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The The 15th 15th International International Symposium Symposium on on District District Heating Heating and and Cooling Cooling

Consideration of high-efficient Waste-to-Energy with district energy Consideration of high-efficient Waste-to-Energy with district energy The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling for sustainable solid waste management in Korea for sustainable solid waste management in Korea b Assessing theGeun-yong feasibility ofaa and using the heat demand-outdoor Geun-yong Ham Ham and Dong-hoon Dong-hoon Lee Leeb** temperature function for a long-term district heat demand forecast Eco-energies Research Centre, Institute of Urban Science, University of Seoul,02504 Seoul, Korea Eco-energies Research Centre, Institute of Urban Science, University of Seoul,02504 Seoul, Korea a a b* b*

Dept. of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, University of Seoul, 02504 Seoul, Korea Dept. of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, University of Seoul, 02504 Seoul, Korea

I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc a

IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal b Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France c Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France

Abstract Abstract

The The global global hierarchy hierarchy of of sustainable sustainable solid solid waste waste management management is is ranked ranked with with source source reduction, reduction, reuse, reuse, recycle, recycle, waste-to-energy, waste-to-energy, and and landfill. After adoption of the Paris Agreement, the main issue in energy usage is to reduce the greenhouse gas landfill. After adoption of the Paris Agreement, the main issue in energy usage is to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) (GHG) emission, emission, universally. universally. In In this this context, context, the the necessity necessity of of renewable renewable energies energies was was increased. increased. However However unpredictable unpredictable fall fall in in oil oil prices prices brings brings about the Abstract about the price price drop drop of of recyclables recyclables and and threatens threatens the the motive motive of of recycling recycling activities activities and and the the frame frame of of solid solid waste waste management management hierarchy hierarchy as as well. well. In In order order to to react react properly properly on on in in the the energy energy and and waste waste management management sectors, sectors, the the current current situation situation of of Waste-toWaste-toEnergy(WtE) and District and (DHC) were with EU District heating are commonly addressed in in theKorea literature one of the compared most effective solutions forconsidered decreasingthe the Energy(WtE) and networks District Heating Heating and Cooling Cooling (DHC) in Korea wereasinvestigated investigated compared with the the EU and and considered the suggestions of plants the between WtE DHC network. greenhousefor gasimprovement emissions from the building sector. These systems high investments suggestions for improvement of WtE WtE plants and and the synergy synergy between require WtE and and DHC network. which are returned through the heat As the waste be may increased, WtE is weightier the sustainable sales. Due toresidual the changed climate conditions building renovation policies, heat for demand in thechange future and could decrease, As the mixed mixed residual waste to to be treated treated may be beand increased, WtE is becoming becoming weightier for the climate climate change and sustainable society. Since late there had prolonging thethe investment return period. society. Since the late 1990s, 1990s, there had established established directives directives in in terms terms of of reducing reducing final final disposal disposal and and increasing increasing the the usage usage of of sustainable energy from especially from WtE aa district energy. Including Germany, the The main scope of gained this paper is tomany assesssources, the feasibility of using heatas – outdoor temperature forAustria, heat demand sustainable energy gained from many sources, especially fromthe WtE asdemand district energy. Including function Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Denmark Sweden have landfill promoted the renewable energy usage. aa forecast. The district and of Alvalade, located Lisbon (Portugal), wasand used as a case study.and The district is consisted Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden which which haveinintroduced introduced landfill bans bans and promoted the WtE WtE and renewable energy usage.ofAs As665 result, the WtE technology aiming at maximizing energy recovery is well developed and simultaneously the DHC system buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district result, the WtE technology aiming at maximizing energy recovery is well developed and simultaneously the DHC system connected WtE promoted. Thus enhancement for WtE for synergies district renovationwith scenarios wereis estimate error, and obtained heat demandwith values were connected with WtE plant plant isdeveloped promoted.(shallow, Thus the theintermediate, enhancementdeep). for the theTocurrent current WtEthesystem system and for the the synergies with district energy, the changes in policy and techniques are required. In technical view, treatment of raw Municipal Solid Waste compared results heat demand model, previously developed and validated the authors. energy, the with changes in from policya dynamic and techniques are required. In technical view, treatment of rawbyMunicipal Solid Waste MSW MSW through bio-drying Biological Treatment) will the disposal further high calorific The results showedMBT(Mechanical that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could and be acceptable for some applications through bio-drying MBT(Mechanical Biological Treatment) will reduce reduce the final final disposal and further produce produce high calorific value of Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) by removing moisture. Burning SRF will increase the power generation efficiencies (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation value of Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) by removing moisture. Burning SRF will increase the power generation efficiencies rather rather introducing raw MSW. Additionally, WtE which widely through Denmark and scenarios, the value increased uphigh-efficient to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation combination considered). introducing rawerror MSW. Additionally, high-efficient WtE technology technology which applied applied widely scenarios through Japan, Japan, Denmark and the the Netherlands also enhance the energy for securing district energy. combined technology between The value of slope coefficient increased on average thethe range of 3.8% up Eventually, to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the Netherlands also enhance the total total energy recovery recovery for within securing the district energy. Eventually, combined technology between bio-drying MBT high-efficient can reduce the emission achieve sustainable development goals. decrease in the with number of heating WtE hoursand of DHC 22-139h heating season and (depending on the combination of weather and bio-drying MBT with high-efficient WtE and DHC can during reduce the the GHG GHG emission and achieve the the sustainable development goals. renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the © 2017 2017 The Authors. Authors. Published Published by by Elsevier Elsevier Ltd. Ltd. © coupled scenarios). The valuesby could be used of to The modify function parameters the scenarios and © 2017 The The Authors. Published Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility ofsuggested the Scientific Committee 15ththe International Symposiumfor on District Heatingconsidered, and Cooling. improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and * Corresponding author. Tel.: +82-2-6490-5314; fax: +82-2-6490-5315. Cooling. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +82-2-6490-5314; fax: +82-2-6490-5315.

