geographical characteristics: (1) the biggest international airport of the ..... San. Diego Business Journal, Vol.32, No.17, pp.13. INFANGER, J.F. (2011), âAirports ...
ɿ Volume 29 Number 3 Quality December 2013 pp. 395-414 ɿ Criteria for Evaluating Service G G G Aerotropolis
Criteria for Evaluating Aerotropolis Service Quality G Ying WANG *· Chien-chang CHOU **· Gi-tae YEO ***
ContentsG I. Introduction
IV. Research Methodology and Results
II. Literature Review
V. Conclusion
III. Aerotropolises in Korea and Taiwan
Abstract This paper provides an exploratory analysis from the perspective of the aerotropolis operators, aiming to obtain the criteria for evaluating the service quality of the aerotropolises in Korea and Taiwan. Interviews and questionnaires were carried out, focusing on the public and private institutions involved in aerotropolis services. A fuzzy method was employed to measure the importance of the aerotropolis service quality criteria. The results reveal that airport access modes, transfer hub, and government policy planning are the main criteria that affect the service quality of an aerotropolis. Additionally, the paper reveals the development strategies for the Incheon and Taoyuan aerotropolises. It shows that the Incheon aerotropolis is primarily motivated by tourism, followed by the development of an airport-related industry zone and a residential zone. However, for the Taoyuan aerotropolis, the creation of an airport-related industry zone is the driving, followed by tourism and a residential zone. Key Words : Service Quality, Aerotropolis, Regional Economy, Fuzzy Method. GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Copyright Ý 2013, The Korean Association of Shipping and Logistics, Inc. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights Reserved. Peer review under responsibility of the Korean Association of Shipping and Logistics, Inc. QGPh.D candidate of Incheon National University, Korea, E-mail : [email protected] QQGProfessor of National Kaohsiung Marine University, Taiwan, E-mail : [email protected] QQQGProfessor of Incheon National University, Korea, E-mail : [email protected], Corresponding author
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I. Introduction Airports have historically been understood as places where aircraft operate, including the runways, control towers, terminals, and other facilities that directly serve aircraft, passengers, and cargo. 1) With the trend of economic globalization, airports will not only be important in future air transportation links but also key drivers of economic development in the airport regions. 2) To keep up with economic growth, the increasing number of passengers, and expanding cargo volumes, some airports are extending their reach and impact beyond the traditional airport boundaries, and developing significant non-aeronautical commercial facilities, services, and revenues. 3) According to the data, forty percent of the value of world trade is already transported by air, and this percentage is steadily rising. 4) The gateway airports are taking on features like a metropolis clustered with surrounding industries5) and are becoming the cornerstones of dynamic new forms of twenty-first century urban development and business locations. As more and more aviation-oriented business and industrial parks, entertainment and education destinations are being drawn to airports, a new urban form aerotropolis is emerging. The aerotropolis is a new form of airport-centric commercial development in which the layout, infrastructure, and economy are centered on a gateway airport and it is positioned as a twenty-first century driver of business location, urban economic growth, and global economic integration. 6) The aerotropolis could become the major trend and leading model of world economic development, as evinced by some developed countries and regions; relying on an airport, aerotropolis development can be of great significance to stimulate regional economic development and increase employment. This tendency has been recognized by some Asia nations, and they are investing heavily in their airports and aerotropolises as competitive tools for twenty-first century global commerce and trade.7) At the development stage, to improve the construction of the aerotropolis in a meaningful and useful way, it is significant and necessary to obtain GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 1) Kasarda(2006) 2) Kasarda(2008) 3) Max(2007) 4) Kasarda(2009) 5) Kasarda(1998) 6) Zhang(2010) 7) Kasarda(2011)G
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from the aerotropolis operators the criteria that affect aerotropolis service quality. In light of the above, this paper delves into the key criteria determining the service quality of aerotropolis operations, so as to provide a consistent measuring system to establish the basis of an evaluation reference and measure the service quality of the aerotropolises in Korea and Taiwan. Subsequently, the strengths and weaknesses of these aerotropolises’ service quality criteria can be identified and the improvement strategies can be obtained. The reason why Incheon and Taoyuan aerotropolises were chosen as the research targets is because they have similar geographical characteristics: (1) the biggest international airport of the country, (2) close to the capital, and (3) allocated near a domestic airport (Gimpo airport in Korea; Songshan airport in Taiwan). The methodology used to identify the key criteria determining the service quality of the aerotropolises relied on aid of experts targeting the public institutions involved in the operation of the Korean and Taiwanese aerotropolises. Therefore, this is an analysis from the perspective of the supply side. A fuzzy method was used to measure the importance of the key criteria. The data were obtained from a study of two sections of questionnaires in order to describe both the importance of the service quality related key criteria and the operation strategies of these two aerotropolises.
