included rivers and tributaries of LEWS were chosen.fbr this studv. ... commercial and toxin producc:' species will be documented. B-d. Spet sysl calc whr. &l. WI.
CyanobacteriaCompositionin SelectedAquatic Ecosystemat EasternLanjak Entimau wildlife Sanctuary M.N. HARITH AND R. HASSAN Depart ment of ZooIog1,, Facu14,of ResourceScienceqnd kchnologl,, Univers iti Ma lay,sia Sarew,qk
Abstract Cvanobacteria are also known as blue green algae which ptay a significant role in maintairting tlte health o/'the crqttatic' ecosystem, portictrlarly in generating oxqtgen via photosvnthesis. 1t addition, c1'anobctcleria are also beneficiol to mattkincl as a solrce of delicaq) and contribute in supplementary ftod development. In contrqst, ct'anobacteria rnay'olso produce cvqnotoxins that can cause cleleterious health ef.fectson humans and animals. This studv was designed to assesJthe composition o-fcyanobacteria in selected aquutic ecosystems in Lanjak Entimau l4tildlife Sanctuan) &EItt/S) qreu. Seven stotiorts vt,hich included rivers and tributaries of LEWS were chosen.fbr this studv. A totul of'ten genero were recorclc4 in all stations vt'ith onlv.fbur genera c'ategorized qs Stotential toxin producers. The most common genera in qlmost all sampling stations v'ere Plectonema and Synechococcus. The highest [] c{iver.sitypercentctges ( 100'%) w'ere.fbund arnong 57%, o.f'sitepairs indicating lotal tuntover among c,vanobacterial genera crncl suggested that Katibas River" and its tributaries could be cla,ssifieclas healthy.
Cyanobacteria also known as blue greenalgae,belong to the classCyanophyceae. Theseorganisms havethecharacteristicsofbothbacteria(prokaryoticcell organization)andalgae(abilitytophotosyrrthesize like plants).They havethe ability to grow in mostdiverseecologyconditionsanclplay a significantrgle in maintaining thehealthof theaquaticecosystem, particularlyin generating oxygenvia photosynthesis. Additionally,cyanobacteria are also beneflcialto mankind as a sourceof delicacya1d contributcin supplementary food developnrent.ln contrast,cyanobacteria may also producccyanotoxinsthat can causedeleterious healtheffectson humansand animals. Preliminarystudieson cyanobacteria hadbeencarriedout on selectednaturalaquaticecosystcms in Sarawak(Abang2003;Ruhanaet a\.2008) and the studieshad shedsornelight on the cornposirion of cyanobacteria in Sarawak.However,if comparisonis made betweenthe numbcr of stldies and data collectedwith the largenumberof naturalaquaticecosystems in Sarawak,one may say that thc knowledgeaboutcyanobacteria with respectto their cornpositionis very lirnited.
315
Lanj uk Entimau Wildl ife Sanctttarv, --' Hidden Jev,el of"Sarawak'
Lanjak EntimauWildlif.eSanctuary(LEWS) is locatedin the south-western part of Sar.r., . ' N l a t i t u d e lso l 9 ' N t o l o 5 l a n dl o n g i t u d eIsI 1 " 5 3 ' Et o 1 1 2 " 2 8 ' EL.E W Si s i n c l u d e di n t h ea d n r i n r . : : divisionsof Sri Arnan, Sarikei.Sibu and Kapit and is drainedby the tributariesof BatangLupar ., BatangRajang.LEWS was first constitutedas a ProtectedForestin October 1940(southernp?rt) ;r:. March l94l (northernpart) with a totalareaof 193039 ha. Two excisionsin 1948and 1953reduce. the sizc to the present168 758 lia. In 1983.Lanjak Entimauwas constituted as a wildlife sanctu.i:forthe protectionof OrangUtanandhornbills.tn addition,LEWS is oneof the richestsir-. spccifically fbr flora in Borneowith an equallydistinctselectionof animals. LIIWS was sclccteddue to the fact that it was rich in the diversity of flora and t-auna.l:'prcliminarywork showedthatthe areawasvery/rich in animalandplantlife. However,the composirr, of phytoplanktonparticularlycyanobacteria was not documentedyet. This paper is an updatc , ' cyanobacterial researchin Sarawaknaturalwaterswhich was conductedat the easternpart of LE\\ aquaticecosystems.
