Current Status of EFV in Japan

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R'nessa. 230. 120. HONDA. HONDA. EV Plus. 222. 130. Ni-MH. Synchro- nous Motor. (permanent magnet). Sealed. Lead Acid. TOYOTA. Ni-MH. Li-ion. NISSAN  ...
Current Status of EFVs in Japan Yoshio Kimura (TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION)

Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

What’s the Environmentally Friendly Vehicle (EFV) ? „ „ „

Low Exhaust Gas Emission Low CO2 Emission Low Energy Consumption

„

Electric Vehicle

Past?

„

Hybrid Vehicle

Soon coming

„

Fuel Cell Vehicle

Future

Low Environmental Impact: Well to Wheel CO2 Emission Comparison EC mode MPI-SI (Gasoline) DISI DICI (Diesel) CNG Hybrid (Gasoline) EV *1 Hydrogen FCHV *2

Onboard Reform FCHV

CO2 emission (MPI-SI =1) *1: Derived from NG. *2: CO2 emission of FCV is an estimation.

EV Features ADVANTAGES 1. No exhaust emissions directly from vehicle. 2. Various clean energy options for electric power generation. 3. Fuel conservation through high energy efficiency. 4. Recharging at night for electric load leveling. 5. Reduced vehicle noise.

DISADVANTAGES * Limited vehicle use due to high price and less than satisfactory driving performance.

EV Profile by Manufacturer Driving Distance per Recharge (km) (10-15mode)

Max Speed (km/h)

Manufacturer

Model

SUZUKI

EVERY EV

110

95

DAIHATSU

HIJET

110

100

RAV4 V EV

215

125

TOYOTA e-com

100

100

Hypermini

115

100 Li-ion

R'nessa HONDA EV Plus

230

120

222

130

Motor

Sealed Lead Acid

Ni-MH

NISSAN

HONDA

Battery

Ni-MH

Synchronous Motor (permanent magnet)

EVs in Use (Japan)

No. of registered EVs

5,000 4,000 Other

3,000

Motor-driven cycle Mini vehicle Truck

2,000

Passenger car

1,000 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

(FY)

The use of EVs has remained at low levels.

No. of EVs sold/leased

Cumulative Total of EV Sales/Leases (USA) 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001 (CY)

EVs in Use (EU)

No. of registered EVs

8,000 6,000

CY1998 CY2000

4,000 2,000 0 France

Switzerland

Germany

Italy

HEVs in Use (Japan)

No. of registered EVs

80,000

60,000

Other

40,000

Passenger car 20,000

0 1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

(FY)

Creating a Niche Market for Super Mini EVs ARACO Everyday COMS

Vehicle Mass

D.D.*

Takara Q-CAR

270kg

375kg

80km

80km

*Driving Distance Between Recharge

Car Sharing System Control center Reservation

Shopping

Railroad station

Car station Home

Business

What is the HEV?

„

A vehicle with two power plants (motor and engine) and/or with two energies stored (fuel and batteries or capacitors).

„

Realizes high fuel economy and clean emission by recovering the braking energy and operating the engine only in the high-efficiency and low-emission mode.

EV Issues

1. High price 2. Short driving distance between recharge 3. Long recharge time 4. Underdeveloped recharge infrastructure 5. Short battery service life

HEV Energy Management

+

Battery

Energy

Energy supply to make up for shortage n io t ra e l ce c A

Storage of excess energy

Recovery of braking energy

Engine turns off

Engine output energy with maximum efficiency

-

Time Deceleration

EV-HEV Energy Comparison

Tank to wheel

Well to tank Natural gas

CO2

Coal

26%

Well to wheel

80%

21%

EV Petroleum

Power plant

Recharging stand

84%

HEV ICE Petroleum

Refinery

Gasoline station

CO2

30%

15%

25% 13%

HEV Driving Systems

Series

Parallel

Series Parallel

Engine Generator

Engine Inverter Engine

Inverter

Reduction gear

T/M

Battery

Motor

Battery

Battery

Motor/Generator

Generator

Inverter

Motor

Hybrid Vehicles in Japan's Market

Mini car

Small car

Small commercial vehicle Coaster (TOYOTA)

Series

Twin (SUZUKI)

Large commercial vehicle AERO STAR (MITSUBISHI FUSO)

