Cultural Identity and Anthropized Environment - Science Direct

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 (2016) 634 – 639

QG,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXP1(:0(75232/,7$13(563(&7,9(66WUDWHJLFSODQQLQJ VSDWLDOSODQQLQJHFRQRPLFSURJUDPVDQGGHFLVLRQVXSSRUWWRROVWKURXJKWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI +RUL]RQ(XURSH,67+5HJJLR&DODEULD,WDO\ 0D\

&XOWXUDOLGHQWLW\DQGDQWKURSL]HGHQYLURQPHQWWKH PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDOGHILQLWLRQDQGPHDVXUHRIWKHUHVLOLHQFH *LDPSLHUR/RPEDUGLQLD a

University of Genoa, Department of Science for Architecture - Italy

$EVWUDFW

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µODQGVFDSHULVN¶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© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI,67+ Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ISTH2020

Keywords:5HVLOLHQFHFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHVLGHQWLW\ULVNDVVHVVPHQW

&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[ E-mail address:JORPEDUGLQL#DUFKXQLJHLW

1877-0428 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ISTH2020 doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.373

Giampiero Lombardini / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 (2016) 634 – 639

635

&XOWXUDOODQGVFDSHGHILQLWLRQ 7RDUULYHDWDGHILQLWLRQRIFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHLVQHFHVVDU\ILUVWWRGHILQHZKDWZHPHDQE\FXOWXUHDQGE\FXOWXUDO KHULWDJH)ROORZLQJWKHWKRXJKWRI7ULDQGLV7ULDQGLV µFXOWXUH¶LVWRVRFLHW\ZKDWPHPRU\LVWRLQGLYLGXDOV,Q RWKHUZRUGVFXOWXUHLQFOXGHVWUDGLWLRQVPDWHULDODQGLPPDWHULDO WKDWKDVZRUNHGLQWKHSDVWµ&XOWXUDO+HULWDJH¶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³ODQGVFDSH´FDQEHLQWHUSUHWHGDVDQDUHDDVSHUFHLYHG E\SHRSOHZKRVHFKDUDFWHULVWKHUHVXOWRIWKHDFWLRQDQGLQWHUDFWLRQRIQDWXUDODQGRUKXPDQIDFW0RUHSUHFLVHO\ ODQGVFDSH LV DKRPRJHQHRXVSDUW RI WKH WHUULWRU\ZKRVH IHDWXUHV DUH WKHUHVXOWV RI QDWXUH KXPDQ KLVWRU\ DQG WKHLU PXWXDO LQWHUUHODWLRQVKLSV 7KH SURWHFWLRQ DQG HQKDQFHPHQW RI WKH ODQGVFDSH VDIHJXDUG LWV YDOXHV H[SUHVVHG VXFK HYHQWVRISHUFHSWLEOHLGHQWLW\$OVRIRU,WDOLDQODZµODQGVFDSH¶LVDKRPRJHQHRXVSDUWRIWKHWHUULWRU\ZKRVHIHDWXUHV GHULYH IURP QDWXUH KXPDQ KLVWRU\ DQG WKHLU PXWXDO LQWHUUHODWLRQVKLSV 7KH SURWHFWLRQ DQG HQKDQFHPHQW RI WKH ODQGVFDSHVDIHJXDUGLWVYDOXHVH[SUHVVHGVXFKHYHQWVRISHUFHSWLEOHLGHQWLW\

)LJ/DQGVFDSHLQWHJUDWHGGHILQLWLRQ

7KHUHIRUHODQGVFDSHLVQRWWKHUHVXOWRIDPHUHDHVWKHWLFLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ x LWVTXDOLW\GHSHQGVERWKRQWKHREMHFWLYHUHJLRQDOIHDWXUHVWKDWIURPWKHDVSLUDWLRQVRIWKHSRSXODWLRQWKDWLVLQ FRQWDFWZLWKLW

636


x WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI ODQGVFDSH SROLFLHV VKRXOG EH EDVHG RQ WKH YDOXH WKDW SRSXODWLRQV DWWULEXWH WR ³WKHLU´ ODQGVFDSH REMHFW RI WKH ODQGVFDSH SROLF\ PXVW EH ERWK WKH ODQGVFDSHV RI KLJK TXDOLW\ WR SURWHFW WKDW WKH GHJUDGHGWRLPSURYH x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¶V FKDUDFWHUL]HGE\WKHSUHVHQFHRI³OHYHUDJHSRLQWV´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