E-mail address: [email protected] E-mail address: [email protected] Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.099

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G-y Ham and D-h Lee / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Geun-yong Ham et al. / Energy Procedia 116 (2017) 518–526 Cooling.

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Keywords: Renewable Energy; High-efficiency Waste-to-Energy; District Energy; Bio-drying MBT

1. Introduction The Paris Agreement (FCCC/CP/2015/L9/Rev.1) was adopted by the ministers from 195 countries universally in December 2015, which aims to lower the rising of temperature 2℃ compared with pre-industrial levels [1]. In order to support the new agreement, there have been many efforts were considered in Worldwide. In June 2015, Korea government also set the goals of greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction by 37% compared to the 2030 BAU (Business As Usual) levels [2]. In this context, renewable energies originated from various sources solar, wind, waste, biomass and nuclear are widely applied and adopted to avoid the usage of fossil fuels. In 2013, estimated renewable energy production were 19.1% of global final energy consumption [3]. However unpredictable fall in oil prices brings about the price drop of recyclables and renewable energy. The global hierarchy of sustainable solid waste management is ranked with source reduction, reuse, recycle, wasteto-energy (WtE), and landfill [4]. Globally, the awareness of treating waste sustainably rather than just being disposed. This means WtE is becoming weightier for the climate change and sustainable society leaving the reduction at source as the mixed residual wastes to be treated that not suitable for recycling is increased. Additionally, among the various renewable sources, energies from waste, known as WtE is the technology that producing heat, steam and electricity from the incineration plant. Energy gained from waste and biomass captured about 60% of total worldwide renewable energy production in 2015 [3], [5]. Also, solid fuel, originated from waste so-called Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) can be provided into power plant. This produced energies are supplied to adjacent residential or industrial area for district heating and cooling. But, still, the collaborations between WtE and district energy in Korea are weak. In the present study, the former advanced case of WtE related with district energy in Europe is analysed and compare the situation with Korea. Then, suggestions about the technology development for synergy between WtE and district energy in Korea are described. 2. Current situation of WtE technology and DHC policy in EU Since the late 1990s, the movement of changes in policies regarding with climate change had been progressed in Europe. Representatively, establishing of the EU landfill directive (1999/31/EC) [6] which sets targets for the diversion of biodegradable waste from landfills in order to reduce the impact of waste management on the environment. Thereafter, the Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) [4] specified the structure of the waste hierarchy and promoted high energy efficiency in WtE plants in Europe. Since the Kyoto protocol took place in 1997 and including the Paris agreement in 2015, the expansion of renewable energies usage is actively recommended. To support this, also the EU Directive on Energy from Renewable Sources (2009/28/EC) have established to set the target for all EU member States to provide a 20% of total domestic energy from renewable sources by 2020 [7]. As a result, in 2013, about 81 million tonnes of MSW were incinerated and simultaneously produced 32 TWh of electricity and 81 TWh of heat which used for district energy. Converting this generated energy to the amount of primary energy, it equates to 9 – 44 million tonnes of fossil fuels. At the same time, about 22 – 44 million tonnes of CO2 were saved. [8] Looking into the waste treatment in EU28 (Figure 1), less landfilling is achieved in Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, and Sweden. These countries are commonly introduced the landfill bans and promoted to treat the MSW mainly by recycling and WtE. Further, the district energy system is well-developed in order to provide the generated steam, electricity, and hot water from WtE facilities to adjacent households, industry buildings [7], [9].

