constructing communities

Bleda S. Düring

CONSTRUCTING COMMUNITIES C LUSTERED N EIGHBOURHOOD S ETTLEMENTS OF THE C ENTRAL A NATOLIAN N EOLITHIC CA. 8500-5500 C AL . BC

CONSTRUCTING COMMUNITIES

by BLEDA S. DURING

PIHANS CV

NEDERLANDS INSTITUUT VOOR HET NABIJE OOSTEN 2006

CONSTRUCTING COMMUNITIES CLUSTERED NEIGHBOURHOOD SETTLEMENTS OF THE CENTRAL ANATOLIAN NEOLITHIC CA. 8500-5500 CAL. BC

Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Dr.D.D.Breimer, hoogleraar in de faculteit der Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappen en die der Geneeskunde, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op donderdag 16 maart 2006 klokke 15:15 uur

door Bleda Serge Düring geboren te Istanbul in 1976

Promotiecommissie Promotor:

Prof. dr. J.L. Bintliff

Copromotor:

Dr. D.J.W. Meijer

Referent:

Prof. dr. I.R. Hodder

Overige leden:

Prof. dr. P.M.M.G. Akkermans Prof. dr. R.H.A. Corbey Dr. P. van de Velde



UITGAVEN VAN HET NEDERLANDS INSTITUUT VOOR HET NABIJE OOSTEN TE LEIDEN voorheen Publications de l'Institut historique-archéologique néerlandais de Stamboul sous la direction de Machteld J. MELLINK, J.J. ROODENBERG, K. van der TOORN et K.R. VEENHOF

CV

CONSTRUCTING COMMUNITIES CLUSTERED NEIGHBOURHOOD SETTLEMENTS OF THE CENTRAL ANATOLIAN NEOLITHIC CA. 8500-5500 CAL. BC

CONSTRUCTING COMMUNITIES CLUSTERED NEIGHBOURHOOD SETTLEMENTS OF THE CENTRAL ANATOLIAN NEOLITHIC CA. 8500-5500 CAL. BC

by BLEDA S. DÜRING

NEDERLANDS INSTITUUT VOOR HET NABIJE OOSTEN 2006

Copyright 2006 by Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten Witte Singel 25 Postbus 9515 2300 RA Leiden, Nederland [email protected]

All rights reserved, including the rights to translate or to reproduce this book or parts thereof in any form

Bleda S. Düring

Constructing Communities, Clustered Neighbourhood Settlements of the Central Anatolian Neolithic ca. 8500-5500 Cal. BC. Uitgave: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten te Leiden (voorheen Uitgave van het Nederlands Historisch-Archeologisch Instituut te Istanbul. ISSN 0926-9568; 105).

ISBN 90-6258-316-4 Printed in Belgium

CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES . LIST OF TABLES . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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. . .

. . .

xi xiv xv

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . CHAPTER 1: THE CENTRAL ANATOLIAN NEOLITHIC

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. .

1 4

1.1.1 1.1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3. 1.3.4 1.3.5 1.4.1

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

LANDSCAPES AND CLIMATES OF CENTRAL ANATOLIA . . . . . CLIMATE AND VEGETATION OF CENTRAL ANATOLIA IN THE NEOLITHIC . . . THE RESEARCH HISTORY OF THE CENTRAL ANATOLIAN NEOLITHIC . . . . . . A SYNTHETIC APPROACH . THE NEOLITHIC OF CENTRAL ANATOLIA OR THE CENTRAL ANATOLIAN NEOLITHIC? . CHRONOLOGY AND TERMINOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL ANATOLIAN NEOLITHIC . . SKETCH OF THE ACERAMIC NEOLITHIC OF CENTRAL ANATOLIA . . SKETCH OF THE CERAMIC NEOLITHIC OF CENTRAL ANATOLIA . . . SKETCH OF THE EARLY CHALCOLITHIC OF CENTRAL ANATOLIA . . . . THE CLUSTERED NEIGHBOURHOOD SETTLEMENTS OF THE CENTRAL ANATOLIAN NEOLITHIC

4 6 8 11 12 16 18 20 21 23

CHAPTER 2: SETTLEMENTS, STRUCTURES AND SOCIETY .

.

