Dept. of Landscape Architecture,. Bursa-Turkey. Prof. ... Inclusive Landscape Design to Provide Social Interaction in Urban Spaces ...... of the rapidly changing basic elements in design and planning is the process in which designs .... three-dimensional printing, we can create a kind of free-circulation production, a complex ...
Current Trends in Science and Landscape Management
Editors Recep EFE Murat ZENCIRKIRAN Jan A. WENDT Zeynal TUMSAVAS Halil UNAL Bilyana BORISOVA
ISBN 978‐954‐07‐4338‐7
ST. KLIMENT OHRIDSKI UNIVERSITY PRESS SOFIA 2017
Editors Prof. Dr. Recep EFE
Prof. Dr. Murat ZENCİRKIRAN
Balikesir University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Geography, Balıkesir-Turkey
Uludag University, Faculty of Agriculture, Dept. of Landscape Architecture, Bursa-Turkey
Prof. Dr. Jan A. WENDT
Assoc.Prof. Dr. Zeynal TUMSAVAS
University of Gdansk, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, Gdansk-Poland
Uludag University, Faculty of Agriculture, Dept. of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Bursa-Turkey
Assoc. Prof.. Dr. Halil UNAL Uludag University, Faculty of Agriculture, Dept. of Biosystems Engineering Bursa-Turkey
Dr. Bilyana BORISOVA Sofia University, St. Kliment Ohridski, Sofia-Bulgaria
Sofia St. Kliment Ohridski University Press ISBN 978-954-07-4338-7
The contents of chapters/papers are the sole responsibility of the authors, and publication shall not imply the concurrence of the Editors or Publisher. © Recep Efe All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the editors and authors. 2
CONTENTS Chapter 1 ........................................................................................................................ 9 Inclusive Landscape Design to Provide Social Interaction in Urban Spaces Aysel USLU & Pelin ŞAHİN KÖRMEÇLİ Chapter 2 ...................................................................................................................... 23 Determining the Visual Pollution of Çukurova University Campus Deniz ÇOLAKKADIOĞLU & Muzaffer YÜCEL Chapter 3 ...................................................................................................................... 33 The Determinants in the Design and Implementation Process of Green Roof Structures Eyüp ERKUL & Abdullah SÖNMEZ Chapter 4 ...................................................................................................................... 43 An Alternative Approach to Sustainable City Development: Cittaslow/Slow City A. Esra CENGİZ, Çiğdem K. AYHAN, Tutku AK, Umut P. TİMUR Chapter 5 ...................................................................................................................... 63 Cittaslow as a Model for Sustainable Development: A Review of Slow Cities in Turkey A. Esra CENGİZ, Çiğdem K. AYHAN, Tutku AK, Umut P. TİMUR Chapter 6 ...................................................................................................................... 91 A New Research Approach for Past Landscapes: Landscape Biography Huriye Simten SÜTÜNÇ Chapter 7 ...................................................................................................................... 99 Evaluation of Coastal Areas in terms of Coastal Landscape and Coastal Planning Hilal KAHVECİ & Cengiz ACAR Chapter 8 .................................................................................................................... 109 Landscape Rehabilitation on Highways: Bartın-Kurucaşile Highway Ahatlar Location Pınar BOLLUKCU, Aslı CESUR, Ömer Faruk MERMER Chapter 9 .................................................................................................................... 121 Determining Ecotourism Circulation Corridors Using GIS in Küre Mountains National Park, Turkey Sevgi GÖRMÜŞ Chapter 10 .................................................................................................................. 139 Edible Landscape Sevinç BAŞAY Chapter 11 .................................................................................................................. 145 Innovative Urbanizing City: Garden and Parks in the Future Skyscrapers Yasemin CINDIK AKINCI, Sara DEMİR, Öner DEMİREL Chapter 12 .................................................................................................................. 155 Landscape Design and Planning: 3D Printing Ahmet AKINCI & Yasemin CINDIK AKINCI
Chapter 13 .................................................................................................................. 161 A Study on Seseli resinosum Freyn & Sint. Species and Biotopes on the Northern Anatolian Coastal Landscape: Case of Bartın, Turkey Yeliz SARI NAYİM Chapter 14 .................................................................................................................. 169 Assessment of National and International Regulations Related to Environmental Impacts of Transportation Muzaffer YÜCEL & Zerrin SÖĞÜT Chapter 15 .................................................................................................................. 179 Today's Urban Forestry Yılmaz ÇATAL, Atila GÜL, Ö. Kamil ÖRÜCÜ Chapter 16 .................................................................................................................. 189 Study of Forgotten Vineyards and Traditional Vineyard Houses in terms of Cultural Landscape: Case of Nigde Gülden SANDAL ERZURUMLU & Mertkan Fahrettin TEKİNALP Chapter 17 .................................................................................................................. 