Croatia

THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL

HUMAN REMAINS AND LEGISLATION An international guide to laws and practice in the excavation and treatment of archaeological human remains

Edited by Nicholas Mdrquez-Grant and Linda Fibiger

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Routledoe raytorarranciftroup

LONDON AND NEW YORK

Fint published 2011 by Routledge

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Mirquez-Grant and Linda Fibiger for selection and editorial matter; individual chapters, their contributon @ 2011 Nicholas

AII rights reserued. No part ofthis book rnay be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any fomrir by a.y el..trori., mechanical, or other nleans, now known or hereafter invented, including phoiocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishen. British Library Cataloguing in Publimtion Data

A catalogue record for this book is available ftom the British Library Library o;f Congres Cataloging-in-Publication Data handbook of archaeological human remains and legislation: an The Routledge "gold. to laws and practice in the excavation and treatment of archaeological intemational

human remains

/

edited by Nicholas Mirquez-Grant and Linda Fibiger'

p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Human rernains (Archaeology)--Law and legislation.

I' Mirquez-Grant,

Nicholas, 1g76- lI. Fibiger, Linda. III. Title: Handbook ofarchaeological human remains and legislation. K3791.R68 2010

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CroattalHwatska Mario

Slaus,

Mario Novak and Marin Vodanovii

INTRODUCTION: A BRIEF HISTORY AND CURRENT STATUS OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY IN CROATIA The beginnings ofbioarchaeological research in Croatia are related to the palaeoanthropological studies carried out by Dragutin Gorjanovi6 Kramberger at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century (Gorjanovi6-Kramberger 1899, 1906, 1913). His analysis of the Neanderthal skeletal material recovered from Huinjakovo brdo near Krapina significantly contributed to the acceptance of the existence of fossil man, and thus, to the acceptance of the concept of the evolution of mankind. Go{anovi6's multidisciplinary analysis of human, animal and stone artefacts recovered from Krapina were crucial, not only for the reconstruction of the anatomical fearures and the qualiry of life of the Neanderthal inhabitants of Croatia, but they also provided clues to sorne social characteristics of Neanderthal sociery. These analyses were part of the foundations of modem palaeoanthropology. Bioarchaeological analyses of modem man in Croatia began after the Second World War with rwo major publications by Franjo Ivaniiek. In these works Ivaniiek presented the results of detailed palaeodemographic and craniometric analyses of the mediaevai sites of Bijelo Brdo (Ivani6ek 1949) and Ptuj (Ivaniiek 1951). Unfortunately these studies, although in many respects ahead of their time (for instance the anthropological analysis of the 11th-13th-century Bijelo Brdo site incorporated the results of animal bone and pollen analysis), were not noticed by the intemational scientific communiry, possibly because of the fact that they were written in Croatian. Twenty years later, Ivanitek's student Georgina Pilari6 published several papers that focused on the craniometric characteristics of early mediaeval Croat populations (Pilari6 1967, 1,968, 1969, 1974 P:Jrant and Schwidetzky 1987). A major qualitative and quantitative leap forward in Croatian physical anthropology and bioarchaeology began in the 1990s. It was enabled through the work of rwo extraordinary scientisrs: Pavao Rudan and Hubert Maver, who in 1977 founded both the Croatian Anthropological Sociery (Hrvatsko antropoloiko druiwo), and the scientific joumal Collegiunr Antropologirunr. They organized nunlerous intemational scientific workshops including anlong thern the annually held School of Biological Anthropology. Their work led to the founding of the first scientific and educational institution dedicated exclusively to anthropological research in Croatia: the Institute of Anthropology in Zagreb, established in 1'992. 83

Mario

Slaus

et al'

in Today, bioarchaeological and physical anthropological analyses are perfomred of Department Anthropology, of Institute the excellence: of Croatian scientific centres inZagreb; the DepartArchaeology at the Univenity of Zagreb: the Institute for Archaeology (Jniversiry Department of Dental the Split; of the at Medicine ment of Pathology and Forensic the Department of and zageb; of Univenity Medicine, of Dental Anthropology at the School of the research underArchaeology at the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts. The results joumals of the highest peer-reviewed in intemational published are taken by these institutions International Homo, Anthropology, Journal oJ Physical of qualiry, such as the Ameican Journal of Forensic sciences. Scientists actively engaged in this field of and the numerous

