t ion : t h e P E ANO Syst em ............... 2

2.1.1 Applica t ion E xa m ples ........................................................................................................ 3 2.1.1.1 Example 1 ................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.1.2 Example 2 ................................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 E a r ly F a u lt Det ect ion a n d Dia gn osis: Th e aladdin Syst em ........................................... 5 2.2.1 Applica t ion E xa m ples ........................................................................................................ 6 2.2.1.1 2.2.1.2 2.2.1.3 3.

Faults in BWR High-Pressure Preheating Subsystem ................................................................. 6 Faults in PWR Reactor Coolant Pump ........................................................................................ 7 Anomalies in PWR During Plant Islanding ................................................................................. 7

TH E TH RE E LE VE LS OF INTE GRATION ............................................................................... 8 3.1

Da t a Level In t egr a t ion ....................................................................................................... 8

3.1.1 H RP Soft wa r e Bu s a n d In t egr a t ion P la t for m .................................................................. 9 3.1.2 OP C ................................................................................................................................... 10 3.2

Oper a t ion a l Level In t egr a t ion ......................................................................................... 12

3.3

F u n ct ion a l Level In t egr a t ion ........................................................................................... 14

3.3.1 Sign a l Va lida t ion a n d Ala r m Su ppr ession Logic In t egr a t ion ....................................... 14 4.

GE NE RAL IN TE GRATION P RINCIP LE S .............................................................................. 16 4.1

E n ca psu la t ion ................................................................................................................... 16

4.2

Syn er gism ......................................................................................................................... 16

4.3

In fr a st r u ct u r e ................................................................................................................... 17

4.4

St a n da r ds .......................................................................................................................... 18

5.

CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................... 18

6.

RE F E RE N CE S ............................................................................................................................ 19

iv

HWR -744

1.

IN TROD U CTION

Con dit ion Mon it or in g a n d Dia gn ost ic (CMD) syst em s h a ve been r ecen t ly r eceivin g in cr ea sin g a t t en t ion fr om t h e n u clea r in du st r y. Th e OE CD H a lden Rea ct or P r oject (H RP ) h a s been pa r t icu la r ly a ct ive in t h is r espect wit h t h e developm en t of syst em s su ch a s P E ANO for sen sor on lin e ca libr a t ion m on it or in g (OLM), aladdin for ea r ly fa u lt det ect ion a n d dia gn osis (E F D&D), a n d TE MP O for t h er m a l per for m a n ce opt im isa t ion , fa u lt det ect ion a n d da t a r econ cilia t ion . Th e E lect r ic P ower Resea r ch In st it u t e (E P RI) OLM pr ogr a m h a s a lso been su ccessfu l in dem on st r a t in g t h e a pplica bilit y of OLM syst em s for ca libr a t ion r edu ct ion [1, 2, 3, 4] a n d t h eir a t t en t ion is n ow m ovin g t owa r ds syst em s for equ ip m en t con dit ion m on it or in g a n d fa u lt dia gn osis. Th e su ccess of t h e pr a ct ica l im plem en t a t ion a n d a dopt ion of CMD syst em s in n u clea r power pla n t s st r on gly depen ds on a n u m ber of fa ct or s t h a t n eed t o be a ddr essed. Th e t wo m ost pr om in en t a r e in ou r view t h e issu es of licen sin g a n d in tegration . Th e licen sin g of OLM t ech n iqu es a n d syst em s a r e begin n in g t o be a ddr essed, a t lea st in t h e U SA [ 1, 2, 3, 4], bu t m u ch wor k is st ill n eeded in or der t o iden t ify a n d r efin e a ccept a ble m et h ods for t h e est im a t ion of t h e u n cer t a in t y a ssocia t ed wit h t h e in for m a t ion gen er a t ed by CMD syst em s. Th is r epor t t a ck les t h e secon d set of issu es t h a t a r e cr u cia l for t h e su cces s of CMD syst em s, n a m ely issu es r ela t ed t o a ll a spect s of t h e in t egr a t ion of CMD syst em s in pla n t syst em s a n d oper a t ion s. Th e im por t a n ce of in t egr a t ion becom es eviden t wh en on e a n a lyses t h e sh or t com in gs a ssocia t ed wit h t h e la ck of in t egr a t ion t h a t is t ypica l of a big pa r t of com pu t er ised oper a t or su ppor t syst em s (COSS) a pplica t ion s t o da t e. Con t r ol r oom st a ff oft en r epor t on COSSes bein g br ou gh t in t o t h e con t r ol r oom a s a n a dd-on t o t h eir exist in g set of su ppor t syst em s. Th eir in t r odu ct ion oft en fa ils t o con t em pla t e h ow t h e u se of t h e syst em cou ld be fit t ed t o wh a t ever t a sk s, wor kin g pr ocedu r es or ot h er su ppor t syst em s t h a t t h e oper a t or s a r e a ct u a lly u sin g. On e t ypica l m ist a k e is t h a t t h e COSS is in t h e wr on g pla ce in t h e con t r ol r oom (oft en r elega t ed t o som e cor n er of t h e con t r ol r oom ). An ot h er possible m ist a k e is t h a t it m igh t r equ ir e con sider a ble ext r a in pu t fr om t h e oper a t or du e t o la ck of com m u n ica t ion wit h ot h er syst em s a lr ea dy possessin g t h is in for m a t ion . A t h ir d pot en t ia l m ist a k e is t h a t t h e h u m a n -syst em in t er fa ce (H SI) of t h e a u xilia r y syst em is n ot fit t ed t o t h e t a sks of t h e oper a t or r esu lt in g, for exa m ple, in excessive n a viga t ion a n d u n n ecessa r y focu s on secon da r y t a sk s. E ven t h ou gh t h e syst em in it self is well design ed a n d im plem en t ed, t h e la ck of in t egr a t ion oft en r esu lt s in in t er fa ce pr olifer a t ion , wor k spa ce clu t t er , low u sa bilit y, gr a du a l fa din g of in t er est on t h e pa r t of t h e oper a t or s, a n d h igh er oper a t ion a n d m a in t en a n ce cost s. Th is r epor t r ecogn izes t h r ee levels of in t egr a t ion t h a t n eed t o be a ddr essed t o t a k e fu ll a dva n t a ge of CMD im plem en t a t ion s in n u clea r power pla n t s. Th ese a r e t h e d ata level, t h e operation al level, a n d t h e fu n ction al level. E a ch of t h ese will be discu ssed in a dedica t ed sect ion in t h e r em a in der of t h e r epor t . Addit ion a lly, fou r gen er a l in t egr a t ion pr in ciples h a ve been iden t ified, a n d will be discu ssed in Sect ion 4.

1

HWR-744 2.

CMD S YS TEMS AT TH E H RP

Befor e a ddr essin g la t er in t h e r epor t , in sect ion s 3 a n d 4, t h e issu es r ela t ed t o t h e in t egr a t ion of CMD syst em s, t h is sect ion br iefly des cr ibes t wo exa m ples of CMD syst em s developed a t t h e OE CD H a lden Rea ct or P r oject (H RP ), n a m ely t h e P E ANO a n d aladdin syst em s. 2.1

On -Lin e Ca libra tio n Mo n ito rin g a n d S ig n a l Va lid a tio n : th e P EAN O S y s te m

To en su r e sa fe, efficien t , a n d econ om ica l oper a t ion of n u cle a r power pla n t s on e n eeds t o ca libr a t e t h e sa fet y-r ela t ed in st r u m en t ch a n n els. Cu r r en t pr a ct ice of t h e ca libr a t ion pr ocesses is t o per iodica lly det er m in e t h e per for m a n ce ch a r a ct er ist ics of a n in st r u m en t a n d m a ke a dju st m en t s if n ecessa r y. Typica lly, t h is is don e on ce ever y fu el cycle, ir r espect ive if t h e in st r u m en t is in n eed of ca libr a t ion . Th is is a cost ly a n d la bou r -in t en sive a ppr oa ch a n d does n ot gu a r a n t ee det ect ion of in st r u m en t fa ilu r e du r in g pla n t oper a t ion , wh en it cou ld con t r ibu t e t o opt im isa t ion . On -lin e m on it or in g (OLM) eva lu a t es in st r u m en t ch a n n el per for m a n ce by a ssessin g it s con sist en cy wit h ot h er pla n t in dica t ion s. In du st r y a n d E P RI exper ien ce [1, 2, 3, 4] a t sever a l pla n t s h a s sh own t h is over a ll a ppr oa ch t o be ver y effect ive in iden t ifyin g in st r u m en t ch a n n els t h a t a r e exh ibit in g degr a din g or in con sist en t per for m a n ce ch a r a ct er ist ics. On -lin e m on it or in g of in st r u m en t ch a n n els, a lso k n own a s sign al valid ation , pr ovides in for m a t ion a bou t t h e con dit ion of t h e m on it or ed ch a n n els t h r ou gh a ccu r a t e, m or e fr equ en t m on it or in g of ea ch ch a n n el’s per for m a n ce over t im e. Th is t ype of per for m a n ce m on it or in g is a m et h odology t h a t offer s a n a lt er n a t e a ppr oa ch t o t r a dit ion a l t im e-dir ect ed ca libr a t ion . On -lin e m on it or in g of t h ese ch a n n els ca n pr ovide a n a ssessm en t of in st r u m en t per for m a n ce a n d pr ovide a ba sis for det er m in in g wh en a dju st m en t s a r e n ecessa r y. E lim in a t ion or r edu ct ion of u n n ecessa r y field ca libr a t ion s ca n r edu ce a ssocia t ed la bou r cost s, r edu ce per son n el r a dia t ion exposu r e a n d r edu ce t h e pot en t ia l for m isca libr a t ion . P E ANO is a syst em for on -lin e ca libr a t ion m on it or in g u n der con t in u ou s developm en t sin ce 1995 a t t h e H RP [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17], wh ich m a k es u se of Ar t ificia l N eu r a l Net wor k t ech n iqu es a n d F u zzy Logic for it s pu r pose. Th e syst em h a s been t est ed su ccessfu lly in E u r ope in off-lin e t est s wit h E DF in F r a n ce [5], Tecn a t om in Spa in [6], F OXBORO a n d E NE A in It a ly [10], a n d in t h e USA in co-oper a t ion wit h E P RI. P E ANO h a s a lso been in st a lled a n d t est ed for on -lin e m on it or in g a t t h e H BWR r ea ct or in H a lden [7]. Typica l in st r u m en t a t ion pr oblem s t h a t ca n be det ect ed wit h P E ANO gen er a lly fa ll in t o on e of t h e followin g ca t egor ies:



D rift . Th e dr ift is a sen sor fa ilu r e wh er e t h e sen sor st a r t s t o devia t e slowly over t im e. Th is degr a da t ion in per for m a n ce is u su a lly ca u s ed by t h e sen sor ’s exposu r e t o t h e en vir on m en t it is pla ced in , for exa m ple dir t cloggin g u p. Th e dr ift in g sen sor ca n r esu lt in r edu ced pla n t per for m a n ce, a s is t h e ca se wit h t h e feed wa t er flow m ea su r em en t . P E ANO is a ble t o det ect t h e sen sor pr oblem a n d p r ovides a m ea su r em en t est im a t e a s a n a lt er n a t ive t o t h e fa u lt y sen sor va lu e.



S p a n D ri ft. Th e spa n dr ift is sim ila r t o t h e dr ift , bu t t h e m ea su r ed devia t ion on ly occu r s in a cer t a in pa r t of t h e oper a t in g r a n ge of t h e sen sor . P E ANO ca n oper a t e over t h e wh ole sen sor r a n ge a n d is a ble t o det ect t h e pr oblem a n d pr ovide a m ea su r em en t est im a t e. An exa m ple of spa n dr ift det ect ed by P E ANO is sh own in F ig. 1.

2

HWR -744 

S ig n a l N o is e . Th e or igin of sign a l n oise ca n be eit h er a t t h e sen sor it self of a t a n y pla ce in t h e t r a n sm it t er ch a n n el. Wh en pr ocessin g a sign a l it is im por t a n t t h a t t h e a ct u a l pr ocess n oise sh ou ld n ot be r em oved fr om t h e m ea su r em en t , bu t on ly sign a l n oise. Th e sign a l n oise h a s a n im pa ct on t h e per for m a n ce of t h e pr ocess con t r ol syst em or ot h er oper a t or su ppor t syst em s t h a t m a k e u se of t h e m ea su r em en t . Th e P E ANO m odel wor k s a s a low -pa ss filt er on t h e m ea su r em en t , wh ile t h e a ct u a l pr ocess in for m a t ion is r et a in ed.

Fig. 1. E xam ple of span d rift d etected by PE AN O. Ar t ificia l N eu r a l N et wor k s (ANN) a n d F u zzy Logic h a ve been com bin ed in P E ANO t o exploit t h e lea r n in g a n d gen er a liza t ion ca pa bilit ies of t h e fir st t ech n iqu e wit h t h e a ppr oxim a t e r ea son in g em bedded in t h e secon d. Rea l-t im e pr ocess sign a l va lida t ion a n d ba t ch ca libr a t ion m on it or in g a r e a pplica t ion fields wh er e t h e u se of t h ese t ech n iqu es ca n im pr ove t h e dia gn osis of fa u lt y sen sor s a n d t h e iden t ifica t ion of m isca libr a t ion s in a r obu st a n d r elia ble wa y. P E ANO im plem en t s a fu zzy-possibilist ic clu st er in g a lgor it h m t o cla ssify t h e oper a t in g r egion in wh ich t h e va lida t ion pr ocess h a s t o be per for m ed. Th e possibilist ic a ppr oa ch (r a t h er t h a n pr oba bilist ic) a llows a "don 't kn ow" cla ssifica t ion t h a t r esu lt s in a fa st det ect ion of u n for eseen pla n t con dit ion s or ou t lier s. E a ch clu st er is a ssocia t ed wit h on e a u t o-a ssocia t ive ANN t h a t h a s been t r a in ed on ly wit h da t a belon gin g t o t h a t clu st er . Th er e a r e t wo m a in a dva n t a ges in u sin g t h is a r ch it ect u r e: t h e a ccu r a cy a n d gen er a liza t ion ca pa bilit y is in cr ea sed com pa r ed t o t h e ca se of a sin gle n et wor k wor kin g in t h e en t ir e oper a t in g r egion , a n d t h e a bilit y t o iden t ify a bn or m a l con dit ion s, wh er e t h e syst em is n ot ca pa ble of oper a t in g wit h a sa t isfa ct or y a ccu r a cy, is im pr oved. 2.1.1

Ap p lic a tio n Ex a m p le s

To dem on st r a t e t h e ca pa bilit ies of t h e P E ANO syst em m a n y m odels a n d a pplica t ion s h a ve been developed wit h da t a fr om n u clea r a n d fossile power pla n t s, a s well a s wit h da t a fr om sim u la t or s. In t h is sect ion we will pr esen t t wo a pplica t ion s t h a t illu st r a t e t h e per for m a n ce of t h e syst em on da t a fr om n u clea r power pla n t s in n or m a l oper a t ion . B ot h a pplica t ion s a r e ba sed on r ea l da t a fr om t wo differ en t pr essu r ized wa t er r ea ct or s wit h sen sor s loca t ed a t bot h t h e pr im a r y a n d secon da r y side. Th e fir st a pplica t ion is on e of t h e la r gest a pplica t ion s t h a t h a ve been developed wit h P E ANO, cover in g a t ot a l of 55 sen sor s. In bot h ca ses som e ca libr a t ion issu es wer e iden t ified, wh ile t h e ot h er sen sor s cou ld be ver ified t o wor k cor r ect ly.

3

HWR-744 2.1.1.1

Ex a m p le 1

In t h e fir st exa m ple t h a t we discu ss t h e syst em h a s been a pplied on da t a fr om a US n u clea r power pla n t , wh ich wa s pr ovided by t h e E lect r ic P ower Resea r ch In st it u t e (E P RI). In t h is a pplica t ion P E ANO wa s u sed t o m on it or 55 pr ocess sign a ls wit h loca t ion s r a n gin g fr om t h e r ea ct or cor e t o t h e st ea m gen er a t or s on t h e secon da r y side. Th e da t a cover ed t h r ee m on t h s of oper a t ion a t differ en t pla n t con dit ion s. A P E ANO m odel wa s developed fr om t h e r ea l pla n t da t a t h a t wa s a va ila ble. Th e followin g issu es wer e iden t ified in t h e da t a t h a t wa s a n a lysed: 

A st ea m flow sen sor , wh ich wa s ou t of ca libr a t ion . At t h e begin n in g of t h e da t a set P E ANO clea r ly in dica t ed t h a t t h er e wa s a pr oblem on t h e pa r t icu la r sen sor . La t er on , a ft er a r e ca libr a t ion h a d t a k en pla ce, t h e m ism a t ch on t h e sen sor wa s well wit h in t h e er r or m a r gin s of t h e syst em a n d it con fir m ed a cor r ect oper a t ion of t h e sen sor .



A spa n dr ift pr oblem wa s det ect ed on t h e sa m e flow sen sor . Th e sen sor per for m ed cor r ect ly a s t h e pla n t wa s oper a t in g a t low power . H owever , a s t h e pla n t m oved t owa r ds t h e r a t ed power level t h e sen sor st a r t ed t o dr ift a n d exh ibit ed a n offset t o t h e r ea l pr ocess va lu e in t h is oper a t in g r a n ge (see F igu r e 1).

Th e issu es t h a t wer e u n cover ed wer e a ll cr ossch ecked wit h t h e ca libr a t ion r epor t s a t t h e pla n t a n d fou n d t o be va lid pr oblem s. In t h ese ca ses P E ANO a lso pr ovided a good est im a t ion of t h e r ea l m on it or ed qu a n t it ies, a s a r epla cem en t of t h e in cor r ect sen sor r ea din gs. Besides t h e sen sor pr oblem s t h a t wer e iden t ified in t h e da t a , P E AN O wa s a ble t o con fir m t h e cor r ect ca libr a t ion st a t e of t h e ot h er sen sor s in t h e m odel. Th e t est s sh ow t h a t P E ANO ca n r elia bly a ss ess t h e per for m a n ce of t h e pr ocess in st r u m en t a t ion a t differ en t pla n t con dit ion s. 2.1.1.2

Ex a m p le 2

Th e ot h er exa m ple of a P E ANO a pplica t ion t h a t we pr esen t wa s per for m ed on da t a fr om a n ot h er US n u clea r power pla n t , t h e VC Su m m er pr essu r ized wa t er r ea ct or . Th e da t a fr om 14 pr ocess sign a ls wer e u sed in t h e m odel. Developm en t of t h e m odel wa s don e wit h five m on t h s of da t a fr om pla n t oper a t ion cover in g differ en t pla n t con dit ion s a n d t r a n sien t s. An ot h er yea r of oper a t ion da t a , n ot in clu ded in t h e developm en t da t a , wa s t h en va lida t ed wit h t h e m odel. Th e followin g issu es wer e iden t ified in t h is set of t est da t a : 

A dr ift wa s det ect ed on t h e pr essu r e sen sor of t h e t u r bin e fir st st a ge.



