Apr 12, 2011 - In this review, the toxicological effects of titanium nanoparticles. (nTiO2), zinc oxide (nZnO), carbon ...... mechanisms and influencing variables in order to lay a platform ..... 70 J. Seo, Y. Keum and Q. X. Li, Int. J. Environ. Res.
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20 000; NOEC: >20 000; MIC: >20 000
Main findings (values in mg L1)
This journal is ª The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011
J. Environ. Monit., 2011, 13, 1164–1183 | 1171
Pseudomonas putida (Gram-negative)
nC60 DLS
0.01% impurities unspecified
Conc.: 11 mg L1 C60. Size: mean diameter; 95 nm
Escherichia coli
nC60
DLS
DLS
Size: not specified Conc.: 0.04, 0.4, 4. 0.01% impurities unspecified
Escherichia coli
nC60
DLS
DLS
Characterization techniques
Conc.: 11 mg L1 C60. Size: mean diameter; 95 nm
Size: not specified Conc.: 0.04, 0.4, 4. 0.01% impurities -unspecified
Bacillus subtilis
nC60
Bacillus subtilis (Gram-Positive)
Size: not specified Conc.: Not specified 0.01% impurities -unspecified
Bacillus subtilis
nC60
nC60
Size: not specified Conc.: 0.04, 0.4, 4. 0.01% carbon impurities
Bacteria type
Physicochemical properties studied/reported
ENP type
Table 3 (Contd. )
Stirred overnight in 4 L of solvent nitrogen-sparge and THF
Stirred overnight in 4 L of solvent nitrogen-sparge and THF
Solvent (THF) Stirring in milliQ water for 24 h. Aggregates: 25–500 nm
Solvent (THF) Stirring in milliQ water for 24 h. Aggregates: 25–500 nm
Solvent (THF) Stirring in milliQ water for 24 h. Aggregates: 25–500 nm
Solvent (THF) Stirring in milliQ water for 24 h. Aggregates: 25–500 nm
Suspension media/preparation method
11
Inhibition of respiration at 4 mg L1 (anaerobic & aerobic conditions; minimal Davis (MD) media used). No inhibition at 0.4 mg L1 (anaerobic & aerobic conditions; minimal Davis (MD) media used). No inhibition # 2.5 mg L1(anaerobic & aerobic conditions; Luri broth (LB) media used). No growth above 0.4 mg L1 (anaerobic & aerobic conditions; minimal Davis (MD) media used). Growth at 0.04 mg L1 (anaerobic & aerobic conditions; minimal Davis (MD) media used). Growth # 2.5 mg L1 (anaerobic & aerobic conditions; Luri broth (LB) media used). No growth above 0.4 mg L1 (anaerobic & aerobic conditions; minimal Davis (MD) media used). Growth at 0.04 mg L1 (anaerobic & aerobic conditions; minimal Davis (MD) media used). Growth # 2.5 mg L1 (anaerobic & aerobic conditions; Luri broth (LB) media used). Inhibition of respiration at 4 mg L1 (anaerobic & aerobic conditions; minimal Davis (MD) media used) No inhibition at 0.4 mg L1 (anaerobic & aerobic conditions; minimal Davis (MD) media used). No inhibition # 2.5 mg L1(anaerobic & aerobic conditions; Luri broth (LB) media used). Responded to a low dose of 0.01 mg L1 by significantly increasing levels of iso- and anteiso-branched fatty acids (from 5.8 to 31.5% and 12.9 to 32.3% of total fatty acids, respectively). Growth-inhibition conc. of 0.75 mg L1 (MIC between 0.5 to 0.75 mg L1) Decreased its levels of unsaturated fatty acids and increased the proportions of cyclopropane fatty acids in presence of nC60, possibly to protect the bacterial membrane from oxidative stress (effects observed at 0.01 mg L1). Growthinhibition at 0.5 mg L1 of nC60.
198
198
11
11
11
Reference
Main findings (values in mg L1)
1172 | J. Environ. Monit., 2011, 13, 1164–1183
This journal is ª The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011
Streptococcus pyogenes
Enterococcus faecalis
Bacillus subtilis
Escherichia coli
nZnO
nZnO
nZnO
nZnO
AgNP
AgNP
nZnO
nZnO
Escherichia coli (Gramnegative) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative) Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) P. aeruginosa, V. cholera, E. coli, S. typhus Escherichia coli
Staphylococcus epidermidis
nZnO
nZnO
Staphylococcus aureus
nZnO
Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive)
Escherichia coli
nZnO2
nZnO
Bacillus subtilis
nZnO
Escherichia coli (Gramnegative)
Vibrio fischeri
nZnO
nZnO
Bacteria type
ENP type
Table 3 (Contd. )
TEM, EDS, HAADF STEM TEM, Micromeritics Flowsorb II
16; 0–100 mg mL1
RPMI 1640 medium
RPMI 1640 medium
Brain heart infusion (BHI)
Luria–Bertani (LB)
LB
Luria–Bertani (LB)
TSB
TSB
TSB
Tryptic soy broth (TSB)
DLS
RPMI 1640 medium
12.3 (average); 10–100 mg cm3. 158 m2 g1 (SSA)
Suspension media/preparation method
dH2O, mild ultrasonication
Cultured in minimal essential medium (MEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) Cultured in minimal essential medium (MEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) Washed in distilled water and centrifuged at 3000 rpm Washed in distilled water and centrifuged at 3000 rpm Washed in distilled water and centrifuged at 3000 rpm H2O suspended
Shaking at 200 r.p.m.