ortroarrlraeology

Journal

2. Flraii, J' Boljundi6, H' Brki6' Z' Hincak' I' Jankovi6' "r.' Shus, M. Vodanovi6, and V' Vyroubal' M. M. Novak, P. Raji6 Sikaryi6, Pavao Rudan and Hubert Maver, additional impetus to of Besides the tireless work

science

in

Croatia tod"iy

of three underthe development of bioarchaeology in croatia was given by the establishment of Zagreb and universities the at bioarchaeology in .o,rrr", graduate and lwo postgraduate of Sciences and 2adar, andthe founding of the osteological collection of the Croatian Academy physical anthropology/ Arts. Readen inrerested in a more detailed review of the history of of Raji6 Sikanji6 works in the it of appreciation a better get bioarchaeology in Croatia can (2005) and Shus (2006).

Physical anthropology/bioarchaeology

in Croatia today

of ArchaeThe leading centre of bioarchaeological research in Croatia today is the Department scientists four where in Zageb 12' neait, Arts and of Sciences ology at the Croatian Academy studies of bioarchaeological in engaged actively are !hu$ M. V. Vyroubal, M. Novak and including topics of range wide a study researchen These cro"ti"r, archaeological populations. (Slaus diseases infectious (Slaus 2008a), stress subadult zooe1, ;;;;ttt iStnur-zooo, )ooz, et al' 2005) and bone ZOOO;"Shur'".rd Novak 2007), dental pathology (Shus 2002; Vodanovi6 in Croatia at which sites archaeological the list of A 2006). Novak rrauma (Shus 2008a; Slaus and studies have been carried out is presented in Table 9'1' anthropological/bioarchaeological

Skeletal collections and databases Academy of Arts The osteological collection of the Departrnent of Archaeology at the Croatian in Croatia' It curmaterial skeletal of human collection and Sciences in Zagreb is the largest dating from in Croatia sites archaeological 37 rhan more rently holds skeletal material from of over 5'500 number a total with ao. century eighteenth approximately 8,000 yean BC ro the period' prehistoric the to dated 150 skeletons skeletons. The collection holds approximately and period' mediaeval the frorn skeletons 3,000 over p.tioa, 600 skeletons frorn the Antique approximations are numben The period. Age 1,750 skeletons ftom the Historic/Modem from newly disbecause the collection is growing, both through the addition of skeletons that have' in excavations systematic frorn skeletons of covered sites, and through the addition some cases, continued for over ten years. In the osteological laboratory of the same department, skeletal material is processed through soft brushes, strictly defined p.ocedures. Fint, the bones are cleaned under running water with

this a complete dried, numerated and when necessary and possible reconstructed' Following After that' skeleton' each for made is teeth joint and surfaces inventory of all present bones, are coldata trauma and pathological available the and each individual skeleton i, ,."eJ, aged, of associated potential the is as recorded, are data Presence lected and detailed taphonomic 84

Croatia

Table

studies have been 9.1 Archaeological sites in Croatia for which anthropological/bioarchaeological carried out ChronologY

Site

Vukovar

-

Srednja ikola

Vinkovci Josipovac

-

Gravinjak

Vuiedol

Neolithic Neolithic Eneoiithic Eneolithic

Type of analysis

Autltor(s)

Demography, pathologY Demography, DNA Pathology DemograPhY, Pathoiogy Demography, artificial cranial deformation

Slaus 2002a

Demogaphy, DNA Fran;evac

Eneolithic

Bezdanjaia

Bronze Age

Pathoiogy Demography, Pathology Lead concentration in

Hincak er a1.,2007b Ylak et a1.,2009 Shus 2002a

Teschler-Nicola and Bemer 1994 Hincak et a\.2007b Raji6 Sikanji6 et al. 2009 Slaus 2002a

Brajkovi6 et al. 1990

human bone samPles

Occipital bone

analYsis

Boljunii6 t994/1995

(qualitative and quantitative characteristics)

Anomalies

- upPer

Boljunii6

ofthe vault portion -Blood ryp.t of ABO

1991

Petriievi6-Jagi6 et

al'