II. Literature Review It is difficult to summarize the key criteria of aerotropolis service quality, since the aerotropolis concept is broad, with many characteristics, including the airport and surrounding regions, and the complex and conflicting interests of stakeholders. This literature review, summarizes some key empirical studies of aerotropolis service quality. The aerotropolis develops on the basis of the gateway airport. 8) Loo 9) showed that the most important gateway airport level-of-service (LOS) attributes are air fare, access time, flight frequency and the number of airlines, airport access modes, access cost, airport shopping area, and GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 8) Kasarda(2000) 9) Loo(2008), p.118.G
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queue time at check-in counters. Han et al. 10) used attributes like image and accessibility, atmosphere, food and beverage service, and dimensions of facility to evaluate the service quality. Button and Lall 11) proposed that liberalizing of regulations can give air carriers the freedom to offer a wider range of services and increase the travel options while improving their efficiency through effective network strategies and operating practices. Due to the growing volumes of passengers and cargo, airports are continuously expanding their scale and improving their infrastructure, not only as air transportation links but also in term of bringing free trade zones, logistics centers, and shopping centers and hotels clustered around the airport regions. These aspects of the development stage enhance air service not only the airport itself but also to meet the surrounding demand. Graham and Guyer 12) identified air transport’s relationship with sustainable development, the integration of air transport with surface modes, and the contribution of air transport to regional economic growth as the criteria for evaluating air services. A successful aerotropolis requires coordinated investments in land use and multi-modal ground transportation that leverage each other to the economic and environmental benefit of businesses, land owners, local governments, and the broader region. 4) Infanger 13) suggested that the connectivity between each mode of transportation (roads, railroads, airport, and river), collaboration among the stakeholders, basic facilities to deliver services and meet the expectations of customers, related legislation and a free trade zone, and skilled labor development are the determining criteria for aerotropolis service quality. McAllister 14) considered that since the concept of the aerotropolis is to develop the land in and around the airports, infrastructure and land availability, allowing for a tax-free zone within the aerotropolis, and having a number of cargo operators are necessary conditions for the aerotropolis development. GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 10) Han et al.(2012), p.1105. 11) Button and Lall(1999) 12) Graham and Guyer(2000), p.256. 4) Kasarda(2009) 13) Infanger(2011), p.12. 14) McAllister(2011), p.10.G
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Aerotropolis service quality key criteria Authors (date) Loo (2008)
Han et al. (2012) Button and Lall (1999) Nucciarelli and Gastaldi (2009) Pagliari (2005)
Graham and Guyer (2000)
Wang (2011)
Kasarda (2009)
Steven (2010)
Infanger, J.F. (2011)
McAllister, B. (2011) Mark, A. (2012)
Hirsh (2011)
Maister, P. (2012)
Klann (2009) Skouloudis et al. (2012)
Key criteria Air fare, access time, flight frequency and the number of airlines, the number of airport access modes, access cost, airport shopping area and queue time at check-in counters Image, accessibility, atmosphere, food and beverage service, dimensions of facility Liberalization of regulations, increase the travel options, efficient network strategies An IT platform, a new brand, collaborative tourism management Tourism, geographic location, the scale and spatial distribution of business and leisure travel demand, availability of connecting, government support Air transport's relationship with environment sustainable development; the integration of air transport with surface modes; and the contribution of air transport to regional economic growth Industrial diversification, aggressive construction, trade liberation, regulation rationalization, environment convenience, operation globalization and business management Multimodal transportation, airport-linked business parks, information technology complexes, retail, hotel and entertainment centers, industrial parks, logistics