5.7.2016
Data Driven Software
Data Driven Software Tue, 03/05/2013 - 5:46pm
by Stephan Hammelbacher
A new way to manage your animal rooms Producing trustworthy data in laboratory processes for research is a challenge for all parties involved. This applies to scientists, facility managers and animal technicians as well as the software providers who provide tools to support these processes. The success of a research project is strongly dependent on good and valid data which can be generated under acceptable working conditions. As a system provider for clinical research systems, we would like to share our thoughts and elaborations on this subject with the user community and those who are thinking about supporting their processes and their research with a technology investment. A system provider does not directly control the actual data entry in animal rooms and labs. He shares this position with facility managers and with scientists in management positions who do not do the data collection themselves, but are still considered to be responsible for the outcome. Various obstacles have to be resolved to achieve success. There is a shortage of staff. Time for validation is expensive and too short. The methods of communication are bumpy. Often equipment is not available onsite at the right time due to rigorous conditions in a cleanroom environment. The introduction of a system is underestimated and promoters are not released for such projects and given the necessary authority and time. Also the subject itself is complex. The presentation of data often does not reflect the actual process flow in the laboratory. Scientists are interested in mouse orientated https://www.alnmag.com/article/2013/03/datadrivensoftware
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data, but the processes in the animal rooms are cage oriented. Plausibility checks while working in the animal rooms are often perceived as blockage of the natural work flow by the users. Intermediary notes which have to be re entered into a database at a later time do not necessarily reflect the real chronological flow of the processes. Often the sequence of cage cards is the only hard fact of a process chain but the processes themselves are not described. This makes the introduction of comprehensive software solutions difficult. Underlying the fact that between 60% and 80% of the data originate in the animal room or in the lab, it is justified to question the quality of the data until quality assurance has confirmed it. This is one of the reasons why most scientists still only rely on their own data and only insular solutions are introduced. The Recipe Already Exists Shortening the interval of time between the origination of data and when it is entered into a database can build trust. Ideally we would like to have a realtimesystem which is naturally embedded in physical work flows. To achieve realtime data, the system again needs to know the processes, must monitor the data internally in the database and must instantly signal the changes. Ideally the signals appear at a level where clearance of the situation is directly at hand as opposed to confirming longish check lists. Though these lists are still good for the person who wants to control and check the staff, they are not comfortable for animal technicians, because they create additional administrative work. A realtimesystem does not replace the daily cage checks at the rack, but it helps to put the focus to those cages which are more important than others and it might improve the work flow and reduce errors. In breeding facilities, processes like admissions, matings in all variants such as pair mating, trio mating, stud mating and rolling mating, litter recording, weaning and discharges are clearly predefined by the cage set up and the content of those cages. The different setups of the cages and the statuses of the animals present clear and strict rules of how the succeeding processes should be handled. Females in particular signal through clear biological signs and known time periods where in the process the animal is. This knowledge is unfortunately rarely used to automate processes and to build quality into data entering processing methods. Data Driven Software https://www.alnmag.com/article/2013/03/datadrivensoftware
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These characteristics call for datadriven software processes, especially because the facts and the rules for routine processes are so clear. “DataDriven” means that the software transactions predefined by the cages and their content or by a certain combination of cages and their content and the possible rules for transformation instantly present buttons and work flow dialogues to the user as soon as the cages are opened. In other words, the data and the rules of the softwaresystem decide what transactions are possible in this specific situation and not the human brain. The user confirms one of the possible functions offered to transform the data. The user is fully responsible for the correct physical content of the cages and correctly entering the initial content of the cages into the database. The user is also responsible for selecting the right animals in reality and in the system. But the succeeding software processes are based on data which follow the logical chain of rules and of statuses implemented in the software and is stipulated by the automated software. Errors picking the wrong cage could be excluded by tagging the cage with a machine readable code. Working with such a system means a permanent validation of real content, data content, statuses and processes is taking place between the user and the software in real time. This massively improves the data quality. Such systems need profound expert knowledge to be programmed—the detailed knowledge of the animal technicians and scientists in describing their processes and the rules according to which they proceed. This is the reason why these systems could also be called Expert Systems. A thorough Expert System is classified by the fact that it suggests actions based on facts which have been evaluated by rules. A real Expert System also presents unsolved situations to the user and asks for rules and actions as to how the system should behave in this undefined situation. Normally the user would answer right away. In the husbandry and breeding situation, new rules can mean new actions referred to animal transactions, which have to be built as functionality into the software system. Applying this concept to medical records (facts), it means that possible treatment paths (actions) will be triggered like the setup of additional experiments or medical services. As a minimum the researcher could be informed https://www.alnmag.com/article/2013/03/datadrivensoftware
