Coral Reef Rehabilitation (5.8 MB) - Consulting Unit on Tourism and ...

Report on Artificial Coral Reef Construction

CONTENTS

Report on Artificial Coral Reef Construction Table of Content 1

Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 1.1 Goal and Objectives......................................................................................................................... 1.2 Output.............................................................................................................................................. 1.3 Scope of Activity............................................................................................................................... 1.4 Activity Schedule..............................................................................................................................

2 2 3 3 3

2

Coral Reef as An Important Aquatic Ecosystem...................................................................................... 2.1 Importance of Coral Reef................................................................................................................. 2.2 Importance of Coral Reef to Human Welfare .................................................................................. 2.3 Threats Facing Coral Reef Ecosystem............................................................................................... 2.4 Coral Reef Transplantation...............................................................................................................

5 5 5 6 7

3 Overview of Pangandaran Coral Reef...................................................................................................... 8 3.1 Geographic and Administrative Position.......................................................................................... 8 3.2 Climate and Oceanography Condition............................................................................................. 8 3.2.1 Bathymetric........................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.2 Sea Current............................................................................................................................ 8 3.2.3 Tide........................................................................................................................................ 8 3.2.4 Wave...................................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.5 Temperature.......................................................................................................................... 9 3.2.6 Water Clarity......................................................................................................................... 9 3.2.6 Salinity................................................................................................................................... 9 3.3 General Condition of Coral Reef at Pangandaran Beach.................................................................. 9 3.4 Problems of Coral reef problems at Pangandaran beach................................................................. 10 4 Coral Reef Transplantation in Pangandaran............................................................................................ 4.1 Initiation and Preparation................................................................................................................ 4.2 Planning and Design......................................................................................................................... 4.2.1 Survey on Proposed Area for Coral Transplantation.............................................................. 4.2.2 Design of Construction Method............................................................................................ 4.3 Implementation of Construction Activities...................................................................................... 4.4 Tour Development and Promotion................................................................................................... 4.5 Monitoring and Evaluation............................................................................................................... 4.6 Community Awareness and Conservation Education...................................................................... Annex 1.Article of Coral Reef Transplantation in Pangandaran....................................................................... Annex 2. Template of the Monitoring Report (provided in bilingual)..............................................................

~ xviii ~

12 12 13 13 14 16 18 19 20 23 24


Chapter 01

Introduction

P

angandaran is popular both for domestic tourists and international tourists as one of the tourism destinations with natural and cultural features in West Java. However, Pangandaran now faces several serious problems; for instance degradation and declining population of marine biota due to uncontrolled collection both by locals and by tourists, poor law enforcement, weak management, and poor educational content in tourism activities offered to visitors. Therefore, it is necessary to have an innovative intervention to raise awareness of both locals and visitors on the crucial importance to conserve natural resources as tourism assets for local community; as well as to encourage initiatives to conserve marine biodiversity. INDECON in partnership with KMPP (Kelompok Masyarakat Peduli Pangandaran) – a local community group who has particular interests and attention to coastal conservation in Pangandaran – under program of Tourism Development Supporting Biodiversity Conservation in Pangandaran supported by UNWTO conducted the coral reef rehabilitation by constructing artificial coral reef, in order to promote sustainable activities which aim to decrease any destructive activities on coral reef and marine biota. 1.1. Goal and Objective Coral reef transplantation is part of rehabilitation and conservation program on coral reef ecosystem in Pangandaran. The goals of this activity are: 1. To recover coral reef condition at Pangandaran 2. To increase the ecosystem function of coral reef as a nursery ground, feeding ground, and spawning ground of marine biota, as well as for tourism and coastal protection 3. To increase local community awareness on the importance of coral reef conservation, in order to enhance community role in effective and efficient of sustainable coral reef management

4. To increase tourist awareness on the importance of coral reef conservation The objectives of coral reef transplantation in Pangandaran are: 1. To develop example of transplantation of few coral species as one of conservation activities that support tourism activity. 2. To increase community skill in coral reef transplantation in order to achieve rehabilitation and conservation 3. To increase community involvement in sharing role and responsibility in environment rehabilitation 4. To educate community that coral transplantation aims to recover coral reef in nature, while in the long term it will provide benefit through tourism activity. In this case, coral transplantation can be an alternative activity in tourism attraction. 5. To develop educational reef tour to increase awareness of local community and tourists on the importance of marine biota conservation. In long term, through monitoring by related institution, it is expected that the program can be continuously conducted by the local community and can expand coverage area of coral reef. It is necessary to establish a community based coral management system, which is an effective and efficient strategy in natural resources management towards sustainable use. 1.2. Output 1. Implementation of community based artificial coral reef construction activities 2. Existence of coral transplantation samples as a model on coral reef rehabilitation and conservation that supporting tourism activity. 3. Implementation of ‘coral adoption program’ which can be sold to visitor or hotels.

~~

Report on Artificial Coral Reef Construction 6. Progress Report on design, construction implementation, and tour package development. 7. Conduct press tour; targeting press and students coming from the village where their parents selling or collecting live shell for souvenir 8. Develop mechanism for monitoring and evaluation. 9. Growth monitoring and controlling of transplanted coral which are continuously implemented by local community group 10. Community awareness and conservation education • Socialization of coral transplantation program • Develop code of conduct among related stakeholders. 11. Conduct an evaluation meeting to fine tune the program. 12. Final report on implementation of coral reef construction.

4. Increasing skill of community groups active in conservation, which are the core group in conducting coral transplantation. It will support rehabilitation and conservation of coral reef in Pangandaran at the future. 5. Establishment of coral reef education or awareness program 1.3. Scope of Activity 1. Initiation and Preparation, including series of meeting with LWG and KMPP to develop activity framework, and select design for the construction 2. Survey to determine transplantation site and coral germ resources. 3. Implementation of construction activities. • Coral transplantation field activity (sample plot establishment) • Implementation of construction activities. • Determination of transplantation activity that covers resources sharing among key stakeholders. 4. Development of coral ‘adoption’ program. 5. Development of tour package, including preparing flyer for visitors No Activity 1 InitiationandPreparation, includingseriesofmeeting withLWGandKMPPto developactivityframework, andselectdesignforthe construction 2 Surveytodetermine transplantationsiteand coralgermresources. 3 Implementationof constructionactivities. x Coraltransplantation fieldactivity(sampleplot establishment) x Implementationof constructionactivities. x Determinationof transplantationactivitythat coversresourcessharing amongkeystakeholders. 4 Developmentofcoral adoptionprogram.