197 Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) Plant with Different Aspects, Its Cultivation and Breeding Cüneyt CESUR, Belgin COŞGE ŞENKAL, Hülya DOĞAN, Tansu USKUTOĞLU Chapter 18 .................................................................................................................. 209 An Alternative Oil Plant: Styrax (Styrax officinalis L.) Cüneyt CESUR, Belgin COŞGE ŞENKAL, Hülya DOĞAN, Tansu USKUTOĞLU Chapter 19 .................................................................................................................. 217 Determination of the Outdoor Recreational Potential in Burdur City, Turkey Latif Gürkan KAYA & Cengiz YÜCEDAĞ Chapter 20 .................................................................................................................. 229 Attitudes to Protected Areas: A Case of Lake Salda Nature Park in BurdurTurkey Cengiz YÜCEDAĞ & Latif Gürkan KAYA Chapter 21 .................................................................................................................. 241 Ecovillage Movement in Turkey Osman ZEYBEK Chapter 22 .................................................................................................................. 253 Garden Design for Healing at Hospitals Parisa GÖKER Chapter 23 .................................................................................................................. 261 DNA Marker Studies in Some Game Birds E. Dilşat YEĞENOĞLU, Yakut GEVREKÇİ, Meltem SESLİ Chapter 24 .................................................................................................................. 277 Plant Heat Shock Protein 70 (hsp70 ) as a Biomarker of Environmental Stress in Plant Production E. Dilşat YEĞENOĞLU & Şenay AYDIN
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Chapter 25 .................................................................................................................. 285 The Effects of Organic Substances and Foliar Calcium Applications on Limonium sinuatum Cultivation in Saline Conditions Hülya AKAT & Özlem AKAT SARAÇOĞLU Chapter 26 .................................................................................................................. 297 Evaluation of ‘Sense of Place’ in the Town of Konuralp/Duzce (Turkey) Ayşegül TANRIVERDİ KAYA Chapter 27 .................................................................................................................. 313 Environmental Problems and Environmental Awareness Figen GÜRSOY & Burçin AYSU Chapter 28 .................................................................................................................. 319 Ecosystem-Based Approach to Combat Drought and Desertification and Their Relation With Rural Development Mustafa KAN, Arzu KAN, Cennet OĞUZ Chapter 29 .................................................................................................................. 343 Capitalizing on the Relationship among Food-related Values, Food-related Lifestyle and Food-related Behavior for Promoting Healthy Dietary Behavior among Food Desert Residents Cihat GUNDEN & Terrence THOMAS Chapter 30 .................................................................................................................. 357 Investigating the Levels of Job Satisfaction Among The Workers in Forest Products Industry; Example of Düzce (Turkey) Derya SEVİM KORKUT, Tarık GEDİK, Muhammet ÇİL, Hanife KARA Chapter 31 .................................................................................................................. 367 Global Warming and Environmental Education Emine TEYFUR Chapter 32 .................................................................................................................. 377 Determination of Biological Diversity of Woody Plants in Kaçkar Mountains National Park Ercan OKTAN Chapter 33 .................................................................................................................. 411 Outdoor Air Quality in Istanbul Esin BOZKURT KOPUZ, Ayşegül PURSA, Betül YILMAZ, Eylül OZDEMIR, Dilara OZTURK Chapter 34 .................................................................................................................. 421 Temporal Change of Forest Areas in Turkey (1926-2015) Emre ÖZŞAHİN & İlker EROĞLU Chapter 35 .................................................................................................................. 427 The Role of Beneficial Microorganisms in the Protection of Plants Growing in Natural Landscape Areas Fatih ÇIĞ, Murat ERMAN, Mehmet SONKURT, Arzu ÇIĞ
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Chapter 36 .................................................................................................................. 443 City Centers That Could Not Survive Despite the Urban Transformation: Case of Tarlabaşı, Istanbul Hülya BERKMEN & Sırma TURGUT Chapter 37 .................................................................................................................. 455 The Effects of Fertilising Applications on Flower Yield and Growth in Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller.) İnci Sevinç KRAVKAZ KUŞCU, Nurcan YİĞİT, Mehmet ÇETİN, Ayşe Gül AYDEMİR ÖZCAN, Hakan ŞEVİK Chapter 38 .................................................................................................................. 463 Methods for Multiple Trait Selection Using in Animal Breeding Yakut GEVREKÇİ, Meltem SESLİ, E. Dilşat YEĞENOĞLU Chapter 39 .................................................................................................................. 