Proceedings of the 3rd Applied Science for Technology Innovation, ASTECHNOVA 2014 International Energy Conference Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 13-14 August 2014
The Role of Universitas Gadjah Mada in the Recent Global Nuclear Security Susetyo Hario Putero, Anung Muharini, Haryono Budi Santosa, Ester Wijayanti, Widya Rosita, Andang Widi Harto Department of Engineering Physics, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl. Grafika 2 Yogyakarta Indonesia
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ABSTRACT There are several proposed NPPs that will improve the nuclear security risk in Southeast Asia region that formerly exist from the existed nuclear facilities. As consequently, the regional security level has to be improved.To improve the level as mentioned above, a robust nuclear security culture has to be built. Universitas Gadjah Mada as the only one university in Indonesia and the first in Southeast Asia region offerring nuclear engineering curriculum, realizes how important this issue, and hence the university has to play a key role in providing the qualified human resources. Universitas Gadjah Mada has concluded there are five required strategies covering to brainware, software and hardware for improving faculty members capability in nuclear security field and curriculum enhancement. The first implementation of strategies result in the increasing of nuclear security knowledge among faculty members. Knowledge of students are also increased dramatically. Although, there are several lack in implementation that should be improved, building nuclear security capacity activities in UGM are in the right track by maximizing internal resources and external networking. Therefore, UGMhas a confidene tobe able to play an important role in the global nuclear security, especially in Southeast Asia region. KEYWORDS: Role, Global, Nuclear Security, Southeast Asia, Strategies
1
INTRODUCTION
After September 11th, nuclear security has become a global issue that should be inherent in developing nuclear technology besides safety, especially in order to prevent nuclear terrorism and to overcome any security threat.It is explicitly clarified by IAEA as a key multilateral institutions that has published a plan named IAEA Nuclear Security Plan 2010—2013. IAEA stated that ―The State is fully responsible for all matters of nuclearsecurity within a State‖ (Harris, 2013). According to the IAEA’s plan mentioned above, all states that are interest to expand their nuclear capabilities have to build their nuclear security capabilities. Human resource is a part of capabilities mentioned before besides regulations, organizations, tools, etc. Nuclear Security Plan 2006–2009 emphasized in the importance of human resources development (IAEA, 2010). Recently, Indonesia as same as other countries in Southeast Asia region is more seriously studying all aspect of nuclear engineering to expand utilization of nuclear technology, especially for facing energy problems.As consequently, it needs full skilled human resources in the field of nuclear security. Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) as the only university in Indonesia and the first in Southeast Asia region offering a nuclear engineering curriculumrealizes how important this issue, and hence the 87
university decided to play a key role in providing the qualified human resources. This paper would like to describe the UGM’s plan to play in the global nuclear security and its strategies to realize it.
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INDONESIA IN GLOBAL NUCLEAR SECURITY
This decade could be called as the renaissance of nuclear power that is showed by a growing interest by many countries in the worldfor developing their nuclear power capabilities. Asia is the main region in the world where nuclear power is growing significantly, especially in China, South Korea and India.The rapid growing of electricity demands are also happened in Southeast Asia. OECD/IEA said that there are 6 power reactors proposed to be erected in Southeast Asia countries region to supply their electricity demands as shown in Table 1 (http://www.world-nuclear.org/). The growth of proposed NPPs will improve the nuclear security risk in this region that formerly exist from the existed nuclear facilities. Table 1: Number of NPP in Southeast Asia Region Country
Power Reactors Research Planned Reactors Malaysia 0 1 Indonesia 2 3 Philippines 0 1 Thailand 0 2 Vietnam 4 1 6 8 Total Source: http://www.world-nuclear.org/ Indonesia has a long nuclear history. An Indonesian national committee first began investigating nuclear technology in 1954 as it reviewed data from the fallout produced from several nuclear-weapon tests in the Pacific Ocean. Further, Indonesia has operated a research nuclear reactor in Bandung since 1965. In addition, Indonesia set up a Commission for Nuclear Power Plant Establishment Preparation in 1972 for improving the utilization of nuclear technology.According to the Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency (BAPETEN), there are 2,825 institutions that are currently utilizing radioactive materials in Indonesia (http://www.bapeten.go.id).The recent success story of PT. Inuki (Persero), a state-owned enterprise, as an Asia leader radioisotope producer which is fully supported by ministry of Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) is also currently encouraging people to become more interested in the utilization of nuclear technology. Request for application of nuclear technology in the oil industry, food, rubber, etc. has been increasing. Indonesia constitution instructs Indonesian to proactively ensure the world peaceful. Ratification of Nuclear Security Act in Seoul (2012)was one of efforts to built world peaceful. Moreover, Indonesia laid on a strategic position in between Pacific Ocean and Hindia Ocean which is center for traffic of nuclear material trade and transportation.Based on the above rationalles, Indonesia should play a real role in improving global nuclear security level as a center and model for safe and secure nuclear industries in South East Asia as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 shows that for supporting the role, a national nuclear safety and security system has to be established. There are three resources needed in establishing the system, such as: 1. Global oportunities for development, 2. Hardware, software and threat awareness that are governed by national security policy and regulations, 88
3.