Oct08

Nov08

Jan09

Feb09

Mar09

No 5

6

7

8 9

10

1.4. Activity Schedule All activities are scheduled to take place in 5(five) months from November 2008 to March 2009, as detailed below: Dec09


11

Apr09

12

Activity Developmentoftour package,including preparingflyerforvisitors ProgressReportondesign, construction implementation,andtour packagedevelopment. Conductpresstour; targetingpressandstudents comingfromthevillage wheretheirparentsselling orcollectingliveshellfor souvenir Developmechanismfor monitoringandevaluation. Growthmonitoringand controllingoftransplanted coralwhichare continuouslyimplemented bylocalcommunitygroup Communityawarenessand conservationeducation x Socializationofcoral transplantationprogram x Developcodeofconduct amongrelated stakeholders. Conductanevaluation meetingtofinetunethe program. Finalreporton implementationofcoral reefconstruction.

Oct08

Nov08

Dec09

Jan09

Feb09

Mar09

Apr09

~~

~~



Chapter 2

Coral Reef as an Important Aquatic Ecosystem

C

oral reef is an ecosystem which is ecologically and economically important to coastal areas. The terminology coral reef is familiar and heard frequently, since this ecosystem is known as a beautiful and unique marine garden. Coral reef is known for its beautiful shape and color. This beautiful ecosystem is home for many kinds of organisms with different colors and attractive shapes. Coral reef is frequently called ‘Marine Park’ and becomes a primary tourism attraction. 2.1. Importance of Coral Reef Biologically, coral reef is a unique marine ecosystem since it is formed through a complex balance of biological processes by different organisms, both plants and animals. Generally, coral reef means a hard substrate, which lies in shallow aquatic area and becomes a habitat for marine biota. The term actually contains two words, which are ‘reef’ and ‘coral’. ‘Reef’ or ‘animal reef’ is a group of animals, particularly Phylum of Cnidarians (Order of Scleractinia), calcareous algae, and calcium producer such as sponge, mollusk, and phoraminiphores; which can transform carbonates into coral. ‘Coral’ is the basic substrate produced by the sediment made of calcium carbonates (CaCO3). Therefore, coral reef can be explained as a structure of carbonates habitat made by reef animals. Tropical area is an abundant place for coral reef; because it provides the entire requirement as habitat and growing area for coral animals. Temperature reaching 180C, salinity between 29 ppt – 30 ppt (part per thousand), high water visibility, abundance of sunshine, good water circulation, and solid of water based as a substrate for animal corals. Coral reef plays important role for human kind and in natural resources. Compared to other marine

~~

ecosystems, coral reef has a high productivity, rich biodiversity, and high esthetic function. Coral animals can be found in almost all seawater from north to south pole; however, coral animals that are able to form coral reef can live only in tropical areas. Based on its ability to form coral reef, coral animals are divided in two groups: hermatipic and ahermatipic coral. In hermatipic coral cultures, a symbiotic algae of zooxanthellae that produce CaCO3 are frequently found, opposite to ahermatipic coral. Geographically, coral reefs are distributed in shallow waters that lie around earth, from tropic to subtropic area, at 35o of north latitude and 32o of south latitude. Latitude line is the maximum limit for coral reef growth area, since in this area living requirement for coral is available; such as depth of water, sunshine intensity, temperature, salinity, and ground substrate (Suharsono, 1984). 2.2. Importance of Coral Reef to Human Welfare Coral reef plays an important role in humankind such as tourism attraction, fishery ground, natural coastal protector, and biodiversity resources; as detailed below: • Function for Biodiversity Coral reef ecosystem has high productivity and biodiversity. Species diversity per unit area of coral reef ecosystem is equal or higher than a unit area of tropical forest. Coral reef is known as a knowledge laboratory particularly for biological and environmental study. Coral reef has high potential for medicine, antivirus, anti cancer and other medical purposes. • Function for Tourism The beauty of coral, its biological richness, and water clarity have made coral reef a favourable recreation place. Skin diving or snorkeling, SCUBA,

~~


•

•

and photography are some of the common tourism activities done in coral reef area. Function for Fishery Coral reef is habitat and fishery ground of highvalue exotic fishes. The average fishery catchment at Philippines coral reef is 15, 6 ton/km2/year. However, this amount varied from three tons/ km2/year to 37tons/km2/year (White and CruzTrinidad, 1998). Moreover, it has been reported that 1 kilometer square of healthy coral reef in Philippines is able to produce 20 – 35 tons of fresh fish to meet food requirements for 400 – 700 person; while damaged coral reef can only produce 5 tons of fresh fish to meet food requirement for 100 people only (Mc Alister & Ansula, 1993). Function for Protecting Shoreline Coral reef is barrier for waves; it protects the coastal area from erosion, flood, and other destruction process made by seawater phenomenon. It also contributes to shore line accretion by adding sand to beach; and protects villages and other infrastructures such as roads and buildings on the shore line. It will need billions of rupiah to build manufactured barrier that is equivalent to coral reef ability.