469 Classical and Modern Breeding Techniques Applied on Tobacco Meltem SESLİ, Yakut GEVREKÇİ, E. Dilşat YEĞENOĞLU Chapter 40 .................................................................................................................. 479 Formation Principles of Historic City Systems Mert Nezih RİFAİOĞLU Chapter 41 .................................................................................................................. 495 Effects of Chemicals Used in Leather Finishing on Human Health Meruyert KOIZHAIGANOVA KAYGUSUZ & Nuray Olcay IŞIK Chapter 42 .................................................................................................................. 509 A Study on the Awareness of Consumers About Safe Food Muhammed ÇUKADAR Chapter 43 .................................................................................................................. 519 A Review on the Integration of Ecosystem Service Concept in Decision Making Nurdan ERDOĞAN Chapter 44 .................................................................................................................. 531 Organizational Commitment of Forestry Technical Staff: The Case of the Istanbul Regional Directorate of Forestry Seçil YURDAKUL EROL & Murat KÖSE Chapter 45 .................................................................................................................. 543 Various Evaluations on Human Resources Management in Forestry in Turkey and the State of Technical Forestry Staff Seçil YURDAKUL EROL Chapter 46 .................................................................................................................. 563 Life Strategies of Alpine Region Plants in Turkey Sevda TÜRKİŞ Chapter 47 .................................................................................................................. 571 Technical Infrastructure and Urban Resilience Sırma TURGUT & Hülya BERKMEN Chapter 48 .................................................................................................................. 577 Conservation of Local Fruit Species in Bartın Forest Habitats, Turkey Yeliz SARI NAYIM 6
Chapter 49 .................................................................................................................. 587 Karstification Conditions and Karstic Landforms in Dim River Basin (Alanya) Fatma KAFALI YILMAZ & Hülya KAYMAK Chapter 50 .................................................................................................................. 613 Risk Terrain Modeling (RTM) for Site Selection: The Example of Tekirdağ Emre ÖZŞAHİN & İlker EROĞLU Chapter 51 .................................................................................................................. 625 Income-Generating Woody Taxa Used for Afforestation in Arid-Semi Arid Region: The Case of Turkey Zafer YÜCESAN & Sefa AKBULUT Chapter 52 .................................................................................................................. 637 Accessibility of Historical Cities by Individuals Using Wheel Chair: The Case of Antalya Old Town (Kaleiçi) Tahsin YILMAZ, Rıfat OLGUN, Faik ŞAVKLI, Zeynep AKBULUT Chapter 53 .................................................................................................................. 645 Interdisciplinary Convergence: Landscape Planning and Spatial Planning Disciplines Oğuz ATEŞ, Bülent YILMAZ, Fürüzan ASLAN Chapter 54 .................................................................................................................. 655 Monitoring Land Surface Temperature using Landsat 8 Imagery: A Case Study of Rome – Italy Hakan OGUZ & Muge OZTURK Chapter 55 .................................................................................................................. 661 Alternative Energy Potential of Turkey and Relevant Problems Ünal ÖZDEMİR & Muhammed ORAL Chapter 56 .................................................................................................................. 671 Global Climate Change - Observed and Projected Impacts on Manavgat Serkan SABANCI Chapter 57 .................................................................................................................. 685 The Effects of Ecotourism Activities on Forest Villagers in Duzce Yaşar Selman GÜLTEKİN & Pınar GÜLTEKİN Chapter 58 .................................................................................................................. 701 Ecotourism Governance in Basin Scale: An Example of Western Blacksea Basin Pınar GÜLTEKİN, Osman UZUN, Yaşar Selman GÜLTEKİN Chapter 59 .................................................................................................................. 717 Outdoor Ozone Concentrations in Anatolian Side of Istanbul Esin BOZKURT KOPUZ, Duygu ÜÇOK, Melda AKTAR, Mertcan TURGUT Chapter 60 .................................................................................................................. 725 Ceramic Tile Manufacturing Industry in Turkey within the Scope of Global Environmental Issues: An Assessment and Review Özgür CENGİZ
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Chapter 12
Landscape Design and Planning: 3D Printing Ahmet AKINCI1 & Yasemin CINDIK AKINCI2 1
Res. Assist., Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Education, Hatay, Turkey. Res. Assist., Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, Trabzon, Turkey.
