Relations of Explicit/Implicit Shyness With Other Individual Differences: Implication for Adaptive Values of Shyness Presenter: Takafumi Sawaumi (The University of Tokyo / Center for Research on Educational Testing: CRET) Collaborators: Tsutomu Fujii (Sungshin Women’s University / CRET) Atsushi Aikawa (The University of Tsukuba / CRET) This presentation was prepared for the SELF-ERAS 2013.
Abstract Investigation on relations of shyness to other individual differences (i.e., aggression, loneliness, subjective well-being) Two types of shyness (i.e., explicit/conscious and implicit/unconscious) Aggression Explicit Shyness Loneliness Implicit Shyness
Subjective Well-Being
Shyness Definition: “affective-behavioral syndrome characterized by social anxiety and interpersonal inhibition that results from the prospect or presence of interpersonal evaluation” (Leary, 1986, p. 30) High shyness Awkward communicator Universal to all mankind (Zimbardo, 1977) Feel Inhibited
Maladaptive Aspect of Shyness Shyness was positively correlated with – anxiety (Cheek & Buss, 1981) – sensitivity to rejection (Jackson, Flaherty, & Kosuth, 2000)
Shyness was negatively correlated with – interpersonal competence (Jackson et al., 2000) – self-esteem (Aikawa, 1991; Cheek & Buss, 1981)
Shyness involves maladaptive aspects?
Two Types of Shyness The aforementioned correlations are of explicit/conscious shyness. = Self-report scale Thanks to the development of indirect measurement, we can deal with implicit/unconscious self-concepts. • Name-Letter Task (NLT) • Go/No-Go Association Task (GNAT)
• Implicit Association Test (IAT)
Implicit Association Test (IAT) IAT is/was originally developed to measure implicit prejudices (Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998). recently used to tap implicit self-concepts. (e.g.) implicit shyness (Asendorpf, Banse, & Mücke, 2002) implicit self-esteem (e.g., Yamaguchi et al., 2007) Typically administered on a computer.
Use of Shyness-IAT Double dissociation model of shyness (Asendorpf, Banse, & Mücke, 2002)
Each shyness predicted distinct targets. Explicit Shyness
Controllable Behavior
Implicit Shyness
Spontaneous Behavior
(e.g., short speech duration)
(e.g., tense posture)
Correlation Patterns Nomological network: Correlation patterns of a certain construct (Cronbach & Meehl, 1955)
Explicit Shyness
＋
Anxiety
－
Interpersonal Competence
＋ －
Sensitivity to Rejection Self-Esteem
Different nomological network of implicit shyness?
Different Nomological Network It is likely explicit and implicit self-concepts have a different nomological network. Concerning explicit/implicit self-esteem (which is strongly related to shyness) • Meta-analysis (Buhrmester, Blanton, & Swann, 2011) (e.g.) Different relation to depression between explicit self-esteem and implicit self-esteem
Purpose Investigation on relations of explicit/implicit shyness to other individual differences – Individual differences: aggression, loneliness, subjective well-being
Prediction for different nomological networks (i.e., correlation patterns) between the two types of shyness
Method Participants – Forty-one Japanese people (16 males, 25 females; age M = 24.15, SD = 3.55)
Procedure: computerized data collection – Shyness-IAT (Aikawa & Fujii, 2011) – Trait Shyness Scale (Aikawa, 1991) – Aggression Questionnaire (Ando et al., 1999) – Loneliness Scale (Moroi, 1992) – Satisfaction With Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985) 5-point Likert-type scales
Procedure of IAT Two pairs of contrasting categories Seven blocks Blocks 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 for practice Blocks 4 and 7 for test Classifying a stimulus (target word) to left or right as correct and fast as possible Response by pressing assigned keys Compare response time in Blocks 4 vs. 7 (Blocks 4 and 7 are reversed tasks)
Procedure of Shyness-IAT Block 4
Self or Shy
My
Others or Sociable
Block 7
Self or Sociable
Bashful
Others or Shy
Faster response = stronger implicit association
Order of Test For circumventing possible order effects, participants were randomly assigned to the following two conditions: – Complete (Self or Shy) Block first, followed by (Self or Sociable) Block – Complete (Self or Sociable) Block first, followed by (Self or Shy) Block
Block 4
Self or Shy
Others or Sociable Block 7
Self or Sociable
Others or Shy Block 4
Self or Sociable
Others or Shy Block 7
Self or Shy
Others or Sociable
Shyness-IAT Among Japanese Japanese version of Shyness-IAT Replication of double dissociation model = Predictive validity (Aikawa & Fujii, 2011) Stability of test scores over a one-week lapse of time = Test-retest reliability (Fujii, Sawaumi, & Aikawa, 2013) Sufficient validity
Results: Data Processing Using Shyness-IAT data, D scores were calculated to represent implicit shyness (Greenwald, Nosek, & Banaji, 2003)
Confirming enough reliabilities (αs > .70), scale scores were averaged to represent the respective psychological construct (i.e., explicit shyness, aggression, loneliness, subjective well-being) – Aggression consisted of four factors: anger, hostility, physical aggression, verbal aggression
Results: Correlation Coefficients Anger
Hostility
Physical Aggression
Verbal Aggression
Loneliness
Subjective Well-Being
Implicit Shyness
-.09
-.13
-.35＊
-.32＊
.04
.41＊＊
Explicit Shyness
-.05
.01
.12
-.40＊＊
.37＊
.04
＊ ＊ p < .01, ＊ p < .05
Discussion Negative correlation of verbal aggression with the two types of shyness Positive correlation between loneliness and explicit shyness Negative correlation between physical aggression and implicit shyness Positive correlation between subjective well-being and implicit shyness adaptive aspects of implicit shyness?
Conclusion Those who unconsciously combine themselves with shyness reported high subjective well-being. One type of shyness, which is impervious to social desirability, showed an adaptive value (i.e., positive relation to subjective well-being). Future directions: Different implications of shyness across cultures (East Asians see shyness as not that bad?)
Thank you for your kind attention!
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Appendix: Correlation Matrix Explicit Shyness
Anger
Hostility
Physical Aggression
Verbal Aggression
Loneliness
Subjective Well-Being
Implicit Shyness
.23
-.09
-.13
-.35＊
-.32＊
.04
.41＊＊
Explicit Shyness
―
-.05
.01
.12
-.40＊＊
.37＊
.04
―
.45＊＊
.42＊＊
.32＊
.18
-.28
―
.29
-.00
.36＊
-.31＊
―
.09
.32＊
-.52＊＊
―
-.02
-.01
―
-.37＊
Anger Hostility Physical Aggression Verbal Aggression Loneliness Subjective Well-Being
―
＊ ＊ p < .01, ＊ p < .05