637


x x x

x x

ERWKDUHWKHFRPELQDWLRQRIHFRORJLFDOV\VWHPVELRWLFDQGSK\VLFDO DQGVRFLDOV\VWHPV HYROYH LQ VXFFHVVLYH F\FOHV RI LQWHUQDO DGDSWDWLRQ WR WKH V\VWHP EXW LQIOXHQFHG E\ H[WHUQDO FRQGLWLRQV GHWHUPLQHGE\WKHV\VWHPH[WHUQDOGULYHUV PDLQWDLQ LQ WKH ORQJ UXQ WKH IRUPV DQG IXQFWLRQV RU DW OHDVW WKRVH UHFRJQL]DEOH DQG UHFRJQL]HG DQG WKHUHIRUH WKRVH ZKLFK FRQWULEXWH VLJQLILFDQWO\ WR GHILQLQJ WKH LGHQWLW\ RI WKH V\VWHP GHVSLWH DOWHULQJ WKHLUSURGXFWLRQIXQFWLRQVWDQJLEOHDQGLQWDQJLEOH DQGFRQVXPSWLRQ ERWKDUHGHILQHGE\LQWHUQDOFRPPRQHOHPHQWVIURPDVSDWLDOSRLQWOHYHOVRIFRQQHFWLYLW\EHWZHHQWKH HOHPHQWVLQWHUDFWLRQVSK\VLFDOVL]HERUGHUV DUHDIIHFWHGE\WKHVDPHH[WHUQDOGHWHUPLQDQWV

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

)LJ$GDSWDWLRQF\FOHRIDFRPSOH[UHVLOLHQWV\VWHP

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

638


WKHVHWZRIHDWXUHVWKHUHVLOLHQFHPDQLIHVWVLWVHOIDVDIRUPRIOHDUQLQJVWUXFWXUDOUHQRYDWLRQDQGUHRUJDQL]DWLRQ$ UHVLOLHQW V\VWHP RI WKLV W\SH FDQ EH UHSUHVHQWHG E\ WKH VRFDOOHG ³DGDSWLYH UHQHZDO F\FOH´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et al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x XUEDQL]DWLRQXQGHUVWRRGLQWKHGRXEOHSRODULW\RIWKHG\QDPLFGHQVLILFDWLRQDEDQGRQPHQW x UHDOHVWDWHGHYHORSPHQWDJDLQWREHXQGHUVWRRGLQWKHGRXEOHGLPHQVLRQRIWKHRYHURUXQGHUHFRQRPLF DVVHVVPHQWRIODQGYDOXHV 7KHVHWZRG\QDPLFVXUEDQL]DWLRQDQGDQQXLW\ DVZHOODVUHODWHGWRHDFKRWKHUDUHJXLGHGE\JOREDOG\QDPLFV PRVWO\ H[WHUQDO WR WKH LQGLYLGXDO WHUULWRULDO V\VWHPV DQG WHQGWRJHQHUDWH SRODUL]LQJ HIIHFWV RQ FXOWXUDO ODQGVFDSHV ULVNLQJWRGLVLQWHJUDWHRUDWOHDVWLPSDLU WKHYDOXHVLGHQWLW\ ,QSDUWLFXODUWKHSURFHVVRIXUEDQL]DWLRQPD\FRPSULVHWKUHHEDVLFFRPSRQHQWV x ,QWHQVLYHODQGXVHVZKLFKPHDQVDSUHVVXUHRQFRQYHUWLELOLW\EXLOGLQJVRLOLQVSHFXODWLYHSUHVVXUHVDQG DJHQHUDORYHUXVHRIWHUULWRULDODVVHWVLQFOXGLQJSXEOLFVSDFHV x $EDQGRQPHQW LQ PDQ\ UXUDO DUHDV DQG IRUPHU UXUDO G\QDPLFV RI QHJOHFW RI DJULFXOWXUDO SULQFLSDOV DUH LQFUHDVLQJO\VHULRXVFULVLVIDFWRUVFDXVLQJWKHRQVHWRIGDQJHURXVHURVLRQRUDPHVV\DVQRQUHJXODWHG UHWXUQRIQDWXUHUHQDWXUDOL]DWLRQ ZKLFKLQWXUQIXUWKHULQFUHDVHVYXOQHUDELOLW\IDFWRUVK\GURORJLFDOILUH ULVNXVDELOLW\RIIRUHVWUHVRXUFHVHWF x 0LVXVHZKLFKPDQLIHVWVLWVHOILQGLVWRUWLRQVLQWKHVSDWLDOGLVWULEXWLRQRIODQGXVHVFRPSUHVVLRQRIWKH SXEOLF VSDFH GHYHORSPHQW RI VHFRQGDU\ UHVLGHQFHV VHJPHQWDWLRQ RI VHUYLFH IDFLOLWLHV HWF 7KH DFWLYLWLHVDQGIXQFWLRQV 6LPLODUO\WKHGLVWRUWLQJHIIHFWVRIDKRXVLQJPDUNHWGRPLQDWHGE\H[WHUQDOIDFWRUVZKLFKLQYDOXHVXFKDVFXOWXUDO ODQGVFDSHVWHQGWRFDSWXUHYDOXHRQO\VHOHFWLYHO\IRUVSHFLILFDQGQDUURZSURGXFWVHJPHQWVUHDOHVWDWHWHUULWRULDO


