Data Mining An Overview from Database Perspective - Jiawei Han

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Data Mining An Overview from Database Perspective. Ming-Syan Chen. Elect. Eng. Department. National Taiwan Univ. Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. Jiawei Han*.
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