Th e sen sor for t h e st ea m gen er a t or level h a d a su dden in cr ea se in t h e n oise level in t h e la t er pa r t of t h e t est da t a .

Also wit h t h is a pplica t ion t h e fin din gs wer e ver ified wit h t h e ca libr a t ion r ecor ds fr om t h e pla n t a n d fou n d t o be cor r ect ly iden t ified pr oblem s. As in t h e ca se of t h e fir st exa m ple, P E ANO a lso pr ovided a good est im a t ion of t h e r ea l m on it or ed qu a n t it ies, a s a r epla cem en t of t h e in cor r ect sen sor r ea din gs. Th e er r or ba n ds u sed by P E ANO t o t r igger a wa r n in g on t h e ca libr a t ion st a t e of a sen sor wer e a ll well below on e per cen t of t h e sen sor r a n ge for a ll t h e sen sor s. All t h e ot h er sen sor s in t h e a pplica t ion wer e ver ified by P E ANO t o wor k cor r ect wit h in t h ese bou n da r ies.

4

HWR -744 2.2

Ea rly F a u lt D e te c tio n a n d D ia g n o s i s : Th e aladdin S y s te m

Th e pr oblem of ea r ly fa u lt det ect ion a n d dia gn osis (E F D&D) in pla n t syst em s ca n be ea sily r edu ced t o t h e pr oblem of even t r ecogn it ion . Th is is ba sed on t h e fa ct t h a t a fa u lt or a n om a ly ca n be viewed a s a n even t t h a t develops in t im e a n d ca u ses obser va ble dist u r ba n ces in t h e pla n t beh a viou r . Th e t a sk of even t r ecogn it ion ca n be a ppr oa ch ed fr om differ en t per spect ives, su ch a s sym pt om -ba sed dedu ct ive in fer en ce (i.e. exper t syst em s), st a t e cla ssifica t ion (i.e. st a t ic pa t t er n r ecogn it ion ), or t r a n sien t cla ssifica t ion (i.e. dyn a m ic pa t t er n r ecogn it ion ). Th e la t t er is t h e a ppr oa ch followed in aladdin [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. Th e ba sic a ssu m pt ion beh in d t h e t r a n sien t cla ssifica t ion a ppr oa ch is t h a t a n even t or fa u lt will gen er a t e, in t im e, u n iqu e ch a n ges in a n u m ber of obser va ble pr ocess va r ia bles. Th e r ecogn it ion of su ch ch a n ges ca n t h en in pr in ciple lea d ba ck t o t h e or igin a t in g even t via a n in ver se m a ppin g pr ocess. F r om a pu r ely com pu t a t ion a l poin t of view, t h e pr oblem of t r a n sien t cla ssifica t ion ca n t h en be r edu ced t o t h e pr oblem of m u lt iva r ia t e t im e-ser ies cla ssifica t ion . A set of n ovel m et h ods for t im e-ser ies cla ssifica t ion h a s been in vest iga t ed a t t h e H RP in r ecen t yea r s. Va r iou s t ech n iqu es ba sed on n eu r a l n et wor ks, wa velet s, a n d t a sk decom posit ion h a ve been developed a n d t est ed in on goin g r esea r ch pr ogr a m m es a n d h a ve been con solida t ed in t h e cu r r en t aladdin m et h odology. Th e aladdin syst em is a ble t o dea l wit h a wide va r iet y of fa u lt t ypes. A ca t egor y of fa u lt s of pa r t icu la r in t er est is t h a t of la t en t fa ilu r es. In t h is gr ou p of fa u lt s, a com pon en t , a su bsyst em or a con t r ol syst em , wh ich is n or m a lly in st a n dby in n or m a l oper a t ion , fa ils t o r espon d pr oper ly du r in g a pla n t t r a n sien t . Th is t ype of "h idden fa ilu r e" ca n be ver y cu m ber som e t o dia gn ose beca u se t h e m a lfu n ct ion t en ds t o disa ppea r r igh t a ft er t h e t r a n sien t , lea vin g t h e pla n t st a ff wit h a difficu lt dia gn ost ic t a sk. An ot h er ca t egor y of in t er est in clu des fa ilu r es t h a t develop gr a du a lly du r in g n or m a l oper a t ion a n d wh ich a r e h a r d t o det ect sin ce t h e sym pt om s a r e pa r t ia lly h idden fr om t h e oper a t or or difficu lt t o obser ve, for exa m ple beca u se t h e con t r ol syst em is com pen sa t in g for t h e a n om a ly. At t h e cor e of aladdin a r e en sem bles of r ecu r r en t n eu r a l n et wor k cla ssifier s. Mor e specifica lly, aladdin m a kes u se of en sem bles of E lm a n r ecu r r en t n eu r a l n et wor k s, wh ich a r e su per vised n eu r a l n et wor k s wit h a pa r t ia lly r ecu r r en t a r ch it ect u r e (i.e. n ot a ll n eu r on s h a ve feedba ck con n ect ion s) wh ose m a in ch a r a ct er ist ic is a n a r r a y of n eu r on s t h a t r ecor d t h e in t er n a l st a t u s of t h e n et wor k. An a dva n t a ge of t h e r ecu r r en t m odel is t h a t it ca n discr im in a t e even t cla sses (i.e. even t t ypes) ba sed on differ en ces in t h eir t im e evolu t ion , a n d it ca n r ecogn ize even t s even wh en pr esen t ed in sligh t ly differ en t t im e sca les, i.e. it ca n com pen sa t e for fa st er or slower in st a n ces of t h e sa m e even t cla ss. In or der t o t a ckle la r ge-sca le a pplica t ion s we h a ve developed a t a sk decom posit ion a lgor it h m , ARTD, wh ich gen er a t es a m odu la r h ier a r ch y of cla ssifier s in a r ecu r sive wa y, by decom posin g t h e t a sk a t h a n d in t o a set of su b-t a sks, a n d by r ea pplyin g t h e sa m e pr ocedu r e in t u r n on ea ch su b t a sk. Th e decision t o decom p ose a t a sk in t o su b-t a sks is ba sed on a n a n a lysis of t h e cla ssifica t ion per for m a n ce of a cla ssifier , wh ich h a s been on ly pa r t ia lly t r a in ed t o solve t h e or igin a l t a sk. Th e per for m a n ce of ARTD h a s been dem on st r a t ed on a set of cla ssifica t ion t a sk s of gr owin g com plexit y. Th e obser ved level of speed -u p in a pplica t ion developm en t , wh en com pa r ed wit h a n on -m odu la r cla ssifier , a ppea r s t o be expon en t ia l in t h e n u m ber of cla sses [20]. 5

HWR-744 2.2.1

Ap p lic a tio n Ex a m p le s

In or der t o t est aladdin’s E F D&D m et h odology, aladdin dia gn ost ic m odels wer e developed for a r a n ge of n u clea r a pplica t ion s a s well a s for a r a n ge of specia lly design ed t est ca ses ba sed on a r t ificia lly gen er a t ed da t a . We r epor t in t h e followin g a select ion of t h r ee n u clea r a pplica t ion t h a t illu st r a t e t h e va r iet y of fa u lt s t h a t ca n be r ecogn ized by a syst em lik e aladdin. Th e fir st s sh ows t h e developm en t of a syst em -wide dia gn ost ic m odel, t h e secon d of a com pon en t wide dia gn ost ic m odel, wh ile t h e t h ir d sh ows t h e developm en t of a m odel for t h e r ecogn it ion of fa u lt s du r in g a t r a n sien t , a s opposed t o r ecogn izin g a fa u lt a t st ea dy st a t e, a s is t h e ca se for t h e fir st t wo exa m ples. 2.2.1.1

F a u lts in B WR Hig h -P re s s u re P re h e a tin g S u bs y s te m

Th e fir st a pplica t ion t h a t we pr esen t wa s developed t o r ecogn ize a pr edefin ed set of fa u lt s in t h e H AMBO boilin g wa t er r ea ct or sim u la t or developed a t t h e H RP [25]. H AMBO is a n exper im en t a l sim u la t or of t h e F or sm a r k -3 BWR n u clea r power pla n t in Sweden . P r ocess exper t s iden t ified a set of eigh t een fa u lt s gen er a lly h a r d t o det e ct for a n oper a t or a n d t h a t m a in ly pr odu ce efficien cy losses if u n det ect ed. It wa s decided, in t h e fir st in st a n ce, t o lim it t h e dia gn osis t o fu ll power oper a t ion , a n d t o con cen t r a t e t h e fa u lt s in on e pla n t syst em . Th e select ed pla n t syst em is t h e feedwa t er syst em , m or e specifica lly t h e h igh -pr essu r e pr eh ea t in g sect ion of t h e feedwa t er syst em , a n d t h e eigh t een fa u lt s t h er eby iden t ified a r e:



Lea ka ge in t h e fir st h igh -pr essu r e pr eh ea t er (lin e 1) t o t h e dr a in t a n k.