1'992

system

Oval defect on

frontal

Malez and Nikoli6 i975

bone

Morphological characteristics of lower

Percai 1993

jaws Lagamit

Nadin Vinkovci - "NAMA" Zvonimirovo - Veliko

Bronze Age Iron Age Early hon Age Late Iron Age

Demography, Pathology Demography, PathologY Demography, Pathology

Ana\sis of cremated human bones

polje

Raji6 Sikanji6 2008 Raji6 Sikanji6 2006

Microscopic analysis

of

Slaus 2002a, 2003

Shus and Novak 2004

Hincak et al' 2007t

Sepkoviica

Antique period

Strbinci

Late Antique Period

Osijek

Late Antique Period

cremated hutnan bones Demography, pathology Slaus 1998, 2001' 2002a' 2008a; Shus et al ,2004b' 2004c Demography, pathology Shus 2002a' 2008a; Siaus

Late Antique Period

Demography,

Zmajevac

et

pathology

et

pathology

al"

201)4b

Slaus 2002a, 2008a; Slaus

al''

201't4b

Shus 2002a, 2008a; Slaus

Late Antique Period

Demography,

Treitanovaika gradina

Late Antique Period

Craniometric analYsis Dental measurements

Pilait

vid

Late Antique Period

DemograPhY, Pathology

Late Antique Period Late Antique Period Zadar Split - Ad basilicas Pictas Late Antique Period

Demography, PathologY Demography, Pathology DemograPhY, Pathology

Shus 2002b, 2004a, 2004b, 2008a Sbus 2008a

Vinkovci

Kaitel Su6urac

et a\.,2004b

1974

Kallay 1974

Slaus 2008a

Sbus 1999,2008a (Continued on next Pdge)

85

Mario

Slaus

et al.

Table 9.1 (continued) Site

Chronology

Type of analysk

Ferenci

Ear\

Case

Mediaeval period

Author(s)

of dental anomaly

Raji6 Sikanji6 and

Meltrovi6 2006 Guran

Na kdZu

-

Novigrad

Late Antique/Early Mediaeval period Late Antique/Early Mediaeval period

Vinkovci

Early Mediaeval period

Jopi6eva pe6ina

Ear\

Privlaka

-

Gomje njive

Mediaeval period

Early Mediaevd period

Case of perimortem

ihlus et al- 2O07e,

trauma Demography, pathology, Raji6 and Ujdi6 2003; Raji6 Sikanji6 and Ujiii conelation: grave rype 2003 and sex/age Demography, pathology Slaus 2002a; Shus et a/. 2002 Case ofartificial cranial Shus 2002a deformation Demography, pathology, Sbus 1993, 1,996r, 2002a, discriminant analysis of 2008a; Slaus et a\.2002 crania

Stari Jankovci

Early Mediaevd period

Demography, pathology, Shus 1993, 2008; Shus et a\.2002 discriminant analysis of

Early Mediaeval period Early Mediaeval period

Dental pathologies

crania

Buzet

-

Mejica

Nin - Z&ijac

Dolinar and Vidovii 1974 Stefandii 1995

Demography,

morphology and rypology of crania Donje polje Radaiinovci Velim - Veli5tak Konjsko pole - Livade Mravinci

Early Mediaeval period Early Mediaeval period Ear\ Mediaeval period Early Mediaeval period Early Mediaeval period Early Mediaeval period

Bijelo Brdo

Early Mediaeval period

Glavice

Demography, pathology Sbus 2006, 2008a Demography, pathology Shus 2006, 2008a Demography, pathology Shus 2006 Demography, pathology Sbus 2006, 2008a Demography, pathology Novak ef al. 2008 Cranial measurements Miki6 1990 and indexes Ivanidek 1949; Pilari6 Demography, 1968 craniometry, cranial measurements and indexes Vodanovii et a\.2004, Dental pathologies 2005

Sex determination based Vodanovi6 et al. 2006,

on morphology of lower jaw and

the

2007

odontometrics

Vukovar

-

Lijeva Bara

Early Mediaeval

period

Multivariate craniometric Pilari6 and Schwidetzky analysis

period

analysis

Vinkovci

Early and Late Mediaeval Demography, pathology

Darat

period Early and Late Mediaeval Demography, cranial

Lobor

1987

Early and Late Mediaeval Multivariate craniometric Pilari6 and Schwidetzky

Bribir

-

Bolnjaci

1987

Shus 2002a; Shus et al., 2002

Pient

1967

measurements and indexes period Early and Late Mediaeval Demography, pathology Slaus 2002a; Sbus et al. 2002 period Case of osteochondroma Shus er al. 2000