Shaking at 200 r.p.m.
Shaking at 200 r.p.m.
Shaking at 200 r.p.m.
Shaking at 200 r.p.m.
Shaking at 200 r.p.m.
Rigorous shaking
No characterization Sonication for 30 min in deionised water techniques reported. and stored in dark at 4 C. Before toxicity testing Most likely size value as per manufacturer specification DLS Rigorous shaking
Characterization techniques
10–30 nm particles
10–30 nm particles
10–30 nm particles
1.2 mm particles
Size: 67 nm, 820 nm, 60 mm; No coating. No impurities specified Size: 67 nm, 820 nm, 60 mm; No coating. No impurities specified 50–70 nm particle diameter. More than 99% pure 50–70 nm particle diameter. More than 99% pure 50–70 nm particle diameter. More than 99% pure 50–70 nm particle diameter. More than 99% pure 50–70 nm particle diameter. More than 99% pure 50–70 nm particle diameter. More than 99% pure 40–350 nm particles
Size ¼ 50–70 nm
Physicochemical properties studied/reported
Reference
41
41
180 180
MIC ¼ 500 mg mL1 Induced apoptosis MIC ¼ 125 mg mL1 Induced apoptosis
24 h bacterial growth; 70 and 100% bacterial growth inhibition at 20 and 50–60 mg cm3
114
30 min bacterial growth; growth inhibition 96
180
Induced apoptosis MIC ¼ 500 mg mL1
Membrane-damage mechanism of 183 antibacterial action in favour of an ROS model 183
EC50 ¼ 5 mM; MIC ¼ 15 mM or 1.2 mg 169 mL1
EC50 ¼ 5 mM; MIC ¼ 15 mM or 1.2 mg 169 mL1
EC50 ¼ 5 mM; MIC ¼ 15 mM or 1.2 mg 169 mL1
EC50 ¼ 5 mM; MIC ¼ 15 mM or 1.2 mg 169 mL1
EC50 ¼ 5 mM; MIC ¼ 15 mM or 1.2 mg 169 mL1
EC50 ¼ 5 mM; MIC ¼ 15 mM or 1.2 mg 169 mL1
Growth inhibition. 14% inhibition at 10 mg L1
Growth inhibition (90% inhibition at 10 mg L1)
LC50 (nano): 3.2 LC20 (nano): 2.45 NOEC: 196 0.5\67–97% bioavailable (average 83%)
Main findings (values in mg L1)
This journal is ª The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011
J. Environ. Monit., 2011, 13, 1164–1183 | 1173
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli and autotrophic bacteria Escherichia coli
AgNP
AgNP
AgNP
Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus
E. coli, S. aureus, S. typhus
Escherichia coli
AgNP
AgNP
AgNP
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli
E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, S. epidermidis
CNTs
CNTs
CNTs
CNTs
AgNP
Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter and Nitrospira sp. Nitrifying bacteria
AgNP
AgNP
Bacteria type
ENP type
Table 3 (Contd. )
LB broth, DI water
STEM, HRTEM, EDXS TEM
6.7; 1–50 (Ag/SiO2; C ¼ 1 mg L1) 0.57–1.2; 1–50 mg mL1 0.9 (average). TEM, SEM (SWNT; length not reported) 0.9; 30: SWNT; TEM MWNT; 5 mg mL1. (2; 70 mm: SWNT; MWNT length) 1.2; 17.4: SWNT; MWNT. TEM, SEM, (17.8; 77: SWNT; MWNT thermo-gravimetric length) analysis (TGA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
Milli-Q deionized water
TEM
CBN-coated filter in 0.154 M isotonic solution
Saline solution
Aqueous solution
Not reported
Muller Hinton agar
110
140
60 min direct contact cellular toxicity; 141 Significant toxicity (fluorescence-based) induction for all species on contact with MWNT and SWNT
60 min cell viability; 80% (SWNT) and 24% (MWNT) cell inhibition
60 min and 30–60 min, viability loss; (1) 139 73.1, 79.9 and 87.6% cell viability loss in 30, 60 and 120 min respectively 60 min cell viability; 79.9% inhibition 139
24 h bacterial growth; EC60,90,100 ¼ 5, 10, 116 25 mg mL1 (E. coli); EC70–75,100 ¼ 10, $25 mg mL1 (S. typhus), no effect observed for S. aureus 330 min bacterial growth 38
Bacterial growth; Growth inhibition, 112 EC50 ¼ 0.14 mg L1 24 h bacterial growth; Growth inhibition, 98 (E. coli) LOEC ¼ 3.3–6.6 nM. (S. aureus) LOEC ¼ 33 nM
12 h nitrifying activity inhibition; 44% nitrification reduction
Modified Lud-zack-Ettinger activated sludge
106
Bacterial growth; 86% respiration 112 reduction. 55% E. coli growth reduction 24 h bacterial growth; NOEC ¼