Lea ka ge t h r ou gh t h e secon d h igh -pr essu r e pr eh ea t er (lin e 1).



Lea ka ge t h r ou gh t h e fir st h igh -pr essu r e pr eh ea t er dr a in ba ck -u p va lve (lin e 1) t o t h e con den ser .



Lea ka ge t h r ou gh lin e 1 h igh -pr essu r e pr eh ea t er s bypa ss va lve.



Lea ka ge t h r ou gh t h e secon d h igh -pr essu r e pr eh ea t er dr a in ba ck -u p va lve (lin e 1) t o t h e feedwa t er t a n k .



Lea ka ge t h r ou gh t h e dr a in va lve fr om t h e st ea m lin e t o t h e secon d h igh -pr essu r e pr eh ea t er (lin e 1) t o t h e con den ser .



St ea m lin e va lve t o t h e secon d h igh -pr essu r e pr eh ea t er (lin e 1) closin g.



St ea m lin e va lve t o t h e secon d h igh -pr essu r e pr eh ea t er s (bot h lin es) closin g.



St ea m pr eh ea t er dr a in va lve closin g.



Lea ka ge t h r ou gh t h e st ea m pr eh ea t er dr a in lin e dr a in va lve t o t h e con den ser .



Lea ka ge in t h e fir st h igh -pr essu r e pr eh ea t er (lin e 2) t o t h e dr a in t a n k.



Lea ka ge t h r ou gh t h e secon d h igh -pr essu r e pr eh ea t er (lin e 2).



Lea ka ge t h r ou gh t h e fir st h igh -pr essu r e pr eh ea t er dr a in ba ck -u p va lve (lin e 2) t o t h e con den ser .



Lea ka ge t h r ou gh lin e 2 h igh -pr essu r e pr eh ea t er s bypa ss va lve.



Lea ka ge t h r ou gh t h e secon d h igh -pr essu r e pr eh ea t er dr a in ba ck -u p va lve (lin e 2) t o t h e feedwa t er t a n k .

6

HWR -744 

Lea ka ge t h r ou gh t h e dr a in va lve fr om t h e st ea m lin e t o t h e secon d h igh -pr essu r e pr eh ea t er (lin e 2) t o t h e con den ser .



St ea m lin e va lve t o t h e secon d h igh -pr essu r e pr eh ea t er (lin e 2) closin g.



St ea m lin e va lve t o t h e fir st h igh -pr essu r e pr eh ea t er s (bot h lin es) closin g.

Th e da t a collect ed for t h ese fa u lt s in clu ded five sim u la t ion s for ea ch fa u lt ca se wh er e a r a n ge of sizes a n d t ypologies (e.g. a br u pt lea k s vs. gr a du a l lea k s) a n d a la r ge set of 364 differ en t m ea su r em en t s wa s r ecor ded. F ea t u r e select ion a lgor it h m s wer e developed t o a u t om a t ica lly iden t ify t h e m ost r eleva n t m ea su r em en t s for t h e dia gn ost ic t a sk a t h a n d. Th e a pplica t ion of t h ese a lgor it h m s led t o t h e select ion of 12 m ea su r em en t s t h a t wer e u sed a s in pu t s t o a n aladdin dia gn ost ic m odel. Th e select ed m ea su r em en t s wer e su fficien t for aladdin t o cor r ect ly r ecogn ize seven t een ou t of t h e eigh t een fa u lt s. Addit ion a l in pu t m ea su r em en t s wou ld h a ve t o be iden t ified by pr ocess exper t s in or der t o obt a in a dia gn ost ic m odel a ble t o r ecogn ize t h e fu ll set of fa u lt s. 2.2.1.2

F a u lts in P WR Re a c to r Co o la n t P u m p

Th is secon d a pplica t ion focu sed on fa u lt s wit h in a sin gle com pon en t , n a m ely a r ea ct or coola n t pu m p. Th e da t a , cor r espon din g t o eleven differ en t fa u lt s, wa s obt a in ed fr om a US Nu clea r P owe r P la n t t h a t sim u la t ed t h e fa u lt s in t h eir fu ll-scope t r a in in g sim u la t or . Th e kin d of fa u lt s sim u la t ed in clu ded a sh a ft br ea k, sever a l oil lea k a ges, sea l fa ilu r es, a n d vibr a t ion . Th e collect ed da t a con sist ed of t wen t y m ea su r em en t s ou t of wh ich t welve wer e select ed. Two of t h e sim u la t ed fa u lt s, n a m ely sh a ft br ea k a n d locked r ot or , h a d iden t ica l sign a t u r es in a ll t h e t wen t y m ea su r em en t s a n d wer e t h er efor e u n dist in gu ish a ble. Th e developed aladdin dia gn ost ic m odel cor r ect ly r ecogn ized a ll t h e ot h er fa u lt s. 2.2.1.3

An o m a lie s in P WR D u rin g P la n t Is la n d in g

Test s of a n ea r lier pr ot ot ype of aladdin [19] wer e ca r r ied ou t on sim u la t ed da t a of P WR t r a n sien t s, pr ovided by CE A (Com m issa r ia t à l'én er gie a t om iqu e, F r a n ce), cor r espon din g t o va r iou s occu r r en ces of pla n t isla n din g, i.e. va r iou s occu r r en ces of r a pid loa d r eject ion even t s, in clu din g pa r t icu la r m a lfu n ct ion s on pla n t I&C syst em s (in st r u m en t a t ion , a ct u a t or s or closed loop con t r ol syst em s). Th ese t r a n sien t s a r e in it ia t ed by a r a pid closu r e of t h e m a in st ea m a dm ission va lves t o t h e t u r bin e, followin g a n elect r ica l a cciden t on t h e gr id, a n d t h e fin a l st a ble st a t e obt a in ed is h igh ly sen sit ive t o t h e r ela t ive dyn a m ic beh a viou r of t h e pr im a r y a n d secon da r y power con t r ols. Th is t est ca se is fu n da m en t a lly differ en t fr om t h e pr eviou s t wo in t h a t it does n ot a im a t r ecogn izin g fa u lt s a t st ea dy st a t e bu t a t r ecogn izin g fa u lt s occu r r in g du r in g a t r a n sien t . Th e da t a pr ovided con sist ed of seven a n om a lou s t r a n sien t s plu s a n or m a l r efer en ce ca se. Addit ion a lly, fou r blin d t est s wer e pr ovided (wh er e t h e a m plit u de of t h e fa ilu r es differ ed fr om t h e t r a n sien t s u sed for t r a in in g) t o a ssess t h e r obu st n ess of t h e syst em a n d it s sen sit ivit y t o sca lin g effect s. Th e seven a n om a lies wer e r espect ively:



F a ilu r e t o open on e gr ou p of con den ser st ea m du m ps va lves. 7

HWR-744 

F a ilu r e t o ext r a ct h a lf of t h e R con t r ol r od gr ou p (t em per a t u r e closed -loop con t r ol in t h e G m ode pr im a r y power con t r ol of t h e F r en ch pla n t s).



F a ilu r e t o close t wo con den ser st ea m du m p va lves (h a lf a gr ou p) in t h e st a bi liza t ion ph a se of t h e t r a n sien t .



F a ilu r e of t h e der iva t ive br a n ch of t h e t em per a t u r e closed -loop con t r ol (dela y in t h e con t r ol r od in ser t ion ).



F a ilu r e of t h e der iva t ive br a n ch of t h e st ea m gen er a t or closed -loop con t r ol.



Sh ift in t h e r efer en ce va lu e of t h e secon da r y st ea m pr essu r e con t r ol (dela y in t h e st ea m du m p va lves open in g/closin g).



Secon da r y power m ea su r em en t fa ilu r e du e t o pr essu r e sen sor r espon se t im e in cr ea se.

E a ch t r a n sien t wa s descr ibed by t h e r ecor ded va lu es of t h ir t een pr ocess va r ia bles, ou t of wh ich a su bset of five va r ia bles wa s select ed a s t h e in pu t t o aladdin. Sin ce on ly a sin gle t r a n sien t for ea ch a n om a ly wa s a va ila ble for t r a in in g, it wa s decided t o in cr ea se t h e gen er a liza t ion a bilit y of t h e syst em by gen er a t in g a ddit ion a l t r a in in g t r a n sie n t s for ea ch a n om a ly t h r ou gh t h e in t r odu ct ion of r a n dom sca le dist or t ion s. A m or e r ecom m en da ble a ppr oa ch wou ld be t o t r a in t h e syst em on sever a l t r a n sien t s for ea ch a n om a ly, cover in g t h e expect ed r a n ge of a ct u a l occu r r en ce. All t r a n sien t s wer e cor r ect ly r e cogn ized by t h e syst em , in clu din g t h e set of blin d t est s.

3.