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Fig. 1. Waste treatment in 31 of EU countries in 2013 (EU 28 + Switzerland, Norway, Iceland) (Eurostat, 2014)

In Denmark, experiencing the oil crisis in the 1970s, the long-term energy policies were needed. As a result, ‘Danish Energy Agency’ was established which aimed to reduce dependency on oil import and increase the reliability of supplied renewable energies. After the 1980s, DHC system was actively promoted and equipped. In consequences, the large-scale DHC system ‘Copenhagen Network’ has been built up. 3 WtE commercial plants located in Copenhagen are providing 30% of total district heat to regions in 100-km radius [5], [10]. In Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2 commercial WtE plants are installed. Waste is occupied 25% of total district energy sources. About 75% of total electricity consumption of city are provided from these 2 facilities and simultaneously generating the district heat which can warm the 12,000 households. Waste Fired Power Plant (WFPP) that operated since 2007 with the concept of high-efficiency incineration, is treating the 530,000 tonnes of MSW per year and showing the above 30% of electricity generating efficiencies. [5], [11] Annually, 600,000 tonnes of MSW is treated in Sysav WtE plant located in Malmö, Sweden. Sysav WtE plant is one of the most advanced facilities for waste incineration. In total, about 1,400 GWh of heat which is equated with the heating of 70,000 households and 250,000 MWh of electricity are provided to adjacent regions. [5] Putting all the cases in EU, following effects are expected through the synergies between WtE and District energy.    

Less dependence on primary energy and GHG emission Reduction in final disposal and environmental impact induced following Sustainable solid waste management through less landfilling but maximizing energy recovery from WtE By securing the district energy generated from WtE facility, the biased perception on WtE plant is changed from unpleasant facilities to fundamental infrastructure to surrounding residents

3. Current situation of WtE technology and DHC policy in Korea In Figure 2, waste generation and treatment status are depicted from 1997 to 2014 in Korea [12]. The treatment by landfilling is getting reduced and the incineration is slightly increased. Comparing with the advanced countries in EU, still the landfilling ratio is quite high as about 15%. For the sustainable waste management and reducing the GHG emission, the alternatives are required. For the progress in policies, landfill taxes are required. In present, there are no specific bans on landfilling. Instead, the landfills managed by local government announced the increase of ‘tipping fees’. Regardless of this, no legal regulations have existed [13].

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Fig. 2. Waste generation and treatment in Korea (Ministry of Environment of Korea, 1997-2014)

In 2009, Korea government announced an ‘Energy Policy Action plans of Waste and Biomass for low-carbon energy production and dissemination’ [14]. The plan has established ambitiously to set the objectives for the energy recovery of 4 waste categories divided by feasible combustible wastes, feasible organic wastes, incineration waste heat, and landfill gas by 47, 26, 77 and 91% respectively until 2013, and 90, 36, 81 and 91%, respectively until 2020 against the 2007 level. As a result of an inspection by BAI (The Board of Audit and Inspection of Korea) in 2011 [15], only 4 SRF production facilities were installed and these had been much less than planned installation of 42 facilities, despite 64% of total business budget was allocated, because of an impractical introduction of SRF production technology without an operation experiences and fully established policies. In 2014, domestic renewable energy consumption was occupied 4.1% of total energy usage and among them, 60% were originated from waste incineration which same as 53,000 TOE [16]. For district heating in Korea, few regions are equipped with district heating and cooling system. In 2014, about 84% of total production for DHC was originated mainly from LNG and coal, while the heat recovered from the waste was only 1.4% [17].