2.3. Threats Facing Coral Reef Ecosystem Destruction of coral reef ecosystem may lead to the destruction of the entire marine ecosystem. Threats can be natural or anthropogenic. Natural threats are for example tsunami, coral pathogenic disease (Acanthaster plancii), increasing water temperature (El Nino), etc. While anthropogenic threats are for example destructive fishing (using bomb and potassium), land reclamation, coral mining, etc. Moreover, threats facing by coral reef ecosystem in Indonesia are described below: i. Sedimentation Sedimentation that comes from land highly affects coral reef ecosystem degradation. Sedimentation process is caused by land degradation. Logging leads to erosion, and then the soil is brought to the sea through river flow. Once the soil covers

the coral reef, it will enter the digestive organ of polyps, and may cause their death. ii. Destructive fishing Use of bomb and cyanide potassium in fishing may damage coral reef. Catching an economicvalued fish that live in coral reef is the purpose of blast fishing. However, it also damage coral reef since the bomb will destroy the coral into rubbles. In the other hand, potassium which is usually used for coral fish will kill both the fish and the coral animal. iii. Environmental destruction and agriculture drainage Oil product and other chemistry agents spilled in sea water will kill polyp and damage coral reef. In many cases, death of coral colony is caused by plastic and other waste. Over cultivation and intensification method in agriculture is other causes of destruction. River flow will bring fertilizer’s waste to the sea and supports algae growth. It will affect the balance of water condition surrounding coral reef, since the algae will be obstruct sunshine penetration and become a competitor to coral polyp in photosynthetic process. iv. Recreational activities Mismanagement of recreation place in coastal area can be harmful to environment, since there are many tourism activities which can damage coral reef if they are not carefully controlled. Throwing boat anchor and grounded boat in the wrong place can destroy and break the coral. Walking on coral reef, picking, and collecting coral as souvenir also contribute to coral reef destruction.

Report on Artificial Coral Reef Construction appropriate locations. Artificial reef creation such as drowning a pedicab and rumpon in Jakarta bay, shipwreck in some locations, aim to provide habitat for fish and substrate for coral planula. Active rehabilitation is conducted through direct human intervention by distributing coral animals to other places. Transplantation is an active rehabilitation method by moving or sticking colony to an artificial coral reef located at a new area; the colony is expected to grow bigger. This method often uses Acropora, which is considered a fast growing coral. Coral transplantation is a coral reef rehabilitation method that can be implemented in two at the same time. The first process is sticking the fragmented colony distribution of adult coral into substrates. The colony is expected to grow and enlarge the percentage of coral coverage, which is a milestone for quality of coral reef ecosystem.

The second process is distributing the transplanted coral. If coral planula spread evenly, the process of natural recruitment will run faster as well as the process of coral rehabilitation itself. To implement a transplantation program, the water environment should meet these criteria below: a. Damage occurred in coral reef with rubbles and sand in ground substrate of waters. b. Location of coral reef is protected from wave c. Salinity is around 29 – 31 ppt d. Water temperature reaches the optimum requirement for coral growth which is 23 – 27o C e. Balance of pH water f. Wide area g. Water clarity is between 6 – 8 meters. h. The area is free from pollutant, away from fresh water resources, and free from predator (Acanthaster plancii)

2.4. Coral Reef Transplantation In general, rehabilitation technique for coral reef can be conducted in two ways, which are passive and active rehabilitation. Passive rehabilitation is conducted through natural process, which uses coral planula from other places as coral resources. A massive ground base as coral planula substrate is the main requirement for coral growth. In passive alternative, we create coral substrate and put it at

~~

~~



Chapter 3

Overview of Pangandaran Coral Reef 3.1. Geographic and Administrative Position Pangandaran is situated at 108035’ 108041’ T and 7040’10” – 7040’20” S; the large bay is geographically bordered by two smaller bays called Parigi bay at the west, and Pangandaran bay at the east. It is located at slightly 0 to 20 m ASL. Temperature in Pangandaran varies between 250C – 350C, with humidity level at 80 – 90 % and average rainfall at 3.196 mm/year. Administratively, Pangandaran is situated in Ciamis Regency, West Java.

Transition occurs in May from east to west 3. East Season; it occurs in June to September and wind blows from east to west 4. Second transition period; it occurs in October to November and wind blows from west to east.

3.2. Climate and Oceanography Condition

3.2.4. Wave

3.2.1. Bathymetric Pangandaran beach has a bathymetry that varies between 0 – 30 meters of slight. Morphology of the beach is affected by the river flows that estuary to Pangandaran and Parigi beach. Water ground is covered by sandy mud which is formed by sediment land material.

Wave is a dominant physical factor of the southern water of West Java, due to its strength. In average, the height of the wave is 2 to 5 meters.

3.2.3. Tide Based on data analysis, the type of wave tide in Pangandaran beach is half-diurnal. It means that tide changes twice daily. Tide forecast for Parigi and Pangandaran Bay shows that the range of tide is between 199 cm to 93 cm.

3.2.2. Sea Current In general, current pattern in Pangandaran beach is affected by Monsoon similarly to current pattern at the west of Java Island. Wind blows from certain direction in one period, then blows to the opposite direction in another period. In December to February, wind blows from Asia to Australia, which is called the North West Monsoon. In July to August, wind blows from Australia to Asia, which is called the South East Monsoon. West season affects sea current in Indonesian waters, from South China to Java then continued to Banda and Flores Sea. During South East monsoon, current flows from west to South China. There are 4 wind seasons in Pangandaran, which are: 1. West Season; it occurs in December to March and wind blows from west to east 2. First transition period; it occurs in April to May. ~~

3.2.5. Temperature Temperature at Pangandaran beach varies between 29,2 – 30,1oC, with 29,5o C in average. Temperature of water surface varies between 27o to 32oC, which is considered as good temperature for fish activity (Analyses of BPLHD of West Java Province). 3.2.6. Water Clarity Water clarity level is used to identify the level of intensity of sunshine which can penetrate water. Water clarity at Pangandaran beach is in average between 3 to 4 meters, while in Parigi beach it is between 5,5 – 8 meters or 6 meter in average. 3.2.7. Salinity Water salinity at Pangandaran beach ranges from 31,1 to 32,3 %, which is considered a good number since coral has a high level of tolerance for its growth. Level of salinity at Pangandaran beach is heavily affected by the intrusion of fresh water to estuaries in Pangandaranand Parigi bay.