Brainware or skillful human resources as a product of world class education and training on safety and security. National nuclear safety and security system has to be a part of national security system that could not be separated from national interest. According to The Indonesia Ministry of Defense White Book, there are three level of Indonesia national interest, that are (Riant Nugroho, 2014): 1) Upholding the existence of Republic of Indonesia, 2) Sustainability of national development, 3) World peaceful and regional stability. In the other word, playing a real role in improving global nuclear security level is a part of Indonesia national interest.
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ROLE OF UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA (UGM)
UGM as the oldest and largest university in Indonesiacomprises of 18 faculties, 68 undergraduate programs, 23 diploma programs, 104 master and spesialist program, and 43 doctorate programs (http://www.ugm.ac.id). UGM declared its vision and mission which are “To be excellent and innovative world class university, imbued with nation’s cultural values based on Pancasila as the national ideology and dedicated to the nation’s interest and humanity” and “To carry out education, research and community service as well as preservation and development of knowledge that is excellent and useful for society”(http://www.ugm.ac.id). This vision and mission are always inspiring academic community in UGM to participate proactively in improving human life as well as in the field of nuclear security.
Global oportunities
World class education and training on safety and security
National nuclear safety and security system
Regional center and model for safe and secure nuclear industry in Southeast Asia
Brainware, hardware, software and threat awareness
Figure 1: The role of Indonesia in the global nuclear security and its requirements UGM is an appropriate university to support in establishing national nuclear safety and security system as shown in Figure 1 because UGM has a long experience to operate nuclear engineering curriculum since 1977. Nuclear engineering program in UGM has well known as a world class education for a long time and haven an international networking on nuclear security. Therefore, this program could be laid asa primer foundation for UGMwhich intends to be the regional centre of expertise for nuclear security to support the global peaceful uses and welfare oriented of nuclear technology. As addition, UGM also has a lot of world class expertises in many fields, social science, psychology, economics for instance, to realize this centre. 89
Regional centre of expertise for nuclear security Nuclear engineering and science Social science Psychology Economics, information technology, etc.
Figure 2: Foundation of regional centre of expertise for nuclear security in UGM
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STRATEGIES AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION ACTIVITIES
UGM has concluded there are five required strategies covering to brainware, software and hardware for improving faculty members capability in nuclear security field and curriculum enhancement. First strategy is improvement of awareness and knowledge on nuclear security among faculty members. Second is to enhance nuclear engineering curriculum with nuclear security system and culture as a basis of UGM contribution to the global nuclear security. Education, training and socialization to national and international stakeholders in order to elevate public awareness and participation to nuclear security system and culture is the third strategy. The next is infrastructure improvement to support education, training, socializationand community development in the nuclear security field. National and international cooperation in science and technology supporting nuclear security is the last strategy. On the national and international framework, Department of Engineering Physics on behalf of UGM as institution has been actively participating in the International Nuclear Security Education Network (INSEN)-IAEA to share and to develop course materials each other. In the other hand, several faculty members of department also personally joint in World Institute for Nuclear Security (WINS) for doing similar activities conducted in INSEN. Strengthening coordination and relationship with national and international nuclear institutions, especially nuclear security related institutions, such as BATAN, BAPETEN, PNS of Department of State USA, Institute of Nuclear Material Management (INMM), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), etc. has been also conducted.UGM has signed a Memorandum of Undertanding with BAPETEN to serve national centre for nuclear security education coordinated under I-CONSEP of BAPETEN. Improvement of faculty members capabilities has been done in cooperation with PNS. Several members has trained in ORNL supported by PNSto improve their knowledge about insider threat that is an important matter to identify in nuclear security. Several members also has visited six universities in USA (Texas A&M University, University of Georgia, University of Tennessee, University of Texas, North Carolina State University and Virginia Commenwealth University) to study their curriculum and resources (software and hardware) needed. For studying how to develop nuclear security curriculum, several members were sent to attend in Curriculum Development Workshop in Uni Arab Emirates and King’s College London, UK. To expand the number of members who know nuclear security, UGM held an enhancement of nuclear engineering curriculum with nuclear security subjectsworkshop. Under this relationship, several experts from USA and UK have been invited to give a lecture for nucler engineering student. An international student chapter named INMM UGM student chapter has been established to facilitate several students who are interested in nuclear security. They also have a 90
chance to visit USA for training and for attendingin INMM annual meeting supervised by faculty members.