parks, education and medical service, meeting and residential areas Economic development, land use, infrastructure, and governance, airport ownership, consultative procedures and conflicts, airport and air transport security, management, legislation and policy, institutional arrangements and public private partnerships Non-stop connectivity among transportation modes, free trade zones, skilled labor development, collaboration among stakeholders, facilities, related legislation Tax-free zones, infrastructure, cargo operators, industry diversify, land-use availability, incentives for enterprises Geographic location, available land at reasonable prices, cooperation among various government entities and private sectors, transportation, facility usage, incentives, work force Free trade zones, retail and logistics centers, shopping centers, hotels, high-tech, tourism, offices, housing, university, applied research Public private relationships, government funding, establish national policy frameworks, multimodal transportation, sufficient surrounding land for development The Role of Information Technology Economic (economic indicators), environmental (environmental indicators) and social (labor practices and decent work, human rights, society and product responsibility)
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Furthermore, since the aerotropolis is home to commercial, industrial, retail, and residential development, supported by the airlines and airports, the keys to its development are land available at a reasonable price, cooperation among various government entities and the private sector, transportation, facility usage, and development incentives for enterprises and the work force. 15) Hirsh16) revealed that in addition to free trade zones, retail and logistics centers, shopping centers, and hotels, high-tech, tourism, offices, housing, and university and applied research also fit well with aerotropolis development due to the convenient air connectivity and developed infrastructure. Government funding plays an important role in providing multimodal transportation and sufficient land, and strategic infrastructure and national policy services to the private sector. Further, it attracts business investment to the aerotropolis from the private sector, thereby generating employment and economic growth, and establishing public private partnerships, which creates a synergistic effect. 17) Klann 18) emphasized that IT can help to improve overall retail performance and increase retail sales from 9% to 21%. Skouloudis et al. 19) assessed the social accountability of airport performance by looking at corporate social responsibility (CSR). The performance indicators included economic indicators, environmental indicators and social indicators (labor practices and decent work, human rights, and social and product responsibility). The key criteria related to aerotropolis service quality are shown in Table 1 through some key empirical studies. In summary, the criteria related to connectivity and industrial diversification are the main criteria affecting the aerotropolis service quality. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that the public private relationship is becoming increasingly important.
III. Aerotropolises in Korea and Taiwan 1. Incheon Aerotropolis, South Korea (status: operational) The development of the aerotropolis in Incheon was organized by Korea Airports Corporation, and the land development plan is shown in Table 2: GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 15) Mark(2012), p.70. 16) Hirsh(2011), p.13.G 17) Maister(2012) 18) Klann (2009) 19) Skouloudis et al.(2012), p.19.G
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the total area is 56,674 m2 consisting of runways, terminals, and other key airport facilities spanning 35,830 m2 (63.2%), a free trade zone of 4,659 m2 (8.2%), an airport city of 2,158 m2 (3.8%), an international business center (IBC) of 3,769 m2 (6.6%), and a lagoon area of 10,258 m2 (18.2%). Named Winged City, Incheon aerotropolis is currently operational with four main functions: international business (trade and finance center, office building, telecom center, exhibition center, and convention center), tourism (hotels, condominiums, shopping mall, tourist districts, museum, aquarium, golf course, and marina), industry and logistics (aircraft industry, high-tech R&D, multi-media, information, e-commerce, and distribution center), and residential and others (detached houses, town houses, apartments, international schools, hospital, administration complex).