~~

Report on Artificial Coral Reef Construction 3.3. General Condition of Coral Reef at Pangandaran Beach Coral reef at Pangandaran is located inside the Marine Nature Reserve, both at the east and west part. The Pananjung Nature Reserve was declared on May 8, 1990, marine area around Nature Reserve and Nature Recreation Park was turned into Marine Nature Reserve covering 470 hectare of marine by Ministry of Forestry Decree No. 225/Kpts-II/1990. The coral reef at Pangandaran is 1.2 kilometer long and 20 - 50 meter width; with depth ranges from 1 to 10 meter. It is affected by the penetration level of sunshine to ground water. Coral reef at Pangandaran beach is fringing reef type; dominated by massive coral that can survive in Pacific sea condition with hard wave. Some of them are Goniastrea retformis, G. Pectinata. G. favulus, Platygyra pini, P. lamelina, Montastrea curta, M. annuligera, M. magnistellata, M. leptastrea. Tranversa, Cyphastrea serailia, C. chalcidium, Echinopora lamellosa, E. gemmacea, and E. hirsitussima. Some branched species were found in certain locations with calmer wave, such as Acropora polifera, A. grandis, A. digifera, A. cerealis, Montipora stellata, M. danae, and M. aequituberculata. Moreover, 13 species of bivalve family were also found in Pangandaran. At East beach, about 13 species were found, while in the West Beach there were 6 species found. Genus of Gastropods was found in 23 species, where 14 genus


is found at West beach, and 20 genus is found in East beach of Pangandaran Natural coral reef degradation is caused mostly by human activity and natural processes. It has been a serious issue in some countries, since coral reef has an important role in supporting fish resources and sea organism, as well as in buffering wave and tide. At Pangandaran, coral reef damage was caused by human activity, such as sedimentation, waste spilling, over nutrient intrusion, over fishing, tourism activities for example collecting coral for souvenir, fish anchoring, and walking on coral; as well as natural disasters like tsunami. Tsunami hit in July 2006 damaging both land ecosystem and marine ecosystem, including coral reef; as shown by a study at the west and east Pangandaran beach post tsunami. Live coral in west beach remains 11.49 to 38.3 %, while dead coral covers 8.21 to 49.13%, and rubble covers 25.72 to 67.76% of coral reef coverage. The situation is similarly worse at the East beach, where live coral covers 32.5 to 40.39% of coral reef coverage, while dead coral reaches 7.53 to 28.34%, and rubble reaches 30.72 – 58.1%. Based on the standard criteria of Ministry of Environment on coverage of coral degradation, the coral reef at both the West and East beach of Pangandaran is considered damage.

Image 1. Dead coral and shell collection at West Beach, 2008

~ 10 ~

Table 1. Transect Benthic Life Form at Pangandaran

Transect Benthic Life form in West beach Site 1 2

Depth (m)

Hard Coral (%)

Dead Coral (%)

2

Rubble (%)

3

25.09

49.13

0.4

25.72

6

11,49

10.9

12,7

65.3

3

38,3

15.26

1,35

45.03

8.21

5,92

67.76

6 17.09 Transect Benthic Life form in East beach 1

Fauna (%)

3

33.44

7.71

0.06

58.1

6

32.5

9

3.8

48.68

3

39.34

28.34

1.58

30.72

6

40.39

7.53

3.59

48.48

Source: developed based on survey of coral reef, which was conducted by University of Diponegoro in July 2008.

High number of rubbles is most likely caused by tsunami and tourism activities. Coral reef damage at the West beach is more serious than the East beach, probably because the West beach is more often visited by many tourists particularly those who want to sail to the white sand beach (inside Nature Reserve) or just take a short cruise by fisherman boat. The West beach has a calm wave and low tide, so it is more convenient for visitors to visit or even to walk on coral reef to see marine biota; while the East beach has stronger wave thus less convenient for visitors. 3.4. Problem of Coral Reef at Pangandaran Beach Human activity is a serious threat to coral reef both at the West and East beach of Pangandaran; particularly tourism activities and fisherman activity. ‘Cangkrungan’ – a local terminology for walking on coral reef to find shells or exotic fish and collecting coral for souvenir – can directly damage the coral reef. It is conducted during low tide when coral reef is easily visible. When coral reef is stepped on, it will be parried into rubble. Moreover, poisonous substance like potassium cyanide used for fishing will poison both the fish and coral polyp. Regardless of the tide level, tourist boat often takes visitor to coral reef area, which is sometimes less than 1 meter

of depth. Boat’s screw will stir up the sea water and the sediment at the sea bed, which will covers polyp. During low tide, sometimes many boats are grounded at coral reef area, which leads to serious coral damage. Rivers that estuary at Pangandaran beach such as Cikidang, Cialit and other rivers often transfer sediment, garbage, and agriculture waste from land to sea. They will cause a negative impact to coral reef through two mechanisms. Firstly, it will cause shades at water surface which will become a barrier for light penetration needed by zooxanthelae for photosynthesis; and secondly, sediment particles cover coral surface and suffocate coral polyp. Agriculture waste will cause population booming for certain algae, which become a competitor to coral growth.

~ 11 ~



Chapter 4

Artificial Coral Reef Construction in Pangandaran

R

ehabilitation of marine environment, particularly coral reef, should be conducted immediately to restore the function of coral reef, and further to provide benefit to the community in Pangandaran. The rehabilitation is expected to restore coral reef function as spawning ground, feeding ground, and nursery ground for marine biota at Pangandaran beach; as well as to restore the beauty of marine panorama as tourism attraction in Pangandaran. The guidelines on prevention and restoration of coral reef damage is explained in the attachment of Decree Letter of Ministry of Environment No. KEP-/MENLH/04/2001, on February 23, 2001. The attachment accurately explained the prevention and restoration of coral reef damage in several steps: 1. Increasing of community awareness and participation Try to increase community awareness and knowledge on the importance of coral reef. The activity is aim to involve community to actively participate and has a responsibility in coral reef sustainable management. 2. Community-based management a. Educate community to conducted an alternative activity that aim to reduce threat on coral reef, such as cultivation, tourism guiding, and others activity to increase community income. This education effort should be supported by grant that distributed through existing system and not to give any pressure to community. b. Implementing knowledge and technology on rehabilitation as well as involving stakeholder in sustainable coral reef management. 3. Institutional Development a. Strengthening coordination among institution that has role in coral reef management such as ~ 12 ~

site manager, security staff, natural resource user and environment expert. b. Increasing ability on human resources through several training related to coral reef management and rehabilitation technique. 4. Research, Monitoring and Evaluation Research, monitoring and evaluation are important components in coral reef rehabilitation process. In this case, government will develop monitoring and information network system by develop management network and monitored by LIPI as scientific authority. 5. Law Enforcement Community has an important role in law enforcement as a reef watcher. Community have obligation to report their result to security officer for any activity that leads to coral reef destruction. As one of responsibility sharing form, community should be directly involved in securing their own area. 4.1. Initiation and Preparation It is crucial to ensure that local stakeholders are actively involved since the beginning of the project activity. Therefore, the initiation started with identification of stakeholders and dissemination of the project. The activities are: 1. Identified stakeholders that will be involved as key implementer of the program, which are: • Kelompok Masyarakat Peduli Pangandaran (KMPP), which is one of the local environmental NGO. KMPP has previously conducted coral reef transplantation thus selected as our local partner to implement the project in Pangandaran. KMPP will responsible for field operational under INDECON’s supervision.