85

Croatia Table 9.1 (continued) Sitz

Clronology

Srit4.r,o

Early and Late Mediaeval Demography, pathology period

Shus 2002a; Slaus et al. 2002

Eelekovec

Early and Late Mediaeval Demography, pathology period

Stenjevec

Early and Late Mediaeval Demography, pathology period

Sbus 2002a; Shus et a/. 2002 Slaus 2002a, 2002c; Slaus et al. 2002

Zvonimirovo

-

Veliko

Type

o.f

analysk

Early and Late Mediaeval Demography, pathology

period

polje

Author(s)

Boljundit 1997a; Boljunii6 and Mandi6 1993

DNA Josipovo

Eakovo

Danilo

-

Sematorij

Early and Late Mediaeval Demography, pathology period Mediaeval period Demography, pathology; craniometric differences between 2 phases Mediaeval period Demography, pathology, mulrivariate craniometric

Boljundi6 2007 Boljun6i6 1997b Slaus 2002a; Slaus and

Filipec 1998; Slaus er a/. 2002 Slaus 1996b

analysis

-

Suhopolje Ozalj

Klilkovac

Ridice Krbavsko polje

Mediaeval period Mediaeval period

Dugopolje

Late Mediaeval period Late Mediaeval period Late Mediaeval period

Nova Raia

Late Mediaeval period

Trauma analysis Perimortem trauma and occupational stfess Demography, pathology

Shus and Novak 2006 Shus 1994

Trauma analysis Demography, subadult

Shus 2008b Novak and Slaus 2007

Miki6

1988

stress

Dental pathologies Sex differences in mortality profiles and

ilaus et al. 1.997 Shus 2000

stress levels

Kamengrad

Zageb - Sv. Franjo Tomai Koprivno - Kod kriia Crkvari

-

Sv. Lovre

Late Mediaeval period Late Mediaeval period Late Mediaeval period Early Modem period

Demography, pathology Demography, pathology Demography, pathology Demography, pathology Subadult stress Mediaeval/Early Modem Trauma analysis period Case of venereal syphilis Mediaeval/Early Modem Demography, pathology

Toriec

Shus 2002a Shus er al. 2007b Shus 2002a

Novak ef al. 2007 Novak 2008 Shus and Novak 2006 Shus and Novak 2007 Siaus er a/. 2003b

period Poiega

-

Sv. Terezlja

Modem period

Sex determination based

Vodanovi6 et a\.2006

on lower jaws

archaeological material

or animal remains. Finally anthropometric and craniometric data

are

recorded. Skeletal material may be sent for additional analyses (x-ray, DNA, CT, stable isotope analysis, etc.) to other institutions in Croatia, or other parts of the world if required. Once the analysis is completed, all bones are stored in individually marked boxes in the osteological collection of

the Department of Archaeology of the Croatian Academy of Arts and Sciences. 87

Mario

Slaus

et al.

Apart from the Department of Archaeology of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, bioarchaeological analyses are also conducted at the Institute of Anthropology in Zagreb by P. Raji6 Sikanji6; rhe Institute of Archaeology in Zagreb (J. Boljunii6); the Department of Archaeology, Faculry of Philosophy, Univeniry of Zagreb (Z,. Hincak); and the DePartment of

Dental Anthropology, School

of

Dental Medicine, Universiry

of

Zagreb (H. Brki6 and

M. Vodanovi6). In terms of the populariry, interest from the general public and from the media for the results of bioarchaeological research, the situation in Croatia is specific. The high qualiry of the work undertaken by Croatian physical anthropologists in the identification and analysis of the cause of death of civilian victims of the 1991 war that followed the dissolution of the former Yugoslavia has highlighted both the importance of physical - in this context forensic - anthropology, and the importance of developing an osteological database. The 1991 conflict bewveen Croatia and Serbia caused extensive material destruction and loss of life. From 7991 to 1995 there were nore than 14,000 war-related deaths in Croatia. Among these were a large number of civilians whose remains were subsequently recovered from 143 mass graves and a large number of individual inhumations. To identfy and determine the cause of death of these individuals, a joint USA-Croatia forensic anthropology project was developed. In this project, forensic anthropologists from the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Hrwatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti), and the Department of Forensic Medicine at the School of Medicine, Univeniry of Zagreb, together with forensic anthropologists from the 'W'ashington DC, and the Univeniry of Tennessee in Knoxville, Smithsonian Institution, developed a forensic anthropology database in which data were collected on age, sex, stature, metric characteristics, osteological and dental pathology, and on peri-nortem trauna and possible cause of death. The pulpose of this database, modelled on the forensic database developed at the lJniversity of Tennessee, has been to:

1 2 3

Identify a basic and standard set of measurements, observations and definitions to ensure that data are comparable; Store the data in a computer

in

such a way that particular subsets can be quickly accessed;

Provide up-to-date discriminant formulae for detemining sex, estimating stature, and defining other traits useful for comparative research and forensic analysis.

The fomration of this database has contributed to the high frequency of positive identificarions of civilian victims of the 1991 conflict (55.7%), and has educated the Croatian public and media on the type of data that physical anthropological research can yield. This has carried on to bioarchaeological research, with results frequently featuring on TV shows and in newspaper articles.

An additional positive response following the formation of the forensic osteological database was the increased interest ofscientists frorn related scientific fields, particularly archaeologists, for the preservation and analysis of human skeletal material. The vast majoriry of Croatian archaeologists today are aware of the usefulness of bioarchaeological analysis for reconstructing the living conditions and lifesryles of archaeological populations. However, because bioarchaeological analyses of human skeletal material from archaeological sites in Croatia are not legally required, physical anthropologists/bioarchaeologists still utilize every opportuniry (workshops, lectures, science Gstivals, etc.) to emphasize the importance of these analyses. The result is that virtually all human bones found in archaeological sites in Croatia today are analysed. The downside of this significantly increased interest for bioarchaeological research is that the large number of rescue archaeological excavations related to large state infrastructure projects 88

such as the construction

of highways, coupled with the relatively small number of

active

anthropologists in Croatia, means that physical anthropologists are rarely able to stay on a site throughout its entire archaeological excavation. Bioarchaeologists are present on an archaeological site usually at the invitation ofthe archaeologist, and generally for a short period of time. This sometimes causes problems in terms of the recovery of the less

bioarchaeologists,/physical

well preserved skeletal remains. Apart from preliminary analyses of sex and age, physical anthropologists on archaeological sites assist in diflerentiating betlveen human and animal remains, and berween archaeological and potential forensic cases. There are several professional associations in Croatia in which bioarchaeologists/physical

anrhropologists actively participate. The most important is the Hrvatsko antropoloiko druitvo (Croatian Anthropological Sociery), which is a part of the European Anthropologrcal Association. This associarion assembles not only bioarchaeologists/physical anthropologists but also experrs and scientists from all branches of anthropology. Beside this association, almost all Croatian bioarchaeologists are active memben of the Hrvatsko arheoloiko dru5wo (Croatian Archaeological fusociation), and actively participate in their annual congresses. The seat of the Intemational Association for Paleodontology (IAPO) is at the Department of Dental Anthropology, School of Dental Medicine, in Zagreb. This is an association that deals with the research of the oral and dental health of ancient populations.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL HUMAN REMAINS AND LEGISLATION There is no legislation that specifically regulates the excavation and treatment of human skeletal material found in archaeological sites in Croatia. The fate of newly discovered human remains in Croatia depends on the circumstances of theirdiscovery. When the remains are discovered in archaeological excavations they are treated as any other archaeological finds. If human skeletal material is found accidentally (for instance, during construction works), a tealn consisting of forensic experrs, physical anthropologists/bioarchaeologists and archaeologists is sent to the site

to deterrnine whether the discovered renains are from an archaeological context or represent a forensic case. If the bones are considered to be a forensic case they are transported to the parhology departments of a local hospital, or to the Departments of Forensic Medicine in Zagreb, Split, RSeka or Osijek. When human bones are considered to be part of an archaeological context they are transported to the local museunl, or to one of the institutions in which bioarchaeologists are active.