THE THREE LE VELS OF IN TE GRATION

Th r ee levels of in t egr a t ion t h a t n eed t o be a ddr essed t o t a ke fu ll a dva n t a ge of CMD im plem en t a t ion s in n u clea r power pla n t s h a ve been iden t ified. Th ese a r e t h e da t a l evel, t h e oper a t ion a l level, a n d t h e fu n ct ion a l level, ea ch of wh ich is discu ssed in t h e followin g. 3.1

D a ta Le v e l In te g ra tio n

Th e m ost ba sic level of in t egr a t ion , a n d a n a bsolu t e pr er equ isit e for t h e r ea lisa t ion of a ct u a l “on lin e” m on it or in g, a s opposed t o “off-lin e” or ba t ch m on it or in g, is t h e in t egr a t ion a t t h e da t a level. Th is in volves a s a ba r e m in im u m t h e a bilit y of a CMD syst em t o com m u n ica t e wit h t h e pla n t pr ocess com pu t er in or der t o a cqu ir e t h e live pla n t da t a n ecessa r y for t h e pa r t icu la r con dit ion m on it or in g fu n ct ion im plem en t ed. Addit ion a lly, com m u n ica t ion wit h ot h er su ppor t syst em s, su ch a s con t r ol syst em s, a la r m syst em s, com pu t er ised pr ocedu r e syst em s, a n d dia gn ost ic syst em s, m igh t be r equ ir ed. Tech n ica l solu t ion s a r e a va ila ble t o im plem en t t h is level of syst em in t egr a t ion . Th e H RP h a s in t er n a lly developed t h e Soft wa r e Bu s [26, 27] a n d t h e In t egr a t ion P la t for m [28], wh ich con st it u t e t h e com m u n ica t ion ba ck bon e of H AMMLAB, t h e H a lden Ma n -Ma ch in e La bor a t or y [29, 30 31], wh er e a n u m ber of sim u la t or s, oper a t or su ppor t syst em s, a n d H SI syst em s a r e sea m lessly in t egr a t ed. In t er n a t ion a lly, st a n da r ds h a ve been developed su ch a s OP C [32] (OLE for P r ocess Con t r ol), wh ich con sist s of a st a n da r d set of in t er fa ces, pr oper t ies, a n d m et h ods for u se in pr ocess -con t r ol a n d m a n u fa ct u r in g-a u t om a t ion a pplica t ion s ba sed on Micr osoft ’s OLE (n ow Act iveX), COM (com pon en t object m odel) a n d DCOM (dist r ibu t ed com pon en t object m odel) t ech n ologies.

8

HWR -744 In t h e followin g t h ese t wo a lt er n a t ive t ech n ologies a r e br iefly r eviewed. 3.1.1

HRP S o ftw a re B u s a n d In te g ra tio n P la tfo rm

Soft wa r e Bu s (SWBu s) is a n object -or ien t ed, TCP /IP ba sed, da t a com m u n ica t ion syst em t h a t m a n a ges a dyn a m ic set of dist r ibu t ed object s, a n d t h a t h a s been pa r t icu la r ly a im ed a t sim u la t or syst em s a n d pr ocess su r veilla n ce a n d con t r ol syst em s [26, 27]. Applica t ion s t h a t u se SWBu s object s a r e a ble t o sh a r e da t a a n d fu n ct ion a lit y wit h ot h er pr ocesses r u n n in g on differ en t syst em s a cr oss a n et wor k. Th e SWBu s u ses a TCP /IP -ba sed m essa ge syst em t h a t is com plet ely h idden fr om t h e a pplica t ion pr ogr a m m er . Con ver sion of da t a t r a n sfer r ed bet ween differ en t m a ch in e a r ch it ect u r es is h a n dled t r a n spa r en t ly, r em ovin g t h e en or m ou s bu r den of wr it in g a n d m a in t a in in g r elia ble code u sin g con ven t ion a l low-level com m u n ica t ion t ools. By u sin g h igh -level object -or ien t ed con cept s, t h e SWBu s en a bles t h e ea sy developm en t of power fu l dist r ibu t ed soft wa r e syst em s. A t ypica l r u n n in g syst em is sh own in F ig. 2.

Fig. 2. Overview of a typical system u sin g th e S WB u s. E a ch pr ocess is a com pon en t of a dist r ibu t ed object com pu t in g syst em . Typica l com pon en t s m igh t be a displa y com pon en t , a t r en d -loggin g com pon en t , a sim u la t or com pon en t , a pr in t er m a n a gem en t com pon en t , a n d so on . Applica t ion -in depen den t com pon en t s, su ch a s t r en d-logger s, ca n be design ed t o be r eu sa ble. A well-design ed t r en d-logger ca n log t h e va lu e of a SWBu s object in a n y pr ocess a t r egu la r in t er va ls, a n d ca n t h er efor e be u sed in a n y a pplica t ion wh er e a t r en d logger is r equ ir ed. Th e SWBu s con sist s of a C libr a r y t h a t is lin k ed in t o SWBu s pr ocesses a n d a por t -m a pper t h a t m a n a ges h ost -por t a ddr esses of su ch pr ocesses. A h igh -level Applica t ion P r ogr a m m er 's In t er fa ce (AP I) pr ovides pr ogr a m m er s wit h a ccess t o t h e fu n ct ion s in t h e libr a r y. In a ddit ion t o t h e st a n da r d C-la n gu a ge AP I, a C++ cla ss-libr a r y bu ilt on t op of SWBu s fu r t h er sim plifies SWBu s pr ogr a m m in g. SWBu s r u n s u n der Micr osoft Win dows a n d va r iou s Un ix fla vou r s in clu din g Lin u x, H P -U X, Sola r is, Ir ix a n d Digit a l-U n ix. Th e H AMMLAB In t egr a t ion P la t for m (IP ) is a r eu sa ble fr a m ewor k , bu ilt on t op of SWBu s, for dist r ibu t in g da t a fr om a pr ocess or sim u la t or t o a n u m ber of oper a t or st a t ion s a n d oper a t or su ppor t syst em s [28]. Th e m a in goa ls of t h e IP a r e t o pr ovide a u n ified soft wa r e in t er fa ce t o t h e

9

HWR-744 pr ocess sim u la t or s of H AMMLAB a n d pr ovide flexible a n d effect ive t ools a n d m et h ods for t h e in t egr a t ion of soft wa r e a gen t s. Th e m a in fea t u r es a n d fu n ct ion a lit y of t h e IP a r e:



Is o la te a p p li c a tio n s . Soft wa r e a pplica t ion s con n ect ed in H AMMLAB t h r ou gh t h e IP a r e a ble t o oper a t e wit h ou t bein g a wa r e of ea ch ot h er . E a ch a pplica t ion is a ble t o exist a n d oper a t e by it self, a n d does n ot depen d on ot h er a pplica t ion s’ gen er a t ion or con su m pt ion of da t a .



Lim it d e p e n d e n c ie s . Ma k in g a pplica t ion s depen den t of ea ch ot h er wou ld set sever e lim it a t ion s on t h e possibilit ies of m odifyin g t h em . By h a vin g t h e IP a s a n isola t ion la yer su ch depen den cies a r e gr ea t ly lim it ed.



Allo w fle x ible c o n fig u ra tio n s . H AMMLAB h a s a ver y va r yin g con figu r a t ion . Wit h t h e IP it is possible t o ea sily m a k e ch a n ges a n d su bst it u t e soft wa r e m odu les



Allo w d a ta re s tru c tu ri n g a n d re fo rm a ttin g . Ma n y a pplica t ion s, especia lly sim u la t or m odels, pr ovide da t a in a for m a t a n d st r u ct u r e t h a t is n ot a dequ a t e for gen er a l H AMMLAB u sa ge. Th e IP en a bles d a t a pr ovider s t o r est r u ct u r e da t a in a for m a t t h a t is defin ed by t h e IP a n d is con sider ed u sefu l. Th is in clu des r en a m in g of in dividu a l da t a it em s.

Th e ba sic design ph ilosoph y of t h e IP is t h e clien t -ser ver m odel com bin ed wit h a sh a r ed m em or y ba sed in st a n t a n eou s da t a ba se. Th e pr im a r y da t a sou r ce in t h e syst em is com m on ly a sim u la t or , even t h ou gh it cou ld well be a pla n t SCADA syst em , u pda t in g t h e in st a n t a n eou s da t a ba se a t r egu la r in t er va ls. Ot h er ext er n a l m odu les a r e r ega r ded a s da t a con su m er s, a ct in g a s cl ien t s t o t h e IP . Th e ext er n a l m odu les m a y in ser t a ddit ion a l or m odified da t a in t o t h e in st a n t a n eou s da t a ba se, a n d t h ey m a y issu e com m a n ds t o be r et r ieved by t h e sim u la t or or by t h e loggin g m odu les. Th e SWBu s a n d t h e H AMMLAB IP h a ve su ppor t ed, a t t h e da t a l evel, t h e im plem en t a t ion of sever a l com plex in t egr a t ed oper a t ion en vir on m en t s a t t h e H RP . On e exa m ple will be sh own in Sect ion 4.3 la t er in t h e r epor t . 3.1.2

OP C

OP C is a set of st a n da r d specifica t ion s, cr ea t ed wit h t h e colla bor a t ion of a n u m ber of lea din g wor ldwide a u t om a t ion a n d h a r dwa r e soft wa r e su pplier s wor kin g in cooper a t ion wit h Micr osoft , t o su ppor t open con n ect ivit y in in du st r ia l a u t om a t ion . Th e or ga n iza t ion t h a t m a n a ges t h is st a n da r d is t h e OP C F ou n da t ion [32]. Th e F ou n da t ion h a s over 300 m em ber s wor ldwide, in clu din g n ea r ly a ll of t h e m a jor pr ovider s of con t r ol syst em s, in st r u m en t a t ion , a n d pr ocess con t r ol syst em s. Th e object ive of t h e OP C F ou n da t ion is t o develop a n open , flexible, plu g-a n d-pla y st a n da r d t h a t a llows en d u ser s t o en joy a gr ea t er ch oice of solu t ion s, a s well a s sh a r ply r edu cin g developm en t a n d m a in t en a n ce cost s for h a r dwa r e a n d soft wa r e su pplier s. In t h e a bsen ce of a n y st a n da r d, ven dor s h a ve developed pr opr iet a r y h a r dwa r e a n d soft wa r e solu t ion s. All pr ocess-con t r ol a n d in for m a t ion syst em s on t h e m a r ket t oda y h a ve pr opr iet a r y t ech n iqu es, in t er fa ces, a n d AP Is in or der t o a ccess t h e in for m a t ion t h a t t h ey con t a in . Th e cost of in t egr a t in g t h e differ en t syst em s a n d t h e lon g-t er m m a in t en a n ce a n d su ppor t of a n in t egr a t ed en vir on m en t ca n be sign ifica n t . Th is sit u a t ion is clea r ly depict ed in F ig. 3.