B-d
Spe
MATERIALS AND METHODS Sevensamplingsiteswere selectedalongthe main river (KatibasRiver) and its tributaries.The il&r'nr. and co-ordinatesof the stationsare statedin Table1. Cyanobacteria sampleswere obtainedby usrr:_a 20 pnt mesh size planktonnet draggedon the subsurface.Sampleswere collectedand storecl:: plasticbottlesand preservedwith Lugol's solution.All sampleswere transportedback to laboratorrr.
sys cal
wh
and identificationwas carriedout using severalkeys accordingto Anagnostidisand Komarek(19\a 1 9 8 6 ;1 9 8 8 ;1 9 8 9 ;l 9 9 l ) ; B o l d a n d W a y n e( 1 9 8 5 ) ;G r a h a ma n d W i l c o x ( 2 0 0 0 ) ;H o e k e t a l . ( l g e i (1950, Aishah(1996);Sze,(1998)and crediblesupplementary Prescott. onlinematerials. Obserratit': of cyanobacteria sampleswas carriedout using the InvertedLight MicroscopeOlympus M1025 MicroscopeResearch Fluorescence Model IX5lRFLCCD. The list of cyanobacteria thatexistsin thtr:e ecosystems will be made availableat the end of this study.Potentialcommercialand toxin producc:' will be documented. species
&l
WI
376
Cryl!4rt*ia
,lomposition in SelectedAquatic Ecost,stemul Easlern LEI,I/S
T A B L E I . T H E N A M E O F T H E S A M P L I N GS T A T I O N SA N D T H E IR R E ,S P E C TIVGP E SC OOR D IN A TE S Station
Location Name
GP SC oordi nate
I
Bloh River (upstream)
N 0 l ' 37.724' ,E l 12" 17.953'
2
Joh River
N 0 l ' 3 7 . 6 J4 ' ,E l 1 2 " l l . g 6 l ,
3
Ulu Katibas
N 0 1" 3 9 . 4 3 3E' l l 2 . 14 . 3 1 2 '
4
NyuganRiver
N 0 l ' 3 9 . 4 11 ' E l 1 2 " 1 4 . 3 0 5 '
5
KatibasRiver (nearcampsite)
N 0 l ' 3 9 . 7 9 2 'E l 1 2 " 1 6 . 5 2 1 ' ,
6
Nayai River
7
KatibasRiver (HantauLintang)
N 0 l ' 4 2 . 0 3 9E' l 1 2 " 2 l . g l 4 , N 0 l ' 4 0 . 7 16 ' E | 1 2 "2 6 . 3 2 6 ' ,
lnter-communityor inter-habitatdiversity is tenned B-diversity.Routledge(19i7) defined B-diversityas the inverseof the mean proportionof communitiesor habitatsoccupiedby a single species.This indexis imporlantbecauseit allowscomparisonof habitatdiversityof'two difl-erentstudy systemsandprovidesinformationaboutthe degreeof partitioningof habitatby species.With the ain of calculating the B-diversity (1984)formulaewas selected: values,Wilsonand Shrnida's F:(b+c)l2a+b+c where,B : Betadiversity a : Totalnumberof cyanobacteria speciesthat occurin both habitats b : Total ntttnberof cyanobacteria speciesthat occur in the neighboringhabitatbut not in the focal one c': Totalnumberof cyanobacteria speciesthatoccurin the fbcalhabitatbut not in thc neishborins one. In orderto complementthe B-diversityanalysis,Jaccard'sindex of similarity(Mueller-Dolnbois & Ellenberg1974)was calculated. The similarityvalueswere obtainedby the formula: CJ:alaibic Where,CJ : Index of similarity q:Total numberof cyanobacteria speciesthat occurin both habitats : b Totalnumberof cyanobacteria speciesthatoccurin the neighboringhabitatbut not in the focal one c: Totalnumberof cyanobacteria speciesthat occurin the focal habitatbut not in the neighboring one.