26

2.1.1 2.2.1 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.4.6 2.4.7 2.4.8

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26 28 29 31 33 36 38 38 39 43 45 46 48 48

CHAPTER 3: MATERIAL ISSUES OF LOAM BUILDINGS

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52

3.1.1 3.1.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6 3.3.7 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.4.5 3.5.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

52 53 55 57 58 58 60 60 60 61 61 63 64 65 66 67 69

CONCEPTUALISING MATERIAL CULTURE . . CONCEPTUALISING SETTLEMENTS . ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO SETTLEMENTS . THE CONFIGURATION OF SETTLEMENTS THE CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF SETTLEMENTS THE TEMPORAL DIMENSION OF SETTLEMENTS . . SETTLEMENTS AND SOCIETY . . THE CONCEPT OF SOCIETY . . . . HOUSEHOLDS . . . LINEAGE HOUSES . . . COMMUNAL BUILDINGS . . . CLUSTERED NEIGHBOURHOODS . . . LOCAL COMMUNITIES MICROCOSMOS IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

REASONING BY ANALOGY . . . . . . . STUDIES OF VERNACULAR LOAM BUILDINGS . . . REGIONAL VARIABILITY IN BUILDING TRADITIONS . RELATING BUILDING FUNCTIONS AND TECHNOLOGY . BUILDING MATERIALS IN THE CENTRAL ANATOLIAN NEOLITHIC . . . . . . LOAM SLABS . . . . . . LOAM BRICKS . . . . . . STONE . . . . . . . MORTAR . . . . . . PLASTER . . . . . . TIMBER . . . . . . BUILDINGS IN MOTION . . . . CLOSURE AND FOUNDATIONS . . . . . WALL CONSTRUCTION . . . . WALL AND FLOOR PLASTER . . ROOF CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE . . . . . SETTLEMENTS IN MOTION .

viii CHAPTER 4: THE AùIKLI HÖYÜK SETTLEMENT 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.5.1 4.6.1 4.7.1 4.8.1 4.9.1 4.10.1 4.10.2 4.11.1

CHAPTER 5: THE CANHASAN III SETTLEMENT 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.4.1 5.5.1 5.6.1 5.7.1 5.8.1 5.8.2 5.8.3 5.9.1

.

GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING . . . . . . . . . . RESEARCH HISTORY . . . STRATIGRAPHY AND CHRONOLOGY . . . . . ARTEFACTS AND ECOFACTS . . . THE AùIKLI HÖYÜK SETTLEMENT . . . . . . THE LOAM BUILDINGS . . . . ROOMS OF LOAM BUILDINGS . . . . . BUILDING UNITS . . . . . . SINGLE ROOM UNITS . . . . MULTIPLE ROOM UNITS . . . . THE FEATURES IN THE LOAM BUILDINGS . . . . . . HEARTHS . . . . . SUB-FLOOR BURIALS . . . . DEFINING DOMESTIC UNITS . . . BUILDINGS IN DIACHRONIC PERSPECTIVE . . . . . NEIGHBOURHOODS . . ESTIMATING THE AùIKLI HÖYÜK POPULATION . . . . THE BUILDING COMPLEXES THE SPATIAL CONFIGURATION OF THE AùIKLI HÖYÜK SETTLEMENT . . . ACCESS PATTERNS AT AùIKLI HÖYÜK SOCIAL DIMENSIONS IN THE SETTLEMENT OF AùIKLI HÖYÜK .

.

GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING . . . . . . . . . . RESEARCH HISTORY . . . STRATIGRAPHY AND CHRONOLOGY . . . . . ARTEFACTS AND ECOFACTS . . . THE CANHASAN III SETTLEMENT . . . . THE LOAM BUILDINGS OF CANHASAN III . . . . ROOMS OF LOAM BUILDINGS . . . . DEFINING BUILDING UNITS . . . . SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS . . . . . DEFINING DOMESTIC UNITS . . . . NEIGHBOURHOOD CLUSTERS . . ESTIMATING THE CANHASAN III POPULATION THE SPATIAL CONFIGURATION OF THE CANHASAN III SETTLEMENT . . . ACCESS PATTERNS AT CANHASAN III . MOVING THROUGH THE CANHASAN III SETTLEMENT . . SOCIAL DIMENSIONS IN THE CANHASAN III SETTLEMENT

.

.

72

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72 72 73 75 76 77 78 81 81 82 83 84 86 89 93 97 101 101 107 107 111

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.

114

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114 114 115 115 116 117 118 119 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 127

CHAPTER 6: THE ÇATALHÖYÜK SETTLEMENT

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.

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130

6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.4 6.1.5 6.1.6 6.1.7 6.1.8 6.1.9 6.1.10 6.1.11 6.1.12 6.1.13

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130 133 134 135 136 138 140 142 145 147 154 154 155

GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING . . . . THE LOCATION OF ÇATALHÖYÜK . ÇATALHÖYÜK AND OTHER SETTLEMENTS . . . . RESEARCH HISTORY . . EXCAVATION METHODS . . REFLEXIVE METHOD AT ÇATALHÖYÜK EXCAVATION AREAS AND BUILDING DESIGNATIONS . . . STRATIGRAPHY . . ABSOLUTE DATING AT ÇATALHÖYÜK . . THE ÇATALHÖYÜK DATABASE . . CHIPPED STONE INDUSTRIES . . . . POTTERY . . . . FIGURINES