10

HWR -744

Fig. 3. Com plexity of in tegration in th e absen ce of stan d ard s. Cu st om dr iver s a n d in t er fa ces ca n be wr it t en , bu t t h e va r iet y in cr ea ses r a pidly be ca u se of t h e t h ou sa n ds of differ en t t ypes of con t r ol devices a n d soft wa r e pa cka ges t h a t n eed t o com m u n ica t e. Th is pr olifer a t ion of dr iver s exa cer ba t es cer t a in pr oblem s, su ch a s in con sist en cies a m on g differ en t ven dor s’ dr iver s, h a r dwa r e fea t u r es t h a t a r e n ot u n iver sa lly su ppor t ed, h a r dwa r e u pgr a des t h a t ca n wr eck a n exist in g dr iver , a n d a ccess con flict s. OP C st a n da r ds offer a n open pla t for m solu t ion t h a t pr ovides r ea l plu g-a n d-pla y soft wa r e t ech n ology for pr ocess con t r ol a n d fa ct or y a u t om a t ion wh er e ever y syst em , ever y device a n d ever y dr iver ca n fr eely con n ect a n d com m u n ica t e, a s sh own in F ig. 4.

Fig. 4. OPC su pported con n ectivity. Th er e a r e cu r r en t ly seven st a n da r ds specifica t ion s com plet ed or in developm en t .



OP C Da t a Access. U sed t o m ove r ea l-t im e da t a fr om P LCs, DCSs, a n d ot h er con t r ol devices t o H MIs a n d ot h er displa y clien t s.



OP C Ala r m s & E ven t s. P r ovides a la r m a n d even t n ot ifica t ion s on dem a n d (in con t r a st t o t h e con t in u ou s da t a flow of Da t a Access). Th ese in clu de pr ocess a la r m s, oper a t or a ct ion s, in for m a t ion a l m essa ges, a n d t r a ckin g/a u dit in g m essa ges.



OP C Ba t ch . Th is spec ca r r ies t h e OP C ph ilosoph y t o t h e specia lized n eeds of ba t ch pr ocesses. It pr ovides in t er fa ces for t h e exch a n ge of equ ipm en t ca pa bilit ies (cor r espon din g t o t h e S88.01 P h ysica l Mod el) a n d cu r r en t oper a t in g con dit ion s.



OP C Da t a eXch a n ge. Th is specifica t ion t a kes u s fr om clien t /ser ver t o ser ver -t o-ser ver wit h com m u n ica t ion a cr oss E t h er n et F ieldbu s n et wor k s pr ovidin g m u lt i-ven dor in t er oper a bilit y.



OP C H ist or ica l Da t a Access. Wh er e OP C Da t a Access pr ovides a ccess t o r ea l-t im e, con t in u a lly ch a n gin g da t a , OP C H ist or ica l Da t a Access pr ovides a ccess t o da t a a lr ea dy

11

HWR-744 st or ed. F r om a sim ple ser ia l da t a loggin g syst em t o a com plex SCADA syst em , h ist or ica l a r ch ives ca n be r et r ieved in a u n ifor m m a n n er . 

OP C Secu r it y. All t h e OP C ser ver s pr ovide in for m a t ion t h a t is va lu a ble t o t h e en t er pr ise a n d if im pr oper ly u pda t ed, cou ld h a ve sign ifica n t con sequ en ces t o pla n t pr ocesses. OP C Secu r it y specifies h ow t o con t r ol clien t a ccess t o t h ese ser ver s in or d er t o pr ot ect t h is sen sit ive in for m a t ion a n d t o gu a r d a ga in st u n a u t h or ized m odifica t ion of pr ocess pa r a m et er s.



OP C XML-DA. P r ovides flexible, con sist en t r u les a n d for m a t s for exposin g pla n t floor da t a u sin g XML (E xt en sible Ma r k -u p La n gu a ge), lever a gin g t h e wor k don e by Micr osoft a n d 1 ot h er s on SOAP a n d Web Ser vices.

Th e set of a va ila ble OP C st a n da r d specifica t ion s pr ovide su ppor t for in t er oper a bilit y in a u t om a t ion t h r ou gh t h e st a n da r diza t ion of t h e com m u n ica t ion of a cqu ir ed pr ocess da t a , a la r m a n d even t r ecor ds, h ist or ica l da t a , a n d ba t ch da t a t o m u lt i-ven dor en t er pr ise syst em s a n d 2 3 bet ween pr odu ct ion devices. P r odu ct ion devices in clu de sen sor s, in st r u m en t s, P LCs , RTU s , 4 5 DCSs , H SIs , h ist or ia n s, t r en din g su bsyst em s, a la r m su bsyst em s, a n d m or e. 3.2

Op e ra tio n a l Le v e l In te g ra tio n

On a h igh er pla n e on e h a s t o con sider t h e in t egr a t ion of CMD syst em s a t t h e oper a t ion a l level. Th e a ccess t o t h e fu n ct ion a lit y pr ovided by CMD syst em s, con t r ol syst em s, a la r m syst em s, com pu t er ised pr ocedu r e syst em s, a n d dia gn ost ic su ppor t syst em s sh ou ld be in t egr a t ed in a u n ified H SI t o bet t er su ppor t , fr om a h u m a n fa ct or s per spect ive, t h e oper a t or wh ile per for m in g h is su r veilla n ce a n d con t r ol t a sks. Th e pr olifer a t ion of in t er fa ces t h a t is oft en a ssocia t ed wit h t h e in t r odu ct ion of a ddit i on a l su ppor t syst em s, su ch a s OLM syst em s, in t h e con t r ol r oom ca n h a ve n ega t ive effect s on t h e per for m a n ce of t h e oper a t or . Th e possible n ega t ive effect s in clu de in for m a t ion over loa d, n a viga t ion pr oblem s, in cr ea sed H SI com plexit y, a n d in cr ea sed cogn it ive wor kloa d. A u n ified H SI in t er fa ce lim it s in for m a t ion over loa d by m in im isin g du plica t ion of in for m a t ion . F u r t h er m or e, it fa cilit a t es n a viga t ion a m on g t h e differ en t in for m a t ion displa ys a n d gives t h e possibilit y t o k eep H SI com plexit y t o a m in im u m . Cogn it iv e wor kloa d is a lso r edu ced t h a n ks t o t h e m in im isa t ion of secon da r y t a sk s, i.e. t a sk s t h a t oper a t or s per for m wh en in t er a ct in g wit h t h e H SI t h a t a r e n ot dir ect ed t o t h e pr im a r y t a sk. Typica l exa m ples of secon da r y t a sk s in clu de in t er fa ce m a n a gem en t , n a viga t ion t h r ou gh displa ys, a n d r et r ieva l of in for m a t ion . F ig. 5 sh ows a sim ple exa m ple in wh ich t h e a la r m ou t pu t gen er a t ed by a dia gn ost ic syst em is in t egr a t ed in t h e a la r m syst em displa ys. Th e exa m ple sh own is a n a la r m list for t h e H AMMLAB H SI t o t h e H AMBO BWR sim u la t or of t h e F or sm a r k 3 n u clea r power pla n t in Sweden , wh er e t h e t h ir d a la r m is gen er a t ed by t h e dia gn ost ic syst em aladdin.