Land development plan in Incheon aerotropolis Total Airport facility International business center (IBC) Lagoon area Airport city Free trade zone Source: Noheul, KIM (2011) 20)
Step 1 13,229 10,906 165 2,158 -
Step 2 13,923 8,790 330 2,710 2,903
Step 3 5,301 947 3,274 1,080
Total 56,674 35,830 3,769 10,258 2,158 4,659
2. Taoyuan Aerotropolis, Taiwan (status: developing) The construction of Taoyuan aerotropolis is a representative business of the “i-Taiwan 12 projects” promoted by Taiwan’s President Ma Ying-jeou. The Taiwanese government invested 300 billion Taiwan dollars (about 10 billion U.S. dollars) to build the aerotropolis and is expecting to attract 1 trillion Taiwan dollars (about 33 million U.S. dollars) in investment and create more than 80,000 jobs. The Total land development area is 6,160 hectares including the airport area comprising 1,750 hectares and neighboring area comprising 4,410 hectares. The development plan includes eight areas: free trade zone (with an area of 320 hectares, the free trade zone offers unique incentives to attract business investment to facilitate the flows of information, capital, cargo, and business opportunities), airport zone (an area of 1,750 hectares is reserved to GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 20) Kim(2011)G
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accommodate facilities for the third runway and Terminal 3 of the airport), aviation industry zone (with an area of 680 hectares, it focuses on aviation parts engineering R&D, manufacturing, and aviation services), commerce and trade exhibition park (with an area of 490 hectares, the park is designed to attract international trade and finance industries, business headquarters, convention and exhibition centers), quality living zone (an area of 690 hectares will be allocated for quality residential communities consisting of restaurants, leisure and sport facilities, medical centers, etc.) specialized agriculture development zone (a total area of 470 hectares will be developed as a specialized agricultural zone including an auction center, and an agricultural produce distribution center), coastal recreation zone (an area of 360 hectares is planned in anticipation of the growing leisure demands) and airport-related industry zone (the 1,400 hectare area will be designated for aviation R&D and engineering industries, training services, high-tech, car leasing, and parking services).
IV. Research Methodology and Results 1. Research Methodology To confirm and evaluate the key criteria of aerotropolis service quality, Delphi and fuzzy method are employed in this paper. The Delphi method is widely employed in the field of criteria selection due to its anonymity, iterative process, feedback process and consensus of group members via equal participation in outcomes. 21) Additionally, the associated open-ended questions are important because they enable the data and information to be obtained accurately and completely in the survey. 22) The service quality evaluation is based on the multi-criteria confirmed via the Delphi method. However, most of the criteria have strong subjectivity and no measurement rule, making it difficult to estimate the data. The ambiguity in the evaluation has encouraged researchers to develop a method for expressing the judgments more accurately via linguistic variables, the so-called fuzzy method. Zadeh 23) introduced the fuzzy set to deal with the uncertainly due to imprecision and vagueness. A major contribution GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 21) Duru et al.(2012), p.845. 22) Tsai et al.(2010), p.5540.G 23) Zadeh(1965)G
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of fuzzy set was its capability of representing vague data, i.e. fuzzy number. The fuzzy number is characterized by using linguistic variables (such as “low”, “high”) but not actual numbers (such as “2”, “4”) as scale to evaluate the importance of factors. The flow diagram for this research is shown in Figure 1.