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

ix 6.1.14 6.1.15 6.1.16 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5 6.2.6 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.4.1 6.4.2 6.4.3 6.4.4 6.4.5 6.4.6 6.4.7 6.4.8 6.4.9 6.4.10 6.4.11 6.4.12 6.5.1 6.5.2 6.5.3 6.5.4 6.6.1 6.7.1 6.8.1 6.9.1 6.9.2 6.9.3 6.9.4 6.10.1

OTHER ARTEFACTS . . . . . . . . . . BOTANICAL REMAINS . . . . . FAUNAL REMAINS . . . THE ÇATALHÖYÜK SETTLEMENT . . . . . . THE LOAM BUILDINGS . . . FOUNDING A ÇATALHÖYÜK BUILDING . . CONSTRUCTING A ÇATALHÖYÜK BUILDING . . . . . . BUILDINGS IN MOTION . . . . THE USELIFE OF BUILDINGS . . . . ROOMS OF ÇATALHÖYÜK . . . DEFINING BUILDING UNITS AT ÇATALHÖYÜK . . SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS IN BUILDINGS THE COMPARTMENTALISATION AND ORIENTATION OF INTERIOR SPACE . . SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS ON THE MICRO-SCALE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF FEATURES IN THE 1960S ARCHIVES . . INTERIOR COMPARTMENTS, BENCHES, AND SCREEN WALLS . . . . . HEARTHS AND OVENS . . . . . STORAGE FEATURES . . . . POSTS AND BUTTRESSES . . . . . THE ÇATALHÖYÜK IMAGERY . . . . . WALL PAINTINGS MOULDED FEATURES, INSTALLATIONS AND INCORPORATIONS . . . . . THE SUB-FLOOR BURIALS . . . . INTERPRETING ÇATALHÖYÜK BUILDINGS . . . . DEFINING DOMESTIC UNITS . . THE INTERIOR CONFIGURATION OF LIVING ROOMS . . . . BUILDING CLASSIFICATIONS . . . BUILDINGS IN DIACHRONIC PERSPECTIVE . . . . . NEIGHBOURHOODS . . ESTIMATING THE POPULATION OF ÇATALHÖYÜK THE SPATIAL CONFIGURATION OF THE ÇATALHÖYÜK SETTLEMENT . . . ACCESS PATTERNS AT ÇATALHÖYÜK . THE EXTERIOR SPACES OF THE ÇATALHÖYÜK SETTLEMENT . MOVING THROUGH THE ÇATALHÖYÜK SETTLEMENT . . SOCIAL DIMENSION IN THE ÇATALHÖYÜK SETTLEMENT

CHAPTER 7: THE ERBABA SETTLEMENT 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.4.1 7.5.1 7.6.1 7.7.1 7.7.2 7.8.1

.

GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING . . . . . . . . RESEARCH HISTORY . . STRATIGRAPHY AND CHRONOLOGY . . . . ARTEFACTS AND ECOFACTS . . . THE ERBABA SETTLEMENT . . THE STONE BUILDINGS OF ERBABA . . . . ROOMS OF STONE BUILDINGS . . DEFINING BUILDING UNITS AT ERBABA . . SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS AT ERBABA . . . DEFINING DOMESTIC UNITS . . ESTIMATING THE ERBABA POPULATION THE SPATIAL CONFIGURATION OF THE ERBABA SETTLEMENT . . . ACCESS PATTERNS AT ERBABA SOCIAL DIMENSIONS IN THE ERBABA SETTLEMENT .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

156 157 158 159 160 160 162 164 165 166 170 174 176 178 179 180 184 186 187 191 192 195 201 211 211 214 216 218 229 234 235 236 240 243 245

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.

.

248

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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248 249 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 256 257 257 258

x CHAPTER 8: THE CANHASAN I SETTLEMENT 8.1.1 8.1.2 8.1.3 8.1.4 8.1.5 8.2.1 8.2.2 8.3.1 8.3.2 8.3.3 8.4.1 8.5.1 8.6.1 8.7.1 8.8.1

.

GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING . . . . . . . . . . RESEARCH HISTORY . . . STRATIGRAPHY AND CHRONOLOGY . . . . ABSOLUTE DATING AT CANHASAN I . . . . ARTEFACTS AND ECOFACTS . . . . THE CANHASAN I SETTLEMENT . . THE CANHASAN I BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES . . . . THE LOAM BUILDINGS OF CANHASAN I . ROOMS OF LOAM BUILDINGS IN LAYERS 2B AND 2A . . . BUILDING UNITS AT CANHASAN I IN LAYER 2B . SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS IN LAYER 2B AT CANHASAN I . . . . DEFINING DOMESTIC UNITS . . ESTIMATING THE CANHASAN I POPULATION . THE SPATIAL CONFIGURATION OF THE CANHASAN I SETTLEMENT . SOCIAL DIMENSIONS IN THE CANHASAN I SETTLEMENT

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.