1

SOAP originally was an acronym for Simple Object Access Protocol, but the acronym was dropped in Version 1.2 of the SOAP specification. 2 Programmable Logic Controllers 3 Remote Terminal Units 4 Distributed Control Systems 5 Human System Interface 12

HWR -744

Fig. 5. H AM B O alarm list in tegratin g alarm ou tpu t from th e d iagn ostic system aladdin. In t h is wa y t h e oper a t or h a s a u n ified view of a ll a la r m con dit ion s a t t h e pla n t a n d ca n in t er a ct wit h t h e a la r m in for m a t ion in a con sist en t wa y, in depen den t ly on wh a t syst em a ct u a lly gen er a t ed t h e a la r m . A sepa r a t e in t er fa ce for aladdin a la r m s wou ld r equ ir e t h e oper a t or t o lea r n t o in t er a ct wit h a differ en t in t er fa ce a n d wou ld r equ ir e h im t o sh ift h is focu s of a t t en t ion fr om on e in t er fa ce t o t h e ot h er in or der t o get a fu ll pict u r e a n d com plet e h is sit u a t ion a ssessm en t . An ot h er exa m ple of oper a t ion a l level in t egr a t ion is given in F ig. 6 wh er e t h e a la r m ou t pu t gen er a t ed by t h e dia gn ost ic syst em aladdin is in t egr a t ed in st a n da r d a la r m t ile displa ys (lower pa n e) a n d wit h com pu t er ised pr ocedu r e displa ys wh ich , it t h is pa r t icu la r ca se, sh ow a n a la r m descr ipt ion (t op left pa n e) a n d a t r en d gr a ph of t h e da t a u sed by aladdin t o per for m t h e fa u lt dia gn osis (t op r igh t pa n e) a ft er t h e oper a t or h a s clicked on t h e h igh ligh t ed a la r m t ile. In t h is wa y t h e oper a t or h a s t h e possibilit y of ver ifyin g t h a t t h e dia gn osis pr ovided is well fou n ded, a n d is gu ided t h r ou gh t h e pr oblem solvin g.

Fig. 6. H AM B O alarm tiles in tegratin g alarm ou tpu t from th e d iagn ostic system aladdin an d H AM B O com pu terised proced u res in tegratin g aladdin alarm d escription s an d tren d graph s.

13

HWR-744 F ig. 7 sh ows a n ot h er exa m ple of H SI in t egr a t ion wh er e t h e sign a l va lida t ion ou t pu t s of t h e P E ANO OLM syst em a r e displa yed u sin g t h e st a n da r d t r en d displa ys of t h e H AMMLAB H SI t o t h e H AMBO sim u la t or .

Fig. 7. T ren d d isplays sh ow in g sign al valid ation in form ation from PE AN O.

3.3

F u n c tio n a l Le v e l In te g ra tio n

Th e h igh est level of CMD syst em in t egr a t ion t o be t a k en in t o con sider a t ion in t h is r epor t is t h e in t egr a t ion a t t h e fu n ct ion a l level. Th e fu n ct ion a lit y offer ed by CMD syst em s sh ou ld be in t egr a t ed wit h t h e fu n ct ion a lit y offer ed by ot h er su ppor t syst em s wit h t h e a im of exploit in g syn er gist ic effect s a n d a ch ievin g n ew fu n ct ion s. Ta k in g t h e exa m ple of OLM syst em s for sign a l va lida t ion , t h eir fu n ct ion a lit y becom es m ost va lu a ble wh en in t egr a t ed in t h e over a ll pr ocess con t r ol syst em . Th e con t r ol syst em it self a n d a ddit ion a l oper a t or su ppor t syst em s, su ch a s t h e a la r m syst em , ca n be im pr oved by a pplyin g t h e sen sor va lida t ion syst em a s a fr on t -en d t o r esolve t h eir vu ln er a bilit y t o cor r u pt ed or m issin g in pu t da t a . On e exa m ple t h a t is discu ssed in t h e followin g is t h e u se of s ign a l va lida t ion t o im pr ove t h e a la r m su ppr ession logic of a com pu t er ised a la r m syst em . 3.3.1

S ig n a l Va lid a tio n a n d Alarm S u p p re s s io n Lo g ic In te g ra tio n

On e of t h e m a in ch a r a ct er ist ics of a n effect ive a la r m syst em is t h e a la r m su ppr ession ca pa bilit y, wh ich is t h e possibilit y t o su ppr ess a ll n on -im por t a n t a la r m s fr om t h e over view displa y, so t h a t t h e displa yed a la r m s a t a ll t im e a r e on ly t h ose wh ich ca r r y t h e n ecessa r y in for m a t ion on on goin g dist u r ba n ce.

14

HWR -744 Th e su ppr ession logic is u su a lly a fu n ct ion of: 

Ot h er a la r m s pr eviou sly t r igger ed.



Rela t ed syst em s or com pon en t st a t u s.



Rela t ed pr ocess va r ia bles va lu e (in r ela t ion t o pr e -defin ed t h r esh olds).

Th is m ech a n ism r elies h ea vily on t h e pla n t in st r u m en t a t ion : a fa iled or ou t of ca libr a t ion sen sor ca n h a ve a n ega t ive im pa ct on t h e su ppr ession logic, beca u se of t h e possibilit y of u n wa n t ed a n d da n ger ou s su ppr ession of a la r m s. In t egr a t ion of sign a l va lida t ion ca n h elp t o bu ild m or e r obu st a n d fu n ct ion a l a la r m syst em s. At t h e H RP , t h e COAST t oolbox for m a kin g a dva n ced a la r m syst em s [33, 34, 35, 36] h a s been in t egr a t ed wit h t h e sign a l va lida t ion OLM t ool P E ANO t o im pr ove COAST’s a la r m su ppr ession ca pa bilit ies [37]. Th e ou t pu t fr om t h e sign a l va lida t ion m odu le P E ANO, u sed in t h e a la r m syst em s, is com posed by t h e followin g va lu es: 

Th e est im a t ed sen sor va lu e, t o be u sed a s a n a lt er n a t ive va lu e, in ca se of sen sor fa ilu r e.



Th e m ism a t ch (t h e expect ed sen sor er r or ).



Th e t oler a n ce va lu e (t h e m a xim u m m ism a t ch a llowed befor e a n a la r m is t r igger ed).



Th e va lida t ion con fiden ce.

Th is in for m a t ion is fed in t o COAST, wh ich gen er a t es n ew a la r m s a n d su ppr esses a la r m s ba sed on logics a ccor din g t o t h e followin g r u les: 

Gen er a t e a low r elia bilit y a la r m , wh en ever t h e con fiden ce va lu e is n ega t ive a n d t h e va lida t ion m odu le is en a bled. Th is is a low pr ior it y a la r m wh ich , h owever , in dica t es t h a t eit h er t h e pr ocess is cu r r en t ly exper ien cin g a n ot a n t icipa t ed even t or t h e sen sor va lida t ion m odu le is n ot cor r ect ly t u n ed.



Gen er a t e a sen sor dr ift or fa ilu r e a la r m , wh en ever t h e sen sor m ism a t ch exceeds t h e t oler a n ce va lu e for t h a t sen sor , t h e con fiden ce va lu e is posit ive a n d t h e va lida t ion m odu le is en a bled.



Wh en ever t h e pr eviou s con dit ion is t r u e (sen sor dr ift a la r m ), a n y a la r m su ppr ession con dit ion ed by t h e a la r m ed sen sor is disa bled.

Ut ilizin g P E ANO a s a sign a l va lida t ion m odu le befor e pr ocessin g a la r m s in COAST, lea ds t o t h e followin g a ddit ion a l fu n ct ion a lit y, wh ich wa s n ot pr esen t wh en con sider in g ea ch syst em in isola t ion . 

Gen er a t ion of sen sor fa u lt a la r m s.



Su ppr ession of a la r m s r a ised by fa u lt y sen sor r ea din gs.



Avoided su ppr ession of a la r m s wh er e t h e su ppr ession logic is ba sed on fa u lt y r ea din gs.



Avoided oscilla t in g a la r m s gen er a t ed by n oisy sen sor s .

6

Th e su ppr ession logics in COAST becom e t h er efor e m or e r elia ble a n d con ser va t ive, pr oblem s ca u sed by n oisy sign a ls a r e r edu ced, a n d n ew a la r m s wa r n in g a bou t in cor r ect m ea su r em en t s m a y be issu ed.

6

This derives from the noise detection and filtering properties of PEANO. 15

HWR-744 4.

GEN ER AL IN TE GRATION P RIN CIP LES

In t h is sect ion we pr esen t fou r gen er a l gu idin g pr in ciples for t h e in t egr a t ion of CMD oper a t or su ppor t syst em s in n u clea r power pla n t s t h a t h a ve been iden t ified. Th ese pr in ciples a r e la r gely a pplica ble t o a n d fa cilit a t e t h e r ea lisa t ion of a ll t h r ee levels of in t egr a t ion discu ssed in t h is r epor t , n a m ely t h e da t a level, t h e oper a t ion a l level, a n d t h e fu n ct ion a l level. Th e iden t ified in t egr a t ion pr in ciples a r e, r espect ively, en ca psu la t ion , syn er gism , in fr a st r u ct u r e, a n d st a n da r ds. 4.1

En c a p s u la tio n

Th e pr in ciple of en ca psu la t ion , la r gely a dopt ed in object -or ien t ed pr ogr a m m in g, con sist s in t h e a bilit y t o pr ovide a well-defin ed in t er fa ce t o a set of fu n ct ion s in a wa y t h a t h ides t h eir in t er n a l wor kin gs. Th is pr in ciple ca n be effect ively u sed t o fa cilit a t e in t egr a t ion sin ce it keeps sepa r a t ed t h e im plem en t a t ion of t h e CMD t ech n ology fr om t h e im plem en t a t ion of it s in t er fa ce. On e exa m ple of t h e u se of en ca psu la t ion a t t h e H RP is t h e developm en t of t h e aladdinRTL, a r u n t im e libr a r y Win dows DLL t h a t pr ovides a sim ple a pplica t ion in t er fa ce t h a t deliver s t h e fu n ct ion a lit y of aladdin’s dia gn ost ic m odels t o ot h er syst em s t h r ou gh a well-defin ed in t er fa ce. Th e aladdinRTL ca n be t h en lin k ed dir ect ly t o exist in g su ppor t syst em s in t h e con t r ol r oom , su ch a s, in t h e exa m ple of F ig. 8, t o a com pu t er ised a la r m syst em . Operator Station Computerised Alarm System Aladdin Diagnostic Model

