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Constructed Rain Garden for Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) as Stormwater Management in Malaysia: A Literature Review Conference Paper · November 2012 CITATIONS
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Constructed Rain Garden for Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) as Stormwater Management in Malaysia: A Literature Review Lariyah M.S.1 and Norshafa Elyza M.2 1
Centre for Stormwater and Geohazard Management, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia e-mail:
[email protected] 2 Faculty of Civil Engineering,Universiti Teknologi MARA, UiTM Perlis, 01000 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia. e-mail:
[email protected]
Abstract: Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) was used as intergrated approach to manage urban stormwater which currently has become a public concern in Malaysia. As a part of WSUD, rain gardens are recommended technology for new stormwater management in Malaysia. There is no performance data for this system, specifically at the field scale in Malaysia. Rain gardens are a part of Water Sensitive Urban Drainage (WSUD) in approach to urban planning and design that integrates the management of the total water cycle into the urban development process introduced by Government of South Australia. Previous studies shows that rain gardens have been effective in retaining large volumes of runoff and consistently reduced the number of certain pollutants. This article will review some of the guidelines, laboratory studies and filed monitoring of rain gardens that shown great potential for water quantity and quality control improvement. Thus, this that can possibly contribute to the development and implementation of rain gardens in Malaysia under tropical climate. The outcome of the study hopefully can be use to higlight the potential of rain gardens in order to achieve the sustainable urban development in Malaysia. I.
RAIN GARDEN SYSTEM
Water sensitive urban design (WSUD) is a relatively new approach to responsibly manage urban stormwater runoff [13]. Bioretention systems, also referred to as rain gardens are the simplest form for Water Sensitive Urban Drainage (WSUD) systems. Nowadays, rain gardens system are suggested and have been increasingly popular technology for stormwater management [2]. Rain gardens system used vegetation such as tress, shrubs and grasess or other native plants and often located at low points in landscape. The usage of vegetation is to improve the efficiency of pollutant removal from stormwater. The systems are
designed to receive stormwater runoff from impermeable surfaces such as roads, roofs, and parking lots. Rain garden system are layered using soil, sand and mulches. Experts confirmed that that rain gardens have a great potential in reducing peak flow and improve water quality in a natural and aesthetically pleasing manner [5]. Pollutants and nutrients from stormwater runoff are removed by rain garden vegetation soils through a combination of natural physical and biological processes associated with the type of soil and plants used [10]. Rain gardens system are unique compared to most the common types of Best Management Practices, mainly wet and dry pond. These systems also providing aesthetically pleasing landscape. Besides the landscaping aspect, rain gardens have many positive benefits including higher pollutant removal efficiencies for nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace metals and promotes water conservation as the area is fed by stormwater rather than by irrigation. In addition, rain gardens system provide low maintenance as compared to most traditional stormwater BMP’s. II.
RESEARCH STATEMENT
Rain garden system are considered as a new concept in Malaysia and offers a lots of benefits. As compared with US where rain gardens was widely used [1], Malaysia has initiative to implement rain gardens system although it has different climate regarding to rainfall and temperature. Todays, Malaysia economy has rapidly change throughout the year. Urban development is needed to cater the increasing of urban population. Due to urbanization, the construction of paved area that has significant changed on the hydrologic and hydraulic characteristics of the catchments. For that
reason, occurrence of flash flood in urban area in Malaysia is becoming more cruel form year to year. This urban stormwater has negative environmental and ecological effects. Because of this problem, Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) Malaysia has introducing New Urban Drainage Manual known as Storm Water Management Manual for Malaysia (Manual Saliran Mesra Alam or MSMA). These manual provide a set of guidelines for new development in Malaysia which adopting natural processes solutions for stormwater treatment. As mention by Zakaria [15], these guidelines set up a new philosophy which is ‘source control techniques’ in order to minimize the runoff flow rate from the contributing area. The manual apply the concept of Best Management Practices (BMP’s) to control stormwater in terms of quantity and quality runoff to achieve zero development impact contribution. Additionally, another good example of Best Management Practise (BMP’s) in Malaysia is the implementation of a Bio Ecological Drainage System which has applied vegetated swale, dry pond, wet pond, and detention pond and wetland techniques. The quality of stormwater has been tested and performance of water quality is in the range of Class І to Class ІІІ based on Water Quality Index (WQI) [6]. There are many design criteria and guidelines has been developed depending on the country and climate. Many studies has been conducted in both laboratory and field studies to assess the perfomance of rain gardens system in reducing the runoff volumes and also pollutant removal. Rain gardens system have proven to reduce runoff voulmes and concerntrations of sediments, heavy metals, phosphorus and pathogenic bacteria by Hatt [2]. This sections will reviews the main findings and beneficial of rain garden system components.