260

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

260 260 261 264 264 265 267 270 273 274 275 277 278 278 280

CHAPTER 9: CONSTRUCTING COMMUNITIES IN THE CENTRAL ANATOLIAN NEOLITHIC . . . . . . . . 282 9.1.1 9.1.2 9.1.3 9.2.1 9.3.1 9.3.2 9.3.3 9.3.4 9.3.5 9.4.1

COMMUNITY AND SOCIETY . . . . . . . . COMMUNITY AND SOCIETY IN ARCHAEOLOGY . . SOCIAL COMPLEXITY AND THE NEAR EASTERN NEOLITHIC . . . . . THE CONSTITUTION OF SOCIETY . . HOUSEHOLDS IN THE CENTRAL ANATOLIAN NEOLITHIC . . LINEAGE HOUSES IN THE CENTRAL ANATOLIAN NEOLITHIC CLUSTERED NEIGHBOURHOODS IN THE CENTRAL ANATOLIAN NEOLITHIC . COMMUNAL BUILDINGS IN THE CENTRAL ANATOLIAN NEOLITHIC LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND BEYOND IN THE CENTRAL ANATOLIAN NEOLITHIC CONSTRUCTING COMMUNITIES IN THE CENTRAL ANATOLIAN NEOLITHIC

CONCLUSION . BIBLIOGRAPHY . SAMENVATTING . CURRICULUM VITAE

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282 286 288 291 293 299 301 303 306 311

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315 319 359 368

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xiv LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Table 2.2 Table 3.1 Table 4.1 Table 4.2 Table 4.3 Table 4.4 Table 4.5 Table 4.6 Table 4.7 Table 4.8 Table 5.1 Table 5.2 Table 6.1 Table 6.2 Table 6.3 Table 6.4 Table 6.5 Table 6.6 Table 6.7 Table 7.1 Table 8.1 Table 8.2 Table 8.3 Table 8.4 Table 9.1 Table 9.2

The space – place opposition according to Tilley (1994). Household forms in relations to the variables of residence and economic pooling. Four modes of analogical reasoning used in ethnoarchaeology. The stratigraphic levels of Aúıklı Höyük and their estimated absolute dates. Buildings and general areas in which the 24 pinpointed burials of Aúıklı Höyük were found. Categorisation of buildings according to Bıçakçı and Özbaúaran (in Esin et al. 1991) and in this study. The sizes in m² of the rooms and building units at Aúıklı Höyük. Population estimates of Aúıklı Höyük building units using three formulae that relate roofed floor area to the number of inhabitants. Characteristics of the tentative neighbourhoods of Aúıklı Höyük (incompletely excavated and/or preserved). The dimensions of the building complexes of Aúıklı Höyük. Estimated size of the postulated gatherings in Aúıklı Höyük monumental courts (A= standing, B= seated in circular arrangement). Population estimates of Canhasan III building units using three formulae that relate roofed floor area to the number of inhabitants. Characteristics of the tentative neighbourhoods of Canhasan III (incompletely excavated and/or preserved). Concordance of the changing building designations in the five major Mellaart publications on Çatalhöyük (# = not documented). Occurrence of wall painting motifs in relation to the levels at Çatalhöyük. Occurrence of the classes of moulded features and installations in relation to the levels in the South Area at Çatalhöyük. Minimum total number of skeletons excavated in the 1960s according to Angel’s and Ferembach’s notes and with the Çatalhöyük Research Project data. Population estimates of Çatalhöyük single living room units using three formulae that relate roofed floor area to the number of inhabitants. Occurrence of painted and moulded motifs and installations in building 8 from level X to V, orientations indicated. Overview of the different types of activities taking place in buildings, on roofs, in bounded open spaces, and in unbounded open spaces during the hot and cold parts of the year and in early and late levels at Çatalhöyük. Population estimates for the larger Erbaba rooms, and of the three building units using three formulae that relate roofed floor area to the number of inhabitants. The Canhasan I stratigraphy and chronology according to French (1998) and Thissen (2000). Stratigraphic re-assignations of buildings at Canhasan I. Preserved wall heights of excavated layer 2B buildings at Canhasan I. Population estimates for Layer 2B Canhasan I rooms including estimated upper storeys, using three formulae that relate roofed floor area to the number of inhabitants. Characteristics of the two forms of social organisation as defined by Tönnies and Durkheim. Population estimates for building units in the clustered neighbourhood settlements of the Central Anatolian Neolithic, using three formulae that relate roofed floor area to the number of inhabitants.

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