Crop-weed interactions in short rotation coppice willow. Monika Welc, Anneli Lundkvist, Theo Verwijst. April 2 - 5, 2017 Nyon, Switzerland. Joint workshop of the ...
Crop-weed interactions in short rotation coppice willow Monika Welc, Anneli Lundkvist, Theo Verwijst
April 2 - 5, 2017 Nyon, Switzerland
Joint workshop of the EWRS working groups: Physical and cultural weed control and Crop-weed interactions working group
Introduction
Aims and hypotheses
Experimental design
Measurements
Results
Conclusions
Uppsala
Nyon
•
Willow (Salix spp.): 330-500 species (hybrids) worldwide (Argus, 1997).
•
Perennial bioenergy crop (selected species) (1960-1980’).
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Bioenergy, veneer, pulp production (Stantuft and van Oosten, 2014).
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66.000 ha in Europe, 11.100 ha in Sweden (FAO, 2012).
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Other uses: phytoremediation, biodiversity preservation. 1
Introduction
Aims and hypotheses
Experimental design
Measurements
Results
Conclusions
PLANTING MATERIAL
cold-storage
willow nursery, winter (dormant plants)
one-year-old shoots
Photo by Nils-Erik Nordh, willow step planter
20 cm dormant cuttings
2
Introduction
Aims and hypotheses
Experimental design
Measurements
Results
Conclusions
PLANTING SYSTEM AND HARVEST CYCLE
150 cm
20 cm dormant cuttings
70 cm 75 cm
willow establishment phase, spring
willow after 3 years of growth, summer
every 3 to 4 years willow regrowth, spring
willow harvest, winter
3
Introduction
Aims and hypotheses
Experimental design
Measurements
Results
Conclusions
4
Introduction
Aims and hypotheses
Experimental design
Measurements
Conclusions
5 cm
5 cm
AIMS:
Results
To compare competitive ability of willows planted: − from non-dormant or dormant cuttings, − early, mid and late in the growing season, − from different willow clones. non-dormant
dormant
HYPOTHESES Competitive ability: 1st affected for both crop and weed (willow and barley),
2nd clone-dependent (willow) or affected by the willow clone (barley); non-dormant > dormant cuttings in early season; in late season – reversed,
5
Introduction
Aims and hypotheses
Experimental design
Measurements
Results
Conclusions
• Outdoor controlled experiment.
• Buckets as exeprimental units (in total 156).
• Experimental factors: − 2 cutting types: non-dormant and dormant, − 3 plantings: early (early May), mid (mid-May) and late (late June 2013), Ultuna
− 3 willow clones (Tora, Jorr, Olof).
• Harvested after 8 weeks (July – August 2013).
• Interaction between willow and a model weed, spring barley (cv. Waldemar). 6
Introduction
Aims and hypotheses
Experimental design
Measurements
Results
Conclusions
Ability to compete (AC)(Nelson et al., 2012) b = biomass
𝐴𝐶 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 100 − (
𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑒𝑦 𝑏𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 + 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑒𝑦
) × 100 𝐴𝐶 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑒𝑦 = 100 − (
𝑏𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑒𝑦 + 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤
) × 100
Ability to withstand competition (AWC)(Szumigalski and VanAcker, 2015) bW with barley = willow biomass with barley bW no barley = willow biomass with no barley bB with willow = barley biomass with willow bB no willow = barley biomass with no willow
𝐴𝑊𝐶 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = (
𝑏𝑊𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑒𝑦 ) × 100 𝑏𝑊𝑛𝑜 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑒𝑦
𝐴𝑊𝐶 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑒𝑦 = (
𝑏𝐵𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 ) × 100 𝑏𝐵𝑛𝑜 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤
Willow – barley combinations per planting time: − willow + barley (24 units) (A) − only willow (24 units) (B) − only barley (4 units) (C)
(A)
(B)
(C)
7
Introduction
Aims and hypotheses
Experimental design
Measurements
Results
Conclusions
ABILITY TO COMPETE AND ABILITY TO WITHSTAND COMPETITION
AC (%)
AWC (%)
WILLOW
BARLEY
WILLOW
BARLEY
Cutting type