~ 13 ~

Report on Artificial Coral Reef Construction • Balai Besar KSDA Jawa Barat Resort Konservasi Wilayah TWA/CA Pangandaran, or Conservation Resort of Nature Tourism Park/ Nature Reserve of Pangandaran. It is the authority for management of the conservation area in Pangandaran.

and also related stakeholders which might be directly affected or have interests: • Fishery and Marine Office of Ciamis Regency • Tour boat operator group, which consists of community who works as coral reef tour guide • ’Bagang’ fisherman group that operate in Eastern Pangandaran beach • Visitors and tourism managers • Guide Association • Dive operator in Pasir Putih Beach 2. Conducted meeting with BKSDA Ciamis – as the institution that manages Pananjung Nature Reserve - to disseminate information about the coral transplantation work plan and to ask permit to enter and work on the conservation areas (SIMAKSI, in Bahasa Indonesia). 3. Dissemination of information about the project activity together with KMPP to related stakeholders and local community. The fisherman groups, Pangauban guide, and tour boat operator were informed about the project because they are directly affected by the quality of coral reef. Then they were involved to disseminate the information both to local community and tourists. After the rehabilitation program started, the Marine and Fishery office has supported the program by constructing coral reef transplantation. 4.2. Planning and Design 4.2.1. Survey on Proposed Area for Coral Transplantation Proper placing is vital to the overall success of an artificial reef. Site selection is based on the goals of coral rehabilitation conservation, as well as bio-ecological and socio-economical factors for the community surrounding Pangandaran. Bio-ecological considerations for artificial reef site are:


• Water temperature is 23 – 30o C • Depth, sea bed condition, low sedimentation level, and far from the edge of drop off • Average current velocities • Salinity is around 30 – 33 ppt • Water clearness is less than 10 meters • Free from pollutant, away from fresh water resources, and free from predator (Acanthaster plancii) • Availability of hard substrate Other criteria to support the success of coral reef transplantation are: • Far from housing but within eye sight, in order to monitor the reef • Productive and existing coral reef site, though there was some damage, the site can dynamically perform as fish spawning area. • Accessibility of tourists to the site. • Far from commercial fishing activities Surveys were conducted in four (4) locations (please refer to Map 1 for location): (1) Pasir Putih, (2) Batu Mandi, (3) Batu Layar, and (4) in front of watching post. Basic information for site survey was gathered from literature, research, and assessment on the existing coral reef. A two day survey was conducted by 3(three) divers in 2.5 hours diving using scuba diving equipment and snorkeling (surface survey) in four (4) locations. Identification was made for sea bed condition, coral coverage, planula supplies, biophysical condition (temperature, salinity, visibility and current), human activities, and environment pressure were also identifying. The survey result was analyzed by SWOT. Based on the survey, the site in close proximity to Batu Mandi is the most possible site for coral transplantation. Batu mandi is an ideal site regarding the bio-ecological and other site requirements. Wave and current velocity is relatively slow but fast in high/low tide. Artificial reef design relies much on this situation to prevent coral fragment from serious difficulties cause by tidal currents. Other important substances are the availability of hard coral, especially branching coral species. These corals will

~ 14 ~

Map 1. Location of Coral Reef in Pangandaran

become sources of appropriate donor to be planted in the artificial reef. The existence of coral sources confirm that the planula supplies and natural coral donor are able to grow and planted in the artificial reef. Flat base of seabed, spacious space, and volcanic rock beach in Batu Mandi is additional values compare to Pasir Putih. Sand beach in Pasir Putih releases sediment and decreases visibility. There is no sign of coral predator (Acanthaster plancii) and algae domination in Batu Mandi. Deep sea current and surface waves are relatively slow, but in high or low tide the deep sea current is strong enough. 4.2.2. Design of Construction Method The method chosen is active rehabilitation through coral transplantation. To optimize the growth of

coral transplantation, it is necessary to consider not only the bio-ecological condition, but also the environmental condition, such as deep sea current and surface waves. Generally, Javanese southern beaches including Pangandaran Beach is an open sea. Typically, it has high surface waves and strong current. The height of wave approximately reaches 2–5 meters. Based on experience, most of coral reef rehabilitations in Indonesia were developed in a shallow depth thus was not influenced by tidal currents. The previous transplantation by KMPP at West and East beach used the bracket model, biorock, umbrella shape cement blocks and tires; yet they were not successful. After awhile, most artificial reefs turned upside down and many reef fragments were broken by strong current. ~ 15 ~

Report on Artificial Coral Reef Construction Therefore, in this project, we decided to use four concrete blocks with dimension of 20x20x100 cm to build typical pyramid reef to be placed in flat seabed. Each concrete block pile was connected with other 150 cm concrete blocks with screw bolts. Complete detail picture of modules and concrete block frame can be seen in Image 1 and Image 2.

Pyramid type concrete block frame is selected for its advantage as a strong footing. The surface is used to put coral fragment, while the concrete block can also stand as an artificial barrier to face current and waves. Furthermore, it can slow down the current and waves before reaching the beach thus reducing beach erosion.

Report on Artificial Coral Reef Construction 4.3. Implementation of Construction Activities The implementation was conducted in few steps, which are: 1. Construct the concrete block mold. The process took 3(three) weeks in October-November 2008 by local workers and supervised by KMPP and Indecon. Expenses for coral reef construction are Rp. 45,382,948 for material and labor. 2. Installation of artificial reef. The installation of concrete block piles in seabed involved 4 divers and KMPP members. It took approximately one week. Ninety nine (99) block piles were carried by boat to the transplantation site and installed. The first transplantation activity will be conducted at coral reef area at the West beach.