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INTRODUCTION The earth is undoubtedly designed with a perfect system. However, people have become one of the designers who have disturbed the environment with a non-systematic system with the phenomenon of urbanization in recent years. Landscape architects look at everything in the world with a design and aesthetic view. Their designs are innovative, solution and system. Some designers approach the environment with aesthetic concerns. This is why landscape architects think in design and apply it in their minds. Design for landscape architects is not just a drawing on the project sketch. In fact, the spatial ability and imagination that make it three-dimensional is a boundary definition. Landscape architecture consists of a basic attitude including four principles of study and practice. These are: Recall (rewritten parchment), process, three-dimensional space, and scale-continuity (relational context) (Nijhuis and Stellingwerff, 2011). One of the rapidly changing basic elements in design and planning is the process in which designs are produced and developed. In this transition, the design process itself becomes the focus of design and planning products, not output (Vargas-Moreno, 2008). With the development of technology in the 21st century, designers-landscape architects have made great contributions to computer-aided design. Primarily, they strengthened graphics, diagrams, drawings and design ideas on paper during the education and research process. These narratives have benefited from the spatial skill of the landscape architects and computer-based visualization efforts. In addition, although three-dimensional drawings are included in the presentation, topography and models continue to be used to clarify the narrative. Diagrams, models, sketches and photographs are part of the visual presentation techniques. It has an easier to use interaction and a simple narrative of complex phenomena. The use of 3D modeling is increasing in the field of landscape architecture and design. These models help to relate the area and the plan. For example, how an area of a stone quarry that has been deactivated may look in the future reveals profit-loss cost and topography-related designs. Technology creates an important surface for vertical reinforcement elements. Models are an important form of visual presentation. Landscape models in landscape architectural designs; besides drawings and maps are very important in the design research and research process (Nijhuis and Stellingwerff, 2011). In the discipline of landscaping architecture, the design process consists of three phases. 1. Field research and data, 2. Main decisions of design and development, 3. Presentation and conclusion products. When combined with a plan given to the designer and their spatial capability, we can come across very different 3D models. This is entirely about the creativity of the designer. Visual presentation of a plan or design is important for
Landscape Design and Planning: 3D Printing landscape architects and planners. At the beginning of their career, landscape architecture students use educational models, models, and models to express their own research. The design of a model is a realistic representation of the abstract concept. Before modeling computers into the life of landscape architects, physical models were used extensively in presentation techniques. Nowadays, computer programs have been replaced by 3D modeling. Although technology has developed, the impact of modeling and visualization is invaluable. It is a step, which requires skill. In the past years, the topography of the maket was cut by curved knife, while now it was made easier with the models of laser cutting machines. But this process does not seem to last very long. Because 3D models like 3D modeling have begun to take their place. MATERIALS AND METHODS The developing technology has begun to facilitate the working life of landscape architects. In the past, under difficult conditions, they tried to convey the expression of the mind in three dimensions as a handmade and a masterpiece. In other words, the use of sketches and physical models is based on extreme ages. Nowadays landscape architects have become more aesthetic and creative with computers, printers and laser cutting technology. The development of technology, however, has not changed the nature of model making and use of landscape architects. A little technological has continued to make the model a little manually. Technology has recently developed 3d printers and landscape architects with three-dimensional models will provide convenience. This work focuses on the benefits that landscape architects acquainted with and using 3D printer and a compilation study designed to show that they can be done Documents such as articles, papers, projects and reports that were reached as a result of the survey of the work related to the study topic were examined. In this study, firstly the studies related to the subject will be examined and information will be given about what kinds of applications are made up to now. Models In a plan drawing there are only lines and linear expressions (Figure 1). The plan can be read by a three-dimensional planner, engineer or architect. A planned plan requires three-dimensional work to tell the other side. In the past, models have been used for various reasons for artists, architects, planners and sculptors for various purposes. For this reason, landscape architects exhibit models to facilitate the expression of the final product at the end of each project. The models are not only the final product, but they also test the suitability of a projected field at the same time. When the models began to be used during the work of architects in the 19th century, the objects were intended to be as realistic as possible. Architects and craftsmen served to make models closely linked to their projects (Vocialta, 2014/2015). There are various model creation: Handmade models, digital models and 3D printing. Rigid physical models can be handmade by hand-cutting contours and malleable physical models can be handmade by sculpting sand or clay (Petrasova et al., 2015). In addition, in the landscaping architecture sections, the models are now made with laser cutting using cardboard for cleaner and more aesthetic appearance.