There is no regulation that determines when human remains are considered to be fi'om archaeological contexts, and when they are considered to be part of a forensic investigation. A general rule is that human skeletal remains dated to the end of the 19th century are usually considered to be from archaeological contexts. Because of atrocities committed during the Second World War and its immediate afterrnath, mass graves with victims from this time period are sometines uncovered. Although there have been several artemprs to develop a govemmental body that would holistically deai with these remains, from identifying the number, age and sex of the victims, through possible positive

identification of some victims, to the reburial of the remains in one or several specific cemeteries, as yet nothing has transpired. At present, these remains are treated as forensic investigations in the sense that the remains are transported to and analysed in departments of forensic medicine - usually the department in Zagreb. As previously noted, there is also the possibiliry of uncovering individual or nass graves related to the 1991 war in Croatia. In instances where there is any indication that this may 89

Mario

Slaus

et al.

be the case, the remains are handled by the 'Committee for Imprisoned and Missing Individuals'. This govemmental body coordinates all procedures related to the recovery, rransportation, storage and identification of these remains and treats them as forensic cases (Slaus er a/. 2007c).

Archaeological legislation The'Law on the protection and preservation of cultural goods', adopted in 1999 and revised in 2003, legally regulates archaeological research in the Republic of Croaria. Below are described the most important articles of this act that relate to archaeological excavations and the handling of archaeological findings, including human skeleral material.

According to article 2 of the Croatian 'Law on the protection and preservation of cultural goods', ctlltural goods include movable and imrnovable items of palaeontological, archaeological, and anthropological significance. Consequently, human skeletal remains recovered during archaeological research are considered archaeological findings. Article 6 ofthe same law cites the competent legal authorities responsible for the protection and proper handling of archaeological material found during excavations: conservation departments of the Ministry of Culture, and the Zagreb City Bureau for the protection of monurnents of culture and the natural heritage. Article 47 describes the conditions that need to be satisfied in order to get approval for archaeological excavations:

... approval may be issued only to legal and physical persons that rneet the requirements of qualification for the perfomance of such works, and if the necessary material and technical resources to cary out the excavations, the conservation of sites, planning, and presentation ofsites and rhe findings are provided. I-ar.u

on the prtttectiou arrd preseruation of rulrural gttods, Article 47 (author's translation)

Article 68 defines the procedure employed when archaeological material is sent abroad: .. ' it may be temporarily sent abroad for purposes of exhibition, expertise, analysis, implementation of procedures for the protection and preserwation, or other justifiable reasons, with the approval of the Croatian Ministry of Culture. The applicant for the temporary export shall at the request of the Ministry of Culture give a guarantee in case of damage, destruction or theft of cultural goods in the fomr of cash deposit in a bank in the full anount of the value of cultural goods, or sone other appropriate guarantee. The Minister of Culture prescribes conditions for the tentporary export of

cultural goods. Laut ort the protectiort an.d preseruation oJculnrralgoods, Artide 68 (author's translation)

The 'Regulations for archaeological research', adopted in 2005, describe in more detail procedures

for

the

excavation, analysis, documentation and storage of archaeological material, including among them human skeletal material. Article 4 of the 'Regulations for archaeological research' prescribes the measures that have to be taken before the start of the excavation, such as obtaining the approval of the conservation departments of the Minisrry of Culture, or the Zagreb Ciry Bureau for the protection of monuments of culture and nature. The same article cites which documents must be provided by the applicant for authorization: a form for specific details on the director of rhe excavation; data on the fpe, merhodology, location, time, scope, content, and goals of the research; data on the manager and individuals involved in 90

Croatta

the work; and data on the storage place that will be used for the recovered archaeological artefacts. Article 6 prescribes the necessary conditions that the professional manager of the archaeological research nlust satisfy: he or she nrust be a citizetr of the Republic of Croatia, must have a BA in archaeology, must have at least 12 mor"rths' experience in archaeological excavations, and must have the approval of the Ministry of Culture. Article 10 prescribes the

technical requirements and equipment that the professional manager is required to provide. Article 17 lays down the conditions that nrust be met if the material is to be exported outside the country:

... exporting the sar-nples intended for analysis abroad is only possible with the approval of the Ministry of Cultule and under the conditions prescribed by the Law on the protection and preservation of cultural goods. A professional nanager nlust submit the application for export. Rcgulations -fbr archaeological research, Artide 17 (autlnr's translation) Aricle 18

addresses

the issue of the publication of the excavated and analysed material and

documentation.