3. Collect coral fragment. Coral fragments were collected from the areas surrounding Batu Mandi and Batu Nunggul at East Beach. Coral fragments were collected from healthy colony of coral by cutting 10-15 cm from the top. Acropora is the best coral species for transplantation because it grows fast. 4. Implant coral fragment and conduct ceremonial launching of “Adopt the Coral Reef” Program The first implant of coral fragment was conducted on 17th November 2008. It was officially marked by the release of one concrete block bearing the mark of the project and supported institutions by Mr. Juergen Nauber (UNWTO). The event not only served as the first implant activity

Image 2. Typical Concrete Block

Image 3. Plan of the Pyramid Concrete Block and Concrete Block in Production

Image 4 (clockwise). Concrete block with the official logos; Mr. Juergen Nauber with his baby coral, Mr. Supratman (local community) with his baby coral; Tagging baby coral; Hand baby coral to KMPP divers

~ 16 ~

~ 17 ~



out one “baby” coral, which was tagged by their name; handed to KMPP divers, who dived and placed each coral at the artificial reef. Name of guests that have adopted the coral reef in November 2008 is shown in Table 2.

but also as the ceremonial launching of”Adopt the Coral Reef” program. The first adopters included representatives of West Java and Ciamis government, UNWTO, private sector, woman group, school children, and NGO. Each picked

Table 2. List of Coral Adopters in November 2008 No

Name

Institution Image 6 (left to right). Mr. Juergen Nauber received his certificate; Mr. Gordo Jain with his baby coral; and Mr. Firmansyah Rahim with his baby coral

1

Mr.JuergenNauber

UNWTO

2

Mr.MichaelMeyer

UNWTO

3

ChitrariaLiestywati

MinistryofCultureandTourism

4

WitaSimatupang

Indecon

5

WawanJumarna

BKSDAWil.IIICiamis

6

ASupriatna

BapedaCiamis

7

Trinil

OfficeforMarineandFishery,WestJava

8

SafrudinH.N

LocalWorkingGroup/PGRI

9

Supratman

HeadofPresidium

10

H.AdangHadari

HeadofPHRI

11

EncihSarsih

LWG/KelompokPerempuan

12

PASUSADIWIYATA

SMPN2Pangandaran

13

SMKKelautan

SMKKelautan

Image 5. Process of Installation of Concrete Block

The second adoption program was held in February 2009. Name of guests that have adopted the coral reef in November 2008 is shown in Table 3. Table 3. List of Coral Adopters in February 2009 No

Name

Institution

1

FirmansyahRahim


2

GordoJain

FederalMinistryfortheEnvironment, NatureConservationandNuclearSafety

3

Akhyarudin


4

ArySuhandi

Indecon

5

W.Ridwan

HeadofEconomicDivisionofWestJava ProvincialSecretary

6

TiwaSukrianto

HeadofCiamisPlanningBoard

7

Drs.CuHermanS

HeadofCiamisTourismOffice

8

Wahidin

HeadofCiamisMarineandFisheryOffice

4.4. Tour Development and Promotion The coral reef tour package includes the Adopt the Coral Reef program. The main objective of the tour package is to directly involve community and tourists to share role and responsibility in environment rehabilitation activity. Visitor will be asked to conduct coral transplantation activity in the field and be a donator in the same time. ‘Adoption’ method is similar with ‘adopt the nest’ concept on turtle conservation, while visitor give fund in certain nominal for caring the nest from egg to hatchling. Visitor that involve in transplantation activity will receive a certificate as an appreciation gift. Besides involving visitor, ‘Adoption’ concept can be ‘sold’ to company or private sector; such as hotels and tour operators. The companies will gain “green image” as an environment friendly company or institution. The tour was further promoted by flyer, which depicts the first adoption activity in November 2008. Press tour, which targets press and students coming from the village where their parents selling or collecting live shell for souvenir were conducted in November 2008. The invited journalists have joined the adoption program and published articles at newspaper covering local areas and Ciamis regency. The articles were scanned and provided at Annex 1.

The mechanism of the tour is as follow: 1. The adoption program is offered to adopters, either tourists, community members, or companies. 2. The adopters pay an amount of Rp 200,000 (minimum 5 pax) per annum, which will be used to cover: • 1 coral fragment and name tag • Construction cost of the artificial reef • Implantation cost, including boat and divers • Monitoring for 6(six) times. Report will be sent to adopters every month by email. The fund will be shared to: KMPP (80%) to cover all cost and (20%) to LWG for promotion and development.

Image 7. Flyer of coral adoption program

~ 18 ~

~ 19 ~

Report on Artificial Coral Reef Construction 3. The adopters sail offshore to implant the baby coral on the location. If they want and have licence, adopters dive and implant it directly to the artificial reef (with additional cost). 4.5. Monitoring and Evaluation Growth monitoring is an important step to ensure the success of coral transplantation. It can also inform us about any situation which requires immediate action. Monitoring tools were developed as guideline to conduct monitoring activities. Bioecological parameters were compiled as monitoring measurement. They are as follows:

minimum or according to the requirements. For the early days after transplantation, monitoring should be conducted every 2(two) weeks, because it is the critical period for baby coral. Any dead fragments should be replaced. After the first two weeks, monitoring should be conducted in the following month, then every 3(three) months. Monitoring activities are conducted by KMPP, LWG, and Indecon. Monitoring and observation were conducted one month after the first implant to get information on coral growth and health. Healthy coral growth can be mainly observed from its brownish color and

Report on Artificial Coral Reef Construction is usually covered by mucus as its responds to the environment. The monitoring activity in December 29, 2009 showed that 234 coral fragments grew well and 23 fragments died. The death was caused by the size of baby coral being too small. They have been replaced by new baby corals. The adopters of the first transplantation batch in November 2008 have received an Adopter Certificate and Monitoring Report. The template of the Monitoring Report is provided at Annex 2.

4.6. Community Awareness and Conservation Education Dissemination of coral transplantation program were conducted through newsletter (the 3rd edition and the 5th edition); film (latest revision in March 09); and flyers. It proved to be quite successful; considering many feedback from local community through LWG and request from few hotels about further collaboration.