Insight (HONDA)

DINA, Dutro

Condor

Civic (HONDA)

(TOYOTA, HINO)

(NISSAN DIESEL)

Parallel

Series Parallel

Prius, Estima, Alphard (TOYOTA) Tino (NISSAN)

SUZUKI Hybrid System

Twin

Battery Engine

4 Speed Automatic Transmission

Motor/Generator

Inverter

TOYOTA Hybrid System (THS) PRIUS

Prius Power Split Type Hybrid (Series Parallel) Gasoline engine

Generator

Power split device

Motor

Inverter Battery

NISSAN NEO Hybrid System

Tino

Inverter Motor B

Battery Inverter

Engine Motor A

CVT

HONDA IMA System

HONDA IMA* System (* Integrated Motor Assist)

Civic

Battery Engine

HONDA Multimatic

Motor/Generator

PCU (Power Control Unit)

NISSAN DIESEL Capacitor Hybrid M.D. Truck

NISSAN DIESEL Super Power Capacitor TM Max. 346V,583Wh

2002.6 Release Electronic Control Brake System Gearbox

Diesel Engine Electronic Control Mechanical Clutch

Motor/Generator x 1 Max. 55kW

Inverter Super Power CapacitorTM Electronic Control Mechanical A/T

HINO Parallel Hybrid Bus (HIMR)

Motor/Generator Engine

Transmitter

Inverter Release ’91/12 Second generation type ’96/2 Third generation type ’01/7 -

Ni-MH Battery

Tire

HINO Parallel Hybrid Truck

Motor/Generator Engine

Transmission

Inverter Ni-MH Battery

MITSUBISHI FUSO Series Hybrid Bus Series Hybrid System Diesel Engine Generator

AERO NONSTEP HEV

Battery Twin Motors

Inverter

Reduction Gear

Why Fuel Cell Vehicle?

High High efficiency efficiency High energy efficiency compared to ICE (internal combustion engines).

Clean Clean No CO2, NOX, HC.

Hydrogen Hydrogen Fuel Cell uses hydrogen as its fuel. (Hydrogen is a key energy for the future.)

Oil Oil Free Free

Fuel Cell Structure Single Cell

Air

Current

Hydrogen

Separator Polymer Electrolyte Membrane

Catalyst

Water Stacking

FC Stack Assembly Stack

TOYOTA FCHV

SUZUKI FCV

NISSAN 2003 Model X-TRAIL FCV

The high-power motor generates a maximum power of approximately 85 kW. The cruising range has been extended to more than 350 km.

HONDA FCX

FCX with HONDA FC Stack * No. of occupants: 4 * Max. speed: 93mph * Motor max. output: 80kW HONDA FC Stack Output: 86kW

MITSUBISHI-FCV

TOYOTA-HINO FCV Secondary battery TOYOTA FC stack

Pressure hydrogen tank

TOYOTA FC stack (2 units) assembly Power control unit Motor Hydrogen receptacle

YAMAHA FC06

Concept model mounting a DMFC system (500W)

Japan Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Demonstration Project ● Station opened in 2003

1. Period: 2002 to 2004



2. Site:

Tokyo, Yokohama

3. Aims:

The followings concerning FCVs and hydrogen stations

1) To clarify their advantages in practical use 2) To collect data for codes and standards 3) To familiarize the public with FCVs and stations

2001 Vehicle

Infrastructure

2002

Proposal by FC Commercialization Conference of Japan '01/7

2003

● Station opened in 2004





● ●

2004

Road running test

Hydrogen station buildup (governments, fuel suppliers)

FCV Market Challenges Aspect

Issues Temperature adaptability, high efficiency, compact size,

Technical

reliability, durability (against salt water, dust, hot spring

Promoter

Carmakers

hydrogen sulfide, high-elevation condition) Merchandise Environmental Safety Infrastructure

Driving distance (hydrogen storage), vehicle cost Recyclability, LCA Hydrogen, high voltage, collision Hydrogen production/transport, service stations, hydrogen cost

Government, energy producers

Forecast of Automobiles in Use around the World 1. Era of co-existence of various drive systems 2. Making internal combustion engine vehicles cleaner and more efficient

ICE Vehicles

2000

ICE HEVs FCHVs 20X0 20X0