Fig. 3. Usage of waste heat in various forms from domestic resource recovery facilities in Korea, 2013 In site – consumption for maintenance of facility (Ministry of Environment of Korea, 2014)


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According to a report from Ministry of Environment, total 7,041,028 Gcal of waste heat was produced in 2013 at domestic incineration plant. Among them, about 67% of energies were provided to district heating system or Combined Heating and Power (CHP) facility while rest 33% was not used (Fig. 3). In 2009, the energy recovery efficiency of incineration plant calculated by Ministry of Environment, Korea, showed 76.3% of efficiency in 22 facilities. Considering the distribution status, incineration plants which showed efficiency over 75% was 56% of total and 41% of total plants showed over 80% efficiency. But this is the theoretically calculated value, thus compared with the usage in EU and Japan technology which accomplished above 95%, there are still room for development in Korea [18], [19]. 4. Cutting GHG emission through high-efficient WtE technology combined with Bio-drying MBT and the synergies between DHC Considering the situation in Korea, the improvement of WtE technology as well as related policies are required for the synergies between WtE and district energy. Currently, applied bio-drying MBT and high-efficient WtE technology can be suggested in technological perspective. 4.1. Bio-drying MBT technology Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) technology was started from Germany in late 1990s as an alternative for the EU landfill directive (1999/31/EC). Biological treatment that applied to MBT system is determined by the objective of process that related with the usage of products [20]. Applied biological treatments are composting, bio-drying, anaerobic digestion, etc. Evaluating the biological treatment technologies in different criterion – proven technique, suitable for moist MSW, demand for primary energy, and etc. Considering the overall evaluation, optimum process for moist waste treatment bio-drying and anaerobic digestion technology can be suggested [21]. Bio-drying is a drying technology that using biologically generated heat as the main heat source and by introducing the air, aerobic condition is made and evaporated vapour is discarded from the reactor. MBT with bio-drying is a little simpler in design than other process. Additionally, SRF which is produced in the end of the process, can be used in power plant for heat and electricity generation. As can be seen in Figure 4, MBT process including biological treatment especially bio-drying, reduced the landfilling ratio markedly. Putting biodrying process before mechanical sorting produces 53% of high calorific fraction that is SRF. At the same time, only 4 % of total inputs are landfilled [22].

Fig. 4. Fractioning of output flow of basic MBT concepts (Modified from Wagner)

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In case of Germany, where the MBT system which aims material specific waste treatment, is currently having a situation that over-capacities of solid waste treatment. During 2004 to 2008, the MBT facilities are rapidly increased in Germany. As the systems have installed, capacities were increased as well. Thus present capacities of MBT will compete with other solid waste treatment capacities. In near future, new trends of waste treatment are presented by its energy efficient waste treatment as well as the resource and energy recovery. Meaning that this will lead to decreasing treatment capacities as well as a conversion of present capacities along with a conversion of the treatment technique itself [23]. Through the MBT with bio-drying process, heating value of moist MSW is increased as the water removed. Rather burning the raw MSW, energies gained from incineration of SRF that contained high calorific value are greater.

Fig. 5. Comparison of energy efficiency and GHG balance of MBT plants in 2012 MSWI: MSW incineration without SRF power plant (without SRF power plant) (Ketelsen, 2015)