377
Loniak Entimau Wildlifb Sanctuarv -
'Hidden
Jewel of Sarawak'
RESULTSAND DISCUSSION werefbund in all sevensamplingstationsalongKatibasRiver and A totalof ten generaof cyanobacteria its tributarieswith five generaatKatibasRiver itself while eight generawere found at the tributaries. Tfrenumberof generafound was lower comparedto previousstudiesby Ruhanaet al. (2008)as thel RiverandBengoh hadreportedthata totalof 3Bgenerawererecordedin all ten stationsalongSemadang the speciesrichnessin all Itivcr, Padawan,Sarawak.It is possiblethat this study had underestimated stationsas the numbersof sarrplingswerelimited duringthe expedition. Basedou Table2,,KatibasRiver tributariessupportmore cyanobacterialspeciescomparedto thc main rivcr itself. Calothrix, Lt,ngbvu,Oscillaloria, Phormidium andScytonemawere only recordedin KatibasRiver tributaries.In addition,the most commonspeciesfbund in almostall samplingstatiorrr Comparedto Ruhanaet al. (2008),the commongenerarecordedin wasPlec'lonenmandS.y,TTschococcus. Senradang River andBengohRiver wasLyngbya,Oscillatoria,ScytonentaandSpirulina.The difference. among the comrxongenerarecordcdwas most probablydue to the variationof samplingsites tha: contributcdto the difl-erentcompositionof the nutrientinput into the river. For instanceOscillqtoriatt tt' phosphateand nitrateenrichment(Ravera& Vollenweidc: rnainlyrelatedwith the high concentration 1968).Observationby Ruhanaet ul. (2008)showedthalOscillqtoriaexistedin almostall stationshene. the presenceof smallvillagesand smallscaleagriculturelandsalongthe river banksmight contribute., andnitraterunoff.Howercr. reasonable amountof non-pointsourcesof nutrients,particularlyphosphate in this study,no villagesand agricultureactivity were documentedin selectedstudy sitesas LEWS ir relativelyundisturbedprimary forestwhich is totally protectedand prohibitedto outsidersexceptti,: local cornmunities which are very small in number(Engkamat2006). Out of the ten generarecordedin TLrble2, four genera,rnarkedwith *' can be categorizedapotentialtoxin producersbasedon Ressomet al. (1994).However,thereis not enoughproof to stati that watersin the riverswere contaminated due to the fact that identificationwas only up to the geltualso contributc.: level.Moreover,the limitationof facilitiesand time as well as lack of key references of somecyanobacteria. It is possiblethat differentspeciesor strairrr to the possiblemis-identification from the samegenllshasvariableability to producetoxin. For example,accordingto Sanoet ql. ( l9c)s Oscillatoria agardhii was reportedto be microcystin producerwhile Oscillotoria sintplicissirirrri.rsaidto be a non-toxincyanobacteria althoughit's bloom might reducethe waterqualityas well as -sr\. problernsin extractingand purifyingwater(Venteret a\.2003). In addition,isolationof cyanobacteri., strainsand establishnrent of clonalcultureshad not beencamiedout duringthis study.Therefore.tltcr'. hasbeenno detailedgeneticand chemicalstudyto clarify the taxonomyas well as therehasbeena lae^ to elucidatethe toxin propertiesfor eachcyanobacterial species. of experiments
318
wel
Tht
(s
Her
toe
var
the
wa
car tha
on dir
Cyanobacteria Composition in SelectedAquatic Ecost,stem at Eastern LEWS
TABLE 2. CYANOBACTERIA GENER-\ IDENTIFIED IN ALL STATIONS
u'rd
Stations 4
Genera
C:.
: :()1. .i .