Flow diagram of the research
The questionnaire was divided into two sections. In the first section of the questionnaire, there are three levels. The first level is Delphi method, where identification of criteria is done on the basis of extensive literature review as well as consultation with experts. Experts were asked open-ended questions about the aerotropolis service quality related criteria to confirm the criteria obtained from the literature review. The second level is reliability test, Cronbach’s Alpha was used to confirm the reliability of the questionnaire. Questions regarding the importance of the aerotropolis service quality criteria for supply operations were asked in the third level of the questionnaire using fuzzy scales with a satisfaction level of performance from “very low” to “very high”, the scale is shown in Table 3. Via defuzzification, the crisp numbers and final ranking of criteria were obtained. In the second section of questionnaire, operators were asked to apply a percentage to the relative importance of the same functions that two aerotropolises have -tourism, airport-related industry zone, and residential zone to reveal the development strategy of the operational Incheon aerotropolis and the developing Taoyuan aerotropolis. 403
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1) Fuzzy Method A fuzzy method based on fuzzy sets. A fuzzy set is a class of objects with a continuum of grades of membership. Such a set is characterized by a membership function that assigns to each object a grade of membership ranging from zero to one. Fuzzy sets generalize classical sets, because the indicator functions of classical sets are special cases of the membership functions of the fuzzy sets, if the latter only have values 0 or 1. In fuzzy set theory, classical bivalent sets are commonly called crisp sets. Triangle fuzzy number ܣҧ consists of three parameters (ܽଵ , ܽଶ , ܽଷ ) shown in Figure 2 and the membership function of ܣҧ can be denoted as ߤ ( )ݔas seen in Equation 1.
Function of triangle fuzzy number
PA( F )
F % a1 0, ° F a 1 ° , a1 d F d a 2 °° a 2 a 3 ® ° a3 F ' a d F d a 2 3 ° a3 a 2 ° °¯ 0, F a3
(1)
The ith triangle fuzzy number in membership function n is defined as in Equation 2. ܣҧ = ൫ܽଵ () , ܽଶ () , ܽଷ () ൯, ݅ = 1,2,3, … , ݊
(2)
Moreover, fuzzification ܣҧ is defined as follows:
ҧ ାҧ ାڮାҧ ൫σ ܣҧ = భ మ = సభ భ
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()
() () , σ సభ మ , σసభ య ൯
= (ܽଵ , ܽଶ , ܽଷ )
(3)
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The linguistic variables that were measured as forms of words or sentences can be quantified using the fuzzy method. The linguistic term can denote a fuzzy set. Table 3 shows a triangle membership function that values the linguistic measures from “very low” to “very high”.
Linguistic scale for the importance weight of each criterion Linguistic scale
Fuzzy score
Very Low (VL) Low (L) Medium (M) High (H) Very High (VH)
The final step of the fuzzy method is defuzzification. The aim of defuzzification is to convert all the results of the fuzzy set obtained in the previous step into actual numbers. The most common defuzzification method is center of gravity shown in equation 4. This method resolves the center of the area of the combined membership functions. భ
(య ିభ )(య ିమ ) (మ) ቃ ଶ
G = ܽଷ െ ቂ
(4)
G represents the G-factor and it’s the weight of the factor by using center of gravity. 2. Data Collection and Results The key criteria affecting aerotropolis service quality were supported by a perception study carried out in 2012 via the Delphi method. In-depth interviews were conducted with 90 aerotropolis operators in Korea and Taiwan: the Civil Aeronautics Administration, airline companies, travel agents, and other service providers. Using the criteria obtained from the literature review and these interviews, a questionnaire on aerotropolis service quality criteria was administered. Usable responses were collected from 60 of the 90 experts interviewed. After eliminating the less important criteria and double accounting ones, 17 criteria were extracted from the survey, shown in Table 4. 405
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1) Reliability in Qualitative Research In qualitative research, a questionnaire is a common and useful method for obtaining the views of experts. To determine whether the questionnaire is appropriate and reasonable, its reliability and validity must be tested. 24)
Costs of processing time Transfer hub International environment Courtesy and skill of staff Airport access modes Shopping centers and hotel Free Trade Zone Network strategies and IT Geographic location Government policy planning Infrastructure Industry cluster Resident convenience Diversiform tourism Meeting facility Neighboring land development Environmental sustainability
Reliability is measured by using the squared correlation between observed scores (scores from questionnaire) and true scores (scores from the criteria) &URQEDFK¶V Į LV DSSOLHG IRU WHVWLQJ the internal consistency (reliability) of the revised scales and the original scales of a questionnaire. 25) DeVellis 26) supported that if the ĮYDOXHVH[FHHGthis indicates the questionnaire’s high reliability and internal consistency. The table 4 shows the &URQEDFK¶VĮ values of this research as 0.893 is exceed 0.7 which has high reliability and internal consistency. 2) Fuzzy Method Results The linguistic variables in Table 3 were employed to evaluate the importance of the service quality criteria at Incheon and Taiwan to GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 24) Golafshani(2003), p.602. 25) Cronbach(1951) 26) DeVellis(1991)G
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overcome the ambiguity and strong subjectivity of these service quality criteria. Using the questionnaire, the fuzzy numbers of each criterion can be obtained. The original perceptions and judgments of the experts could be expressed by fuzzy numbers, as shown in Table 5. However, the fuzzy numbers (triangular number(ܽଵ , ܽଶ , ܽଷ )) could not obtain the crisp value of weights to each criterion; hence, defuzzification was needed in the next step. The center of gravity method shown in equation 4 was then applied.