As shown in Fig. 5, energy efficiency and GHG balance in MBT and MSWI process are compared. Net primary energy efficiency was higher in MBT process as 62% than MSWI. In terms of -300 kg CO2-equiv. / t waste was saved in MBT compared -120 kg CO2-equiv. / t waste in Incineration plant. Especially, MBT process with biodrying, hold a higher portion of treated waste to recovery and saved GHG emission higher [23]. To sum up this, WtE technology combined with bio-drying MBT can enhance the energy recovery efficiency by introducing the SRF that contained high calorific value and reduce the GHG emission simultaneously by providing waste heat and electricity to households or industry buildings. 4.2. High-efficient WtE technology As the characteristics of generated MSW are changed to high calorific value due to packing materials and also following the shift of society that is aiming at the usage of valid waste heat and less GHG emission, new generation of high-efficient WtE technology is required. Generation of energy from waste has been pioneered in Denmark and countries in Scandinavia such as Sweden, Norway, and Finland, for district heating and cooling production due to their cold weather. For example, the combined heat and power plants in Denmark required a new type of boiler for high-efficiency. Thus the steam parameters were typically 40 bar, 400℃ already since 2000 [10], [24]. According to the report released by the ministry of Japan in 2012, the movement towards the safe and sound municipal waste incineration and high-efficiency power generation is being developed. In the past, the priority factor in setting up waste incineration plants was antipollution control, which resulted in a significant upgrading of facilities from this perspective in Japan. However, in perspective of energy recovery, many plants now construct highly efficient electricity generation facilities with longer operating lives as demanded by greenhouse gas emission measures. Rising the temperature and steam pressure for power generation results in high efficiency are required


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[25], [26].

Fig. 6. Power generation efficacy achievement of waste incineration facilities and estimated results (Ministry of the Environment of Japan, 2012)

In Fig. 6, as applying high temperature and high pressure boilers, the higher power generation efficiencies can be achieved. Further technological requisites for improvement in WtE technologies are described in Table 1. Various technological requisites are widely applied to incineration facility to increase the power generation efficiency [27]. Depends on the objective of revision, various requisites can be applied. These technological alternatives also adopted to SRF power plant for maximizing the energy recovery efficiency as well. Based on this high-efficient WtE technologies, there also the movement through Japan that maximizing the energy recovery. In 2009, about 80% of total generated MSW were treated by incineration. Among them, only 24.5% of plants in Japan performed energy recovery and utilisation for generated heat was also barely performed. Because most of WtE plant installed in Japan are small-scale that only aims at MSW treatment. Thus the motive for energy recovery was weak. However, counteracting on global changes, focusing on energy recovery are the main concept for the developing WtE technologies in Japan [28]. Table 1. Technological requisites, improvement effect for high-efficiency power generation (Ministry of Environment of Japan, 2012) Objective

Enhanceme nt on heat recovery

Technological requisite Lowered temperature economizer Lowered combustion air ratio Low-temperature catalytic desulfurization

Valid usage of steam

High-efficient dry exhaust gas scrubber No flue gas heating Wastewater treatment

Enhanceme nt of steam

High temperature, high pressure boiler Extraction turbine

Improvement effect 1% 0.5 % 1 ～ 1.5 % 3% 0.4 % 1% 1.5 ～ 2.5 % 0.5 %

Conditions calculation

for

improvement

effect

Exhaust gas temperature at boiler exit 250 ℃ → 190 ℃ MSW 300 t/d Combustion air ratio 1.8 → 1.4 Temperature at entrance 210 ℃ → 185 ℃(non-reheating) High-efficient dry scrubber Conditions for flue gas heating 5 ℃, 60% → No restraint Temperature at boiler exhaust 250 ℃ → 190 ℃ 3MPaG ൈ 300 ℃ → 4MPaG ൈ 400 ℃

Main turbine → Extraction turbine

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Cooling of Stoker

2.5 %

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Pressure at turbine exhaust -76kPaG → -94kPaG