Table 3. Bio-Ecological Indicators for Healthy Coral BioͲEcologicalIndicatorforHealthyCoral Water Temperature

Optimumwatertemperaturerequirementforcoralgrowthis2530oC(Sukarnoet all.,1983).Watertemperatureinfluencesthecoralfeedingbehaviour.Mostcoral losstheirabilityincapturingtheirfoodintemperatureabove33,50C,orbelow160C (Mayor,1918). Sudden change of 4 60C above and below threshold can cause deathtocoral. Salinity Hard coral is very sensitive to salinity change. Optimum salinity requirement for coralgrowthisbetween300/00350/00.Freshwaterfromtheriverandrainfallcan changethesalinity. Sunlight Alga zooxanthella and most coral need sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce highͲenergy substances, thus providing an important dietary supplement (Nybaken, 1992). Without enough sunlight, the process will degrade and coral growthbecomesslow. Sedimentation Sedimentation that flows from land highly affects coral reef ecosystem degradation. Sedimentation process caused by degradation of land ecosystem, suchasloggingthatleadstoerosion.Soilisbroughttoseathroughriverflowand coatsthecoralreef.Claycoatingcoralreefwillenterdigestiveorganofpolypand may cause death. Infiltration of sedimentmay indirectly halt light penetration to theseabed,whichisrequiredbycoralreefforphotosynthesis. Coralgrowth Coral health is measured by their height and volume in certain time. Some measurement referencesaidthatAcroporainhealthyenvironmentwillgrow3Ͳ5cmperyear.It canalsobemeasuredbyobservingtheadditionalpolypatacolony. Coral Healthy coral will show their bright color. It depends on symbiotic process with fragment Algaeinthecoral. observation Muccus In certain condition coral produces muccus as a response to tolerable observation environmental pressure. In worse situation, slowly coral will release its pigment, becomepale,andmaydie.

Image 8. (from left to right) Michael Meyer’s Baby Coral at two-month old; Safrudin’s Baby Coral at two-month old; Safrudin’s Baby Coral at four-month old

Particularly to evaluate the growth of transplanted coral; regular meetings were held after each monitoring with KMPP to discuss. Monitoring activities are conducted every 3(three) months at the

existence of figmen. The brown colour indicates the mutualism symbiosis with zooxanthella algae. Unhealthy coral growth is largely caused by sedimentation and temperature change; the coral

~ 20 ~

Image 8. Snapshot of the 3rd Newsletter – Article about Coral Reef Transplantation

~ 21 ~

Report on Artificial Coral Reef Construction Identification of stakeholders who can become facilitators for conservation education programs was conducted in the first two months. Some potential stakeholders identified are PPLP, RAKOM, and Ilalang (a local NGO). Some local school surrounding Pangandaran such as SMP and SMK Kelautan are also identified as a local school to become the target for conservation education program. The trainings were conducted few times for different audiences: 1. Training for KMPP Date/Time : Tuesday, 24 March 2009 Venue : Office of KMPP, White Sand beach Participants : Members of KMPP Topics and Brief Description of Content: • How to conduct monitoring and evaluation of coral reef

• Discuss and agree on the Bio-Ecological Indicators for Healthy Coral • Opportunities to develop coral reef adoption program as one of the means to disseminate the initiatives 2. Conservation Education for School Children Date/Time : 4 November 2008 Venue : White Sand Beach Participants : Adhiwiyata Student Environmental Group of SMP Negeri 2 Pangandaran Topics and Brief Description of Content: • Introduction of coastal and coral reef ecosystem • Actual condition and threats of Pangandaran coral reef


REFERENCES Bengen,D.G. 2004. Synopsis on Ecosystem and Coastal Nature Resources and its Management Principles. Coastal and Marine Resources Research Center, Bogor Institute of Agriculture

Suharsono, 1984. Coral Growth. Oseana IX. pp: 41 – 48.

Gomez, E.D., and A.C. Alcala. 1982. Survey of Philippine coral reef using transect and quadrant techniques. In: Comparing Coral Reef Survey Methods. Report of Regional UNESCO UNEP Workshop Phuket Marine Biological Center. Thailand. UNESCO. Nonjti,A. 1984. Role of Zooxanthelae in Coral Reef Ecosystem.Oseana IX. pp: 74 – 87.

Development of Artificial Coral and Coral Transplantation in Ciamis Regency. Final Report of Marine and Fishery Office of West Java Province, Pangandaran Care Community Group. Rencana Pengelolaan Taman Wisata Alam Pangandaran, 2006. Departemen Kehutanan Direktorat Jendral Perlindungan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam . Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Jawa Barat Wilayah II

Study in Coral Reef Management in South Coastal of Ciamis Regency 2206, Environment Management Board of West Java.

Image 9. Conservation Education for Student from SMP 2 Pangandaran

~ 22 ~

~ 23 ~

Report on Artificial Coral Reef Construction Annex 1. Article of Coral Reef Transplantation in Pangandaran

Report on Artificial Coral Reef Construction Annex 2. Template of the Monitoring Report (provided in bilingual)

Satu Fragmen ”Bayi Karang” untuk Kehidupan yang Lebih Baik di Masa Depan One Fragment of Baby Coral for Better Life in the Future Bapak/Ibu Asuh Karang yang terhormat, Dearest Coral Adopter,

contributes to the success of coral reef rehabilitation program through coral reef transplantation. This program is developed to allow participation and involve various community members to share role and responsibilities in environmental conservation.