Aerotropolis service quality survey: criteria assessment in order of importance Criteria
Fuzzy numbers
Defuzzication
Costs of processing time Transfer hub International environment Courtesy and skill of staff Airport access modes Shopping centers and hotel Free Trade Zone Network strategies and IT Geographic location Government policy planning Infrastructure Industry cluster Resident convenience Diversiform tourism Meeting facility Neighboring land development Environmental sustainability
After defuzzification, the final ranking of the service quality criteria could be obtained. Airport access modes ranked first; therefore, it appeared that multi-modal transportation is the most important criterion of aerotropolis service quality. In the twenty-first century, time is money. To save business travel time and fuel, time-sensitive companies are attracted to an airport because of the connectivity advantages that it offers. However, industrial clusters also lead to congestion. Multimodal transportation, such as shuttle bus, train, taxi, and tram around the airport accelerate the intermodal transfers of goods and people. Dedicated airport expressway links and airport express trains should also efficiently connect airport to major regional business and residential areas. 407
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Ranking second, transfer hub is also a necessary criterion of aerotropolis service quality. As a transfer hub, the airport has more flexible flight selection and more open air traffic rights for passengers and cargo to get to their destination promptly and on time. Availability of seats in the transfer area and customs clearance also facilitates customers on business trips. Number three is government policy planning. In the governance of an aerotropolis, the government plays a crucial role; it must integrate airport planning, urban planning, and business site planning because they cannot be done independently of each other, and conflicts between airport operators, aviation regulators, and land owners are inevitable. Therefore, the speed with which these disputes are settled is important for the development of the aerotropolis. Cooperation and consultation among these agencies is an increasingly important requirement,27) and only the government has the power and the ability to solve this problem. Related legislations are required, such as mandated labor wages, the qualification of investors to utilize industry parks, relevant tax incentives for the industry parks, tariffs, initiatives that encourage industries, etc. Ranked fourth, geographic location is not only important for airport service quality but also for aerotropolis service quality. The approachability to the airport’s geographical location, short airway distance to other international airports, and the city’s central location are very important to business people. Geographic location also includes a mild climate for flights and low cost of leasing the land for business. Among the less significant criteria are resident convenience, diversiform tourism and meeting facility.