showed reduction of TSS from stormwater that flowed through the bioretention system. The observation from the study showed that concerntration of TSS was reduced significantly by the bioretention system. Beside removing TSS, rain gardens system can perform positively in removing Nitrogen, Phosphorus and heavy metals as shown in Table 1 below. Table 1 : Previous research on performance of rain garden system
Authors
Findings
Sam A. Trowsdale and Robyn Simcock (2011)
Majority of zinc, lead and Total suspended sediments were removed from stormwater that flowed through bioretention system.
Belinda E. Hatt et al.(2009)
Suspended solids and heavy metals were effectively removedwith load reductions generally in excess of 90%.
Godecke Tobias Blecken et al. (2009)
Metal removal exceeded 95% and the highest metal accumulation occurs in the top layer of the filter media.
Allen P.Davis et al.(2008)
Result indicates that bioretention cab be effectve for minimizing hydrologic impacts of development on surrounding water resources.
K.Bratieres et al.(2008)
Biofilters can reliably in removing nutrients (up to 70% for nitrigen and 85% for phosphorus) and suspended solids (consistently over 95%)
Xueli Sun and Allen P.Davis (2007)
Removal efficiencies of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd were approximately 94%, 88%, 95% and >95%.
Performance of rain garden Performance of rain garden has been tested and analyzed by many researchers. Research done by Lloyd [9] with 125 biofilter columns constructed in greenhouse in Melbourne, Australia to test the performance of stormwater biolfilters for removal sediments. Normally, the presence of suspended solids in storm water indicate the presence of organic matter, heavy metals and other pollutants. The result shows that all the biofilters were highly effective in removing TSS and their performance was consistent over time. A total TSS mass removal was mostly greater than 95% after the test series over all the sampling. This result was similar as reported in previous by Hatt [2]. In comparison, the performance of bioretention systems in field setting in Aucland, New Zealand
III.
AIM AND OBJECTIVES
Generally, this research seeks to have an understanding and knowlegde on rain garden system. This proposed study aims to understand detailed processes of design criteria of rain gardens in Malaysia under tropical climate. The outcome of the study hopefully can be use to higlight the potential of rain gardens in order to achieve the sustainable urban development in Malaysia.
In order to achieve the aims above, four (4) correlative objectives are outlined as follows: 1.
2. 3.
4.
To identify detailed processes of design criteria of rain gardens under tropical climate. To gather data of rain gardens performance for model development. To explore the performance of rain gardens system in terms of hydrologic/hydraulic and water quality. To proposed a design guideline and design chart of rain gardens in Malaysia. IV.
RESEARCH METHOD
The methodology will be carry out in many stages as follows: a)
Literature Review
Literature research will be conducted to gather the information about rain garden system in order to identify the benefit and potential of rain garden system. b) Monitoring Program Monitoring program will be carry out for assessing the water quality and also hydraulic performance test for rain garden system. Besides that, the hydology water balance will be analyzed. c)
Data Analysis and Interpretation
All the data from monitoring program will be examined in order to develop a preliminary design requirements, pollutant removal performance curve and charts. d) Finalize the design monographs, and charts
requirements,
At the final stage, the entire design requirement will be finalized and design protocol will be derived using the Modelling software for Malaysia condition. V.
SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH
This research is expected to identify the performance of rain garden system in Malaysia condition. Futher more, this research also will identify the obstacles to adopt rain garden and suggest some recommendation to overcome the problem in implementing rain garden system in tropical climate. In addition, this proposed research will give a better perceptive and alternatives for adoption of rain garden systems in Malaysia.
ACKNOWLEGEMENT The author would like to acknowledge Associate Prof Dr. Ir. Lariyah Mohd Sidek, for providing information, guidance and supporting regarding this research. REFERENCES [1]
Allen P. Davis, P.E., F.ASCE (2008). Field Performance of Bioretention: Hydrology Impacts. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering Vol. 13 No.2, 90-95. [2] Belinda E. Hatt, Tim D. Fletcher and Ana Deletic (2007). Hydrologic and Pollutant Removal Performance of Stormwater Biofiltration Systems at the Field Scale. Journal of Hydrology 365, 310321. [3] Fatemeh Kazemi, Simon Beecham and Joan Gibbsc (2008). Streetscale Bioretention basin in Melbourne and Their Effect. Ecological Engineering 35, 1454-1465. [4] Godecke-Tobias Bleckena, Yaron Zingerb, Ana Deletic, Tim D. Fletcher and Maria Viklandera (2008). Influence of Intermittent Wetting and Drying Conditions on Heavy Metal removal by Stormwater Biofilters. Water Research 43, 45904598. [5] Hanbae Yang, Edward L. McCoy, Parwinder S. Grewal and Warren A. Dick (2010). Dissolved Nutrients and Antrazine Removal by Column Scale Monophasic and Biphasic Rain Garden Model System. Chemosphere 80, 929-934. [6] Husna Takaijudin, Ahmad Mustafa Hashim, Kalaikumar Vallyutham, Ainil Husna Ahmad Shahir and Abdul Halim Ghazali (2010). Implementation of Urban Stormwater Management Practices in Malaysia. ICSBI 2010, part of ESTCON 2010, 15-17 June 2010, Kuala Lumpur. [7] Jennifer Read, Tricia Wevilla, Tim Fletcher and Ana Deletic (2007). Variation Among Plant Species in Pollutant Removal from Stormwater in Biofiltration Systems. Water Research 42, 893-902. [8] Nancy-Jeanne Bachmann (2006). Rain Garden Design and Construction Guidelines. Field Engineering in the Developing World. M.S. Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. [9] Peter J. Morison and Rebekah R. Brown (2009). Understanding the Nature of Publics and Local Policy Commitment to Water Sensitive Urban Drainage. Journal of Landscape and Urban Planning 99, 83-92. [10] Sam A. Trowsdale and Robyn Simcock (2010). Urban Stormwater Treatment Using Boiretention. Journal of Hydrology 397, 167-174. [11] Sara D. Lloyd, Tim D. Fletcher, Tony H.F. Wong and Richard M. Wootton (2001). Assessment of Pollutant Removal Performance in a Biofiltration System- Preliminary Results. Proceedings of the 2nd South Pacific Stormwater Conference, Aukland New Zealand, 27-29 June, 20-30. [12] Sébastien Le Coustumer, Tim D. Fletcher, Ana Deletic, Sylvie Barraud and Justin F. Lewis (2009). Hydraulic Performance of Biofilters Systems for
Stormwater Management: Influences of design and Operation. Journal of Hydrology 376, 16-23. [13] Simon Beecham (2011). Using Water Sensitive Urban Design to Achieve Multifunctional Urban Landuse. 2011 SIA Queensland State Conference. [14] Xueli Sun and Allen P. Davis (2006). Heavy Metals Fates in Laboratory Bioretention System. Chemosphere 66, 1601-1609. [15] Zakaria, N.A., Ghani, A.Ab., Abdullah, R., Sidek, L.M., Kassim, A.H., and Ainan, A. (2002). MSMA-A New Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia. Advance in Hydro-Science and Engineering Volume Vl.
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