5. Conclusion Confronting the Paris Agreement as well as Sustainable Development Goals, many environmental, economic, social strategies for proper reactions are established in worldwide. Among this, for sustainable waste management, WtE technologies are actively applied in many advanced EU countries targeting the waste that is not suitable for recycling to avoid landfilling and recovery of useful energy. Generated from incineration, the waste heat, steam can be used to produce thermal energy and electricity. This is a good energy source to adjacent households and industries for district heating and cooling and further for electricity. WtE technologies are introduced in Korea recent 15 years. But the lack of experience and broad definitions of target wastes for energy sources, the technology, and related policies are not settled completely. Benchmarking the advanced case in EU (Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands and etc.), political and technical suggestions that are aiming at waste management for avoidance on landfills, maximizing energy recovery as district energy and reduction of GHG emission are made. For a technical perspective, Bio-drying process that are maximizing the SRF production can be applied to current MBT system in Korea which operated only by MT system. Additionally, high-efficient WtE technology is also required in the current system to increase the incineration and energy recovery efficiency. Also, more district energy can be secured from WtE plants when DHC system is in place. Thus when designing the new city, WtE plants are perceived as fundamental infrastructure so that the secured waste energy can be provided to residents and also the distances of wastes collection will be shortened. Finally, combining the bio-drying MBT with high-efficient WtE technology can secure more district energy and in the end, it achieves the reduction of GHG emission. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (No. 20153010102020). Also this work was supported by the 2016 sabbatical year research grant of the University of Seoul. References [1] CAS/Paris Agreement/MTP, UNFCC December, 2015 [2] Report of GHG reduction by 2030 (in Korean), June 2015 [3] REN21, Renewables 2015 Global Status Report (Annual Reporting on Renewables: Ten years of Excellence), 2015 [4] The Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) [5] CEWEP, ESWET, EUROHEAT&POWER, DHC+, Warmth from Waste: A Win-Win Synergy-Background paper for project development on district Energy from Waste: a common initiative, 2013 [6] The EU landfill directive (1999/31/EC) [7] The EU directive on Energy from Renewable Sources (2009/28/EC_ [8] CEWEP, Waste-to-Energy’s contribution to Resource & Energy Efficiency Available online: http://www.cewep.eu/m_1040 [9] Waste management in EU, Eurostat, 2014 [10] Heron Kleis, Babcock & Wilcox Vølund and Søren Dalager, Ramboll, 100 Years of Waste Incineration in Denmark, 2000 [11] CEWEP, Energy from Waste in Amsterdam: Helps provide green certified power for the tram, metro and city, 2013 Available online: http://www.amsterdam.nl/publish/pages/408150/aeb_brochure_uk.pdf [12] Ministry of Environment, Status of waste generation and treatment (1997 – 2014) [13] CEWEP, Landfill taxes & bans, February 2015 Available online: http://cewep.eu/information/data/landfill/index.html [14] Ministry of Environment, Energy Policy Action plans of Waste and Biomass for low-carbon energy production and dissemination, 2009 [15] Inspection result report of Waste-to-Energy business, BAI, 2011 [16] Korea Energy Agency, 2014 A handbook of district energy business, 2015 [17] Korea Energy Agency, 2014 Statistical data of renewable energy, 2015

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[18] Ministry of Environment, The operation status of resource recovery facility of MSW in 2013, 2014 [19] Ministry of Environment, Study on improvement of energy recovery of MSW incineration facility, 2009 [20] Juniper report, MBT: A Guide for Decision Makers – Processes, Policies & Markets, UK, 2005 [21] K. Kanning, K. Ketelsen, MBT-Best technology for treatment of moist MSW AD and/or biodrying prior to energy recovery, Proceedings of Waste-to-Resources 2013, Ⅴ International Symposium MBT and MRF, June 2013 [22] Wagner J, Development of Mechanical Biological Treatment of Municipal Waste in Latvia on the Basis of a Pilot-project in “Viduskurszeme”, INTECUS GmbH(2008) http://www.zalajosta.lv/tools/download.php?file=////images/files//Joreg_Wagner_MBT.ppt [23] K. Ketelsen, M. Nelles, Status and new trends / perspectives of MBT in Germany, Proceedings of Waste-to-Resources 2015, Ⅵ International Symposium MBT and MRF, May 2015 [24] Zerowaste Europe, Denmarks’ transition from incineration to Zero Waste Available online: https://www.zerowasteeurope.eu/2014/01/the-story-of-denmarks-transition-from-incineration-to-zero-waste/ [25] Ministry of the Environment of Japan, Solid Waste Management and Recycling Technology of Japan Toward a Sustainable Society, 2012 [26] S. W. Park, Energy Recovery of Municipal Solid Waste: High-Efficiency Incineration Technology, J. of Korea Society of Waste Management Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 125-133, 2014 [27] Ministry of the Environment of Japan: High efficiency waste power generation facility maintenance manual, 2010 [28] T. Tomohiro, Waste-to-energy incineration plants as greenhouse gas reducers: A case study of seven Japanese metropolises, Waste Management & Research Vol. 31, No. 11, pp. 1110-111