639

IXQFWLRQDO FDQJHQHUDWHHIIHFWVRILPSDLUPHQWRIUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQKLVWRULFDOVHWWOHPHQWDQGHQYLURQPHQW$VZHOO DVLWVRSSRVLWHLHWKHORVVRIUHDOHVWDWHYDOXHWRPDQ\DUHDVRIFULVLVLVDIDFWRUWKDWDFFHOHUDWHVDQGLQFUHDVHVWKH GURSRXWSKHQRPHQD 7RZDUGVDUHVLOLHQFHV\VWHPPHDVXUHPHQW 7KHUHVLOLHQFHIDFWRUVIRUDFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHFDQEHWUDFHGWRWKHIROORZLQJSDLUVRIHOHPHQWV x 'HQVLW\ GLVWULEXWLRQ IRU VRPH LWHPV VXFK DV WKH SURYLVLRQ RI VHUYLFHV WKH VSDWLDO GHQVLW\ LV FULWLFDO ZKLOHLQRWKHUFDVHVZKDWZHPXVWWU\WRHQVXUHPDLQWDLQRUUHVWRUHLVWKHGLIIXVLYHVL]HDVLQWKHFDVHRI WKH KXPDQ SUHVHQFH LQ WKH WHUULWRU\ ZKLFK LV LQ HYHU\ ZD\ HQFRXUDJHG HVSHFLDOO\ ZKHUH WKH DEDQGRQPHQWKDVDOUHDG\VWDUWHGSURGXFLQJGLVWRUWLQJHIIHFWV x &RQQHFWLRQ GHFRXSOLQJ LQ VRPH VLWXDWLRQV WKH V\VWHP FRQQHFWLYLW\ LV HVVHQWLDO WKHVH UHIHU WR WKH HFRORJLFDOQHWZRUNVWRQHWZRUNVRISXEOLFVHUYLFHVDFFHVVLELOLW\ EXWLQVRPHFDVHVWKHV\VWHPFDQEH GHILQHGPRUHUHVLOLHQWZKHQLW¶VDEOHWRVXEGLYH$QH[DPSOHPD\EHGLYHUVLILFDWLRQRIWRXULVPZKLFK FDQUHSUHVHQWDQHIIHFWLYHGHQVLILFDWLRQRIGLVWRUWLQJFRQWUROWRRODVZHOODVDXVHIXODLGWRWKHGHIHQVHRI WKH WHUULWRU\ 6LPLODU UHDVRQLQJ FDQ EH GRQH ZLWK UHIHUHQFH WR WKH WLPH VFDOH LQ UHODWLRQ WR WKH GLYHUVLILFDWLRQRIWKH\HDU&XPPLQJ x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he Many Dimensions of Culture7KH$FDGHP\RI0DQDJHPHQW([HFXWLYH9RO1RSS 3LHQLQJHU7%LHOLQJ&HGV Reslilience and the Cultural Landscapes&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV&DPEULGJH .LFKRII 7 HW DO )URP FXOWXUDO ODQGVFDSHV WR UHVLOLHQW VRFLDOHFRORJLFDO V\VWHPV WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI D FODVVLFDO SDUDGLJP RU D QRYHO DSSURDFK"´ Resilience and the Cultural Landscapes HGV 3LHQLQJHU 7 %LHOLQJ & &DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV&DPEULGJH )RONH & &DUSHQWHU 6 :DONHU % 6FKHIIHU 0 &KDSLQ 7 DQG 5RFNVWU|P - 5HVLOLHQFH WKLQNLQJ LQWHJUDWLQJ UHVLOLHQFHDGDSWDELOLW\DQGWUDQVIRUPDELOLW\´Ecology and Society9RO $UW %HUNHV)&ROGLQJ-DQG)RONH&1DYLJDWLQJ6RFLDOHFRORJLFDOV\VWHPV%XLOGLQJUHVLOLHQFHIRUFRPSOH[LW\DQG FKDQJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV&DPEULJH0$ $GJHU:19XOQHUDELOLW\Global Environmental ChangeQSS± :LOVRQ *$ &RPPXQLW\ UHVLOLHQFH SDWK GHSHQGHQF\ ORFNLQ HIIHFWV DQG WUDQVLWLRQDO UXSWXUHV -RXUQDO RI Environmental Planning and ManagementQSS± &XPPLQJ *6 ³6SDWLDO UHVLOLHQFH LQWHJUDWLQJ ODQGVFDSH HFRORJ\ UHVLOLHQFH DQG VXVWDLQDELOLW\´ Landscape Ecology SS &XPPLQJ*6Spatial Resilience in Social-Ecological Systems,6SULQJHU'RUGUHFKW &DVVDWHOOD&3HDQR$Landscape indicators. Assessing and Monitoring Landscape Quality6SULQJHU'RUGUHFKW