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Figure 1. A plan drawing by hand and CAD program A variety of materials can be selected to fit the details the model tries to describe. Different tree forms, brick colors and floor coverings can be understood by others. However, sometimes it is better to simplify the details to get the bigger concept (Phev, 2009; Figure 2).
Figure 2. Models details Nowadays, models have reached virtual reality in computer environment. With a modeling made, we can navigate and observe the area as if it were real. In recent years, the increase in modeling in the field of landscape architecture is also the success of computer programs. It is important to note that a product made by computer modeling and a handmade modeling product are not the same as the demonstration, presentation, feasibility or concrete. In terms of landscaping architecture; Perhaps it is more aesthetically and qualitatively in terms of efficiency, color and landscaping, proportions/scales, and modifiability. Models Reality for Landscape Architecture in Future Prior to its use in the design and design representation of the digital age and computers, visual communications such as tables, plans, cross-sections and perspective drawings were used to provide opportunities for observing the proposed developments (Thompson and Horne, 2006). With affordable new desktop manufacturing techniques such as 3D printing and laser cutting, physical models are increasingly used increasingly throughout the architectural and industrial design cycle (Song, et al., 2006). Virtual reality is a set of electronic technologies that emerge with applications in a wide range of fields. It includes research in many areas of science such as education, training, athletics, industrial design, architecture and landscape architecture, urban planning, space research, medicine and rehabilitation, recreation and modeling. (McLellan, 1996). Virtual models and physical models are two systems that need to work together. Each one offers its own advantages and compensates for the inadequacies of the other. Virtual models consist of flat two-dimensional images that do not provide a complete and consistent view (Phev, 2009). Ideally used areas of 3D models are: Internal Communication, Education, 157
Landscape Design and Planning: 3D Printing Visualization of virtual solutions, Mission planning for homeland security, Terrain visualization and analysis, Battlefield simulation, Watershed visualization and analysis, Oil and gas field visualization, Infrastructure reorganization and closure, Hydrologic visualization (Spatialresources, 2016). People have made progress at the top of technology with robot machine construction. They have developed 3D printers that can contribute to modeling scientists. The 3D Models are now tangible from the virtual environment of the computer. When we examine the models made with 3D printers in the field of landscape architecture in Turkey, we are faced with landscape planning and topography output (geo-design based on GIS). 3D Printed in Landscape Architecture 3D printing, commonly known as "rapid prototyping", is defined in various terms. However, there are a few definitions that emphasize different aspects in 3D printing: 3D Printing is a technique that combines layers of materials with a layer of ink using a head similar to that of an inkjet printer (Ghawana and Zlatanova, 2013). The printer reads the file until all of the object, such as plastic, resins, concrete, sand, or metals, has been formed, and releases the layers of consecutive materials (Anonymous, 2015). With three-dimensional printing, we can create a kind of free-circulation production, a complex 3D volume in a single run. Models can be sensitive, accurate and very complex, but at the same time they are expensive. Also, 3D printers have limited space for small buildings and materials are relatively expensive (Petrasova et al., 2015). The printer accepts data from CAD or GIS systems to produce 3D physical scale models as fast, accurate, attractive and reasonable in full color (Spatialresources, 2016). In short, the layer is the process of bringing the layer material together. In fact, the concept of constructing objects from 3D model data is not new, it has been around for thirty years (Gramazio et al., 2013). Printers are used in a variety of fields such as jewelry, footwear, industrial design, architecture, engineering and construction, automotive, aerospace, dental and medical industries, education and consumer products (Bafna and Pitale, 2015). The architectural model is three-dimensional. Today, these models are made by hand cutting, laser printer output, three dimensional programs. In the future, perhaps 3D printers will provide a lot of architectural benefits. These printers will model a building or a design model of an area (Figure 3). Laying the layers visually according to their color and scale will give the landscape architecture a different dimension to the model making technique by adjusting the occupancy and void ratio.
Figure 3. Modelzium 3D Printed Scale Models. Created on an Objet Eden350 (URL 1-2).