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about the medical results the moment the data originated. Thus valuable time and the risk to overlook important facts during the evaluation of the data can be reduced to a minimum. In the case of a medical Expert System, the scientist themselves will give the answer to improve the rule base to solve more and more medical result combinations. The user can turn datadriven processes into object driven processes by tagging the objects of interest represented by a mouse or a cage with an additional unique machine readable code. The machinereadable code normally means the use of an RFID tag or a barcode. Thus the speed of recognizing the objects of interest and therefore the overall process speed can be significantly improved. But the kernel advantage of a data driven systems is the permanent and immediate confrontation of data content and its connected functionality against the real content and the process intended to be completed by the user. While today we call the husbandry and breeding processes data or object driven, we call the medical processes result driven. Planning Transactions Another method to improve quality and trust is to plan transactions and to fulfil them according to plan. Here the question plays a big role: whether the decision which individual animals have to be picked for a specific process shall be left to the animal technician or to the scientist? Of course it is left to the scientist, you would say, because he defines the information strain, age, sex and gender type which narrow the selection alternatives. Should not the scientist himself decide which exact individuals he wants to have manipulated in a process? A mouse list which represents all individual animals allows the scientist greater control in animal selection and allows the application of transactions in plan mode and also takes a part of the responsibility away from the animal technician and shifts it to the scientist. The user will now only confirm that he took the right cages and animals and will only record discrepancies. This further improves quality and speeds up the physical processes in the animal rooms. Structuring the Implementation Considering inside and outside processes with respect to the barrier within a laboratory animal research facility, it becomes apparent that the processes inside the barrier should be strongly integrated to achieve automation and https://www.alnmag.com/article/2013/03/datadrivensoftware
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to facilitate the use of the system and to increase the performance of the software. These highly automated software processes should be coupled with the outside software processes by an Enterprise Bus which exchanges the information between the software components inside and outside the barrier. In modern software technology this concept is called Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). The inside processes—husbandry, breeding and execution of the research protocol—create data which feed the Medical Patient File. The outside processes— license application (IACUC), animal ordering, billing and reports, statistics and evaluation create data which feed the Administrational Patient File. These two large fields need to be coupled using an Enterprise Service Bus Tool (ESB). The ultimate goal should be an individual patient file for each animal which covers medical and administrational data. The data should be accessible for authorised users, independent of the access tools. History We are still far away from such a solution. Is it because animal facility managers do not demand an appropriate cage and animal inventory from their animal management systems? Is it because the researchers do not get the data they require for their work from the animal room? There is a historical reason for why facility managers still invest in census systems and still most researchers buy their own animal management system or enter their data in Excel or in a home grown access database. Animal Management Systems were mainly written by scientists for their specific needs to document and evaluate animal data. They were not written to provide cage billing to animal facility managers. Scientist oriented transactional animal management systems produce their own cage cards which describe the content of cages, but they are not linked enough to the real physical cage in the real world. The lack of solutions is that one is medical result driven and the other one money driven. Therefore the target of producing data that are confirmed by a measurable quality index and which serve all parties was just neglected. Goals The introduction of a key quality index is the expression of https://www.alnmag.com/article/2013/03/datadrivensoftware
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the will to really achieve improvements. For instance the proof, at any given moment, that the real physical status inside the animal room matches the recorded data in the database accessible outside the animal room. The “Toyota way” describes how continuous improvement in automobile plants is achieved by integrating all participants in building the automobile, not only the engineers and the commercial people but also the people at the conveyer belts. So one of the best ways to build trust in the data is to introduce means which guarantee quality where the data originated. Until now to measure the degree of such a matching with a standard quality index is still complicated and needs a lot of extra manual work. In department stores and supermarkets, the result of measuring the degree of such a matching is called inventory difference. Inventory difference is the key indicator for the quality of organisations. The inventory difference is expressed as a quotient of the target stocks calculated from the incoming goods, the outgoing goods at the cash system and the writeoffs due to damage, theft or other reasons and the physical inventory achieved by a census. Though the biological reproduction through breeding has no equivalent in a department or retail facility, nevertheless the processes of importing, mating, litter recording, weaning and discharge of animals in cages are so standardised that they can still be compared to the registration of incoming and outgoing goods at the cash register in a department store. The Point of Sale which is considered the cash register in a department store could be translated to the Point of Cage which is incorporated by the Change Station or Hood in the animal laboratory room. Seeing the readiness of facility managers to invest in systems which require infrastructural changes, it would be worthwhile to look back at department stores and supermarkets where a technology appears at the horizon which has the potential to unite both needs of scientists and facility managers. Electronic shelf labels exist in many different sizes and technologies and are more and more commonly spread in warehouses and department stores. The concept to migrate this proven technology of the retail market over to laboratory animal facilities can replace printing cage cards and all the devices involved in the near field communication on the change station and at the same time offers the far field communication needed for https://www.alnmag.com/article/2013/03/datadrivensoftware
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the census. I do not believe in silver bullets, especially not in IT. In this case the research environment and the evolution of certain systems just dictate certain developments. We should not hesitate to unite these proven technologies and follow the path which will make software systems object driven and result driven and the environment green, lean and transparent. Stephan Hammelbacher is the founder and managing director of Galilei Software GmbH (www.galileisoftware.com). Galilei Software is specialized on software tools and work place automation in Clinical Research facilities. Stephan can be contacted at
[email protected] or at 0049 8024 470 470.
Management & Training
RELATED READS Unexpected Findings Reveal How Cancer Metastasizes Fruit Flies Hold Secrets to Parkinson's Disease “Smoke Alarm” Gene Plays Role in Pain Sensation Memory May Be Improved by Running, According to Study https://www.alnmag.com/article/2013/03/datadrivensoftware
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