Ucapan terimakasih yang sebesar-besarnya atas partisipasi anda dalam kegiatan rehabilitasi karang melalui program ”adopsi karang”. Partisipasi anda sangat Chitra Liestyati / Indonesia Picture of Adopter 20 November 2008 membantu upaya mensukseskan Jl........ .. program rehabilitasi perairan laut di Pangandaran melalui transplantasi karang. Program ini dikembangkan untuk menampung partisipasi dan melibatkan secara langsung berbagai komponen masyarakat untuk ikut berbagi peran dan tanggung jawab dalam pelestarian lingkungan. Kami [email protected] sadar bahwa pelestarian lingkungan merupakan tanggung jawab semua We realize that it falls under responsibility of all for pihak demi kelangsungan hidup anak cucu kita di the life of our children in the future. masa yang akan datang. Berikut adalah laporan pertumbuhan bayi karang Herewith is our greatest thanks for your participation anda. Below is report on the growth of your baby in coral reef rehabilitation through the ”Coral coral. Reef Adoption” program. Your participation highly PeriodePertumbuhan Periodofgrowth Pertumbuhanbayikarangsecaraumum Growthingeneral Penambahanpolipkarang Growthofcoralpolyp KondisiBayiKarang Conditionofbabycoral FigmenKarang LendirdiSekitarKarang KondisiLingkungansecaraumum ConditionoftheSeaEnvironment Suhu/temperatur WaterTemperature Sedimentasi Watervisibility Penetrasicahaya KadarGaram(Normal30Ͳ25%0) Watersalinity(Normal30Ͳ25%)

Desember2008Januari2009 December2008January2009 Cukupsehat/kurangbaik RelativelyGood Ada/tidakada Existence Stress/sehat Stress Berwarnacerah/pucat Sedikit/banyak Baik/Kurangbaik NotTooGood 280C(ambangnormal) High Rendah/tinggi Low Cukup/rendah DiBawahNormal29%0 BelowNormal29%

Picture of the baby coral on the day of monitoring

21Januari2009 21January2009

Catatan:silakandilihatlampiranindikatorbioekologikarangsehat.Pleasetheattachmentbelow.

~ 24 ~

~ 25 ~

Report on Artificial Coral Reef Construction Semoga keterlibatan dan partisipasi bapak/ibu/ saudara dapat memberikan andil dalam upaya pelestarian terumbu karang khususnya, dan untuk kehidupan yang lebih baik dimasa yang akan datang.

We hope that your involvement and participation can contribute to coral reef conservation in particular and for better future.

IndikatorBioͲekologiKarangSehat/BioͲEcologyIndicatorforHealthyCoral Suhu/temperature Suhu optimum untuk pertumbuhan karang adalah 250C 300C (Sukarno et all 1983). Suhu Water mempengaruhi tingkah laku makan karang. Kebanyakan karang kehilangan kemampuan Temperature untukmenangkapmakananpadasuhudiatas33,50C,dibawah160C(Mayor,1918).Pengaruh perubahansuhumendadaksekitar460Cdiatasataudibawahambientdapatmenghambat bahkanmematikankarang. Optimumwatertemperaturerequirementforcoralgrowthis2530oC(Sukarnoetall.,1983). Water temperature influences the coral feeding behaviour. Most coral loss their ability in capturing their food in temperature above 33,50C, or below 160C (Mayor,1918). Sudden changeof460Caboveandbelowthresholdcancausedeathtocoral. Salinitas Karanghermatifik(karangkeras)adalahorganismelautsejatiyangsangatsensitifterhadap Salinity perubahan salinitas. Karang tumbuh optimal pada kisaran salinitas antara 300/00 350/00. Perubahansalinitasdisebabkankarenamasuknyaairtawardaridaratanatauhujan. Hardcoralisverysensitivetosalinitychange.Optimumsalinityrequirementforcoralgrowth isbetween300/00350/00.Freshwaterfromtheriverandrainfallcanchangethesalinity. Cahaya Cahayadiperlukanuntukkeperluanprosesfotosintesisalgazooxanthellauntukmenghasilkan Sunlight oksigenyangdiperlukanolehhewankarang(Nybaken,1992).Tanpacahayayangcukup,laju fotosintesisakanberkurangdanpertumbuhankarangakanterhambat. Alga zooxanthella and most coral need sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce highͲenergy substances, thus providing an important dietary supplement (Nybaken, 1992). Without enoughsunlight,theprocesswilldegradeandcoralgrowthbecomesslow. Sedimentasi Pengaruh sedimentasi terhadap hewan karang dapat terjadi baik secara langsung naupun Sedimentation tidak langsung. Sedimen yang masuk ke perairan menjadi ancaman bagi karang. Pengaruh langsungsedimenakanmasukkedalampolipkarangdanmengakibatkankematianlangsung. Secara tidak langsung masuknya sedimen dapat menghambat penetrasi cahaya masuk kedasarperairanyangdiperlukanuntukprosesfotosintesishewankarang. Sedimentation that flows from land highly affects coral reef ecosystem degradation. Sedimentationprocesscausedbydegradationoflandecosystem,suchasloggingthatleads toerosion.Soilisbroughttoseathroughriverflowandcoatsthecoralreef.Claycoatingcoral reef will enter digestive organ of polyp and may cause death. Infiltration of sediment may indirectly halt light penetration to the sea bed, which is required by coral reef for photosynthesis. Pengukuran Kesehatanpertumbuhankarangdapatdiukurdaripertambahantinggi/volumedalamkurun pertumbuhan waktu tertentu. Beberapa referensi menyatakan pertumbuhan karang Acropora pada karang lingkungan yang sehat dapat mencapai 3 5 cm pertahun. Dapat juga dilakukan dengan Coral growth menghitungpertambahanpolippadakolonifragmenkarang. Coralhealthismeasuredbytheirheightandvolumeincertaintime.Somereferencesaidthat measurement Acropora in healthy environment will grow 3Ͳ5 cm per year. It can also be measured by observingtheadditionalpolypatacolony. Pengamatan Karangyangsehatmenunjukkankecerahanwarnayangbervariasi.Halinisangattergantung figmenkarang terhadapalgasimbiosisyangterdapatdidalamkarang. Coral fragment Healthycoralwillshowtheirbrightcolor.ItdependsonsymbioticprocesswithAlgaeinthe observation coral. Mukus(lendir) Dalam kondisi tertentu karang mengeluarkan mukus (lendir) sebagai respon terhadap muccus tekananlingkunganyangmasihdapatditolelir.Akantetapidalamkondisiyangparah,secara observation perlahankarangakanmengeluarkanfigmennya(pucat)danlamakelamaanakanmati. Incertainconditioncoralproducesmuccusasaresponsetotolerableenvironmentalpressure. Inworsesituation,slowlycoralwillreleaseitspigment,becomepale,andmaydie.

~ 26 ~