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RESULTS
In first implementation of strategies result in the increasing of nuclear security knowledge among faculty members of Department of Engineering Physics. It is reflected in their academic activities, especially learning and research. In 2013/2014 academic year, several members have been introduced nuclear security into their courses based on materials that they get during visit abroad. They are enhancing their courses using course materials of INSEN, WINS, etc. Several nuclear security research have been conducted and presented in international forums. Several activities that conducted result in increasing dramatically the knowledge of students as shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 shows that more students in even semester knew nuclear security than in odd semester before attending in class. It reflects the result of the presence of international guest lecture. The number of student who increasing their knowledge after attending in class in even semester is also larger than the odd one. It shows that the enhancement activities is better in the even semester, because more materials has been collected and lectured by faculty members. They also improved their delivery methods based on the evaluation of odd semester result.
Percentage (%)
50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00%
1 Before 29.59% After 0.72%
2 31.03%
3 29.12%
5 8.59%
6 1.67%
7 0.00%
7.19%
20.62%
47.24%
18.71%
5.52%
Categorize
Percentage (%)
(a) 45.00% 40.00% 35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00%
1 Before 19.46% After 0.00%
2 34.79%
3 29.93%
5 11.56%
6 4.01%
7 0.24%
1.09%
9.37%
44.28%
38.56%
6.69%
Categorize
(b) Figure 3: The knowledge of students before and after attending courses enhanced with nuclear security topics: (a) odd semester and (b) even semester of 2013/2014 academic year 91
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Cum. Percentage
18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Cum. Percentage
Frequency
Figure 4 shows the most difficult matter to lecture. In odd semester, the most one was defense in depth application in nuclear security matter. But, motivation of insider threat matter became the most in even semester. It means that nuclear engineering lecturer could improve their delivery method when they teach engineering materials, but there is still an obstacle in social science. It clarifies how important the role of social science experts in nuclear security education and development. It should be easy in UGM, because UGM as the largest university in Indonesia has a lot of social science experts that could be optimized for maximizing UGM role. So, empowering social scientist with nuclear security knowledge should be done.
Questions
Frequency
(a) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Questions
(b) Figure 4: The most difficult matter to lecture: (a) odd semester and (b) even semester of 2013/2014 academic year Of course, it is a long journey to get international recognition as a regional centre for education. The most obstacle is hardware which is relatively old. Renewing or purchasing nuclear laboratory equipment is not a simple due to the availability of equipment needed in Indonesia. However, several international counterpart commented that the activities in UGM in order to build nuclear security capacity 92
is in the right track and they will support for it. For instance, King’s College London agreed to cooperate for establishing a regional professional training. Therefore, UGMhas a confidene tobe able to play an important role in the global nuclear security, especially in Southeast Asia region.
6
CONCLUSION
The first implementation of strategies result in the increasing of nuclear security knowledge among faculty members. Knowledge of students are also increased dramatically. Although, there are several lack in implementation that should be improved, building nuclear security capacity activities in UGM are in the right trackby maximizing internal resources and external networking.Therefore, UGMhas a confidene tobe able to play an important role in the global nuclear security, especially in Southeast Asia region.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank to Partnership for Nuclear Security (PNS)-USA and CRDF Global for their support in enhancing our courses with nuclear security topics.
REFERENCES Harris, J. (2013). ―Material of Train-the-Trainer Workshop on Nuclear Security‖. Intro Nuclear Security. Morocco, May 28-29. IAEA (2010). ―Educational Programme in Nuclear Security‖. IAEA Nuclear Security Series No. 12, Vienna. Nugroho, R. (2014). National Security Policy: Sebuah Pengantar. Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta. Web-1: Asia's Nuclear Energy Growth, available on http://www.world-nuclear.org/ (accessed on 2nd April 2014). Web-2: Introducing UGM, available on http://www.ugm.ac.id (accessed on 11th July 2014). Web-3: Vision and Mission, available on http://www.ugm.ac.id (accessed on 11th July 2014). Web-4: Licensing Data of Radiation and Radioactive Materials Facilities (2011), available on http://www.bapeten.go.id (accessed on 3rd March 2011).
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