Calothrix Chrooc'occus Gloeocapsa Hapalosiphon* LYngbl'a* Osc'illatoria* Phormidium Plectonema * Sc'.t'lonema S.vtechococcus N u rn b e ro f s p e c i e s
+
+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
+
+ + 4
J
I
+
+ 1
I
.) _)
J
-:Present: -Absent * Potentialtoxin produceras suggestedby Ressomet al. (1994)
Basedon tableJ. in all casesthe percentages The p diversityvaluesof all sitepairswerecalculated. werehigherthanzero,indicatedthatall sitesweredifferentin termsof their cyanobacterial compositiorl. was 56oh,among site 3 and 5. Interestingly,more than half of the pair sites The lowest percentage (57%\ recorded0: I00o , indicatingthat total generaturnoverwas occurred.Accordingto Goettsch& Hernandez(2006),severalfactorshad beenrecognizedto influencethe speciesturnover,mainly related that the differentsourcesof riverswould have This studysuggested to environmentand heterogeneity. propertiesand differentcyanobacterial composition,thuscontributilrgto variationsin physico-chemical the increaseof the B diversityvalues. of particularwaterbodiescan also indicatethe healthlevel of the The diversityof cyanobacteria is high,the waterbodies water.Accordingto Chakrabartyet al. ( 1959),if the diversityof cyanobacteria that were recordedindicated can be consideredhealthy.In this study,the maximum P diversityvalues that KatibasRiver and its tributariescould be consideredhealthy.However,more analysesparticularly of alpha on the inclusionof cell numberor individualnumberof eachspeciesand the implementation diversityanalysiswererequired.
379
-'Hidden Jeu'el qf'Sarawak' Lanjuk Entimau Wit(ttlb Sancruary S IMILA R ITY V A LU E S TA B LE 3. B E ' I A D IV ER SIT Y(A BOV E D IAGON A L) A N D JA C C A R D ' S A MON G S A MP LIN G S TA TION S (BE LO W DI A G O N A L ) T ]A SE DON C Y AN O B AC TE R IA LGE N E R A (1-7) ALL VALUES WERE IN PERCENTAGF.(%)EXCEPT FOR STATIONS
Ahm durir authc
Station
c/[] r00
I
cd
0
3 4 5 6 1
0 22 0 t4 l3 13
100
64
r00 67
r00 0 0 0 0 0
20 29 0 14
25 0 0
15
78
18
100 56 60
100 100 100 100
0 t1
100 75 100 1l 100
0
this reason,their correspondttr: The B similarityhasan oppositeconceptwith the B diversity.For Thus, the highestsimilarity percentasc rl,nlerical valueswere expectedto be inverselyproportional. genera'and showedthe lori e': (2gr,/) was betweenstations3 and 5 which shared2 cyanobacterial site pairs had zerosimilarityand the diversitycoffespondingto thesesites.on the other hand,many similarity values equal to one \\ ere highest B diversity. ln congruencewith the above statements,no identical in terms of cyanobacterirr observecl.as a reflectionof the fact that none of site pairs were generacomposition.
Abar
Aishi Anag
Anag
Anag
Anag
CONCLUSION
Anap approximately40%were possiblc A total of ten cyanobacterialgenerawere recordedin all stations,and stationswere PlectoneftTa?tltl toxin producers.The most common genera in almost all sampling were found among57% of the sitepairsindicating highestB diversitypercentages s),nechococcus.The and similarity suggestedthat total turnoveramongcyanobacterialgenera.The wide rangeof B diversity propertieso1' in physico-chemical differentlocationsof rivers and tributarieswould possessvariations the water and thus lead to the differentcompositionof cyanobacteria'
ACKNOWLEDGE,MENTS (ASM) and SarawakForestDepartment The authori aremost gratefulto MalaysianAcadernyof Science (LTNIMAS)for the invitatiorr for permissionto work in LEWS. Thanksto UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak Prof Dr FasihuddinBadruddirr to the scientificexpedition.we are thankfulto FRsr staffsespecially
380
Bold
Cha
Goe
Enp
Cyanobacteria Composition in Selected Aquatic Ecosystem at Eastern LEWS
Ahmad, Assoc. Prof Dr Zarm Asim, Richard Toh and Mohd Zaidi Serah for the unconditionalhelp during sampling.Thanksto UNIMAS for awardingthe ZamalahPost-graduate Scholarshipto the first authorand supportin termsof transportationand laboratoryfacilities.
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