HUMAN REMAINS AND LEGISLATTON The above infomration indicates the most important legal regulations in Croatia concerning issues of excavarion and the handling of archaeological findings, including among thenl human skeletal material. So far, these legal provisions have worked well in Practice, and there are no significar-rt negative experiences. This does not mean, however, that in the near future the possibiliry of further elaboration of legal provisions that would better regulate the treatnlent of hunran skeletal material lbund during archaeological excavations should be ignored. Skeletal nraterial can be, and in fact almost routinely is, sent to other countries for additional fiequently sent for C1+ dating (for instance to the Leibr-riz-Labor

analyses. Skeletai sanrples are

Altersbesrimmung und Isotopenforschung in Kiel, Geurauy, or to the Beta Analytic Laboratory in Miami, USA). Bone and dental samples from the collection of the Department of Archaeology of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts have also been sent for stable isotopes analysis ro rhe Dorothy Gar-rod Laboratory for Isotopic Analysis at the Depaftment of Archaeology, Universiry of Cambridge. So far no ethical issues have been raised by any religious or non-goverxment grollps that would inrpede the analysis of human skeletal r-naterial recovered from archaeological sites.

fiir

METHODS OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS Intemationally recognized standards and methods ibr deternrining age and sex (for a mole detailed list of these see, for example, Slaus 2008a) are generally used in the bioarchaeologrcal analysis of skeletal marerial from Croatia, although specific nethods generated for Croatian archaeological populations are also utilized. These include discriminant functions for detemlining sex in mediaeval Croatian populations based on the dimensions of the femur and tibia (Slaus 1997; Slaus and TomiIi6 2005), as well as discdminant functions for detennining sex in modetn Croats based on the dirrensions of the femur (Slars et a\.2003a)'

9l

Mario

Slaus

et al.

CONCLUSION Croatia has a long history and tradition of research in physical anthropology dating from the end of the 19th century, and the exceptional palaeoanthropological studies carried out by Dragutin Go{anovi6 Kramberger on the Krapina Neanderthal remains. Bioarchaeological research of archaeological populations that inhabited Croatia significantly intensified at the end of the last century, when a new generation of bioarchaeologists/physical anthropologists working under the tutelage of Pavao Rudan and Hubert Maver emerged. The increased interest in bioarchaeological research in Croatia was additionally fuelled by a widespread interest in physical anthropology triggered by the role that Croatian physical anthropologists played in the identification of civilian victims of the 1991 war in Croatia.

Although the level of funding and equipment in Croatian bioarchaeological laboratories cannot be compared to that in more developed countries, the results that Croatian bioarchaeologists/physical anthropologists are able to achieve are of the same high standard achieved throughout European bioarchaeology/physical anthropology. There is no specific legislation

in

Croatia prescribing the treatment

of human

skeletal

remains recovered from archaeological contexts. Procedures that must be implemented prior to and during archaeological excavations, as well as procedures related to the handling of all archaeological material, including human skeletal remains, are regulated by the 'Law on the protection and preservation of cultural goods' and the 'Regulations on the archaeological research of the Republic of Croatia'. So far, there have been no significantly negative experiences, and the cooperation between Croatian archaeologists and bioarchaeologists/physical anthropologists is generally excellent. This does not mean, however, that more detailed legal provisions in the form of regulations that would standardize the process of excavation, transportation, analysis, presentation and publication of human skeletal remains should not be

developed in the future.

USEFUL CONTACTS Croatian Anthropological Society, Gajeva 5, 10 000 Zagreb. Email: [email protected]; ivor@ inantro.hr. Croatian Archaeological Sociery, Tomaii6eva 6, 10 000 Zagreb. Email: [email protected]. Intemational Association for Paleodontology, Gunduli6eva 5, 10 000 Zagreb. Email: iapo@paleo dontology.com.'Website: www.paleodontology. corn/ Institute of Anthropology, Gajeva 5, 10 000 Zagreb. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]. 'Website: www.inantro.hrl

Department of Archaeology, Croatian Acadenry of Sciences and Arts, Ante Kovaii6a 5, 10 000 Zagreb. Email: [email protected]. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]. 'Website: www.info. hazu.hr,/odsj ek_za_arheolo gij

u/

Institute of Archaeology, Divka Budaka Website: www.iarh.hrl

lD,

10 000 Zagreb. Email: [email protected].

Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, Univeniry of Zagreb, lvana 10 000 Zagreb. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.flzg.hrlarheo/ Department ofDental Anthropology, School of Denal Medicine, Univenity of Zagreb, Gunduli6eva 5, 10 000 Zagreb. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.sfzg.hr/zda/

Croatia

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