R'nessa. 230. 120. HONDA. HONDA. EV Plus. 222. 130. Ni-MH. Synchro- nous
Motor. (permanent magnet). Sealed. Lead Acid. TOYOTA. Ni-MH. Li-ion. NISSAN
...
Current Status of EFVs in Japan Yoshio Kimura (TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION)
Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
What’s the Environmentally Friendly Vehicle (EFV) ?
Low Exhaust Gas Emission Low CO2 Emission Low Energy Consumption
Electric Vehicle
Past?
Hybrid Vehicle
Soon coming
Fuel Cell Vehicle
Future
Low Environmental Impact: Well to Wheel CO2 Emission Comparison EC mode MPI-SI (Gasoline) DISI DICI (Diesel) CNG Hybrid (Gasoline) EV *1 Hydrogen FCHV *2
Onboard Reform FCHV
CO2 emission (MPI-SI =1) *1: Derived from NG. *2: CO2 emission of FCV is an estimation.
EV Features ADVANTAGES 1. No exhaust emissions directly from vehicle. 2. Various clean energy options for electric power generation. 3. Fuel conservation through high energy efficiency. 4. Recharging at night for electric load leveling. 5. Reduced vehicle noise.
DISADVANTAGES * Limited vehicle use due to high price and less than satisfactory driving performance.
EV Profile by Manufacturer Driving Distance per Recharge (km) (10-15mode)
Max Speed (km/h)
Manufacturer
Model
SUZUKI
EVERY EV
110
95
DAIHATSU
HIJET
110
100
RAV4 V EV
215
125
TOYOTA e-com
100
100
Hypermini
115
100 Li-ion
R'nessa HONDA EV Plus
230
120
222
130
Motor
Sealed Lead Acid
Ni-MH
NISSAN
HONDA
Battery
Ni-MH
Synchronous Motor (permanent magnet)
EVs in Use (Japan)
No. of registered EVs
5,000 4,000 Other
3,000
Motor-driven cycle Mini vehicle Truck
2,000
Passenger car
1,000 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
(FY)
The use of EVs has remained at low levels.
No. of EVs sold/leased
Cumulative Total of EV Sales/Leases (USA) 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001 (CY)
EVs in Use (EU)
No. of registered EVs
8,000 6,000
CY1998 CY2000
4,000 2,000 0 France
Switzerland
Germany
Italy
HEVs in Use (Japan)
No. of registered EVs
80,000
60,000
Other
40,000
Passenger car 20,000
0 1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
(FY)
Creating a Niche Market for Super Mini EVs ARACO Everyday COMS
Vehicle Mass
D.D.*
Takara Q-CAR
270kg
375kg
80km
80km
*Driving Distance Between Recharge
Car Sharing System Control center Reservation
Shopping
Railroad station
Car station Home
Business
What is the HEV?
A vehicle with two power plants (motor and engine) and/or with two energies stored (fuel and batteries or capacitors).
Realizes high fuel economy and clean emission by recovering the braking energy and operating the engine only in the high-efficiency and low-emission mode.