Computerized Procedure System

AladdinRTL

I&C network Plant I&C

Fig. 8. aladdinRTL provid in g aladdin’s d iagn ostic fu n ction ality to an alarm system . Th r ou gh en ca psu la t ion on e ca n pr eser ve a h ea lt h y degr ee of in depen den ce bet ween t h e t ech n ology em ployed (in t h is ca se t h e dia gn ost ic m odels of aladdin) a n d th e specific m ea n s of deliver y t h a t m igh t be ch osen , i.e. it s deploym en t . To a ch ieve t h is, on e sh ou ld a void m ixin g t h e im plem en t a t ion of t h e t ech n ology wit h t h e im plem en t a t ion of it s in t er fa ces, a n d m a k e t h e ba sic sh ift fr om t h in kin g in t er m s of a pplica t ion t o t h in kin g in t er m s of com pon en t . 4.2

S y n e rg is m

Syn er gism is t h e com in g t oget h er of t wo or m or e syst em s or fu n ct ion a lit ies t o cr ea t e a n effect t h a t is gr ea t er t h a t t h e su m of t h e effect s ea ch is a ble t o cr ea t e in depen den t ly. By it s n a t u r e, syn er gism a pplies m ost ly a t t h e fu n ct ion a l level, a n d t h e ca se descr ibed in Sect ion 3.3.1 is a good exa m ple of n ew fu n ct ion a lit y em er gin g fr om t h e com bin a t ion of t h e fu n ct ion a lit ies of in depen den t syst em s.

16

HWR -744 In t h e ca se of OLM syst em s, ot h er syn er gist ic effect s cou ld be en vision ed in t h e in t egr a t ion of OLM syst em s for ca libr a t ion r edu ct ion or equ ipm en t con dit ion m on it or in g w it h com pu t er ized m a in t en a n ce m a n a gem en t syst em s (CMMS). 4.3

In fra s tru c tu re

In fr a st r u ct u r e is t h e set of in t er con n ect ed st r u ct u r a l elem en t s t h a t pr ovide t h e fr a m ewor k for su ppor t in g in t egr a t ion . Th e t ypica l exa m ple is t h e da t a com m u n ica t ion in fr a st r u ct u r e t h a t h a s t o be pr esen t befor e a n y kin d of in t egr a t ion ca n t a k e pla ce. Wh ile bein g fu n da m en t a lly a pplied a t t h e da t a level of in t egr a t ion , t h e r eper cu ssion s of in fr a st r u ct u r e a r e sign ifica n t a lso a t t h e oper a t ion a l a n d fu n ct ion a l level du e t o it s fu n da m en t a l en a blin g pr oper t y. An exa m ple t a k en fr om t h e H RP is t h e in for m a t ion in fr a st r u ct u r e of t h e H AMMLAB en vir on m en t , wh ich is su ppor t ed by t h e H RP developed In t egr a t ion P la t for m (IP ), a s descr ibed in Sect ion 3.1.1. Th is pr ovides a cen t r a lised da t a m a n a gem en t en vir on m en t a n d a n u m ber of ser vices t h a t a llow t h e flexible com m u n ica t ion bet ween h et er ogen eou s syst em s su ch a s sim u la t or s, H SI syst em s, a n d oper a t or su ppor t syst em s, su ch a s E F D&D syst em s. Th e pr esen ce of t h is a dva n ced in t egr a t ion in fr a st r u ct u r e gr ea t ly fa cilit a t ed t h e developm en t of a sea m lessly in t egr a t ed en vir on m en t wh er e t h e oper a t or in t er a ct s wit h a select ion of oper a t or su ppor t syst em s t h r ou gh a u n ified in t er fa ce. In t h e cu r r en t H AMMLAB set -u p t h e P E ANO sign a l va lida t ion syst em , t h e aladdin dia gn ost ic syst em , t h e COAST a la r m syst em , t h e COP MA com pu t er ized pr ocedu r e syst em [38], a n d t h e P ICASSO dyn a m ic H SI syst em [39] a r e a ll in t egr a t ed in t h e IP en vir on m en t pr ovidin g t h e oper a t or wit h a u n ified view of t h e pr ocess a n d it s su ppor t syst em s. Th e cu r r en t set -u p is sh own in F ig. 9.

HAMBO BWR Simulator

Aladdin Diagnostic Model

Diagnostic Agent

HMI PICASSO

Aladdin RTL

Integration Platform

Signal Validation Agent PEANO Server

Alarm System COAST

Comp. Procedures COPMA

PEANO Model

Fig. 9. T h e in tegrated en viron m en t at th e H R P. 17

HWR-744

Th e in it ia l in vest m en t cost s of design in g a n d im plem en t in g a n in t egr a t ion in fr a st r u ct u r e h a ve been fa r ou t weigh ed by t h e obt a in ed ben efit s, wh ich in clu de: 

F a st pr ot ot ypin g of in t egr a t ion solu t ion s (e.g. t h e P E ANO/COAST in t egr a t ion discu ssed in Sect ion 3.3.1).



Redu ced cost s of in t egr a t ion of n ew su ppor t syst em s.



Redu ced syst em m a in t en a n ce cost s (du e t o t h e a bsen ce of a d h oc in t er fa ces bet ween com m u n ica t in g syst em s).



F lexibilit y for im plem en t in g n ew syst em con figu r a t ion s.

4.4

S ta n d a rd s

St a n da r ds h a ve a n im por t a n t r ole t o pla y in in t egr a t ion pr oject s, especia lly if t h e a bilit y t o in t egr a t e syst em s a n d solu t ion s fr om differ en t ven dor s is con sider ed a st r a t egic a dva n t a ge. Th e a dopt ion of st a n da r ds is pa r t icu la r ly r eleva n t in t h e im plem en t a t ion of a da t a com m u n ica t ion in fr a st r u ct u r e, a s descr ibed in Sect ion 4.3, wit h st r on g r eper cu ssion s a lso a t t h e oper a t ion a l a n d fu n ct ion a l levels of in t egr a t ion du e t o t h e in h er en t fa cilit a t ion pr oper t ies of st a n da r ds. In t h is r espect t h e m ost r eleva n t is per h a ps t h e OP C st a n da r ds su it e descr ibed in Sect ion 3.1.2. At t h e H RP , OP C a ct ivit ies a r e bein g eva lu a t ed for t h e OLM syst em P E ANO a n d E F D&D syst em aladdin, a s well a s for t h e a la r m syst em t oolbox COAST a n d GUI developm en t t ool P ica sso. It is a lso wor t h m en t ion in g t h e effor t gon e in t o t h e design of t h e COP MA com pu t er ized pr ocedu r e syst em a t t h e H RP . E ven t h ou gh it is n ot st r ict ly a n OLM syst em , COP MA m a k es a n ext en sive u se of st a n da r ds wit h a n em ph a sis on im pr ovin g r eu sa bilit y a n d in t egr a t ion . P r ocedu r es a r e r epr esen t ed in COP MA u sin g t h e de fa ct o st a n da r d XML (E xt en sible Ma r k -u p La n gu a ge), wh ile t h eir pr esen t a t ion t o t h e u ser m a k es u se of dyn a m ic H TML, XSL (E xt en sible St ylesh eet La n gu a ge) a n d SVG (Sca la ble Vect or Gr a ph ics). To im pr ove por t a bilit y a cr oss pla t for m s COP MA h a s been developed in J AVA.

5.

CON CLU S ION S

Th is r epor t h a s t a ckled a set of issu es t h a t a r e cr u cia l for t h e su ccess of CMD syst em s in n u clea r power pla n t s, n a m ely issu es r ela t ed t o a ll a spect s of t h e in t egr a t ion of CMD syst em s in pla n t syst em s a n d oper a t ion s. Sever a l sh or t com in gs t h a t ca n be a ssocia t ed wit h t h e la ck of in t egr a t ion h a ve been br iefly discu ssed befor e con cen t r a t in g on t h e a n a lysis of t h r ee differ en t levels of i n t egr a t ion t h a t sh ou ld be t a ken in t o con sider a t ion in or der t o t a k e fu ll a dva n t a ge of t h e ca pa bilit ies of CMD syst em s. Th e discu ssion of t h e iden t ified da t a level, oper a t ion a l level, a n d fu n ct ion a l level h a s been su ppor t ed wit h exa m ples t a k en pr edom in a n t ly fr om exper ien ces wit h in t egr a t ion pr oject s a t t h e OE CD H a lden Rea ct or P r oject . Addit ion a lly, a set of fou r gen er a l in t egr a t ion pr in ciples, en ca psu la t ion , syn er gism , in fr a st r u ct u r e, a n d st a n da r ds, h a ve been iden t ified t o su ppor t t h e im plem en t a t ion of in t egr a t ion pr oject s a t ea ch of t h e iden t ified levels.

18

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6.

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[34]

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[35]

H WR-389, H WR-445, H WR-512, H WR-580, H WR-642, H WR-689.

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P ICASSO h om e pa ge: www.ife.n o/pica sso.

21