Criteria for Evaluating Aerotropolis Service Quality
The importance of aerotropolis service quality criteria
From the second section of the questionnaire, where the respondents supplied percentages corresponding to the importance of the functions of the Incheon and Taoyuan aerotropolises (tourism, airport-related industry zone, and residential zone), we derive Table 6. Note that the average weight that the operators gave to the importance of the same functions differs between aerotropolises: -At Incheon aerotropolis, tourism scored 43.68%, while airport-related industry zone scored 39.54%. -At Taoyuan aerotropolis, tourism scored 21.81%, while airport-related industry zone scored 62.60%.G
Aerotropolis service quality survey: importance of each section for the aerotropolises 1. Incheon aerotropolis A. tourism B. airport-related industry zone C. residential zone 2. Taoyuan aerotropolis A. tourism B. airport-related industry zone C. residential zone
Value (%)
Number of answers
43.68 39.54 16.78
32 32 32
21.81 62.60 15.59
28 28 28
The table displays the difference between the means of the three main functions. Tourism accounts for a high percentage in Incheon aerotropolis, followed by airport-related industry zone and residential zone. On the contrary, for Taoyuan aerotropolis, airport-related industry zone occupies the highest percentage, followed by tourism and residential zone. 409
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The development of Incheon aerotropolis focused on tourism, such as shopping, leisure, medical tourism and entertainment. In particular, medical tourism gained popularity in recent years, attracting more and more people to Incheon. Around the airport, a 360 acre international business center composed of four office complexes, a shopping mall, convention and exhibition facility and two five-star hotels. In addition, golfs and casinos are clustered around it. The government is actively giving support and incentives for companies wishing to invest in Incheon’s tourism industry, and also utilizing more scientific and efficient management to build a suitable environment for boosting the leisure and tourism industry. Two of the largest leisure activities are a 384-acre water park and a 250-acre fashion island immediately south of the airport. The latter, being developed at a cost of $1 billion, is planned to be the fashion mecca of Asia with state-of-the-art luxury outlets, hotels, and exhibition space. Universal Studios announced plans to construct a US$2 billion entertainment complex near the airport. The free trade zone in Taoyuan aerotropolis is attracting investment from foreign enterprises, with industries and businesses establishing warehouse automation, trade centers, logistic centers, cargo shipping, freight forwarding, tax declaration services, manufacturing, processing, notarization services, time-sensitive value-added industries, and distribution and shipping. In addition, aviation R&D and engineering industries, professional training, training services, the in-flight service industry, the air sports and leisure industry, precision machinery, high-tech, car leasing, and parking services are clustered around the aerotropolis.
V. Conclusion With the steadily increasing air transport demand and the development of airport-related industries, the aerotropolis could be an airport development strategy trend for stimulating new investment, creating employment, and generating new business opportunities. The purpose of this paper was to obtain the criteria for evaluating the service quality of the aerotropolises in Korea and Taiwan and reveal the different strategy developments of the operational Incheon aerotropolis and developing Taoyuan aerotropolis. The result shows that airport access modes, transfer 410G
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hub, and government policy planning are the main criteria that affect aerotropolis service quality. Additionally, the different development strategies of the Incheon and Taoyuan aerotropolises were revealed. Tourism is the main driver of the Incheon aerotropolis, followed by the creation of an airport-related industry zone and a residential zone. In contrast, Taoyuan aerotropolis is intended primarily to develop an airport-related industry zone, followed by tourism and a residential zone. Due to the development objective of a well-developed aerotropolis is developing and operating the various industries synchronously, but not only focus on only some. Then basing on this rule, the improvement strategy of these two aerotropolises is to strengthen the leading industries and at the same time develop the weaker industries by integrating the ability of government and private companies. The fuzzy number in this paper overcomes the difficulties in identifying the criteria for evaluating the aerotropolis service quality, making estimates without crisp values, and quantifying inputs from the qualitative data. A number of implications for aerotropolises can be established in the following ways: (1) by representing aerotropolis service quality criteria, (2) by evaluating the importance of the criteria at the perspective of supply side- aerotropolis operators, (3) by undertaking an exploratory analysis in order to find out the strategy characters of aerotropolis in operational South Korea and developing Taiwan. This study provides fresh insights to aerotropolis operators in the airport industry. By 2027, the Asia-Pacific region will have the largest air transport market in the world.28) Especially, due to the relaxed cross-strait policy and improved relationship between Mainland China and Taiwan, the tourism industry and trade are growing rapidly; in addition, the friendly dealings between Mainland China and Korea are remarkable. In future research, a target aerotropolis will be chosen among the international airports in this region. Also, this research was an initial analysis exploring the criteria determining the service quality of aerotropolis from the perspective of service suppliers. The next stage of our research will be to analyze the demand perspective, i.e., that of industry operators. * GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 28) Boeing Company(2007)G QG Date of Contribution ; September 29, 2013 Date of Acceptance ; December 1, 2013G
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