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Ahmet AKINCI & Yasemin CINDIK AKINCI 3D digital visualization allows objective objects in the real world to be represented very successfully in our way of perceiving objects in the real world. On the other hand, 3D printed physical models can provide a sense of how an object will look in real size in the real world (Ghawana and Zlatanova, 2013). Looking at landscape architecture models, it is cheaper to do manual modeling in the first place, and now, the development of technology increases the model construction cost. The fact that 3D printers display expensive products and the long output time may put such printers in a vicious loop in the field of architectural education. Only elements such as structure, building material and reinforcement of elements that can be used in architectural sense can be easily taken. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 3D printing architectural models provide the opportunity to reduce the number of steps by increasing the design time while maintaining fine details of the final architectural plan (Allison, 2015). As technology improves, people are starting to push the limits of their imagination. In the sense of design, the series of products comes to the scene. 3d printers will help landscape architects to easily analyze complex structures, such as a cover element (Parametric design-Zaha Hadid). When drawing drawings on the plan takes days to transfer the model, sometimes it causes me to ignore the details. As a result, 3D model printers for landscape architects expect great ease in terms of time and detail. We want to believe that 3D printers will be developed more architecturally and contribute to the modeling technique. It seems that landscape architecture architects can be used in the planning and design phase in the present process. It is no surprise that the use of these 3D model printers in terms of landscape architecture in the future in Turkey is undoubtedly the greatest proof of the rapid development of technology. 3D printer modeling is expensive and takes a long time to come out as a product. While this 3D printer is one of the disadvantages of the models; We assume that a person will expand the boundaries of his imagination by reducing the amount of mistakes, providing aesthetic appearance in color and shape, and revealing fine details. For landscape architects, 3D model printers need to be able to expose design ideas quickly and economically. We are also thinking about developing spatial skills in education. REFERENCES Allison, L. (2015). 3D Printed Models. The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course. Anonymous, (2015). 3D Printing and the Construction Industry. Housing Observer, Article 3, Canada, p.8. Bafna, H. & Pitale, S. (2015). 3D Printing: Endless Opportunities. Proceedings of BITCON2015 Innovations for National Development National Conference on: Information Technology Empowering Digital India. Ghawana, T. & Zlatanova, S. (2013). 3D Printing for Urban Planning: A Physical Enhancement of Spatial Perspective. In Urban and Regional Data Management UDMS Annual 2013; Urban and Regional Data Management: UDMS Annual 2013: London, UK, pp 211-224. Gramazio, F., Kohler, M. & Budig, M. (2013). 3D Printing, Tectonics, Star Trek, Picard, Digital Fabrication, Construction, Obama, Complexity, Robots. Gazatte Future Cities 159
Landscape Design and Planning: 3D Printing Laboratory Singapore, ETH Centre for Global Environmental Sustainability. McLellan, H. (1996). Virtual Realities. In D. Jonassen (Ed.) Handbook of Research for Educational Communications and Technology (pp. 457–487). Boston, MA: KluwerNijhoff Publishing. Nijhuis, S. & Stellingwerff, M. (2011). 3D-models in Landscape Architecture. Envisioning Architecture Conference, Delft University of Technology, pp 197-208. Petrasova, A., Harmon, B., Petras, V. & Mitasova, H. (2015). Building Physical 3D Models. Cahapter 6 in Tangible Modeling with Open Source GIS, pp 31-51. Phev, K. (2009). A guide to Model Making fort he Landscape Architecture Student. A Senior Project, Landscape Architecture Department, University of California – Davis, p 93. Song, H., Guimbretière, F., Hu, C. & Lipson, H. (2006). ModelCraft: Capturing Freehand Annotations and Edits on Physical 3D models. UIST '06 Proceedings of the 19th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, pp 13-12. Spatialresources, (2016). 3D Physical Models from GIS and Engineering Data. http://www.spatialresources.net/id28.html, Accessed in August 2012. Thompson, E. M. & Margaret, H. (2006). Diversity in Virtual Reality Landscape Modelling. In: Trends in Knowledge-Based Landscape Modeling, pp 128-137. URL-1. http://www.3dforms.co.za/architecture/, Access: 31.08.2017 URL-2. http://www.absplastic.eu/3d-printing-applications-gallery/, Access: 31.08.2017 Vargas-Moreno, J.C. (2008). Spatial Delphi: Geo-Collaboration and Participatory GIS in Design and Planning. Specialist Meeting-Spatial Concepts in GIS and Design. Vocialta, F. (2014/2015). Model Architecture. Master Thesis in Architucture, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne.
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