EV Issues
1. High price 2. Short driving distance between recharge 3. Long recharge time 4. Underdeveloped recharge infrastructure 5. Short battery service life
HEV Energy Management
+
Battery
Energy
Energy supply to make up for shortage n io t ra e l ce c A
Storage of excess energy
Recovery of braking energy
Engine turns off
Engine output energy with maximum efficiency
-
Time Deceleration
EV-HEV Energy Comparison
Tank to wheel
Well to tank Natural gas
CO2
Coal
26%
Well to wheel
80%
21%
EV Petroleum
Power plant
Recharging stand
84%
HEV ICE Petroleum
Refinery
Gasoline station
CO2
30%
15%
25% 13%
HEV Driving Systems
Series
Parallel
Series Parallel
Engine Generator
Engine Inverter Engine
Inverter
Reduction gear
T/M
Battery
Motor
Battery
Battery
Motor/Generator
Generator
Inverter
Motor
Hybrid Vehicles in Japan's Market
Mini car
Small car
Small commercial vehicle Coaster (TOYOTA)
Series
Twin (SUZUKI)
Large commercial vehicle AERO STAR (MITSUBISHI FUSO)
Insight (HONDA)
DINA, Dutro
Condor
Civic (HONDA)
(TOYOTA, HINO)
(NISSAN DIESEL)
Parallel
Series Parallel
Prius, Estima, Alphard (TOYOTA) Tino (NISSAN)
SUZUKI Hybrid System
Twin
Battery Engine
4 Speed Automatic Transmission
Motor/Generator
Inverter
TOYOTA Hybrid System (THS) PRIUS
Ｐｒｉｕｓ Power Split Type Hybrid (Series Parallel) Gasoline engine
Generator
Power split device
Motor
Inverter Battery
NISSAN NEO Hybrid System
Tino
Inverter Motor B
Battery Inverter
Engine Motor A
CVT
HONDA IMA System
HONDA IMA* System (* Integrated Motor Assist)
Civic
Battery Engine
HONDA Multimatic
Motor/Generator
PCU (Power Control Unit)
NISSAN DIESEL Capacitor Hybrid M.D. Truck
NISSAN DIESEL Super Power Capacitor TM Max. 346V,583Wh
2002.6 Release Electronic Control Brake System Gearbox
Diesel Engine Electronic Control Mechanical Clutch
Motor/Generator x 1 Max. 55kW
Inverter Super Power CapacitorTM Electronic Control Mechanical A/T
HINO Parallel Hybrid Bus (HIMR)
Motor/Generator Engine
Transmitter
Inverter Release ’91/12 Second generation type ’96/2 Third generation type ’01/7 -
Ni-MH Battery
Tire
HINO Parallel Hybrid Truck
Motor/Generator Engine
Transmission
Inverter Ni-MH Battery
MITSUBISHI FUSO Series Hybrid Bus Series Hybrid System Diesel Engine Generator
AERO NONSTEP HEV
Battery Twin Motors
Inverter
Reduction Gear
Why Fuel Cell Vehicle?
High High efficiency efficiency High energy efficiency compared to ICE (internal combustion engines).
Clean Clean No CO2, NOX, HC.
Hydrogen Hydrogen Fuel Cell uses hydrogen as its fuel. (Hydrogen is a key energy for the future.)
Oil Oil Free Free
Fuel Cell Structure Single Cell
Air
Current
Hydrogen
Separator Polymer Electrolyte Membrane
Catalyst
Water Stacking
FC Stack Assembly Stack
TOYOTA FCHV
SUZUKI FCV
NISSAN 2003 Model X-TRAIL FCV
The high-power motor generates a maximum power of approximately 85 kW. The cruising range has been extended to more than 350 km.
HONDA FCX
FCX with HONDA FC Stack * No. of occupants: 4 * Max. speed: 93mph * Motor max. output: 80kW HONDA FC Stack Output: 86kW
MITSUBISHI-FCV
TOYOTA-HINO FCV Secondary battery TOYOTA FC stack
Pressure hydrogen tank
TOYOTA FC stack (2 units) assembly Power control unit Motor Hydrogen receptacle
YAMAHA FC06
Concept model mounting a DMFC system (500W)
Japan Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Demonstration Project ● Station opened in 2003
1. Period: 2002 to 2004
●
2. Site:
Tokyo, Yokohama
3. Aims:
The followings concerning FCVs and hydrogen stations
1) To clarify their advantages in practical use 2) To collect data for codes and standards 3) To familiarize the public with FCVs and stations
2001 Vehicle
Infrastructure
2002
Proposal by FC Commercialization Conference of Japan '01/7
2003
● Station opened in 2004
●
●
● ●
2004
Road running test
Hydrogen station buildup (governments, fuel suppliers)
FCV Market Challenges Aspect
Issues Temperature adaptability, high efficiency, compact size,
Technical
reliability, durability (against salt water, dust, hot spring
Promoter
Carmakers
hydrogen sulfide, high-elevation condition) Merchandise Environmental Safety Infrastructure
Driving distance (hydrogen storage), vehicle cost Recyclability, LCA Hydrogen, high voltage, collision Hydrogen production/transport, service stations, hydrogen cost
Government, energy producers
Forecast of Automobiles in Use around the World 1. Era of co-existence of various drive systems 2. Making internal combustion engine vehicles cleaner and more efficient
ICE Vehicles
2000
ICE HEVs FCHVs 20X0 20X0
